57:
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prices were fixed by the council while Elbert
Dirksen and Hendrik van Surwerden made a living as tailors. Most received their free papers because they possessed a certain useful skill such as Christian Janssen and Peter Cornelissen who had been expert hunters in the Company's service. Most free burghers negotiated deals with the VOC which were beneficial to both the Company and the burgher such as Dr Jan Vetteman, the surgeon of the fort, who arranged for a monopoly of practice in his profession.
492:
Africa. Others after serving their term of service at the VOC also decided to stay at the Cape rather than returning to Europe who also received free burgher status. After the founding of the two free burgher colonies in
February 1657, many more requested to be discharged from the service of the VOC. Letters of freedom were not issued to everyone who applied. By 25 September, 20 applications had been received and only five of them were enrolled as freemen.
767:
entrepreneur were abundant and many skilled
Europeans applied for free burgher status. The VOC had built a corn mill which was operated by the use of horses, but after a short time it was decided to make use of river water as a motive power. The tender for the construction of the mill was awarded to free burgher Wouter Mostert and when it was in working order he took charge of it and received income on shares of payments made for grinding.
939:
Cape had little charm in comparison. In
October 1670, however, the Chamber of Amsterdam announced that a few families were willing to leave for the Cape and Mauritius during the following December. Among the new names of burghers at this time are found those of Jacob and Dirk van Niekerk, Johannes van As, Francois Villion, Jacob Brouwer, Jan van Eden, Hermanus Potgieter, Albertus Gildenhuis, and Jacobus van den Berg.
132:
290:
considered the idea of freemen at the Cape, he was of the opinion that the cost of supplying housing and protection to such free households would be too great. The
Directors of the VOC however, were in favour to establish freemen under favourable conditions. By the time van Riebeeck left the Cape in
774:
Applicants received land in accordance to the purposes for which the land was to be used while carefully taking into consideration the set of skills and experiences possessed by each individual. Roelof
Zieuwerts, for instance, received a small piece of forest where he could make a living as a wagon
491:
Servants of the VOC could return to their homes in Europe after their term of service had been carried out. Yet some workers chose to be discharged from service earlier than their term in order to live permanently at the Cape. The families of the free burghers were then brought from Europe to South
187:
in the hope of finding employment at the VOC. Beyond this, the
Company filled its ranks with farm labourers, artisans and unskilled workers from both rural and urban areas who spoke a number of variations of French, Dutch, German and Scandinavian languages. Contractors were obliged to remain in the
495:
Some of the men received limited free burgher status with conditions favourable to both the VOC and the applicant. Limited in terms of the duration of term which the applicant would be allowed to maintain free burgher status. The duration of the five who were enrolled as free burghers in
September
487:
to select a spot where a fort could be constructed to protect the lands which were to be cultivated. European workers on several occasions asked permission from the
Commander of the Cape at the time, Van Riebeeck, to be discharged from the service of the VOC, in order to cultivate the lands. On 20
938:
The authorities of the East India
Company had endeavoured to induce gardeners and small farmers to emigrate from Europe to South Africa, but with little success. Now and again they were able to send out to their eastern possessions a few families who were attracted by the tales of wealth. But the
770:
Some of the men who had received land established themselves as farmers while others took service with the farmers as farm workers. Leendert Cornelissen, a ships carpenter, received a grant of a strip of forest at the foot of the mountain. His object was to cut timber for sale, all kinds of which
916:
The commissioner further instructed the Cape authorities to provide assistance to the free burghers not only for the sake of produce but in order to gain favour because of the assistance which they could present in time of war. During the time, in 1670, the free burghers constituted a company of
872:
The high ranking commissioner Mattheus van der Broeck of the Dutch East India Company arrived at the settlement in early 1670 accompanied with a fleet of fifteen ships. After deliberation about the general functioning of the settlement, the high ranking officers issued several important written
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The settlement did not produce sufficient grain for the consumption of the garrison and inhabitants resulting in the importation of a large quantity of rice yearly. It was decided that, in order to reduce costs, a large farming community consisting of 'free burghers' were to be established at
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The early free burghers were mostly petty officers with families, who drew money instead of rations, and who could derive a portion of their food from their gardens, as well as sell their vegetables to the Company and passing ships to obtain an income. The opportunities to become a successful
907:
Over the years the burghers became successful in farming to an extent that in 1695 the directors of the Company issued instructions that farming and cattle dealing should be given up by the Cape Government and food should be sourced directly from the burgher farmers through a tender process.
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had captured 250 Angolan slaves, mostly children, from a Portuguese slaver on the Brazilian coast. The vessel arrived on 28 March 1658 at Table Bay. The settlers assisted the people on board of the ship with refreshments. The tedious journey at sea had its toll on the crew and slaves as the
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in 1657, several regulations concerning the burghers were drawn up as well as copious instructions on general guidance of the government. The following restrictions were placed on servants of the Company, which greatly benefited the burghers since they were no longer regarded as servants.
