Franco-Ottoman alliance

681:, refuge of sovereigns, a letter by the hand of your faithful servant Frangipani, and you have furthermore entrusted to him miscellaneous verbal communications. You have informed me that the enemy has overrun your country and that you are at present in prison and a captive, and you have asked aid and succors for your deliverance. All this your saying having been set forth at the foot of my throne, which controls the world. Your situation has gained my imperial understanding in every detail, and I have considered all of it. There is nothing astonishing in emperors being defeated and made captive. Take courage then, and be not dismayed. Our glorious predecessors and our illustrious ancestors (may God light up their tombs!) have never ceased to make war to repel the foe and conquer his lands. We ourselves have followed in their footsteps, and have at all times conquered provinces and citadels of great strength and difficult of approach. Night and day our horse is saddled and our saber is girt. May the God on High promote righteousness! May whatsoever He will be accomplished! For the rest, question your ambassador and be informed. Know that it will be as said. 3494: 2182: 1975: 1986: 718: 2313: 3081: 1012: 1120: 2450: 3701: 3346: 2143: 1874: 1765: 2629: 1374: 3943: 1530: 2981: 856: 4080: 3575: 1260: 3650: 8811: 436: 1994: 630: 904: 984: 1702: 2910: 3479: 2286: 1613: 673:

of Dhulkadria, of Diyarbakir, of Kurdistan, of Azerbaijan, of Persia, of Damascus, of Aleppo, of Cairo, of Mecca, of Medina, of Jerusalem, of all Arabia, of Yemen and of many other lands which my noble fore-fathers and my glorious ancestors (may God light up their tombs!) conquered by the force of their arms and which my August Majesty has made subject to my flamboyant sword and my victorious blade, I, Sultan Suleiman Khan, son of Sultan Selim Khan, son of Sultan Bayezid Khan: To thee who art

3062: 1625: 1839: 1327: 2438: 20: 1085:, and commercial privileges were also given to French merchants in the Turkish Empire. Through the capitulations of 1535, the French received the privilege to trade freely in all Ottoman ports. A formal alliance was signed in 1536. The French were free to practice their religion in the Ottoman Empire, and French Catholics were given custody of holy places. The capitulations were again renewed in 1604, and lasted up until the establishment of the 1433: 3904: 3286: 2305: 9319: 795: 2668: 3559: 3785: 483: 1424:, who had accompanied Saint-Blancard in his mission. Although the French accompanied most of the campaigns of Barbarossa, they sometimes refrained from participating in Turkish assaults, and their accounts express horror at the violence of these encounters, in which Christians were slaughtered or taken as captives. 3540:. During 1721–22, he visited France on an extensive fact-finding mission, with the objective of gathering information for the modernization of the Ottoman Empire. On his return to the Ottoman capital, Mehmed Çelebi presented his contacts, experiences and observations to the Sultan in the form of a book, a 2581:, offering troops at the time they would request, and claiming that he felt close to them, "since they did not worship idols, believed in one God and fought against the Pope and Emperor". The Ottoman Empire was indeed known at that time for its religious tolerance. Various religious refugees, such as the 3864:, the effective rulers of Egypt under nominal Ottoman suzerainty, but still raised the French flag side by side with the Ottoman banner throughout the Egyptian territory, claiming his love for Islam, and saying that they were saving the Ottomans from the Mamluks. Selim III however immediately declared a 1213:

and establish there a king whom La Forest will nominate, a person who has credit and knows well these islands which he will retain in the devotion of, and under the shade and support of the King . Furthermore, he will recognize this blessing, and send tribute and pension to the Grand Signor to reward

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Are you blind to your own interests – have you ceased to reign? (...) If Russia has an army of 15,000 men at Corfu, do you think that it is directed against me? Armed vessels have the habit of hastening to Constantinople. Your dynasty is about to descend into oblivion... Trust only your true friend,

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For the three centuries following the beginning of the alliance, the Ottoman effectively continued to respect their commitment to protect Christian communities in their realm. The French kings succeeding to Francis I also generally maintained their pro-Ottoman policy. Numerous Ottoman embassies were

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I who am the Sultan of Sultans, the sovereign of sovereigns, the dispenser of crowns to the monarchs on the face of the earth, the shadow of the God on Earth, the Sultan and sovereign lord of the Mediterranean Sea and of the Black Sea, of Rumelia and of Anatolia, of Karamania, of the land of Romans,

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The great emperor of the Turks does with as great devotion as any prince in the world honour and observe the religion by him received from his ancestors, and yet detests he not the strange religions of others; but on the contrary permits every man to live according to his conscience: yes, and that

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Astonishing order, no violence. Merchants, women even, coming and going in perfect safety, as in a European town. Life as safe, as large and easy as in Venice. Justice so fairly administered that one is tempted to believe that the Turks are turned Christians now, and that the Christians are turned

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Soon however, in 1803, France and Great Britain were again at war, and Napoleon went to great lengths to try to convince the Ottoman Empire to fight against Russia in the Balkans and join his anti-Russian coalition. On its side, Russia vied for Ottoman favour, and succeeded in signing a Treaty of

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I cannot deny that I wish to see the Turk all-powerful and ready for war, not for himself – for he is an infidel and we are all Christians – but to weaken the power of the emperor, to compel him to make major expenses, and to reassure all the other governments who are opposed to such a formidable

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encircling the Habsburg Empire, combined tactical operations were significantly hampered by the distances involved, the difficulties in communication, and the unpredictable changes of plans on one side or the other. From a financial standpoint, fiscal revenues were also generated for both powers

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and obtained new capitulations recognizing him as sole protector of the Catholics. Soon Louis revived the alliance to facilitate his expansionist policies. Louis refrained from entering into a formal alliance with the Ottoman Empire, but maintained a cautious neutrality favourable to the Turks,

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sent to the king by the Great Turk, with his Turkish Army and grands seigneurs to the number of 30,000 combatants during the winter in his town and port of Toulon... for the accommodation of the said army as well as the well-being of all his coast, it will not be suitable for the inhabitants of

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For two years, until 1538, Saint-Blancard would accompany the fleet of Barbarossa, and between 1537 and 1538, Saint-Blancard would winter with his galleys in Constantinople and meet with Suleiman. During that time, Saint-Blancard was funded by Barbarossa. The campaign of Saint-Blancard with the

2416:, the Franco-Ottoman fleet managed to vanquish them and capture 7 galleys on 5 August 1552. The Franco-Ottoman fleet left Naples to go back to the east on 10 August, missing the Baron de la Garde who reached Naples a week later with 25 galleys and troops. The Ottoman fleet then wintered in 1464:

The Franco-Ottoman alliance was crippled for a while however, due to Francis' official change of alliance at Nice in 1538. Open conflict between Charles and Francis would resume in 1542, as well as Franco-Ottoman collaboration, with the 4 July 1541 assassination by Imperial troops of the

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on 18 June 1538. In the truce, Charles and Francis made an agreement to ally against the Ottomans to expel them from Hungary. Charles V turned his attention to fighting the Ottomans, but could not launch large forces in Hungary due to a raging conflict with the German princes of the

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and other lands, locations, cities, ships and subjects of Genoa, and not to stop until they have accepted and recognized the king of France. The King, besides the above land force, will additionally help with his naval force, which will comprise at least 50 vessels, of which 30

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In 1552, when Henry II attacked Charles V, the Ottomans sent 100 galleys to the Western Mediterranean. The Ottoman fleet was accompanied by three French galleys under Gabriel de Luez d'Aramon, who accompanied the Ottoman fleet from Istanbul in its raids along the coast of

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Finally, Suleiman intervened diplomatically in favour of Francis on the European scene. He is known to have sent at least one letter to the Protestant princes of Germany to encourage them to ally with Francis I against Charles V. Francis I effectively allied with the

3723:, as France was clearly in need of an eastern diversion against its continental enemies. For the Ottoman Empire, the French Revolution was a godsend, since conflict between European powers could only weaken the states that were its traditional enemies. For Sultan 1112:. The Ottoman Empire also provided considerable financial support to Francis I. In 1533, Suleiman sent Francis I 100,000 gold pieces, so that he could form a coalition with England and German states against Charles V. In 1535, Francis asked for another 1 million 1552:

In early 1542, Polin successfully negotiated the details of the alliance, with the Ottoman Empire promising to send 60,000 troops against the territories of the German king Ferdinand, as well as 150 galleys against Charles, while France promised to attack

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as the objective for the Ottoman expedition, in order to obtain a seaway to Genoa. Polin, after some delays in Venice, finally managed to take a galley to Constantinople on 9 May 1542, but he arrived too late for the Ottomans to launch a sea campaign.

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justified the alliance by comparing it to Charles V's relations with Persia and Tunis. Dolet also claimed that it should not be "forbidden for a prince to make alliance and seek intelligence of another, whatever creed or law he may be." The author

3053:, for influence in the Levant. In the context of competition for influence between Western powers, relations between France and the Ottoman Empire started to cool significantly. In 1643, the French lost the custody of the Holy Places to the Greeks. 1955:. It also gave the opportunity for the Ottoman Empire to become involved in European diplomacy and gain prestige in its European dominions. According to historian Arthur Hassall the consequences of the Franco-Ottoman alliance were far-reaching: 4321:"The Memoirs of Philip de Commines, Lord of Argenton: Containing the Histories of Louis XI. and Charles VIII. Kings of France and of Charles the Bold, Duke of Burgundy: To which is Added, The Scandalous Chronicle, Or Secret History of Louis XI" 3038:, who created a sensation at the French court and even triggered a Turkish fashion. The Orient came to have a strong influence in French literature, as about 50% of French travel guides in the 16th century were dedicated to the Ottoman Empire. 1408:, and Suleiman returned with his fleet to Constantinople by mid-September without having captured Corfu. French ambassador Jean de La Forêt became seriously ill and died around that time. Francis I finally penetrated into Italy, and reached 2033:

power. Charles V strongly appealed to the rest of Europe against the alliance of Francis I, and caricatures were made showing the collusion between France and the Ottoman Empire. In the late sixteenth century, Italian political philosopher

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Peoples of Egypt, you will be told that I have come to destroy your religion: do not believe it! Answer that I have come to restore your rights and punish the usurpers, and that, more than the Mamluks, I respect God, his Prophet and the

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indeed increased considerably after 1535. After the Capitulations of 1569, France also gained precedence over all other Christian states, and her authorization was required for when another state wished to trade with the Ottoman Empire.

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to persevere in his fight against the Habsburgs. Pamphleters and poets would criticize the position of Louis, and reinforce the unity of the League, by describing a battle between European "Liberty" on the one hand and "Eastern

668:, which managed to reach Constantinople, the Ottoman capital, with secret letters asking for the deliverance of king Francis I and an attack on the Habsburg. Frangipani returned with an answer from Suleiman, on 6 February 1526: 3163:

encouraged them to open a new front against the Habsburgs, and effectively took advantage of their conflict with the Holy Roman Empire to further the territorial interests of France. In 1679 and 1680, Louis through his envoy

3602:, France effectively supported the Ottoman Empire into maintaining a strong presence in Europe against Austria for several more decades, and "re-emerged in its traditional role as the Ottomans' best friend in Christendom". 7599: 3837:

in India. Although the long period of Franco-Ottoman friendship was now over, Napoleon I still claimed great respect for Islam, and appealed to the long history of friendly relations between the Ottoman Empire and France:

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especially exemplify this tradition ("the superb carpets of the Savonnerie, which long rivalled the carpets of Turkey, and latterly have far surpassed them") which was further adapted to local taste and developed with the

1652:. In this action 110 Ottoman galleys, amounting to 30,000 men, combined with 50 French galleys. The Franco-Ottomans laid waste to the city of Nice, but were confronted by a stiff resistance which gave rise to the story of 3305:

By the end of the 17th century, the first major defeats of the Ottoman Empire reduced the perceived threat in European minds, which led to an artistic craze for Turkish things. There was a fashion for Turkish things with

1798:, accompanied Barbarossa's fleet, on a diplomatic mission to Suleiman. The French fleet accompanied Barbarossa during his attacks on the west coast of Italy on the way to Constantinople, as he laid waste to the cities of 3763:

was sent to the Ottoman court with artillery equipment, and French artillerymen and engineers to help with the development of the Ottoman arsenals and foundries. Infantry and cavalry officers were also to train the

962:

In 1534 a Turkish fleet sailed against the Habsburg Empire at the request of Francis I, raiding the Italian coast and finally meeting with representatives of Francis in southern France. The fleet went on to capture

769:. In his 1528 letter to Francis I Suleiman politely refused, but guaranteed the protection of Christians in his states. He also renewed the privileges of French merchants which had been obtained in 1517 in Egypt. 1066:. These capitulations allowed the French to obtain important privileges, such as the security of the people and goods, extraterritoriality, freedom to transport and sell goods in exchange for the payment of the 7667: 3692:. Mostly French textbooks were used on mathematics, astronomy, engineering, weapons, war techniques and navigation. However, all instructors had to leave with the end of the Franco-Ottoman alliance in 1798. 7633: 7629: 4023:

in July 1807. The alliance between France and the Ottoman Empire was maintained, and a peace settlement was brokered between Russia and the Ottomans, but the territories the Ottomans had been promised (

526:. Louis XI refused to see the envoys, but a large amount of money and Christian relics were offered by the envoy so that Cem could remain in custody in France. Cem was transferred to the custody of 3750:

in 1795 to help organize Ottoman artillery. He did not go, for just days before he was to embark for the Near East he proved himself useful to the Directory by putting down a Parisian mob in the

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The most Christian Turk, the most Christian ravager of Christendom, the most Christian barbarian who had perpetrated on Christians outrages of which his infidel allies would have been ashamed.

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Also, as the Ottoman Empire was losing ground militarily during the 18th century, it made numerous efforts to recruit French experts for its modernization. The French officer and adventurer

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As the first non-ideological alliance in effect between a Christian and Muslim state, the alliance attracted heavy controversy for its time and caused a scandal throughout Christendom.

1725:, the call to prayer occurred five times a day, and Ottoman coinage was the currency of choice. According to an observer: "To see Toulon, one might imagine oneself at Constantinople". 1195:, which will also be refreshed and supplied with food and ammunition by the King, who, by these actions, will be able to achieve his aims, for which he will be highly grateful to sir 3594:

Throughout the period, contacts were varied and multiple. France was willing to help in order to maintain strategic balance in Europe. Through its intervention and that of Ambassador

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when the first efforts at establishing an alliance were made. A first French mission to Suleiman seems to have been sent right after the Battle of Pavia by the mother of Francis I,

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French influence remained paramount at Constantinople, and the Capitulations were renewed in 1604, forcing all nations to trade under the protection and flag of France, except for

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against the Imperial fleet. At the end of the conflict, Suleiman set as a condition for peace with Charles V that the latter returns to Francis I the lands that were his by right.

699:. The Ottomans were also greatly attracted by the prestige of being in alliance with such a country as France, which would give them better legitimacy in their European dominions. 3493: 761:

that same year. In 1528 also, Francis used the pretext of the protection of Christians in the Ottoman Empire to again enter into contact with Suleiman, asking for the return of a

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On 1 February 1553, a new treaty of alliance, involving naval collaboration against the Habsburg was signed between France and the Ottoman Empire. In 1553, the Ottoman admirals

2181: 2547:(1559) and the accidental death of Henry II that same year. The newfound peace between the European powers however created long-lasting disillusionment on the Ottoman side. 1587:

Meanwhile, Francis I initiated the hostilities with Charles V on 20 July 1542, and kept with his part of the agreement by laying siege at Perpignan and attacking Flanders.

3681: 2706:, rather than Habsburg candidates, partly in order to be more agreeable to the Ottoman Empire. The choice of Henri de Valois had apparently been proposed by the Ottoman 2049:

denounced the alliance in a 1587 work, claiming that "this confederation has been the occasion to diminish the glory and power of such a flourishing kingdom as France."

3731:). He established permanent embassies in several European countries, and turned to France for help. Various experts were sent, and in 1795, French envoy extraordinaire 1162:, who will direct him to the Grand Signor. To this objective, next summer, he with send the military force he is preparing to recover what it unjustly occupied by the 3528:(1703–1730) endeavoured to send an embassy to France in order to formally establish France as a strategic ally against the common Russian and Austrian enemy. In 1720, 3112:

Initially, the sentiment of Louis towards the Ottoman Empire seems to have been quite negative, and French troops assisted the Austrians against the Turks at the 1664

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with Austria and to move to the offensive. From 1683 and for a period of sixteen years, the Holy Roman Empire would be occupied in fighting the Ottoman Empire in the

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to Charles V in his fight against the Ottomans. However, the Ottomans would continue their campaigns in Central Europe, and besiege the Habsburg capital in the 1529

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power was in reversal of that of his predecessors. The pretext used by Francis I was the protection of the Christians in Ottoman lands, through agreements called "

1858:. French troops were supplied to the Ottomans on the Central European front: in Hungary, a French artillery unit was dispatched in 1543–1544 and attached to the 1191:

and other vessels, accompanied by one of the largest and most beautiful carracks that ever was on the sea. This fleet will accompany and escort the army of sir

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to accompany him in his campaign. Gabriel de Luetz was able to give decisive military advice to Suleiman, as when he advised on artillery placement during the

1830:. They arrived in Constantinople on 10 August 1544 to meet with Suleiman and give him an account of the campaign. Polin was back to Toulon on 2 October 1544. 959:. Suleiman explained that "he could not possibly abandon the King of France, who was his brother". The Franco-Ottoman alliance was by then effectively made. 2312: 2097:

wrote in defense of the alliance, at the same time minimizing it and legitimizing on the ground that Francis I was defending himself against an aggression.

9277: 3876:, who both felt both threatened by Napoleon's conquests. On January 3, 1799, the Ottoman Empire allied with Russia, and two days later with Great Britain. 3412: 2137: 1097:

Jean de la Forêt also had secret military instructions to organize a combined offensive on Italy in 1535: Through the negotiations of de La Forêt with the

447:, which Charles had partial control over. France was pressured in the West, while the Ottoman Empire expanded on the eastern side of the Holy Roman Empire. 23:

Francis I (left) and Suleiman I (right) initiated the Franco-Ottoman alliance. They never met in person; this is a composite of two separate paintings by

3976:, Selim III finally refused to ratify the Russian and British alliances, and recognized Napoleon as Emperor, formally opting for an alliance with France 7606: 6927:

Vlahakis, George; Malaquias, Isabel Maria Coelho de Oliveira; Brooks, Nathan M.; Wright, David; Gunergun, Feza; Regourd, M. Francois (January 4, 2006).

9392: 9352: 4109:, with the agreement of the Ottoman Empire, with the objective to fulfill its mission to protect Christians in the Middle East, following massacres of 971:

on 16 August 1534 and continued raiding the Italian coast with the support of Francis I. In a counter-attack however, Charles V dislodged them in the

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Polin left Constantinople on 15 February 1542 with a contract from Suleiman outlining the details of the Ottoman commitment for 1542. He arrived in

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Mathieu Grenet, « Muslim missions to early modern France, c.1610-c.1780 : notes for a social history of cross-cultural diplomacy »,

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With the advent of Napoleon I, France adopted a strongly expansionist policy which put it in direct contact with the Ottoman Empire. Following the

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in 1789, about 300 French artillery officers and engineers were active in the Ottoman Empire to modernize and train artillery units. From 1784,

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were a major problem throughout the centuries, leading to regular punitive expeditions by France (1661, 1665, 1682, 1683, 1688). French admiral

4051:, the Ottoman Empire and Russia agreed to make peace, just as Russia was anxious to liberate this southern front in anticipation of Napoleon's 2110: 1119: 3661:

from 1783, a French Military Mission was sent to the Ottoman Empire to train the Turks in naval warfare and fortification building. Up to the

1517:, active naval collaboration took place between the two powers to fight against Spanish forces, following a request by Francis I, conveyed by 1214:

him for the financial support he will have provided to the King, as well as the support of his navy which will be fully assisted by the King .

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was sent to Constantinople to ascertain the Ottoman offensive, but it turned out that Suleiman, partly under the anti-alliance influence of

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while the French Huguenots would invade from the north and the Moriscos accomplish their uprising, but the Ottoman fleet failed to arrive.

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while the French Huguenots would invade from the north and the Moriscos accomplish their uprising, but the Ottoman fleet failed to arrive.

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The Ottoman Empire was at the height of its power, but for the forty years after these events, France would become embroiled in the bitter

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Numerous authors intervened to take the defense of the French king for his alliance. Authors wrote about the Ottoman civilization, such as

7640:« Antoine Escalin des Aimars (1498?–1578) – De la Garde-Adhémar au siège de Nice, le parcours d'un Ambassadeur de François Ier » 3536:

and sent to Paris. His embassy of eleven months was notable for being the first ever foreign representation of a permanent nature for the

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against the Habsburg, but without success. Louis communicated to the Turks that he would never fight on the side of the Austrian Emperor

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were never returned, although the Ottomans themselves had complied with their part of the agreement by moving their troops south of the

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Through his conquests (here, Napoleon's empire at its greatest extent in 1811) Napoleon came in direct contact with the Ottoman Empire.

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Britain took the opportunity to ally with the Ottoman Empire in order to repel Napoleon's invasion, intervening militarily during the

2857: 2853: 2401: 1287:. While Francis I was attacking Milan and Genoa in April 1536, Barbarossa was raiding the Habsburg possessions in the Mediterranean. 1047:

was sent to Istanbul, and for the first time was able to become permanent ambassador at the Ottoman court and to negotiate treaties.

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and customs fees. These capitulations would in effect give the French a near trade monopoly in seaport-towns that would be known as

621:. This situation forced Francis I to find an ally against the powerful Habsburg Emperor, in the person of Suleiman the Magnificent. 9372: 8842: 7028:

Friends and Rivals in the East: Studies in Anglo-Dutch Relations in the Levant from the Seventeenth to the Early Nineteenth Century

6333: 4039:. Faced with betrayal by Russia, and the failure of France to have the agreement enforced, the Ottoman Empire, now ruled by Sultan 3833:

in 1798 and fought against the Ottomans to establish a French presence in the Middle East, with the ultimate dream of linking with

3179:, and he instead massed troops at the eastern frontier of France. These reassurances encouraged the Turks not to renew the 20-year 2613:

and in the Ottoman Empire, where they were given right of residence and worship. Further, the Ottomans supported the Calvinists in

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argued in 1540 that the alliance was permissible because "against one's enemies one can make arrows of any kind of wood." In 1551,

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Caricature showing the Emperor conducting the king of France and the Sultan walking as captives bound together. Early 17th century.

874: 555:, in which the Sultan of Egypt had made concessions to the French and the Catalans, and which would be later extended by Suleiman. 6398: 1637: 1448:

unsuccessful in battle and squeezed between the French invasion and the Ottomans, he and Francis I ultimately made peace with the

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in plans against Spain in the 1570s. Around 1575, plans were made for a combined attack of Aragonese Moriscos and Huguenots from

2654:, suffers four diverse religions viz. that of the Jews, that of the Christians, that of the Grecians, and that of the Mahometans. 2205:

were brought back, annotated and studied by scholars such as Guillaume Postel. Transmission of scientific knowledge, such as the

1513:

and England; but, although the conflict was ruinously expensive for the major participants, its outcome was inconclusive. In the

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Rouillard, Clarence D. The Turk in French History, Thought and Literature, 1520–1660 (Paris: Boivin & Compagnie, 1973) 358.

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with 12 galleys in early September 1537. Saint-Blancard in vain attempted to convince the Ottomans to again raid the coasts of

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Franco-Ottoman military collaboration took place during the Italian War of 1536–1538 following the 1536 Treaty negotiated by

125: 3124:. One of the reasons was that Louis XIV was in a shifting alliance with the Habsburgs, especially through his marriage with 2577:, so that a Dutch-Ottoman alliance was considered and a letter was sent from Suleiman the Magnificent to the "Lutherans" in 691:

The plea of the French king nicely corresponded to the ambitions of Suleiman in Europe, and gave him an incentive to attack

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by the end of July 1537, and departed two weeks later with many prisoners. Barbarossa had laid waste to the region around

9193: 8857: 8487: 8411: 7607:""A Vile, Infamous, Diabolical Treaty" The Franco-Ottoman Alliance of Francis I and the Eclipse of the Christendom Ideal" 3501: 2535:, Henry II obtained the dispatch of an Ottoman fleet to Italy in 1558, with little effect however apart from the sack of 2018: 1932: 1922: 646: 535: 8358: 3374:. French authors used the East as a way to enrich their philosophical work and a pretext to write comments on the West: 2194: 1728:

Throughout the winter, the Ottomans were able to use Toulon as a base to attack the Spanish and Italian coasts, raiding

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as envoy extraordinary. Napoleon promised to help the Ottoman Empire recover lost territories. He wrote to the Sultan:

3827: 3276: 2676: 2133: 1592: 1557:, harass the coasts of Spain with a naval force, and send 40 galleys to assist the Turks for operations in the Levant. 1373: 571: 317: 207: 1598:

When Francis I learnt from André de Montalembert that the Ottomans were not coming, he raised the siege of Perpignan.

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on 8 March 1542 to obtain a ratification of the agreement by Francis I. Accordingly, Francis I designated the city of

1074:. Foreign vessels had to trade with Turkey under the French banner, after the payment of a percentage of their trade. 9367: 8611: 7568: 7554: 7540: 7523: 7492: 7478: 7457: 7437: 7422: 7403: 7382: 7351: 7324: 7297: 7270: 7222: 7186: 7125: 7062: 6997: 6970: 6938: 6911: 6881: 6854: 6824: 6788: 6636: 6609: 6582: 6555: 6525: 6492: 6408: 6370: 6343: 6313: 6261: 6234: 6207: 6109: 6068: 6006: 5920: 5893: 5866: 5839: 5791: 5764: 5737: 5696: 5627:

Armstrong, Elizabeth; Armstrong, Elizabeth (Tyler); Forbes, Elizabeth; Armstrong, Elizabeth Tyler (January 4, 1954).

5550: 5505: 5475: 5397: 5358: 5305: 5221: 5194: 5164: 5086: 5054: 5000: 4973: 4905: 4803: 4745: 4715: 4683: 4647: 4617: 4590: 4551: 4524: 4497: 4458: 4431: 4401: 4375: 4225: 4182: 3989: 3985: 3942: 3737: 3587: 1595:, was unwilling to send an army that year, and promised to send an army twice as strong the following year, in 1543. 1366:, carrying about 10,000 people into slavery. Francis however failed to meet his commitment, and instead attacked the 567: 85: 9133: 1957:"The Ottoman alliance had powerfully contributed to save France from the grasp of Charles V, it had certainly aided 1529: 9257: 8569: 1951:

The alliance provided strategic support to, and effectively protected, the kingdom of France from the ambitions of

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Side effects included a lot of negative propaganda against the actions of France and its "unholy" alliance with a

855: 9247: 9213: 9208: 9128: 9088: 9019: 9009: 8980: 8920: 8896: 8876: 8871: 8866: 8546: 8517: 8346: 7951: 7651: 7098:"History of Ottoman Turks: From the Beginning of Their Empire to the Present Time. Chiefly Founded on Von Hammer" 3996:

with the help of Sebastiani, but lost several major encounters against Russia, and he was finally toppled by his

3772:, but they were frustrated by the opposition of the Janissaries. This relationship would sour with the ascent of 3677: 3626: 3465:

carpets. This tradition also spread to England where it revived the English carpet industry in the 18th century.

3113: 2748:. Selim II sent his support through a messenger, who endeavoured to put the Dutch in contact with the rebellious 1901:

through the ransoming of enemy ships in the Mediterranean. The French Royal House also borrowed large amounts of

217: 4079: 2945:

Spain in the 1570s. Around 1575, plans were made for a combined attack of Aragonese Moriscos and Huguenots from

8792: 8605: 7758: 7630:« Récits de voyage et représentation de l'espace. La Méditerranée de Jérôme Maurand, un espace vécu » 7395: 7036: 5979: 5947: 5809:"The History of England: The history of England: reigns of Edward the Sixth-Mary-and Elizabeth. In two volumes" 4932: 4869: 3732: 3574: 3231:

on 15 August 1684, giving him several territories which covered the frontier and protected France from foreign

3219:

in 1683. On that occasion, Louis not only declined to help the Austrians, but on the contrary tried to prevent

3016: 2602: 1338:

For 1537 important combined operations were agreed upon, in which the Ottomans would attack southern Italy and

1035:

Treaties, or capitulations, were passed between the two countries starting in 1528 and 1536. The defeat in the

692: 4258:"The Ottoman Empire and its successors, 1801-1922. Being a rev. and enl. ed. of The Ottoman Empire, 1801-1913" 1794: 1259: 8687: 8675: 8629: 8623: 8599: 8587: 8511: 8499: 8493: 8464: 7715: 7617: 4131: 3649: 3201: 3176: 2352: 2078: 1952: 1494: 1445: 1104:

it was agreed that combined military operations against Italy would take place, in which France would attack

1005: 602: 583: 344: 75: 5590:

Giovanni Botero, The Reason of State, Trans. P.J. Waley and D.P. Waley (New Haven: Yale U. P., 1956) 223-24.

3621:, creating cannon foundries, powder and musket factories and a military engineering school. Another officer 2162:

Cultural and scientific exchanges between France and the Ottoman Empire flourished. French scholars such as

1318:

with 30 galleys from 15 October 1536 (the first time a Turkish fleet laid up for the winter in Marseilles).

9382: 9203: 8737: 5138: 3606: 3563: 3445: 2561:

Ottoman power was also used by the French in the religious conflicts on the European scene. In 1566, under

2368: 2022: 1440:

in 1538. Francis actually refused to meet Charles V in person, and the treaty was signed in separate rooms.

730: 641:. The objective for Francis I was to find an ally against the Habsburgs, although the policy of courting a 618: 420: 7901: 5644:"The History of Modern Europe from the Fall of Constantinople: In 1453, to the War in the Crimea, in 1857" 2844:

with other European powers against the Ottoman Empire, particularly with the Habsburg Empire, some of the

2714: 2544: 2038:

referred to the alliance as "a vile, infamous, diabolical treaty" and blamed it for the extinction of the

9330: 9148: 9123: 8915: 8747: 8557: 8286: 8226: 4146: 4126: 3370: 3191:, a coalition of European powers against the Ottomans, adopting a position of neutrality, and encouraged 1665: 1537: 742: 385: 349: 328: 34: 6601:

An Arab's Journey to Colonial Spanish America: The Travels of Elias al-Mûsili in the Seventeenth Century

2420:, where it was joined by the fleet of Baron de la Garde, ready for naval operations the following year. 9287: 9282: 9158: 9108: 9103: 8886: 8823: 8699: 8581: 8552: 8470: 8316: 8161: 8151: 8146: 7681: 7515: 7408: 4048: 3952: 3334:

to Constantinople 1699 and stayed there until the end of his life in 1737, and later with the works of

2494: 2442: 2432: 2201:

Scientific exchange is thought to have occurred, as numerous works in Arabic, especially pertaining to

1867: 1518: 1485: 1242: 1163: 1101: 1016: 393: 9113: 3653:

Contemporary caricature of the 1783 French Military Mission in Constantinople training Ottoman troops.

2232:. French novels and tragedies were written with the Ottoman Empire as a theme or background. In 1561, 2122:

Apologie, faicte par un serviteur du Roy, contre les calomnies des Impériaulx: sur la descente du Turc

9237: 9153: 9098: 8785: 8405: 8292: 8202: 8084: 7751: 4052: 4044: 3712: 3671: 3242:, in effect relieving pressure from the Ottomans. Louis was reviled for this action, and was called: 2841: 2835: 2264:

Strategically, the alliance with the Ottoman Empire also allowed France to offset to some extent the

1863: 1843: 865: 746: 703: 339: 5609: 3622: 3579: 1350:

would attack northern Italy with 50,000 men. Suleiman led an army of 300,000 from Constantinople to

617:

to the Empire, renounce his Italian ambitions, and return his belongings and honours to the traitor

9078: 8681: 8441: 8382: 8262: 8244: 8238: 8156: 8141: 7532: 7449:

The Papacy and the Levant (1204–1571), Volume III: The Sixteenth Century to the Reign of Julius III

3869: 3595: 3415:

in 1664, but the fashion for coffee in Paris was triggered by the Ottoman ambassador to Louis XIV,

3260: 2874: 2840:

The conflict between the Ottomans and the Persians led the latter to try to forge a counter-acting

2753: 2688: 2532: 2462: 2458: 2085:, in which Francis is compared to the wounded man, the Emperor to the thieves, and Suleiman to the 2002: 1993: 1928: 1889: 1541: 1202: 1137: 1036: 1024: 972: 968: 870: 722: 629: 540: 468: 381: 287: 187: 155: 9138: 9044: 6653: 4705: 4673: 4514: 4391: 3339: 3293: 1588: 384:. The strategic and sometimes tactical alliance was one of the longest-lasting and most important 9242: 9183: 8563: 8340: 8304: 8298: 8126: 8089: 7826: 7470: 5667: 4516:

Defenders of the Faith: Charles V, Suleyman the Magnificent, and the Battle for Europe, 1520-1536

4009: 3984:

to Paris as ambassador (1806–1811). Selim III's decisions in favour of France triggered the 1806

3892: 3633:, and was instrumental in the creation of mobile artillery units. He built fortifications on the 3401: 3368:

French literature also was greatly influenced. In 1704 was published the first French version of

2699: 2684: 2556: 2376: 2324: 2189:, copied circa 1536, bound according to regulations set under Francis I circa 1549, with arms of 1733: 1393: 1354:, with the objective of transporting them to Italy with the fleet. The Ottoman fleet gathered in 1291: 903: 606: 435: 227: 197: 165: 9029: 7025:

Hamilton, Alastair; Groot, Alexander Hendrik de; Boogert, Maurits H. Van Den (January 4, 2000).