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for construction work in South Africa was awarded to free burgher Wouter Mostert, setting the precedent for public works tenders in future. In addition, it was decided that free burghers were allowed to tender for the supply of construction materials required by the
775:
and plough maker. Martin Vlockaart, Pieter Jacobs and Jan Adriansen maintained themselves as fishermen, while Pieter Kley, Dirk Vreem, and Pieter Heynse made a living by sawing and selling yellow wood plank as well as to work their occupation as carpenters.
299:
On 21 February 1657, following an application process where the best applicants were selected, a party of five were allowed to select land which they could occupy and use as freemen. They chose an area about fifteen kilometres away from the
792:
arrived with 323 men whereof 29 dead and 30 sick. Jan van Riebeeck decided to start a school for the enslaved children, making sure they got a Christian Dutch education until they were old and strong enough to work for the Dutch settlers.
308:. They were allowed to select a piece of land as long and broad as they wished, on condition that they were to remain on the other side of the river. The area of land which they occupied were named Amstel, or the Groene veld.
855:
The free burghers nominated persons among them who could serve as representatives at the Council meetings at the Cape. The first burgher Councillor (Dutch title: burgherraden), Steven Jansz, was appointed in 1657 by
883:
The commissioner was not impressed with the canteens operated by the free burghers and limited the number of canteens to nine for the whole settlement, Jacob Rosendael was permitted to sell wine produced from his
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should be taught in the schools. This resulted in the Huguenots assimilating by the middle of the 18th century, with a loss to the community in the use and knowledge of
805:. However, the school was later also used to educate the children of the free burghers. At school, the children were taught to read and write and to compile accounts in
188:
employment of the Company for a minimum of five years excluding the six months that the journey could have taken and were not permitted to return home during this time.
1062:
Defence against Maritime Power Projection, The Case of the Cape of Good Hope 1756 -1803, Theodorus Daniel Potgieter,University of Stellenbosch, December 2006, P78
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instructions which revealed the Company's position towards the free burghers. Commissioner Van der Broeck's visit reached the following conclusion.
1178:
Precis of the Archives of the Cape of Good Hope, January 1656 - December 1658, Riebeeck's Journal &c, H.C.V Leibrandt, Part II, Cape Town 1897.
238:
is attributed to the migration of skilled craftsmen to the Dutch Republic of which Protestants were especially well-represented. Economists
971:. The influence of this small body of immigrants on the character of the Dutch settlers was marked. The Company in 1701 directed that only
110:. The Free Burgher population eventually devolved into two distinct segments separated by social status, wealth, and education: the
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56:
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1662 the population of the colony consisted of 35 free burghers, 180 slaves, 134 VOC officials, 15 women, and 22 children.
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opposite the Groenevelt. The area which was allocated to the freemen of Stephen's Colony were named Hollandsche Tuin (
1287:
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Hottentots Holland. It was decided to raise the price for grain in order to encourage the free burgher farmers
634: Land Granted to Free Burghers in 1657 at Groeneveld(Stephen's Colony) and Dutch Garden (Harman's Colony)
17:
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Cape Wagons were built by the burghers, the wagons were adjusted to accommodate for the rough Cape landscape
801:
The first school to be built in South Africa was for the purpose of educating the rescued slaves from the
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February, Van Riebeeck accompanied them to mark out their plots and draw up preliminary conditions.
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On 19 February 1657, Commander Jan van Riebeeck travelled to a spot about 19km to the flats behind
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35:
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During 1688–1689, the colony was greatly strengthened by the arrival of nearly two hundred French
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903:, however licenses were granted to the burghers in order to hunt large game wherever they chose
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in 1602, and the Dutch entered into competition for commerce in Southeast Asia. The end of the
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in 1648 saw European soldiers and refugees widely dispersed across Europe. Immigrants from
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8:
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A Demographic History of Settler South Africa, Jeanne Alexandra Cilliers, March 2016, p 7
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144:
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951:. Political refugees from the religious wars in France, following the revocation of the
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Servants were prohibited from cultivating larger gardens than required for their own use
98:(VOC) and had become full citizens (burghers). The introduction of Free Burghers to the
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The Protestant work ethic, the Calvinist work ethic or the Puritan work ethic is a
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that were used to stabilize prices and take advantage of profit opportunities."
1237:"First enslaved people arrive in Cape Town | South African History Online"
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Status and Respectability in the Cape Colony, 1750–1870: A Tragedy of Manners
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860:. The following year he was joined by his colleague Hendrik Boom to serve as
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in the 18th century who had been released of their service contracts to the
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The Idea of Work in Europe from Antiquity to Modern Times by Catharina Lis
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History of South Africa (1486 - 1691), G.M. Theal, London 1888, p88 - 206
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are a result of a person's subscription to the values espoused by the
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Another party of four selected a spot nearer to the fort next to the
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18th century predominantly Dutch colonists at the Cape of Good Hope
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History of South Africa 1691 - 1795, GM Theal, London 1888, P13
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1042:. Philadelphia: Cambridge University Press. pp. 47–58.