4105:

In another example of cooperation, in 1860, France later intervened in the Ottoman territory of

3121: 2733: 1979:

Apologye en défense pour le Roy, fondée sur texte d'évangile, contre ses enemis et calomniateurs

1062:, although they only seem to have been ratified by the Ottomans later, in 1569, with ambassador 9163: 9093: 9083: 8970: 8310: 8220: 8208: 8002: 4087: 3811: 3457: 3349: 3327: 3125: 3099: 3073: 2405: 983: 783: 307: 247: 115: 105: 55: 7176: 7097: 7026: 6960: 6901: 6841: 6626: 6572: 6280: 6178: 6164: 6139: 6083: 5996: 5937: 5910: 5883: 5856: 5826: 5808: 5781: 5643: 5628: 5540: 5495: 5348: 5295: 5211: 5181: 5154: 4963: 4820: 4637: 4607: 4580: 4541: 4487: 4421: 4365: 4350: 4335: 4270: 3684:

arrived to instruct engineering drawings and techniques in the new Turkish engineering school

2710: 1691:

Toulon to remain and mingle with the Turkish nation, because of difficulties which might arise

9272: 9262: 9173: 9168: 9143: 9014: 9004: 8930: 8647: 8429: 8256: 7613: 7115: 7052: 6987: 6928: 6763: 6695: 6599: 6542: 6512: 6434: 5969: 5686: 5465: 5384: 4787: 4761: 4735: 4448: 4320: 4215: 4172: 4013: 3993: 3638: 3004: 2913:

Bilingual Franco-Turkish translation of the 1604 Franco-Ottoman Capitulations between Sultan

2633: 1855: 1498: 1389: 1331: 1051: 443:. Territories in yellow are ruled by Charles. Territories within the red boundary are of the 404: 7079: 6467: 1752:. The Ottomans departed from their Toulon base in May 1544 after Francis I had paid 800,000 1701: 1653: 1178:, who has a powerful naval force as well as a convenient location , to attack the island of 745:(1526–1530) going on, Francis I continued to look for allies in Central Europe and formed a 8925: 8476: 8423: 8364: 8328: 8280: 8268: 7997: 7916: 7891: 7846: 7713:

Jensen, De Lamar (Winter 1985). "The Ottoman Turks in Sixteenth Century French Diplomacy".

5019:

Ward, Sir Adolphus William; Prothero, George Walter; Leathes, Sir Stanley Mordaunt (2004).

4071:, the Ottoman Empire was still recognized as an essential part of the European status quo. 4047:

with Great Britain, which was now at war with both France and Russia. In 1812, through the

3965: 3884: 3880: 3462: 3023: 2909: 2890: 2878: 2729: 2637: 2562: 2497:

for the benefit of France. The military alliance is said to have reached its peak in 1553.

2151: 1687: 1367: 1343: 1205:, Monsieur de La Forest must ask for 1 million in gold, and for his army to enter first in 1154: 987:

Letter of Suleiman to Francis I in 1536, informing Francis I of the successful campaign of

920: 908: 523: 503: 491: 8965: 5599:

Francois de la Noue, Discours Politiques et Militaires (Geneve: Librairie Droz, 1967) 428.

5125: 2229: 2101:

used examples from Christian history to justify the endeavour to obtain Ottoman support.

2070: 8: 9297: 9118: 8999: 8975: 8837: 8832: 8732: 4202: 4117:, claimed to continue its ancient role as protector of Christians in the Ottoman Empire. 4020: 3957: 3289: 3264: 3136: 3031: 2898: 2870: 2845: 2703: 2679:

in 1572, partly due to the desire of Polish nobles to be agreeable to the Ottoman Empire.

2672: 2574: 2090: 2046: 2010: 1965:, and from a French point of view, it had rescued the North German allies of Francis I."' 1940: 1842:

French artillery troops were supplied to Suleiman for his Hungarian campaign – here, the

1710: 1490:

During the Italian War of 1542–46 Francis I and Suleiman I were again pitted against the

1454: 1347: 1294:

combined his twelve French galleys with a small Ottoman fleet belonging to Barbarossa in

1230: 1171: 726: 674: 587: 579: 563: 373: 9302: 7836: 4171:

Dimmock, Matthew; Dimmock, Professor of Early Modern Studies Matthew (January 4, 2005).

3478: 3397: 3335: 2922: 2285: 1358:

with 100 galleys, accompanied by the French ambassador Jean de La Forêt. They landed in

1248: 1124: 1044: 696: 518:, his brother and rival pretender to the Ottoman throne was being detained in France at 9024: 8990: 8669: 8452: 7796: 7732: 7701: 7693: 4844: 4068: 3919:

Napoleon continued his efforts to win the Ottoman Empire to his cause. He sent General

3752: 3743: 3599: 3547: 3533: 3441: 3331: 3239: 3188: 3069: 3046: 3042: 2930: 2918: 2822:, as a way to counter Habsburg attempts at supremacy in Europe. For a time though, the 2811: 2745: 2725: 2695: 2578: 2501: 2454: 2336: 2289: 2190: 1897: 1554: 1533: 1502: 1491: 1086: 935:

Suleiman ordered Barbarossa to put his fleet at the disposition of Francis I to attack

881: 860: 614: 558:

France had already been looking for allies in Central Europe. The ambassador of France

527: 397: 8955: 6697:

Bound Together: How Traders, Preachers, Adventurers, and Warriors Shaped Globalization

4004:. Mustafa IV however, persisted with the Franco-Ottoman alliance, and sent ambassador 3742:

attempted to establish a Treaty of Alliance. A young artillery officer by the name of

3180: 2995:

Henry IV continued the policy of Franco-Ottoman alliance and received an embassy from

2531:, and 150 galleys to be stationed in the West. Through the services of his ambassador 2504:, successor to Gabriel de Luetz d'Aramon, is known to have participated to Suleiman's 2297: 2249: 1306:. After failing to capture the tower of Salé, the fleet raided the Spanish coast from 9198: 9178: 9073: 9063: 8960: 8663: 8458: 8376: 8322: 8274: 8214: 8136: 8079: 7941: 7705: 7634:

Mémoire de Master, Dir. par Pierre-Yves Beaurepaire, Université de Nice, 2007, 292 p.

7592: 7578: 7564: 7550: 7536: 7519: 7502: 7488: 7474: 7453: 7433: 7418: 7399: 7378: 7347: 7320: 7293: 7266: 7218: 7182: 7121: 7058: 7032: 6993: 6966: 6934: 6907: 6877: 6850: 6820: 6784: 6728: 6701: 6632: 6605: 6578: 6551: 6521: 6488: 6440: 6404: 6366: 6339: 6309: 6257: 6230: 6203: 6105: 6064: 6002: 5975: 5943: 5916: 5889: 5862: 5835: 5787: 5760: 5733: 5692: 5546: 5501: 5471: 5393: 5354: 5301: 5217: 5190: 5160: 5082: 5050: 4996: 4969: 4928: 4901: 4865: 4799: 4741: 4711: 4679: 4643: 4613: 4586: 4547: 4520: 4493: 4454: 4427: 4397: 4371: 4286: 4282: 4221: 4178: 3973: 3920: 3908: 3720: 3689: 3662: 3509: 3497: 3228: 3220: 3184: 3011:, giving numerous advantages to France in the Ottoman Empire. An embassy was sent to 2528: 2397: 2265: 2256:. This tragedy marks the first time the Ottomans were introduced on stage in France. 2106: 2057: 1962: 1675: 1458: 1284: 1220: 1167: 1055: 1043:

motivated the Ottoman Empire to enter into a formal alliance with France. Ambassador

992: 936: 710:, so that the Ottoman Empire would be attacked on its rear. Envoys were sent to Shah 638: 637:

The alliance was an opportunity for both rulers to fight against the hegemony of the

610: 575: 476: 444: 277: 8417: 1819: 1781: 9252: 9034: 8945: 8352: 8007: 7961: 7931: 7896: 7774: 7724: 7685: 4032: 3888: 3676:

reached Constantinople with 12 experts. The same year, French engineering officers

3542: 3216: 3148: 3140: 3093: 2965:

in Aragon and the disarmament of the Moriscos. In 1576, a three-pronged fleet from

2791:

in Aragon and the disarmament of the Moriscos. In 1576, a three-pronged fleet from

2772: 2372: 2320: 2163: 2155: 2053: 2006: 1936: 1803: 1718: 1303: 1059: 766: 750: 661: 657: 237: 135: 8250: 6461: 4257: 502:

Some early contacts seem to have taken place between the Ottomans and the French.

9292: 9068: 8950: 8940: 8891: 8847: 8048: 8043: 7851: 7646:, Nice, Conseil Général des Alpes-Maritimes, n°188, Octobre-décembre 2007, 28 pp. 7447: 7372: 7341: 7314: 7287: 7260: 7212: 6871: 6814: 6778: 6749: 6722: 6303: 6251: 6224: 6197: 6099: 6058: 5998:

Muslims and the Gospel: Bridging the Gap : a Reflection on Christian Sharing

5754: 5727: 5712: 5103: 5076: 5044: 5020: 4990: 4922: 4895: 4859: 4141: 3830: 3819: 3357: 3144: 3129: 3117: 2974: 2962: 2954: 2950: 2800: 2788: 2776: 2505: 2393: 2115: 2102: 2098: 2035: 1886: 1866:, Suleiman took a commanding position in Hungary, obtaining the signature of the 1851: 1826:

who accompanied Polin and the Ottoman fleet in 1544, wrote a detailed account in

1421: 1381: 1351: 1295: 944: 707: 665: 598: 440: 4102:, a French-British-Ottoman alliance against Russia was signed on 12 March 1854. 3637:

and started a naval science course that laid the foundation stone for the later

3421: 3388: 3223:

from saving the city of Vienna, and he used the opportunity to attack cities in

2527:

On 30 December 1557, Henry II wrote a letter to Suleiman, asking him for money,

9232: 9188: 8935: 8810: 8022: 7443: 4417: 3873: 3847:... Is it not we who have been through the centuries the friends of the Sultan? 3823: 3815: 3760: 3747: 3706: 3583: 3537: 3505: 3050: 2966: 2958: 2849: 2807: 2792: 2784: 2610: 2570: 2233: 2094: 2086: 2039: 1777: 1679: 1656:. They had to raise the siege of the citadel upon the arrival of enemy troops. 1612: 1565: 1510: 1469: 1409: 1276: 1128: 1082: 1054:

on 18 February 1536, on the model of previous Ottoman commercial treaties with

1020: 948: 940: 825: 799: 774: 758: 605:. After several months in prison, Francis I was forced to sign the humiliating 594: 559: 472: 452: 377: 7992: 7689: 3425:, the first coffee-shop of Paris, in 1689. In the French high society wearing 1913:

as of 1565, the repayment of which became contentious in the following years.

419:". It lasted intermittently for more than two and a half centuries, until the 9346: 9323: 8757: 7806: 7468:

East Encounters West: France and the Ottoman Empire in the Eighteenth Century

6335:

East Encounters West: France and the Ottoman Empire in the Eighteenth Century

5578: 4633: 3969: 3728: 3529: 3486: 3361: 3103: 3061: 2737: 2618: 2340: 2317: 2065: 1998: 1958: 1789: 1769: 1649: 1617: 1607: 1569: 1514: 1506: 1449: 1437: 678: 424: 65: 7926: 3895:

in 1801. By 1802, the French were completely vanquished in the Middle East.

2756:

in October 1574, thus succeeding in reducing Spanish pressure on the Dutch.

2508:

campaign, and to have sailed with the Ottoman fleet in its campaign against

8762: 8388: 7987: 7530:

Empires of the Sand: The Struggle for Mastery in the Middle East, 1789–1923

6989:

Empires of the Sand: The Struggle for Mastery in the Middle East, 1789-1923

4277:

Cross-Cultural Scientific Exchanges in the Eastern Mediterranean, 1560–1660

4114: 4005: 3981: 3947: 3834: 3727:, this was a golden opportunity to modernize, and achieve the "New Order" ( 3618: 3567: 3416: 3208: 3168: 3164: 3000: 2718: 2707: 2566: 2413: 2348: 2308:

Territory of the Ottoman Empire upon the death of Suleiman the Magnificent.

2167: 2147: 1859: 1799: 1745: 1740:

and defeating Italo-Spanish naval attacks. Sailing with his whole fleet to

1670:

After the siege of Nice, the Ottomans were offered by Francis to winter at

1624: 1098: 1040: 988: 952: 686:

Answer from Suleiman the Magnificent to Francis I of France, February 1526.

482: 416: 412: 408: 389: 257: 4351:"Three Years in Constantinople: Or, Domestic Manners of the Turks in 1844" 4336:"Three Years in Constantinople: Or, Domestic Manners of the Turks in 1844" 2752:

of Spain and the pirates of Algiers. Selim also sent a great fleet in the

2565:, the French ambassador to the Ottoman Empire intervened in favour of the 2077:, a text defending the actions of Francis I by drawing parallels with the 1838: 1536:

of Francis I, caliber: 140mm, length: 307cm, recovered at the time of the

1505:. The course of the war saw extensive fighting in Italy, France, and the 714:

in 1525, and again in 1529, pleading for an attack on the Ottoman Empire.

8069: 8017: 7956: 7936: 6764:"The Industry of Nations: As Exemplified in the Great Exhibition of 1851" 6656:. Longman, Green, Longman, Roberts, & Green – via Google Books. 4099: 4019:

In a final reversal however, Napoleon I finally vanquished Russia at the

3997: 3769: 3513: 3375: 3323: 3314: 3280: 3159: 2882: 2815: 2594: 2521: 2355:. The alliance allowed Henry II to push for French conquests towards the 2296:, continued the policy of alliance of his father Francis I. Painting by 2206: 2175: 1906: 1882: 1749: 1359: 1326: 460: 5713:"Penny Cyclopaedia of the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge" 2404:, but both were delayed and could not join the Ottomans in time. In the 1479: 1077:

A French embassy and a Christian chapel were established in the town of

8505: 8064: 7966: 7946: 7921: 7911: 7736: 4056: 4008:

to Paris to work out the details. Concurrently, Napoleon also formed a

4001: 3773: 2996: 2819: 2659: 2622: 2474: 2437: 2339:, also sealed a treaty with Suleyman in order to cooperate against the 2210: 2171: 1629: 1315: 1264: 956: 552: 519: 515: 507: 495: 487: 7697: 6954: 6952: 6950: 4260:. Cambridge : The University Press – via Internet Archive. 4174:

New Turkes: Dramatizing Islam and the Ottomans in Early Modern England

3814:

in 1797, France acquired possessions in the Mediterranean such as the

3259:

The Ottomans were able to stage a counter-attack and succeeded in the

2806:

Ottoman support for France would continue, as well as support for the

2651: 1773: 1116:. The military instructions of Jean de la Forêt were highly specific: 729:

regarding the protection of Christians in his states. September 1528.

19: 8074: 8027: 8012: 7816: 7414: 5939:

Ottoman-Dutch Economic Relations in the Early Modern Period 1571-1699

5811:. Longman, Orme, Brown, Green, and Longmans – via Google Books. 5756:

The Mediterranean and the Mediterranean World in the Age of Philip II

4060: 4040: 4028: 3934: 3903: 3826:. Relations with the Ottoman Empire became all of a sudden strained. 3724: 3658: 3634: 3525: 3453: 3353: 3308: 3298: 3285: 3197: 3192: 3089: 3085: 3065: 3027: 2894: 2586: 2582: 2273: 2269: 2220:, were brought back to be integrated in Royal libraries, such as the 2202: 1878: 1641: 1620:

in 1543, a combined Franco-Turkish force managed to capture the city.

1580: 1432: 1311: 1280: 1268: 1141: 711: 548: 456: 7728: 3709:

with his Military Mission being received by the Grand Vizier in 1796

3468: 3440:("in the manner of Turkey") was developed in France in the reign of 2304: 978: 794: 7906: 7743: 6947: 4837:"An Objective Historical Perspective of the Siege of Malta of 1565" 4275:

vol. 2 (1947; English edition 1970); cited after Avner Ben-Zaken,

4110: 4091: 4064: 4024: 3784: 3630: 3610: 3517: 3482: 3383: 3232: 2942: 2938: 2934: 2886: 2852:. This plan was formalized by two major diplomatic endeavours: the 2764: 2760: 2749: 2741: 2713:. When Henri left to return to France in 1575, he was succeeded by 2667: 2641: 2536: 2509: 2389: 2253: 2245: 2043: 2001:(center) enthroned over his defeated enemies (from left to right): 1916: 1807: 1561: 1388:

The Ottomans departed from Southern Italy, and instead mounted the

1279:

in 1536, starting the war. A Franco-Turkish fleet was stationed in

1210: 1188: 1105: 1067: 829: 511: 7374:

Catholics and Sultans: The Church and the Ottoman Empire 1453–1923

4199:

The New Cambridge modern history: - v.2 The Reformation, 1520-1559

2946: 2768: 2362: 1818:

from Barbarossa's fleet to continue alone to the Ottoman capital.

1355: 7841: 7821: 7811: 6813:

Faroqhi, Suraiya; McGowan, Bruce; Pamuk, Sevket (28 April 1997).

5626: 3964:

In February 1806, following Napoleon's remarkable victory in the

3558: 3152: 3012: 3008: 2914: 2780: 2606: 2598: 2590: 2517: 2490: 2344: 2241: 1823: 1737: 1729: 1682:

and Italy, as well the communications between the two countries:

1363: 1307: 1184: 1179: 1159: 1149: 1028: 1015:

Draft of the 1536 Treaty negotiated between Jean de La Forêt and

824:

In early July 1532, Suleiman was joined by the French ambassador

779: 754: 464: 392:. The Franco-Ottoman military alliance reached its peak with the 7080:"History of Napoleon, Emperor of the French, King of Italy, Etc" 5467:

Firearms of the Islamic World: In the Tareq Rajab Museum, Kuwait

4197:

R.C. Spooner, "The Habsburg-Valois Struggle" in G.R. Elton, ed.

2687:, and Ottoman power would start to slowly weaken after the 1571 2382: 1910: 1850:

On land Suleiman was concomitantly fighting for the conquest of

1004:"Echelles du Levant" redirects here. For the Maalouf novel, see 8742: 7971: 7801: 4036: 3858: 3765: 3449: 3430: 3426: 3419:, in 1669. Fashionable coffee-shops emerged such as the famous 3408: 3319: 3224: 3212: 2987: 2970: 2829: 2796: 2717:, who also had been supported by the Ottomans in obtaining the 2482: 2478: 2470: 2328: 2272:

trade, and French trade with the eastern Mediterranean through

2030: 1815: 1811: 1722: 1706: 1671: 1405: 1401: 1397: 1339: 1206: 1113: 1109: 1078: 837: 807: 762: 653: 642: 24: 5971:

The Ottoman State and Its Place in World History: Introduction

4861:

Introduction to the Modern Economic History of the Middle East

2371:. In 1551, the Ottomans, accompanied by the French ambassador 1524: 1019:, a few days before his assassination, expanding to the whole 772:

Francis I lost in his European campaigns, and had to sign the

7831: 6926: 6652:

Macaulay, Thomas Babington Macaulay Baron (January 4, 1864).

6060:

Warfare, State and Society on the Black Sea Steppe, 1500-1700

4106: 3865: 3844: 3614: 3172: 2417: 2409: 2356: 2217: 2186: 2082: 1741: 1659: 1576: 1545: 1473: 1299: 1145: 964: 734: 597:

occurred when the French ruler Francis I was defeated at the

544: 6628:

Poetry and the Creation of a Whig Literary Culture 1681-1714

4000:

as he was trying to reform his army, and replaced by Sultan

2550: 2543:

in 1558. The conflict would finally come to an end with the

1696:

Instruction of Francis I to his Lord Lieutenant of Provence.

1298:(an Ottoman galley and 6 galiotes), to attack the island of 7886: 3433:

became fashionable, as well as lying on rugs and cushions.

2513: 2486: 1902: 1753: 1645: 943:. In July 1533 Francis received Ottoman representatives at 297: 7604: 3326:

started to become hugely popular, first with the works of

3263:, but they were finally defeated however in 1699 with the 3056: 2524:

was one of the key Ottoman protagonists in these actions.

1632:

fired by the Franco-Turkish fleet, now in a street of Nice

1392:

in August 1537. where they were met by the French Admiral

6870:

Black, Professor Jeremy; Black, Jeremy (4 January 2002).

3861: 3553: 2359:, while a Franco-Ottoman fleet defended southern France. 2343:. This was triggered by the 8 September 1550 conquest of 2060:, in sometimes extremely positive ways. In the 1543 work 1759: 677:, king of the province of France ... You have sent to my 633:

First letter from Suleiman to Francis I in February 1526.

6959:

A ́goston, Ga ́bor; Masters, Bruce Alan (May 21, 2010).

6766:. The Society. January 4, 1852 – via Google Books. 6283:

Peace treaties and international law in European history

5668:"Whose Science is Arabic Science in Renaissance Europe?" 5574: 5572: 5570: 5568: 5566: 5564: 5562: 5075:

Lambton, Ann Katherine Swynford; Lewis, Bernard (1977).

4764:. CUP Archive. January 4, 1902 – via Google Books. 3452:, and especially rose to prominence during the reign of 2209:, may have occurred on such occasions, at the time when 1833: 1644:

in August 1543, and collaborated to bombard the city of

1136:

Jean de la Forest, whom the King sends to meet with the

593:

A momentous intensification of the search for allies in

574:

between 1522 and 1525. At that time, following the 1522

6840:

Shaw, Stanford J.; Shaw, Ezel Kural (29 October 1976).

6654:"The History of England from the Accession of James II" 5825:

Shaw, Stanford J.; Shaw, Ezel Kural (29 October 1976).

4786:

Shaw, Stanford J.; Shaw, Ezel Kural (29 October 1976).

3227:

and parts of southern Germany. He was able to sign the

2477:

together with the French squadron raided the coasts of

1427: 6930:

Imperialism and Science: Social Impact and Interaction

3396:(1759). French travelers of the 17th century, such as 3318:, both of which became constitutive components of the 3312:, just as there was a fashion for Chinese things with 2744:

in order to open a new front against the Spanish King

1705:

Barbarossa's fleet wintering in the French harbour of

471:, the son of Selim, managed to expand Ottoman rule to 7668:"The French Economic Interests in the Ottoman Empire" 7511:

Peter Malcolm Holt, Ann K. S. Lambton, Bernard Lewis

6305:

The Regency of Tunis and the Ottoman Porte, 1777-1814

6174: 6172: 6161:

The Moriscos of Spain: their conversion and expulsion

5559: 3898: 3629:. He succeeded in having a new foundry built to make 3007:" was signed between Henry IV and the Ottoman Sultan 2367:

Various military actions were coordinated during the

2292:, here standing on an oriental carpet, an example of 1640:

and the Ottoman forces, led by Barbarossa, joined at

1480:

Italian War of 1542–1546 and Hungary Campaign of 1543

664:. In December 1525 a second mission was sent, led by 624: 7452:. Philadelphia: The American Philosophical Society. 7109: 7107: 7024: 6816:

An Economic and Social History of the Ottoman Empire

6506: 6504: 6135: 6133: 5820: 5818: 5070: 5068: 5066: 4957: 4955: 4953: 2740:, tried to obtain the support of the Ottoman Sultan 2621:

but also in France. The contemporary French thinker

2138:

Islamic Civilization during the European Renaissance

2127: 1909:

and the Ottoman Empire, amounting to around 150,000

1092: 991:, and acknowledging the permanent French embassy of 586:

was signed between Francis I and the king of Poland

7117:

Tricolor and Crescent: France and the Islamic World

6812: 6098:Parker, Geoffrey; Smith, Lesley M. (January 1978). 5489: 5487: 5018: 4737:

Tricolor and Crescent: France and the Islamic World

3155:between 1682 and 1683, to help Christian captives. 2961:, but these projects foundered with the arrival of 2787:, but these projects foundered with the arrival of 2426: 2280: 479:thus entered in direct conflict with the Ottomans. 7665: 6169: 4472: 4470: 3151:fought the Barbary corsairs in 1681 and bombarded 778:in August 1529. He was even forced to supply some 7104: 6501: 6130: 6029: 6027: 5815: 5450: 5448: 5244: 5242: 5063: 4950: 4305: 4303: 4301: 4299: 4166: 4164: 4162: 4113:Christians. At that time, France, led by Emperor 3818:as well as former Venetian bases on the coast of 3469:Continued support from Louis XV to the Revolution 2869:received at the French court: from Suleiman I to 2860:. The results however seem to have been limited. 2826:turned the Ottomans' attention away from Europe. 999: 979:Permanent embassy of Jean de La Forêt (1535–1537) 16:16th century alliance of Francis I and Suleiman I 9344: 7712: 7412:The Ottoman Empire and Its Successors, 1801–1927 6958: 6400:The Ottoman Empire and Its Successors, 1801-1927 5484: 5411: 5409: 5184:International encyclopaedia of Islamic dynasties 4924:The Ottoman State and Its Place in World History 4729: 4727: 4565: 4563: 3980:, and war with Russia and Britain. He also sent 2396:. The plan was to join with the French fleet of 2327:as well as later Ottoman campaigns. Painting by 2213:was establishing his own astronomical theories. 1917:French support in the Ottoman-Safavid war (1547) 1814:and took about 6,000 captives, but separated in 930: 915:Ottoman embassies were sent to France, with the 888:in March 1531 his strategy regarding the Turks: 41: 30: 9363:Military alliances involving the Ottoman Empire 7245: 7243: 7152: 7150: 7148: 7146: 7096:Creasy, Sir Edward Shepherd (January 4, 1856). 7082:. John A.M. Duncanson – via Google Books. 6986:Karsh, Efraim; Karsh, Inari (January 4, 2001). 6844:History of the Ottoman Empire and modern Turkey 6780:Sloan's Architecture - The Late Georgian Period 6680: 6678: 6676: 6674: 6672: 6392: 6390: 6388: 6386: 6384: 6382: 6123: 6121: 5963: 5961: 5959: 5829:History of the Ottoman Empire and modern Turkey 5542:Louis XIV amp the Zenith of the French Monarchy 5137:From Edith Garnier, "L'Alliance Impie", p.141. 4790:History of the Ottoman Empire and modern Turkey 4467: 2363:Cooperation during the Italian War of 1551–1559 1568:. The port was seized in the name of France by 1457:. On 28 September 1538 Barbarosa won the major 1418:Le Voyage du Baron de Saint Blancard en Turquie 1378:Le Voyage du Baron de Saint Blancard en Turquie 702:Meanwhile, Charles V was manoeuvring to form a 601:on February 24, 1525, by the troops of Emperor 7306: 7011: 7009: 6571:Stavrianos, Leften Stavros (January 4, 2000). 6327: 6325: 6024: 5445: 5330: 5328: 5326: 5239: 4699: 4697: 4695: 4296: 4170: 4159: 3524:In the early 18th century, the Ottoman Sultan 3407:There were also numerous culinary influences. 1931:attacked Persia in his second campaign of the 757:, who himself had just become a vassal of the 388:, and was particularly influential during the 372:, was an alliance established in 1536 between 8793: 7759: 7547:Suleiman the Magnificent – Sultan of the East 6433:Bosworth, Clifford Edmund (30 January 2008). 6101:The General Crisis of the Seventeenth Century 5406: 5350:Suleiman the Magnificent - Sultan of the East 5038: 5036: 5034: 5032: 5030: 4724: 4560: 4251: 4249: 4247: 4245: 4243: 4241: 4239: 4237: 4045:Treaty of Peace, Commerce and Secret Alliance 3116:, and the Venetians against the Turks at the 2383:Joint attacks on the Kingdom of Naples (1552) 1601: 578:, Francis I was attempting to ally with king 7673:International Journal of Middle East Studies 7240: 7143: 6669: 6379: 6118: 5956: 5685:Tilley, Arthur Augustus (December 4, 2008). 5074: 4982: 4704:Merriman, Roger Bigelow (November 4, 2008). 4672:Merriman, Roger Bigelow (November 4, 2008). 4539: 4323:. G. Bell and sons – via Google Books. 4067:. In the post-Napoleonic world, at the 1815 2830:Ottoman-Persian diplomatic rivalry in Europe 2694:In 1572, after the death of the Polish king 1674:, so that they could continue to harass the 1330:The French and Ottoman fleets joined at the 7393:A History of the Habsburg Empire, 1526–1918 7078:Lehmanowsky, John Jacob (January 4, 1832). 7077: 7006: 6322: 6275: 6273: 6097: 6052: 6050: 6048: 5729:Anti-Italianism in Sixteenth-century France 5323: 4692: 4217:A History of the Habsburg Empire, 1526-1918 3719:This policy initially continued during the 1525:Failed coordination in the campaign of 1542 1236: 1108:while the Ottoman Empire would attack from 8800: 8786: 7766: 7752: 7561:The Ottoman Empire and early modern Europe 7312: 7178:Ottoman Wars 1700-1870: An Empire Besieged 7091: 7089: 6985: 6903:Ottoman Wars 1700-1870: An Empire Besieged 6869: 6570: 6484:The Ottoman Empire and the World Around it 5027: 4965:The Ottoman Empire and Early Modern Europe 4234: 3992:. Selim III repelled the British fleet of 3609:(1675–1747) went in the service of Sultan 1660:Barbarossa wintering in Toulon (1543–1544) 1472:, as he was travelling through Italy near 1436:Francis I and Charles V made peace at the 840:. Rincon also described the Ottoman camp: 9393:1536 establishments in the Ottoman Empire 9353:Bilateral relations of the Ottoman Empire 7377:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 7339: 6895: 6893: 6439:. Brill Academic Publishers. p. 24. 5909:Setton, Kenneth Meyer (January 4, 1984). 5882:Setton, Kenneth Meyer (January 4, 1984). 5855:Setton, Kenneth Meyer (January 4, 1984). 5519: 5517: 5494:Setton, Kenneth Meyer (January 4, 1984). 5210:Setton, Kenneth Meyer (January 4, 1976). 4988: 4781: 4779: 4777: 4775: 4773: 4771: 4579:Setton, Kenneth Meyer (January 4, 1976). 4540:Arnold-Baker, Charles (January 4, 2001). 4486:Merriman, Roger Bigelow (March 4, 2007). 4447:Merriman, Roger Bigelow (March 4, 2007). 4364:Setton, Kenneth Meyer (January 4, 1976). 4319:Commynes, Philippe de (January 4, 1856). 2551:Support of Protestantism under Charles IX 2493:. A Franco-Ottoman fleet accomplished an 2392:in Southern Italy, capturing the city of 2216:Books, such as the Muslim holy text, the 1321: 832:. Antonio Rincon presented Suleiman with 660:, but the mission was lost on its way in 609:, through which he had to relinquish the 8335:Ottoman invasion of the Balearic Islands 6839: 6651: 6624: 6432: 6270: 6191: 6189: 6045: 5824: 5688:The Literature of the French Renaissance 5148: 5146: 4887: 4857: 4785: 4703: 4671: 4609:Margaret of Angouleme - Queen of Navarre 4605: 4485: 4446: 4416: 4318: 4289:and the crocodile". R. Schwarzenbach, 4078: 4074: 3941: 3902: 3783: 3699: 3648: 3573: 3557: 3492: 3485:as a child receiving Ottoman ambassador 3477: 3382:in 1721, a satirical essay on the West, 3344: 3284: 3079: 3060: 2979: 2908: 2666: 2627: 2541:Ottoman invasion of the Balearic islands 2448: 2436: 2311: 2303: 2294:Oriental carpets in Renaissance painting 2284: 2180: 2141: 1992: 1984: 1973: 1872: 1837: 1763: 1717:During the wintering of Barbarossa, the 1700: 1636:Most notably, the French forces, led by 1623: 1611: 1528: 1431: 1372: 1325: 1258: 1118: 1010: 982: 902: 854: 793: 789: 716: 628: 481: 434: 18: 7086: 6747: 6480: 6249: 5752: 5746: 5631:. CUP Archive – via Google Books. 5382: 5014: 5012: 4961: 4384: 3911:negotiated the alliance with Selim III. 3779: 3695: 3627:reform efforts for the Ottoman military 3292:portrayed as a Turkish lady in 1747 by 3057:Revival of the alliance under Louis XIV 2949:under Henri de Navarre against Spanish 2933:'s accession to the throne, the French 2539:. The Ottomans also contributed by the 1467:French Ambassador to the Ottoman Empire 1219:Military instruction from Francis I to 875:Ottoman carpets in Renaissance painting 9345: 8132:Moroccan–American Treaty of Friendship 7442: 7370: 7210: 7175:Aksan, Virginia H. (January 4, 2007). 7114:Watson, William E. (January 4, 2003). 7113: 7100:. R. Bentley – via Google Books. 7095: 6900:Aksan, Virginia H. (January 4, 2007). 6890: 6720: 6693: 6459: 6396: 6332:Gocek, Fatma Muge (December 3, 1987). 6301: 6222: 6156: 6154: 6152: 6150: 6056: 5994: 5967: 5908: 5881: 5854: 5806: 5725: 5684: 5678: 5642:Dyer, Thomas Henry (January 4, 1861). 5514: 5493: 5463: 5209: 5042: 4920: 4893: 4768: 4734:Watson, William E. (January 4, 2003). 4733: 4632: 4606:Robinson, A. Mary F. (March 4, 2007). 4578: 4533: 4512: 4363: 4353:. H. Colburn – via Google Books. 4338:. H. Colburn – via Google Books. 4255: 4012:in 1807, through the signature of the 3554:Diplomatic and technical collaboration 3532:was assigned as Ottoman ambassador to 3404:routinely visited the Ottoman Empire. 3187:. Louis refused to participate in the 2732:, through his pro-Huguenot ambassador 2702:of his own, Poland elected the French 2573:, after a request for Ottoman help by 2259: 1828:Itinéraire d'Antibes à Constantinonple 1760:Captain Polin in Constantinople (1544) 1560:A landing harbour in the north of the 8781: 8721: 8178: 8110: 7868: 7785: 7747: 7285: 7174: 6899: 6776: 6598:Farah, Caesar E. (November 1, 2003). 6597: 6540: 6510: 6397:Miller, William (September 4, 1966). 6358: 6331: 6196:Gocek, Fatma Muge (3 December 1987). 6195: 6186: 5995:Miller, Roland E. (January 4, 2005). 5935: 5779: 5646:. J. Murray – via Google Books. 5297:A New General Biographical Dictionary 5180:Singh, Nagendra Kr (September 2002). 5179: 5152: 5143: 4818: 4348: 4333: 4214:Kann, Robert A. (November 26, 1980). 4043:, finally signed on 5 January 1809 a 3360:, made for the Grande Galerie in the 3330:, who had accompanied the embassy of 3270: 2991:: "Entrance of the Great Turk", 1626. 2858:Persian embassy to Europe (1609–1615) 2854:Persian embassy to Europe (1599–1602) 1885:. The letter is countersigned by the 1862:. Following major sieges such as the 1834:Joint campaign in Hungary (1543–1544) 1784:, a priest who accompanied the fleet. 898:Francis I to the Venetian ambassador. 459:and the unification of swaths of the 8753:Monte della Redenzione degli Schiavi 8197:Ottoman raid on the Balearic Islands 7773: 7286:Haldi, Stacy Bergstrom (June 2003). 7258: 6625:Williams, Abigail (March 24, 2005). 6481:Faroqhi, Suraiya (January 4, 2006). 6436:Historic cities of the Islamic world 5968:Karpat, Kemal H. (January 4, 1974). 5912:The Papacy and the Levant, 1204-1571 5885:The Papacy and the Levant, 1204-1571 5858:The Papacy and the Levant, 1204-1571 5715:. 1838 – via books.google.com. 5641: 5497:The Papacy and the Levant, 1204-1571 5464:Elgood, Robert (November 15, 1995). 5346: 5294:Rose, Hugh James (October 4, 2008). 5293: 5213:The Papacy and the Levant, 1204-1571 5101: 5046:The Papacy and the Levant, 1204-1571 5009: 4582:The Papacy and the Levant, 1204-1571 4367:The Papacy and the Levant, 1204-1571 4291:Schweizerisches Archiv für Volksunde 4213: 3473: 3167:encouraged the Ottoman Grand Vizier 3034:in 1669 in the person of ambassador 2222:Bibliothèque Royale de Fontainebleau 1509:, as well as attempted invasions of 1428:Habsburg-Valois Truce of Nice (1538) 927:led by representatives of Suleiman. 533:France had signed a first treaty or 9403:Military alliances involving Turkey 9358:Military alliances involving France 8694:Austrian expedition against Morocco 7655:, Vol. 19, No. 2-3 (2015): 223–244. 7605:Piccirillo, Anthony Carmen (2009). 6147: 5538: 4989:Mattingly, Garrett (January 1988). 4894:Frazee, Charles A. (22 June 2006). 4256:Miller, William (January 4, 1923). 3799: Conquered "Rebellious" States 3617:, and endeavoured to modernize the 3158:In 1673, Louis sent a fleet to the 1969: 1877:Letter of Francis I to the Drogman 1254: 647:Capitulations of the Ottoman Empire 13: 7659: 7499:Orientalism in early Modern France 7430:Suleiman the Magnificent 1520–1566 7340:Priestley, Herbert Ingram (1938). 6962:Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire 5915:. American Philosophical Society. 5888:. American Philosophical Society. 5861:. American Philosophical Society. 5807:Turner, Sharon (January 4, 1839). 5665: 5500:. American Philosophical Society. 5216:. American Philosophical Society. 4962:Goffman, Daniel (April 25, 2002). 4707:Suleiman the Magnificent 1520-1566 4675:Suleiman the Magnificent 1520-1566 4585:. American Philosophical Society. 4489:Suleiman the Magnificent 1520-1566 4450:Suleiman the Magnificent 1520-1566 4423:Suleiman the Magnificent 1520-1566 4370:. American Philosophical Society. 4349:White, Charles (January 4, 1846). 4334:White, Charles (January 4, 1846). 4220:. University of California Press. 4137:International relations, 1648–1814 3899:A final, but short-lived, alliance 3386:used the Oriental appeal to write 3277:Orientalism in early modern France 3215:, but was finally repulsed at the 2134:Orientalism in early modern France 947:, and he would dispatch in return 625:Alliance of Francis I and Suleiman 451:Following the Turkish conquest of 439:Western Europe in 1525, after the 14: 9414: 7625:– Senior Honors Thesis in History 7563:Cambridge University Press, 2002 7262:Turkish Foreign Policy, 1774-2000 6748:Blagdon, Francis William (1803). 6694:Chanda, Nayan (October 1, 2008). 6466:. Walker, Wise & Co. p. 6302:Moalla, Asma (27 November 2003). 5936:Bulut, Mehmet (January 4, 2001). 5780:Black, Jeremy (January 4, 2002). 5383:Konstam, Angus (19 August 2008). 5347:Lamb, Harold (November 4, 2008). 4513:Reston, James (January 4, 2009). 3968:in December 1805 and the ensuing 2986:Le Grand Bal de la Douairière de 2969:was planned to disembark between 2795:was planned to disembark between 2650:more is, near unto his palace at 2224:, to create a foundation for the 2128:Cultural and scientific exchanges 1935:, France sent him the ambassador 1896:Besides the powerful effect of a 1881:, 28 December 1546, delivered by 1564:was prepared for Barberousse, at 1093:Military and financial agreements 859:The French ambassador to England 9378:France–Turkey military relations 9317: 8809: 8359:Sieges of Oran and Mers El Kébir 7333: 7279: 7252: 7231: 7204: 7195: 7168: 7159: 7134: 7071: 7045: 7018: 6979: 6920: 6863: 6833: 6806: 6797: 6770: 6756: 6741: 6714: 6687: 6660: 6645: 6618: 6591: 6564: 6534: 6474: 6453: 6426: 6417: 6359:Goody, Jack (January 26, 2004). 