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Free burghers were prohibited to trade livestock with the
500:
Duration of Free Burgher Status granted in September 1657
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is regarded as the beginning of a permanent settlement of
60:
Cape free burghers depicted in a 1908 illustration by
46:. For information with regards to the Burghers of the
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and stuivers. The school fees were equal to one half
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per month for each child of a burgher, enslaved and
646: Company's orchards, near the Fort of Good Hope
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made it possible to maintain an impressive stock of
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842:Burghers were allowed to purchase cattle from the
1264:The Contribution of the Huguenots in South Africa
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1096:Worldly Saints: The Puritans As They Really Were
817:children were taught free of charge or Pro Deo.
677: Reijger Street (to-day Shortmarket Street)
669: Oliphant Street (to-day Longmarket Street)
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222:that emphasizes that hard work, discipline and
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246:attribute part of the Dutch ascendancy to its
1189:"The Free Burghers in the Cape, South Africa"
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731: H.C. Hoogervelt and H. ter Schelhoorn
274:but in the plentiful stocks of an array of
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685: Heere Street (to-day Castle Street)
415:The Founders of Stephen's Colony in 1657
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691: Small freehold farms granted later
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312:The Founders of Harman’s Colony in 1657
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699: Otto van Vrede and J Cornelissen
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1126:Believe: Religious Information Source
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830:During a visit from the commissioner
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157:Vereenigde Oostindische Compagnie
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147:and saluted by incoming ships
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234:. One of the causes for the
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616: Company's Garden, at
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304:on the other side of the
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153:Dutch East India Company
96:Dutch East India Company
52:Burgher (Boer republics)
36:Burgher (Church history)
30:Not to be confused with
955:, they were settled at
1093:Ryken, Leland (2010).
967:("French corner") and
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341:Jan Maartensz de Wacht
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122:Settlement at the Cape
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1038:Ross, Robert (1999).
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248:Protestant work ethic
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192:Protestant work ethic
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1241:www.sahistory.org.za
660:Van Riebeeck's Hedge
496:1657 is as follows:
40:Hamburger University
514:Duration of Status
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479:Free burgher status
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145:Castle of Good Hope
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62:J. R. Skelton
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32:Grand Burgher
19:
18:Free Burghers
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1196:. Retrieved
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1183:
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1125:
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862:burgherraden
861:
854:
829:
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800:
789:
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583:Hendrik Boom
551:Harmen Ernst
494:
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156:
150:
135:Flag of the
108:South Africa
84:
76:
68:
67:
1025:"Afrikaner"
965:Franschhoek
961:Drakenstein
754:Occupations
523:Sarrewerden
455:Otto Jansen
447:Ossenbrugge
426:Occupation
323:Occupation
276:commodities
206:concept in
181:Switzerland
177:Scandinavia
77:Vrijburgher
1277:Categories
1198:2024-05-12
1011:References
889:The first
821:Governance
803:Amersfoort
790:Amersfoort
785:Amersfoort
618:Rondebosch
511:Occupation
435:Wageningen
405:Rondebosch
204:work ethic
112:Cape Dutch
981:Algoa Bay
949:Huguenots
797:Education
594:Lifelong
587:Amsterdam
546:12 Years
530:12 Years
469:Rosendaal
252:Calvinism
250:based on
232:Calvinism
224:frugality
216:economics
212:sociology
159:(VOC) in
104:Europeans
92:colonists
85:Vryburger
81:Afrikaans
884:vineyard
811:shilling
578:6 Years
562:3 Years
539:Emmerich
527:Corporal
472:Soldier
461:Soldier
409:English:
388:Soldier
375:Boatman
371:Nunspeet
362:Soldier
345:Vreeland
260:literacy
208:theology
114:and the
89:European
901:Khoisan
894:Company
844:Khoisan
815:Khoisan
736: 9
728: 8
720: 7
712: 6
704: 5
696: 4
682: 3
674: 2
666: 1
575:Boatman
571:Utrecht
559:Boatman
555:Utrecht
543:Soldier
439:Sailor
349:Marine
336:Marine
332:Cologne
264:capital
220:history
185:Holland
173:Germany
1103:
1046:
977:French
891:tender
807:gulden
779:Slaves
743:
689:
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632:
623:
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458:Vreede
450:Cadet
268:wealth
218:, and
179:, and
1143:(PDF)
987:Notes
973:Dutch
969:Paarl
826:Trade
384:Dalen
272:fleet
161:Dutch
116:Boers
73:Dutch
42:, or
1101:ISBN
1044:ISBN
505:Name
420:Name
358:Geel
317:Name
242:and
151:The
403:at
139:or
106:in
1279::
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20:)
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