6352: 6295: 6243: 6216: 5629:"Robert Estienne, Royal Printer" 4543:The Companion to British History 3688:established by the Grand Vizier 2779:, in agreement with the king of 2427:Joint invasion of Corsica (1553) 2281:Military alliance under Henry II 2195:Bibliothèque Nationale de France 2062:Les Gestes de Francoys de Valois 1283:by the end of 1536, threatening 1166:, and from there, to attack the 1050:Jean de La Forêt negotiated the 925:Ottoman embassy to France (1534) 917:Ottoman embassy to France (1533) 873:, 1533, including an example of 820:Ottoman embassy to France (1534) 816:Ottoman embassy to France (1533) 804:this magnificent tiara or helmet 382:Suleiman I of the Ottoman Empire 9398:France–Ottoman Empire relations 9373:16th-century military alliances 9258:Anglo-Ottoman Convention (1913) 8524:Battle of the Oinousses Islands 7786: 7666:Raccagni, Michelle (May 1980). 7652:Journal of Early Modern History 7591:Editions du Felin, 2008, Paris 6091: 6077: 6036: 6015: 5988: 5929: 5902: 5875: 5848: 5800: 5773: 5719: 5705: 5659: 5650: 5635: 5620: 5602: 5593: 5584: 5532: 5457: 5436: 5427: 5418: 5376: 5367: 5340: 5314: 5287: 5278: 5269: 5260: 5251: 5230: 5203: 5173: 5131: 5119: 5110: 5095: 4941: 4914: 4878: 4851: 4829: 4812: 4754: 4665: 4656: 4626: 4599: 4572: 4506: 4479: 4440: 4410: 4393:The Cambridge History of Poland 4357: 4281:. A contemporary Swiss song by 3805: Conquered "Allied" States 3411:was introduced to Marseille by 3049:which were competing, with the 2953:, in agreement with the Bey of 2863: 2824:Ottoman–Safavid War (1578–1590) 2500:In 1555, the French ambassador 2075:Apologye en défense pour le Roy 1946: 1933:Ottoman-Safavid War (1532–1555) 1923:Ottoman-Safavid War (1532–1555) 1521:, also known as Captain Polin. 911:fought in alliance with France. 834:a magnificent four-tiered tiara 798:In 1532, the French ambassador 652:King Francis was imprisoned in 582:of Poland. Finally, in 1524, a 9388:1530s establishments in France 9209:Brussels Conference Act (1890) 8816:Treaties of the Ottoman Empire 8606:Moroccan seizure of the Betsey 7869: 7513:The Cambridge History of Islam 7396:University of California Press 7120:. Greenwood Publishing Group. 6750:"Paris as it was and as it is" 6721:Chanda, Nayan (October 2008). 6403:. Taylor & Francis Group. 6223:Franko, Mark (30 April 1993). 6180:Muslims in Spain, 1500 to 1614 5726:Heller, Henry (January 2003). 5335:The Cambridge History of Islam 5104:"The history of modern Europe" 5078:The Cambridge History of Islam 5043:Setton, Kenneth Meyer (1976). 5021:"The Cambridge Modern History" 4968:. Cambridge University Press. 4762:"The Cambridge Modern History" 4740:. Greenwood Publishing Group. 4642:. Cambridge University Press. 4342: 4327: 4312: 4264: 4207: 4191: 3978:"our sincere and natural ally" 3733:Raymond de Verninac-Saint-Maur 2632:16th century copy of the 1569 2609:) were able to find refuge at 1678:, and especially the coast of 1000:Trade and religious agreements 547:in 1500, during the reigns of 1: 8465:Raid on Ceriale and Borghetto 8179: 8162:US Treaty with Morocco (1836) 8152:US Treaty with Algiers (1815) 8147:US Treaty with Tripoli (1805) 8137:US Treaty with Tripoli (1796) 8111: 7716:The Sixteenth Century Journal 7364: 7356:– via books.google.com. 7329:– via books.google.com. 7302:– via books.google.com. 7275:– via books.google.com. 7227:– via books.google.com. 7054:Memoirs of Napoleon Bonaparte 6886:– via books.google.com. 6829:– via books.google.com. 6793:– via books.google.com. 6752:– via books.google.com. 6737:– via books.google.com. 6604:. Syracuse University Press. 6541:Stoye, John (February 2008). 6511:Stoye, John (February 2008). 6318:– via books.google.com. 6266:– via books.google.com. 6239:– via books.google.com. 6212:– via books.google.com. 6114:– via books.google.com. 6073:– via books.google.com. 5769:– via books.google.com. 5742:– via books.google.com. 5526:by William Bayne Fisher p.384 5524:The Cambridge history of Iran 5139:Anthony Carmen Piccirillo p.1 5106:– via books.google.com. 5091:– via books.google.com. 5059:– via books.google.com. 5023:– via books.google.com. 5005:– via books.google.com. 4937:– via books.google.com. 4910:– via books.google.com. 4874:– via books.google.com. 4858:Hershlag, Zvi Yehuda (1980). 3588:Russo-Turkish War (1768–1774) 3578:A fortification built by the 3448:, who was returning from the 3211:Kara Mustafa almost captured 3084:English pamphlet criticizing 3022:An embassy was again sent to 2079:parable of the Good Samaritan 1744:, Barbarossa negotiated with 1416:Ottomans was written down in 1006:Ports of Call (Maalouf novel) 931:Combined operations (1534–35) 836:, made in Venice for 115,000 806:, made in Venice for 115,000 430: 8738:Slavery on the Barbary Coast 7497:McCabe, Ina Baghdiantz 2008 7425:(1st ed. 1913, 2nd ed. 1922) 7371:Frazee, Charles A. (2006) . 7214:The Islamic World in Decline 6992:. Harvard University Press. 6777:Sloan, Samuel (March 2007). 6144:, Benjamin J. Kaplan p. 311. 5156:A Short History of the World 5153:Wells, H. G. (May 1, 2008). 4285:called it the union of "the 4201:(2nd ed. 1990) pp 377-400, 3916:Defensive Alliance in 1805. 3644: 3607:Claude-Alexandre de Bonneval 3564:Claude Alexandre de Bonneval 3550:would visit France in 1742. 3502:Charles Gravier de Vergennes 3240:attacked the Habsburg Empire 2814:after 1580, and support for 1081:across the Golden horn from 396:of 1553 during the reign of 7: 8722: 8447:Dutch expedition to Algiers 8371:Rebellion of the Alpujarras 8287:Ottoman wintering in Toulon 8233:Capture of Peñón of Algiers 8157:US Treaty with Tunis (1824) 8142:US Treaty with Tunis (1797) 6338:. Oxford University Press. 6253:The Exotic In Western Music 5783:European Warfare, 1494-1660 5186:by Nagendra Kr. Singh p.793 5102:Dyer, Thomas Henry (1861). 4120: 4059:and the Ottomans regaining 3371:One Thousand and One Nights 3254:Journal, April 15, 16 1689. 2904: 2226:Collège des lecteurs royaux 2089:providing help to Francis. 1981:by François de Sagon, 1544. 1870:with the Habsburg in 1547. 1666:Ottoman wintering in Toulon 1538:Invasion of Algiers in 1830 1290:In 1536 the French Admiral 1233:against Charles V in 1535. 1023:the privileges received in 880:Francis I explained to the 743:War of the League of Cognac 386:foreign alliances of France 321: 311: 301: 291: 281: 271: 261: 251: 241: 231: 221: 211: 201: 191: 181: 169: 159: 149: 139: 129: 119: 109: 99: 89: 79: 69: 59: 49: 35:Foreign alliances of France 10: 9419: 8553:Action of 28 November 1751 7682:Cambridge University Press 7516:Cambridge University Press 7313:Chesterman, Simon (2002). 6873:From Louis XIV to Napoleon 6463:Martin's History of France 6250:Bellman, Jonathan (1998). 6088:, Kenneth M. Setton p.938. 4084:French expedition in Syria 3953:The Coronation of Napoleon 3852:Napoleon to the Egyptians. 3828:Napoleon Bonaparte invaded 3682:Joseph-Monnier de Courtois 3678:André-Joseph Lafitte-Clavé 3546:. Another embassy, led by 3274: 3200:" associated with "French 2833: 2554: 2433:Invasion of Corsica (1553) 2430: 2408:in front of the island of 2323:, was present at the 1551 2321:Gabriel de Luetz d'Aramont 2131: 1920: 1854:in 1543, as a part of the 1788:Five French galleys under 1663: 1605: 1602:Joint siege of Nice (1543) 1519:Antoine Escalin des Aimars 1483: 1240: 1003: 813: 9311: 9222: 9053: 8989: 8905: 8856: 8822: 8728: 8717: 8656: 8533: 8406:Expulsion of the Moriscos 8398: 8189: 8185: 8174: 8117: 8106: 8057: 8036: 7980: 7902:Kurtoğlu Muslihiddin Reis 7879: 7875: 7864: 7792: 7781: 7690:10.1017/S0020743800054672 7577:, 2008 Faber & Faber 7417:, (1927; reprinted 1966) 7259:Hale, William M. (2000). 7191:– via Google Books. 7130:– via Google Books. 7067:– via Google Books. 7041:– via Google Books. 7002:– via Google Books. 6975:– via Google Books. 6943:– via Google Books. 6916:– via Google Books. 6710:– via Google Books. 6700:. Yale University Press. 6641:– via Google Books. 6614:– via Google Books. 6587:– via Google Books. 6497:– via Google Books. 6413:– via Google Books. 6375:– via Google Books. 6348:– via Google Books. 6285:by Randall Lesaffer p.343 6085:The Papacy and the Levant 6057:Davies, Brian L. (2007). 6011:– via Google Books. 6001:. Kirk House Publishers. 5984:– via Google Books. 5952:– via Google Books. 5925:– via Google Books. 5898:– via Google Books. 5871:– via Google Books. 5796:– via Google Books. 5753:Braudel, Fernand (1995). 5701:– via Google Books. 5555:– via Google Books. 5510:– via Google Books. 5480:– via Google Books. 5363:– via Google Books. 5310:– via Google Books. 5226:– via Google Books. 5169:– via Google Books. 4978:– via Google Books. 4921:Karpat, Kemal H. (1974). 4750:– via Google Books. 4720:– via Google Books. 4688:– via Google Books. 4652:– via Google Books. 4622:– via Google Books. 4595:– via Google Books. 4556:– via Google Books. 4529:– via Google Books. 4502:– via Google Books. 4463:– via Google Books. 4436:– via Google Books. 4406:– via Google Books. 4380:– via Google Books. 4230:– via Google Books. 4187:– via Google Books. 4132:Habsburg–Persian alliance 3857:Napoleon had toppled the 3713:Antoine-Laurent Castellan 3128:in 1660. Louis's mother, 3098:"Without the help of the 3068:receiving the embassy of 3017:François Savary de Brèves 2937:were in contact with the 2842:Habsburg-Persian alliance 2836:Habsburg-Persian alliance 2763:were in contact with the 2715:Stephen Báthory of Poland 2545:Peace of Cateau-Cambrésis 2465:, dated 22 February 1557. 2316:French ambassador to the 2248:in the 1553 execution of 2244:highlighting the role of 1864:siege of Esztergom (1543) 1844:siege of Esztergom (1543) 1780:in August 1544, drawn by 1131:(copy), 11 February 1535. 1123:Military instructions to 747:Franco-Hungarian alliance 704:Habsburg-Persian alliance 335: 326: 86:Franco-Hungarian alliance 46:Frankish–Abbasid alliance 40: 9368:Suleiman the Magnificent 8642:2nd Swedish-Algerian War 8636:1st Swedish-Algerian War 8547:Spanish conquest of Oran 8442:Action of 3 October 1624 8347:Expedition to Mostaganem 7533:Harvard University Press 5831:by Ezel Kural Shaw p.106 4152: 3933:Letter from Napoleon to 3756:and was kept in France. 3598:in negotiating the 1739 3261:siege of Belgrade (1690) 3036:Müteferrika Süleyman Ağa 2533:Jean Cavenac de la Vigne 2463:Jean Cavenac de la Vigne 2459:Suleiman the Magnificent 2373:Gabriel de Luez d'Aramon 2369:Italian War of 1551–1559 2178:to collect information. 1905:from the Ottoman banker 1237:Italian War of 1536–1538 1037:Conquest of Tunis (1535) 973:Conquest of Tunis (1535) 969:Conquest of Tunis (1534) 871:Hans Holbein the Younger 802:presented Suleiman with 723:Suleiman the Magnificent 695:in 1526, leading to the 218:Franco-Austrian alliance 208:Franco-Prussian alliance 188:Franco-American alliance 156:Franco-Austrian alliance 146:Franco-Prussian alliance 66:Franco-Scottish alliance 9263:Armenian reforms (1914) 8618:Portuguese Algerian War 8594:Bombardments of Tunisia 8488:French-Tripolitania War 8341:Battle of Wadi al-Laban 8127:Anglo-Moroccan alliance 8122:Franco-Ottoman alliance 8090:Baba Mohammed ben-Osman 7471:Oxford University Press 7428:Roger Bigelow Merriman 7316:Just War Or Just Peace? 7211:Sicker, Martin (2001). 6965:. Infobase Publishing. 6487:. Bloomsbury Academic. 5942:. Uitgeverij Verloren. 5470:. Bloomsbury Academic. 4418:Merriman, Roger Bigelow 4147:France-Turkey Relations 4127:French–Habsburg rivalry 4010:Franco-Persian alliance 3868:and sought the help of 3746:was also to be sent to 3402:Jean-Baptiste Tavernier 3114:Battle of Saint-Gothard 3092:for their roles in the 2700:Polish-Ottoman alliance 2698:, who had been under a 2685:French Wars of Religion 2557:Protestantism and Islam 2443:invaded Corsica in 1553 2347:by the Genoese Admiral 2170:were able to travel to 1792:, including the superb 1734:Borghetto Santo Spirito 1721:was transformed into a 1394:Baron de Saint-Blancard 1314:, finally wintering in 1292:Baron de Saint-Blancard 566:on several missions to 370:Franco-Turkish alliance 366:Franco-Ottoman alliance 298:North Atlantic Alliance 258:Franco-Italian alliance 228:Franco-Russian alliance 198:Franco-Persian alliance 166:Franco-Indian Alliances 136:Franco-Spanish alliance 126:Franco-British alliance 106:Franco-English alliance 96:Franco-Ottoman alliance 9134:Hünkar İskelesi (1833) 8688:Bombardment of Tripoli 8676:Bombardment of Algiers 8630:Bombardment of Tangier 8600:Bombardment of Algiers 8588:Bombardment of Algiers 8512:Bombardment of Algiers 8500:Bombardment of Algiers 8494:Bombardment of Algiers 7487:Wiley-Blackwell, 2004 6574:The Balkans Since 1453 6460:Martin, Henri (1864). 5424:Yann Bouvier, p. 56-59 4095: 4055:, with Russia keeping 3961: 3940: 3912: 3855: 3812:Treaty of Campo Formio 3807: 3716: 3686:Mühendishâne-i Hümâyûn 3667:Antoine-Charles Aubert 3654: 3623:François Baron de Tott 3591: 3571: 3521: 3490: 3365: 3328:Jean-Baptiste van Mour 3302: 3257: 3132:, was a Habsburg too. 3126:Marie-Thérèse of Spain 3109: 3077: 3074:Jean-Baptiste van Mour 2992: 2926: 2680: 2665: 2645: 2520:. The Ottoman admiral 2466: 2446: 2441:Franco-Ottoman forces 2400:and the troops of the 2335:The son of Francis I, 2332: 2309: 2301: 2198: 2159: 2026: 1990: 1982: 1893: 1892:(bottom right corner). 1847: 1785: 1768:The French galleys of 1714: 1699: 1633: 1621: 1549: 1486:Italian War of 1542–46 1441: 1385: 1335: 1322:Joint campaign of 1537 1272: 1243:Italian War of 1536–38 1226: 1132: 1072:les Échelles du Levant 1032: 996: 912: 901: 877: 853: 811: 738: 689: 634: 584:Franco-Polish alliance 499: 448: 407:(1947) called it "the 318:European Defence Union 308:Western European Union 268:Franco-Soviet alliance 248:Franco-Polish alliance 116:Franco-Indian alliance 76:Franco-Polish alliance 56:Franco-Mongol alliance 28: 9248:Constantinople (1913) 9214:Constantinople (1897) 9204:Constantinople (1888) 9194:Constantinople (1881) 9129:Constantinople (1832) 9089:Constantinople (1800) 9040:Küçük Kaynarca (1774) 9020:Constantinople (1736) 9010:Constantinople (1724) 8981:Constantinople (1700) 8921:Constantinople (1590) 8897:Constantinople (1562) 8882:Franco-Ottoman (1536) 8877:Constantinople (1533) 8872:Constantinople (1479) 8867:Constantinople (1454) 8648:Action of 16 May 1797 8612:American-Algerian War 7644:Recherches Régionales 7614:Georgetown University 6846:Ezel Kural Shaw p.255 4992:Renaissance Diplomacy 4897:Catholics and Sultans 4082: 4075:Crimean War and Syria 4014:Treaty of Finkenstein 3994:John Thomas Duckworth 3945: 3925: 3906: 3840: 3787: 3703: 3652: 3639:Turkish Naval Academy 3577: 3566:helped modernize the 3561: 3496: 3481: 3348: 3294:Charles André van Loo 3288: 3275:Further information: 3244: 3238:In 1688, Louis again 3083: 3072:in 1699; painting by 3064: 2999:in 1601. In 1604, a " 2983: 2912: 2670: 2647: 2631: 2452: 2440: 2315: 2307: 2288: 2184: 2145: 2132:Further information: 1996: 1988: 1977: 1890:Claude de L'Aubespine 1876: 1841: 1767: 1704: 1684: 1627: 1615: 1589:André de Montalembert 1532: 1435: 1376: 1332:siege of Corfu (1537) 1329: 1262: 1140:, will first go from 1134: 1122: 1014: 995:at the Ottoman court. 986: 906: 890: 858: 850:Antonio Rincon, 1532. 842: 814:Further information: 797: 790:Exchange of embassies 786:, and again in 1532. 720: 670: 632: 485: 438: 405:Carl Jacob Burckhardt 22: 9278:Brest-Litovsk (1918) 8558:Battle of Cape Palos 8477:Action of March 1665 8424:Battle of Cape Corvo 8365:Great Siege of Malta 8269:Siege of Castelnuovo 8227:Battle of Formentera 7998:Anglo-Turkish piracy 7917:Murat Reis the Elder 7892:Hayreddin Barbarossa 6199:East Encounters West 6183:L. P. Harvey p. 343. 6163:, Henry Charles Lea 5786:. Psychology Press. 4819:Boyer, Abel (1808). 4792:Ezel Kural Shaw p.97 3966:Battle of Austerlitz 3885:William Sidney Smith 3780:Epilogue: Napoleon I 3696:Revolutionary France 3625:was involved in the 3596:Louis de Villenneuve 3171:to intervene in the 3122:François de Beaufort 2881:in 1565 (embassy of 2734:François de Noailles 2730:Charles IX of France 2711:Sokollu Mehmet Pasha 2675:was elected king of 2268:'s advantage in the 2152:Nasir al-Din al-Tusi 1412:on 31 October 1537. 921:Hayreddin Barbarossa 619:Constable de Bourbon 504:Philippe de Commines 368:, also known as the 9383:Francis I of France 8971:Bakhchisaray (1681) 8733:Barbary slave trade 8700:Invasion of Algiers 8582:Invasion of Algiers 8564:Danish–Algerian War 8412:Franco-Algerian War 8317:Invasion of Corsica 7181:. Longman/Pearson. 7057:. Forgotten Books. 6906:. Longman/Pearson. 6547:by John Stoye, p.53 6545:The Siege of Vienna 6517:by John Stoye, p.52 6515:The Siege of Vienna 5389:Angus Konstam, p.85 4088:Beaufort d'Hautpoul 4049:Treaty of Bucharest 4021:Battle of Friedland 3958:Jacques-Louis David 3946:Ottoman ambassador 3907:The French General 3887:in 1799, and under 3793: French Empire 3562:The French officer 3458:Tapis de Savonnerie 3350:Tapis de Savonnerie 3290:Madame de Pompadour 3265:Treaty of Carlowitz 3137:Barbary slave trade 2575:William I of Orange 2495:Invasion of Corsica 2412:with 40 galleys of 2375:, succeeded in the 2260:International trade 2252:, the elder son of 2091:Guillaume du Bellay 2047:Francois de La Noue 1868:Truce of Adrianople 1638:François de Bourbon 1572:on 2 January 1542. 1455:Schmalkaldic League 1334:in early September. 1267:by Ottoman Admiral 1231:Schmalkaldic League 1174:strongly prays sir 731:Archives Nationales 727:Francis I of France 580:Sigismund I the Old 510:sent an embassy to 421:Napoleonic campaign 394:Invasion of Corsica 9331:Treaties of Turkey 9174:San Stefano (1878) 9144:Balta Liman (1838) 9045:Aynalıkavak (1779) 9015:Ahmet Pasha (1732) 9005:Passarowitz (1718) 8931:Nasuh Pasha (1612) 8670:Second Barbary War 8576:Dutch–Moroccan War 8541:Dutch–Algerian War 8482:Anglo-Algerian War 8453:Turkish Abductions 8436:Anglo-Algerian War 8383:Conquest of Tunis 8293:Capture of Mahdiye 8203:Capture of Algiers 7847:Regency of Tripoli 7797:Regency of Algiers 7444:Setton, Kenneth M. 5275:Garnier, p.214-215 5116:Garnier, p.151-153 4822:The New Dictionary 4636:(April 26, 1984). 4271:C. J. Burckhardt, 4096: 4094:on 16 August 1860. 4069:Congress of Vienna 4053:Invasion of Russia 3962: 3913: 3808: 3753:whiff of grapeshot 3744:Napoleon Bonaparte 3717: 3655: 3600:Treaty of Belgrade 3592: 3572: 3548:Mehmed Said Efendi 3522: 3508:dress, painted by 3491: 3436:A carpet industry 3413:Pierre de La Roque 3366: 3332:Charles de Ferriol 3303: 3271:Cultural exchanges 3110: 3102:/Against the Most 3078: 3070:Charles de Ferriol 3026:in 1607, and from 2993: 2984:Illustration from 2927: 2696:Sigismund Augustus 2681: 2671:The French Prince 2646: 2502:Michel de Codignac 2467: 2455:Henry II of France 2447: 2333: 2310: 2302: 2199: 2160: 2042:. Even the French 2027: 2023:Landgrave of Hesse 1991: 1983: 1898:strategic alliance 1894: 1848: 1786: 1715: 1654:Catherine Ségurane 1634: 1622: 1550: 1492:Holy Roman Emperor 1442: 1386: 1336: 1275:Francis I invaded 1273: 1133: 1087:Republic of Turkey 1033: 997: 913: 878: 861:Jean de Dinteville 812: 739: 635: 528:Pope Innocent VIII 500: 449: 398:Henry II of France 329:Regional relations 176:Franco-Vietnamese 29: 9340: 9339: 9324:Turkey portal 9124:Adrianople (1829) 8926:Zitvatorok (1606) 8916:Adrianople (1568) 8887:Adrianople (1547) 8775: 8774: 8771: 8770: 8713: 8712: 8709: 8708: 8682:Battle of Tripoli 8664:First Barbary War 8459:Sack of Baltimore 8430:Dutch–Barbary War 8377:Battle of Lepanto 8323:Capture of Bougie 8275:Battle of Alboran 8263:Battle of Preveza 8245:Conquest of Tunis 8239:Conquest of Tunis 8215:Battle of Pianosa 8170: 8169: 8102: 8101: 8098: 8097: 8080:Mohamed Kharnadji 7942:Muhammad Kurdogli 7860: 7859: 7597:978-2-86645-678-8 7583:978-0-571-23231-4 7575:Empire of the sea 7549:READ BOOKS, 2008 7507:978-1-84520-374-0 7466:Fatma Müge Göçek 7432:READ BOOKS, 2007 6446:978-90-04-15388-2 5539:Hassall, Arthur. 4519:. Penguin Press. 4420:(March 4, 2007). 4283:Benedikt Gletting 3990:Anglo-Turkish War 3986:Russo-Turkish War 3974:Holy Roman Empire 3921:Horace Sebastiani 3909:Horace Sebastiani 3759:In 1796, General 3721:French Revolution 3690:Halil Hamid Pasha 3663:French Revolution 3510:Antoine de Favray 3474:Ottoman embassies 3380:Lettres Persannes 3229:Truce of Ratisbon 3221:John III Sobieski 3185:Great Turkish War 3181:1664 Vasvar truce 3143:originating from 2941:in plans against 2726:William of Orange 2689:Battle of Lepanto 2402:Prince of Salerno 2398:Baron de la Garde 2230:Collège de France 2107:Blaise de Montluc 2071:François de Sagon 2058:Christophe Richer 1997:Allegory showing 1929:Sultan Suleiman I 1676:Holy Roman Empire 1459:Battle of Preveza 1404:and the March of 1221:Jean de la Forest 993:Jean de La Forest 951:to Barbarossa in 866:"The Ambassadors" 749:in 1528 with the 639:House of Habsburg 611:Duchy of Burgundy 576:Battle of Bicoque 524:Pierre d'Aubusson 492:Pierre d'Aubusson 477:Holy Roman Empire 445:Holy Roman Empire 362: 361: 358: 357: 278:Treaty of Dunkirk 9410: 9322: 9321: 9320: 9288:Bucharest (1918) 9283:Trebizond (1918) 9104:Bucharest (1812) 8976:Karlowitz (1699) 8838:Selymbria (1411) 8833:Gallipoli (1403) 8814: 8813: 8802: 8795: 8788: 8779: 8778: 8719: 8718: 8570:Siege of Melilla 8353:Battle of Djerba 8305:Siege of Tripoli 8299:Invasion of Gozo 8187: 8186: 8176: 8175: 8108: 8107: 8008:Ahmed el Inglizi 7962:Hassan Veneziano 7932:Muhammad I Pasha 7897:Sayyida al Hurra 7877: 7876: 7866: 7865: 7852:Regency of Tunis 7837:Republic of Salé 7783: 7782: 7775:Barbary Corsairs 7768: 7761: 7754: 7745: 7744: 7740: 7709: 7624: 7622: 7616:. Archived from 7611: 7589:L'Alliance Impie 7463: 7388: 7358: 7357: 7337: 7331: 7330: 7310: 7304: 7303: 7283: 7277: 7276: 7256: 7250: 7247: 7238: 7235: 7229: 7228: 7208: 7202: 7199: 7193: 7192: 7172: 7166: 7163: 7157: 7154: 7141: 7138: 7132: 7131: 7111: 7102: 7101: 7093: 7084: 7083: 7075: 7069: 7068: 7049: 7043: 7042: 7022: 7016: 7013: 7004: 7003: 6983: 6977: 6976: 6956: 6945: 6944: 6924: 6918: 6917: 6897: 6888: 6887: 6867: 6861: 6860: 6837: 6831: 6830: 6810: 6804: 6801: 6795: 6794: 6774: 6768: 6767: 6760: 6754: 6753: 6745: 6739: 6738: 6718: 6712: 6711: 6691: 6685: 6682: 6667: 6664: 6658: 6657: 6649: 6643: 6642: 6622: 6616: 6615: 6595: 6589: 6588: 6568: 6562: 6561: 6538: 6532: 6531: 6508: 6499: 6498: 6478: 6472: 6471: 6457: 6451: 6450: 6430: 6424: 6421: 6415: 6414: 6394: 6377: 6376: 6356: 6350: 6349: 6329: 6320: 6319: 6299: 6293: 6292: 6277: 6268: 6267: 6247: 6241: 6240: 6220: 6214: 6213: 6193: 6184: 6176: 6167: 6158: 6145: 6141:Divided by faith 6137: 6128: 6125: 6116: 6115: 6095: 6089: 6081: 6075: 6074: 6054: 6043: 6040: 6034: 6031: 6022: 6019: 6013: 6012: 5992: 5986: 5985: 5965: 5954: 5953: 5933: 5927: 5926: 5906: 5900: 5899: 5879: 5873: 5872: 5852: 5846: 5845: 5822: 5813: 5812: 5804: 5798: 5797: 5777: 5771: 5770: 5750: 5744: 5743: 5723: 5717: 5716: 5709: 5703: 5702: 5691:. BiblioBazaar. 5682: 5676: 5675: 5666:Saliba, George. 5663: 5657: 5654: 5648: 5647: 5639: 5633: 5632: 5624: 5618: 5617: 5606: 5600: 5597: 5591: 5588: 5582: 5576: 5557: 5556: 5536: 5530: 5521: 5512: 5511: 5491: 5482: 5481: 5461: 5455: 5452: 5443: 5440: 5434: 5433:Crowley, p.75-79 5431: 5425: 5422: 5416: 5413: 5404: 5403: 5380: 5374: 5371: 5365: 5364: 5344: 5338: 5332: 5321: 5318: 5312: 5311: 5300:. BiblioBazaar. 5291: 5285: 5282: 5276: 5273: 5267: 5264: 5258: 5255: 5249: 5246: 5237: 5234: 5228: 5227: 5207: 5201: 5200: 5177: 5171: 5170: 5150: 5141: 5135: 5129: 5123: 5117: 5114: 5108: 5107: 5099: 5093: 5092: 5072: 5061: 5060: 5040: 5025: 5024: 5016: 5007: 5006: 4986: 4980: 4979: 4959: 4948: 4947:Garnier, p.92-93 4945: 4939: 4938: 4918: 4912: 4911: 4891: 4885: 4882: 4876: 4875: 4855: 4849: 4848: 4843:. Archived from 4833: 4827: 4826: 4816: 4810: 4809: 4783: 4766: 4765: 4758: 4752: 4751: 4731: 4722: 4721: 4701: 4690: 4689: 4669: 4663: 4660: 4654: 4653: 4630: 4624: 4623: 4603: 4597: 4596: 4576: 4570: 4567: 4558: 4557: 4537: 4531: 4530: 4510: 4504: 4503: 4483: 4477: 4474: 4465: 4464: 4444: 4438: 4437: 4414: 4408: 4407: 4388: 4382: 4381: 4361: 4355: 4354: 4346: 4340: 4339: 4331: 4325: 4324: 4316: 4310: 4307: 4294: 4268: 4262: 4261: 4253: 4232: 4231: 4211: 4205: 4195: 4189: 4188: 4168: 4033:Treaty of Tilsit 3938: 3893:Battle of Abukir 3889:Ralph Abercromby 3853: 3804: 3798: 3792: 3741: 3675: 3438:façon de Turquie 3398:Jean de Thévenot 3296:, an example of 3255: 3252:House of Commons 3217:Battle of Vienna 3204:" on the other. 3173:Magyar Rebellion 3149:Abraham Duquesne 3141:Ottoman corsairs 3015:in 1608, led by 2923:Savary de Brèves 2873:I in 1533, from 2775:against Spanish 2773:Henri de Navarre 2754:Capture of Tunis 2721:throne in 1571. 2663: 2377:siege of Tripoli 2325:siege of Tripoli 2164:Guillaume Postel 2156:Guillaume Postel 2119: 2093:and his brother 2054:Guillaume Postel 2007:Pope Clement VII 1970:Political debate 1937:Gabriel de Luetz 1719:Toulon Cathedral 1697: 1542:Musée de l'Armée 1304:Balearic Islands 1255:Campaign of 1536 1249:Jean de La Forêt 1224: 1127:, by Chancellor 1125:Jean de La Forêt 1045:Jean de La Forêt 1039:at the hands of 955:and then to the 907:Ottoman admiral 899: 851: 767:Christian Church 697:Battle of Mohács 687: 658:Louise de Savoie 607:Treaty of Madrid 562:was employed by 541:Mamluk Sultanate 427:, in 1798–1801. 238:Entente Cordiale 42: 31: 9418: 9417: 9413: 9412: 9411: 9409: 9408: 9407: 9343: 9342: 9341: 9336: 9318: 9316: 9307: 9273:Erzincan (1917) 9218: 9119:Akkerman (1826) 9084:El Arish (1800) 9049: 9025:Belgrade (1739) 8985: 8901: 8852: 8818: 8808: 8806: 8776: 8767: 8724: 8705: 8652: 8529: 8518:Sieges of Ceuta 8394: 8311:Battle of Ponza 8221:Siege of Rhodes 8209:Fall of Tlemcen 8181: 8166: 8113: 8094: 8053: 8049:Yusuf Karamanli 8044:Ahmed Karamanli 8032: 7976: 7871: 7856: 7788: 7777: 7772: 7729:10.2307/2541220 7662: 7660:Further reading 7620: 7609: 7587:Garnier, Edith 7573:Roger Crowley, 7559:Daniel Goffman 7485:Islam in Europe 7460: 7391:Robert A. Kann 7385: 7367: 7362: 7361: 7354: 7343:France Overseas 7338: 7334: 7327: 7311: 7307: 7300: 7284: 7280: 7273: 7257: 7253: 7248: 7241: 7236: 7232: 7225: 7209: 7205: 7200: 7196: 7189: 7173: 7169: 7164: 7160: 7155: 7144: 7139: 7135: 7128: 7112: 7105: 7094: 7087: 7076: 7072: 7065: 7051: 7050: 7046: 7039: 7023: 7019: 7014: 7007: 7000: 6984: 6980: 6973: 6957: 6948: 6941: 6925: 6921: 6914: 6898: 6891: 6884: 6868: 6864: 6857: 6838: 6834: 6827: 6811: 6807: 6802: 6798: 6791: 6775: 6771: 6762: 6761: 6757: 6746: 6742: 6735: 6719: 6715: 6708: 6692: 6688: 6683: 6670: 6665: 6661: 6650: 6646: 6639: 6623: 6619: 6612: 6596: 6592: 6585: 6569: 6565: 6558: 6539: 6535: 6528: 6509: 6502: 6495: 6479: 6475: 6458: 6454: 6447: 6431: 6427: 6422: 6418: 6411: 6395: 6380: 6373: 6362:Islam in Europe 6357: 6353: 6346: 6330: 6323: 6316: 6300: 6296: 6279: 6278: 6271: 6264: 6248: 6244: 6237: 6221: 6217: 6210: 6194: 6187: 6177: 6170: 6159: 6148: 6138: 6131: 6126: 6119: 6112: 6096: 6092: 6082: 6078: 6071: 6055: 6046: 6041: 6037: 6032: 6025: 6020: 6016: 6009: 5993: 5989: 5982: 5966: 5957: 5950: 5934: 5930: 5923: 5907: 5903: 5896: 5880: 5876: 5869: 5853: 5849: 5842: 5823: 5816: 5805: 5801: 5794: 5778: 5774: 5767: 5751: 5747: 5740: 5724: 5720: 5711: 5710: 5706: 5699: 5683: 5679: 5664: 5660: 5655: 5651: 5640: 5636: 5625: 5621: 5608: 5607: 5603: 5598: 5594: 5589: 5585: 5577: 5560: 5553: 5537: 5533: 5522: 5515: 5508: 5492: 5485: 5478: 5462: 5458: 5453: 5446: 5441: 5437: 5432: 5428: 5423: 5419: 5414: 5407: 5400: 5381: 5377: 5372: 5368: 5361: 5345: 5341: 5333: 5324: 5319: 5315: 5308: 5292: 5288: 5283: 5279: 5274: 5270: 5265: 5261: 5256: 5252: 5247: 5240: 5235: 5231: 5224: 5208: 5204: 5197: 5178: 5174: 5167: 5151: 5144: 5136: 5132: 5124: 5120: 5115: 5111: 5100: 5096: 5089: 5073: 5064: 5057: 5041: 5028: 5017: 5010: 5003: 4987: 4983: 4976: 4960: 4951: 4946: 4942: 4935: 4919: 4915: 4908: 4892: 4888: 4883: 4879: 4872: 4856: 4852: 4841:webcitation.org 4835: 4834: 4830: 4817: 4813: 4806: 4784: 4769: 4760: 4759: 4755: 4748: 4732: 4725: 4718: 4702: 4693: 4686: 4670: 4666: 4661: 4657: 4650: 4631: 4627: 4620: 4604: 4600: 4593: 4577: 4573: 4568: 4561: 4554: 4538: 4534: 4527: 4511: 4507: 4500: 4484: 4480: 4476:Merriman, p.129 4475: 4468: 4461: 4445: 4441: 4434: 4415: 4411: 4404: 4396:. CUP Archive. 4390: 4389: 4385: 4378: 4362: 4358: 4347: 4343: 4332: 4328: 4317: 4313: 4309:Merriman, p.132 4308: 4297: 4293:74 (1978), p. 6 4279:(2010), p. 209 4269: 4265: 4254: 4235: 4228: 4212: 4208: 4196: 4192: 4185: 4169: 4160: 4155: 4142:Turco-Calvinism 4123: 4086:led by General 4077: 3939: 3932: 3901: 3854: 3851: 3806: 3802: 3800: 3796: 3794: 3790: 3782: 3735: 3698: 3669: 3647: 3613:, converted to 3556: 3476: 3471: 3358:Charles Le Brun 3283: 3273: 3256: 3250: 3145:Ottoman Algeria 3130:Anne of Austria 3118:siege of Candia 3094:siege of Vienna 3059: 2963:John of Austria 2921:, published by 2907: 2866: 2838: 2832: 2789:John of Austria 2704:Henri de Valois 2673:Henri de Valois 2664: 2658: 2559: 2553: 2461:and ambassador 2435: 2429: 2423: 2406:Battle of Ponza 2385: 2365: 2298:François Clouet 2283: 2266:Habsburg Empire 2262: 2185:Ottoman Empire 2154:, annotated by 2140: 2130: 2113: 2103:Jean de Montluc 2099:Jean de Montluc 2036:Giovanni Botero 1972: 1949: 1925: 1919: 1887:State Secretary 1836: 1762: 1756:to Barbarossa. 1748:the release of 1698: 1695: 1688:Lord Barbarossa 1668: 1662: 1610: 1604: 1527: 1488: 1482: 1430: 1422:Jean de la Vega 1382:Jean de la Vega 1324: 1263:The Harbour of 1257: 1245: 1239: 1225: 1218: 1200: 1187:, and the rest 1095: 1064:Claude Du Bourg 1009: 1002: 981: 933: 900: 897: 852: 849: 822: 792: 784:siege of Vienna 688: 685: 666:John Frangipani 627: 599:Battle of Pavia 514:in 1483, while 486:Ottoman Prince 441:Battle of Pavia 433: 354: 177: 17: 12: 11: 5: 9416: 9406: 9405: 9400: 9395: 9390: 9385: 9380: 9375: 9370: 9365: 9360: 9355: 9338: 9337: 9335: 9334: 9327: 9312: 9309: 9308: 9306: 9305: 9300: 9295: 9290: 9285: 9280: 9275: 9270: 9265: 9260: 9255: 9250: 9245: 9240: 9235: 9229: 9227: 9220: 9219: 9217: 9216: 9211: 9206: 9201: 9199:Tophane (1886) 9196: 9191: 9186: 9181: 9176: 9171: 9169:Scutari (1862) 9166: 9161: 9159:Erzurum (1847) 9156: 9151: 9146: 9141: 9139:Kütahya (1833) 9136: 9131: 9126: 9121: 9116: 9114:Erzurum (1823) 9111: 9109:Algiers (1815) 9106: 9101: 9096: 9091: 9086: 9081: 9076: 9074:Tripoli (1796) 9071: 9066: 9064:Sistova (1791) 9060: 9058: 9051: 9050: 9048: 9047: 9042: 9037: 9032: 9027: 9022: 9017: 9012: 9007: 9002: 8996: 8994: 8987: 8986: 8984: 8983: 8978: 8973: 8968: 8966:Żurawno (1676) 8963: 8961:Buczacz (1672) 8958: 8953: 8948: 8943: 8938: 8933: 8928: 8923: 8918: 8912: 8910: 8907:Transformation 8903: 8902: 8900: 8899: 8894: 8889: 8884: 8879: 8874: 8869: 8863: 8861: 8854: 8853: 8851: 8850: 8845: 8840: 8835: 8829: 8827: 8820: 8819: 8805: 8804: 8797: 8790: 8782: 8773: 8772: 8769: 8768: 8766: 8765: 8760: 8755: 8750: 8745: 8740: 8735: 8729: 8726: 8725: 8715: 8714: 8711: 8710: 8707: 8706: 8704: 8703: 8697: 8691: 8685: 8679: 8673: 8667: 8660: 8658: 8654: 8653: 8651: 8650: 8645: 8639: 8633: 8627: 8621: 8615: 8609: 8603: 8597: 8591: 8585: 8579: 8573: 8567: 8561: 8555: 8550: 8544: 8537: 8535: 8531: 8530: 8528: 8527: 8521: 8515: 8509: 8503: 8497: 8491: 8485: 8479: 8474: 8468: 8462: 8456: 8450: 8444: 8439: 8433: 8427: 8421: 8418:Raid on Żejtun 8415: 8409: 8402: 8400: 8396: 8395: 8393: 8392: 8386: 8380: 8374: 8368: 8362: 8356: 8350: 8344: 8338: 8332: 8326: 8320: 8314: 8308: 8302: 8296: 8290: 8284: 8278: 8272: 8266: 8260: 8257:Siege of Corfu 8254: 8248: 8242: 8236: 8230: 8224: 8218: 8212: 8206: 8200: 8193: 8191: 8183: 8182: 8172: 8171: 8168: 8167: 8165: 8164: 8159: 8154: 8149: 8144: 8139: 8134: 8129: 8124: 8118: 8115: 8114: 8104: 8103: 8100: 8099: 8096: 8095: 8093: 8092: 8087: 8082: 8077: 8072: 8067: 8061: 8059: 8055: 8054: 8052: 8051: 8046: 8040: 8038: 8034: 8033: 8031: 8030: 8025: 8020: 8015: 8010: 8005: 8000: 7995: 7990: 7984: 7982: 7978: 7977: 7975: 7974: 7969: 7964: 7959: 7954: 7949: 7944: 7939: 7934: 7929: 7924: 7919: 7914: 7909: 7904: 7899: 7894: 7889: 7883: 7881: 7873: 7872: 7862: 7861: 7858: 7857: 7855: 7854: 7849: 7844: 7839: 7834: 7829: 7824: 7819: 7814: 7809: 7804: 7799: 7793: 7790: 7789: 7779: 7778: 7771: 7770: 7763: 7756: 7748: 7742: 7741: 7723:(4): 451–470. 7710: 7661: 7658: 7657: 7656: 7647: 7638:Yann Bouvier, 7636: 7628:Yann Bouvier, 7626: 7623:on 2011-10-03. 7602: 7585: 7571: 7557: 7543: 7526: 7509: 7495: 7481: 7464: 7458: 7440: 7426: 7409:William Miller 7406: 7389: 7383: 7366: 7363: 7360: 7359: 7352: 7332: 7325: 7305: 7298: 7289:Why Wars Widen 7278: 7271: 7251: 7239: 7230: 7223: 7203: 7201:Karsh, p.13-14 7194: 7187: 7167: 7158: 7142: 7133: 7126: 7103: 7085: 7070: 7063: 7044: 7037: 7017: 7005: 6998: 6978: 6971: 6946: 6939: 6919: 6912: 6889: 6882: 6862: 6855: 6832: 6825: 6805: 6796: 6789: 6769: 6755: 6740: 6734:978-0300134902 6733: 6724:Bound Together 6713: 6707:978-0300134902 6706: 6686: 6668: 6659: 6644: 6637: 6631:. OUP Oxford. 6617: 6610: 6590: 6583: 6563: 6556: 6533: 6526: 6500: 6493: 6473: 6452: 6445: 6425: 6416: 6409: 6378: 6371: 6351: 6344: 6321: 6314: 6294: 6269: 6262: 6242: 6235: 6215: 6208: 6185: 6168: 6146: 6129: 6117: 6110: 6090: 6076: 6069: 6044: 6035: 6033:Goffman, p.111 6023: 6021:Goofman, p.110 6014: 6007: 5987: 5980: 5955: 5948: 5928: 5921: 5901: 5894: 5874: 5867: 5847: 5840: 5814: 5799: 5792: 5772: 5765: 5745: 5738: 5718: 5704: 5697: 5677: 5658: 5649: 5634: 5619: 5614:gallica.bnf.fr 5601: 5592: 5583: 5558: 5551: 5531: 5513: 5506: 5483: 5476: 5456: 5454:Garnier, p.240 5444: 5442:Garnier, p.234 5435: 5426: 5417: 5405: 5398: 5375: 5366: 5359: 5353:. Read Books. 5339: 5322: 5313: 5306: 5286: 5284:Garnier, p.215 5277: 5268: 5266:Garnier, p.213 5259: 5257:Garnier, p.212 5250: 5248:Garnier, p.211 5238: 5236:Garnier, p.210 5229: 5222: 5202: 5195: 5172: 5165: 5159:. Read Books. 5142: 5130: 5126:Musée d'Ecouen 5118: 5109: 5094: 5087: 5062: 5055: 5026: 5008: 5001: 4981: 4974: 4949: 4940: 4933: 4913: 4906: 4886: 4877: 4870: 4850: 4847:on 2024-05-24. 4828: 4825:. p. 541. 4811: 4804: 4767: 4753: 4746: 4723: 4716: 4710:. Read Books. 4691: 4684: 4678:. Read Books. 4664: 4655: 4648: 4625: 4618: 4612:. Read Books. 4598: 4591: 4571: 4559: 4552: 4532: 4525: 4505: 4498: 4492:. Read Books. 4478: 4466: 4459: 4453:. Read Books. 4439: 4432: 4426:. Read Books. 4409: 4402: 4383: 4376: 4356: 4341: 4326: 4311: 4295: 4263: 4233: 4226: 4206: 4190: 4183: 4157: 4156: 4154: 4151: 4150: 4149: 4144: 4139: 4134: 4129: 4122: 4119: 4076: 4073: 4031:) through the 3930: 3900: 3897: 3849: 3816:Ionian islands 3801: 3795: 3789: 3781: 3778: 3761:Aubert-Dubayet 3748:Constantinople 3711:, painting by 3707:Aubert-Dubayet 3697: 3694: 3646: 3643: 3584:Ottoman Empire 3555: 3552: 3538:Ottoman Empire 3475: 3472: 3470: 3467: 3272: 3269: 3248: 3120:in 1669 under 3100:Most Christian 3058: 3055: 3051:Dutch Republic 2967:Constantinople 2959:Ottoman Empire 2906: 2903: 2893:in 1571, from 2865: 2862: 2850:Habsburg Spain 2846:Italian states 2834:Main article: 2831: 2828: 2793:Constantinople 2785:Ottoman Empire 2656: 2611:Constantinople 2571:Spanish Empire 2555:Main article: 2552: 2549: 2431:Main article: 2428: 2425: 2384: 2381: 2364: 2361: 2282: 2279: 2261: 2258: 2234:Gabriel Bounin 2150:manuscript of 2129: 2126: 2095:Jean du Bellay 2087:Good Samaritan 2073:wrote in 1544 2040:Valois dynasty 2019:Duke of Saxony 2015:Duke of Cleves 1971: 1968: 1948: 1945: 1927:In 1547, when 1921:Main article: 1918: 1915: 1835: 1832: 1822:, a priest of 1820:Jerôme Maurand 1782:Jerôme Maurand 1778:Constantinople 1761: 1758: 1711:Matrakçı Nasuh 1693: 1664:Main article: 1661: 1658: 1606:Main article: 1603: 1600: 1593:Suleyman Pasha 1534:Grand culverin 1526: 1523: 1484:Main article: 1481: 1478: 1470:Antonio Rincon 1429: 1426: 1390:siege of Corfu 1360:Castro, Apulia 1323: 1320: 1256: 1253: 1241:Main article: 1238: 1235: 1216: 1152:, to meet sir 1129:Antoine Duprat 1094: 1091: 1083:Constantinople 1021:Ottoman Empire 1001: 998: 980: 977: 949:Antonio Rincon 932: 929: 895: 886:Giorgio Gritti 847: 826:Antonio Rincon 800:Antonio Rincon 791: 788: 775:Paix des Dames 759:Ottoman Empire 683: 626: 623: 595:Central Europe 560:Antonio Rincon 453:Constantinople 432: 429: 378:King of France 360: 359: 356: 355: 353: 352: 347: 342: 336: 333: 332: 324: 323: 320: 314: 313: 310: 304: 303: 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9179:Cyprus (1878) 9177: 9175: 9172: 9170: 9167: 9165: 9162: 9160: 9157: 9155: 9154:London (1841) 9152: 9150: 9149:London (1840) 9147: 9145: 9142: 9140: 9137: 9135: 9132: 9130: 9127: 9125: 9122: 9120: 9117: 9115: 9112: 9110: 9107: 9105: 9102: 9100: 9097: 9095: 9092: 9090: 9087: 9085: 9082: 9080: 9077: 9075: 9072: 9070: 9067: 9065: 9062: 9061: 9059: 9056: 9055:Modernization 9052: 9046: 9043: 9041: 9038: 9036: 9035:Kerden (1746) 9033: 9031: 9028: 9026: 9023: 9021: 9018: 9016: 9013: 9011: 9008: 9006: 9003: 9001: 8998: 8997: 8995: 8992: 8988: 8982: 8979: 8977: 8974: 8972: 8969: 8967: 8964: 8962: 8959: 8957: 8956:Vasvár (1664) 8954: 8952: 8949: 8947: 8946:Khotin (1621) 8944: 8942: 8939: 8937: 8934: 8932: 8929: 8927: 8924: 8922: 8919: 8917: 8914: 8913: 8911: 8908: 8904: 8898: 8895: 8893: 8892:Amasya (1555) 8890: 8888: 8885: 8883: 8880: 8878: 8875: 8873: 8870: 8868: 8865: 8864: 8862: 8859: 8858:Classical Age 8855: 8849: 8848:Szeged (1444) 8846: 8844: 8843:Venice (1419) 8841: 8839: 8836: 8834: 8831: 8830: 8828: 8825: 8821: 8817: 8812: 8803: 8798: 8796: 8791: 8789: 8784: 8783: 8780: 8764: 8761: 8759: 8758:Redemptorists 8756: 8754: 8751: 8749: 8746: 8744: 8741: 8739: 8736: 8734: 8731: 8730: 8727: 8720: 8716: 8701: 8698: 8695: 8692: 8689: 8686: 8683: 8680: 8677: 8674: 8671: 8668: 8665: 8662: 8661: 8659: 8655: 8649: 8646: 8643: 8640: 8637: 8634: 8631: 8628: 8625: 8624:Siege of Oran 8622: 8619: 8616: 8613: 8610: 8607: 8604: 8601: 8598: 8595: 8592: 8589: 8586: 8583: 8580: 8577: 8574: 8571: 8568: 8565: 8562: 8559: 8556: 8554: 8551: 8548: 8545: 8542: 8539: 8538: 8536: 8532: 8525: 8522: 8519: 8516: 8513: 8510: 8507: 8504: 8501: 8498: 8495: 8492: 8489: 8486: 8483: 8480: 8478: 8475: 8472: 8469: 8466: 8463: 8460: 8457: 8454: 8451: 8448: 8445: 8443: 8440: 8437: 8434: 8431: 8428: 8425: 8422: 8419: 8416: 8413: 8410: 8407: 8404: 8403: 8401: 8397: 8390: 8387: 8384: 8381: 8378: 8375: 8372: 8369: 8366: 8363: 8360: 8357: 8354: 8351: 8348: 8345: 8342: 8339: 8336: 8333: 8330: 8329:Siege of Oran 8327: 8324: 8321: 8318: 8315: 8312: 8309: 8306: 8303: 8300: 8297: 8294: 8291: 8288: 8285: 8282: 8281:Siege of Nice 8279: 8276: 8273: 8270: 8267: 8264: 8261: 8258: 8255: 8252: 8251:Sack of Mahón 8249: 8246: 8243: 8240: 8237: 8234: 8231: 8228: 8225: 8222: 8219: 8216: 8213: 8210: 8207: 8204: 8201: 8198: 8195: 8194: 8192: 8188: 8184: 8177: 8173: 8163: 8160: 8158: 8155: 8153: 8150: 8148: 8145: 8143: 8140: 8138: 8135: 8133: 8130: 8128: 8125: 8123: 8120: 8119: 8116: 8109: 8105: 8091: 8088: 8086: 8083: 8081: 8078: 8076: 8073: 8071: 8068: 8066: 8063: 8062: 8060: 8056: 8050: 8047: 8045: 8042: 8041: 8039: 8035: 8029: 8026: 8024: 8021: 8019: 8016: 8014: 8011: 8009: 8006: 8004: 8003:Sulayman Reis 8001: 7999: 7996: 7994: 7991: 7989: 7986: 7985: 7983: 7979: 7973: 7970: 7968: 7965: 7963: 7960: 7958: 7955: 7953: 7950: 7948: 7945: 7943: 7940: 7938: 7935: 7933: 7930: 7928: 7925: 7923: 7920: 7918: 7915: 7913: 7910: 7908: 7905: 7903: 7900: 7898: 7895: 7893: 7890: 7888: 7885: 7884: 7882: 7878: 7874: 7867: 7863: 7853: 7850: 7848: 7845: 7843: 7840: 7838: 7835: 7833: 7830: 7828: 7825: 7823: 7820: 7818: 7815: 7813: 7810: 7808: 7807:Barbary coast 7805: 7803: 7800: 7798: 7795: 7794: 7791: 7784: 7780: 7776: 7769: 7764: 7762: 7757: 7755: 7750: 7749: 7746: 7738: 7734: 7730: 7726: 7722: 7718: 7717: 7711: 7707: 7703: 7699: 7695: 7691: 7687: 7683: 7679: 7675: 7674: 7669: 7664: 7663: 7654: 7653: 7648: 7645: 7641: 7637: 7635: 7631: 7627: 7619: 7615: 7608: 7603: 7601: 7598: 7594: 7590: 7586: 7584: 7580: 7576: 7572: 7570: 7569:0-521-45908-7 7566: 7562: 7558: 7556: 7555:1-4437-3144-7 7552: 7548: 7544: 7542: 7541:0-674-00541-4 7538: 7534: 7531: 7527: 7525: 7524:0-521-29135-6 7521: 7517: 7514: 7510: 7508: 7504: 7500: 7496: 7494: 7493:0-7456-3193-2 7490: 7486: 7482: 7480: 7479:0-19-504826-1 7476: 7472: 7469: 7465: 7461: 7459:0-87169-161-2 7455: 7451: 7450: 7445: 7441: 7439: 7438:1-4067-7272-0 7435: 7431: 7427: 7424: 7423:0-7146-1974-4 7420: 7416: 7413: 7410: 7407: 7405: 7404:0-520-04206-9 7401: 7397: 7394: 7390: 7386: 7384:9780521027007 7380: 7376: 7375: 7369: 7368: 7355: 7353:9780714610245 7349: 7345: 7344: 7336: 7328: 7326:9780199257997 7322: 7318: 7317: 7309: 7301: 7299:9780203011683 7295: 7291: 7290: 7282: 7274: 7272:9780714650715 7268: 7264: 7263: 7255: 7246: 7244: 7234: 7226: 7224:9780275968915 7220: 7216: 7215: 7207: 7198: 7190: 7188:9780582308077 7184: 7180: 7179: 7171: 7162: 7153: 7151: 7149: 7147: 7137: 7129: 7127:9780275974701 7123: 7119: 7118: 7110: 7108: 7099: 7092: 7090: 7081: 7074: 7066: 7064:9781440067365 7060: 7056: 7055: 7048: 7040: 7034: 7030: 7029: 7021: 7012: 7010: 7001: 6999:9780674005419 6995: 6991: 6990: 6982: 6974: 6972:9781438110257 6968: 6964: 6963: 6955: 6953: 6951: 6942: 6940:9781851096732 6936: 6932: 6931: 6923: 6915: 6913:9780582308077 6909: 6905: 6904: 6896: 6894: 6885: 6883:9780203006382 6879: 6875: 6874: 6866: 6858: 6856:9780521291637 6852: 6848: 6847: 6843: 6836: 6828: 6826:9780521574556 6822: 6818: 6817: 6809: 6800: 6792: 6790:9781406770261 6786: 6782: 6781: 6773: 6765: 6759: 6751: 6744: 6736: 6730: 6726: 6725: 6717: 6709: 6703: 6699: 6698: 6690: 6681: 6679: 6677: 6675: 6673: 6663: 6655: 6648: 6640: 6638:9780199255207 6634: 6630: 6629: 6621: 6613: 6611:9780815607908 6607: 6603: 6602: 6594: 6586: 6584:9781850655510 6580: 6576: 6575: 6567: 6559: 6557:9781933648637 6553: 6549: 6548: 6544: 6537: 6529: 6527:9781933648637 6523: 6519: 6518: 6514: 6507: 6505: 6496: 6494:9781845111229 6490: 6486: 6485: 6477: 6469: 6465: 6464: 6456: 6448: 6442: 6438: 6437: 6429: 6423:McCabe, p.233 6420: 6412: 6410:9780714619743 6406: 6402: 6401: 6393: 6391: 6389: 6387: 6385: 6383: 6374: 6372:9780745631936 6368: 6364: 6363: 6355: 6347: 6345:9780195364330 6341: 6337: 6336: 6328: 6326: 6317: 6315:9780203987223 6311: 6307: 6306: 6298: 6290: 6288: 6284: 6276: 6274: 6265: 6263:9781555533199 6259: 6255: 6254: 6246: 6238: 6236:9780521433921 6232: 6228: 6227: 6226:Dance as Text 6219: 6211: 6209:9780195364330 6205: 6201: 6200: 6192: 6190: 6182: 6181: 6175: 6173: 6166: 6162: 6157: 6155: 6153: 6151: 6143: 6142: 6136: 6134: 6124: 6122: 6113: 6111:9780710088659 6107: 6103: 6102: 6094: 6087: 6086: 6080: 6072: 6070:9780415239868 6066: 6062: 6061: 6053: 6051: 6049: 6042:Goffman p.111 6039: 6030: 6028: 6018: 6010: 6008:9781932688078 6004: 6000: 5999: 5991: 5983: 5977: 5973: 5972: 5964: 5962: 5960: 5951: 5945: 5941: 5940: 5932: 5924: 5922:9780871691620 5918: 5914: 5913: 5905: 5897: 5895:9780871691620 5891: 5887: 5886: 5878: 5870: 5868:9780871691620 5864: 5860: 5859: 5851: 5843: 5841:9780521291637 5837: 5833: 5832: 5828: 5821: 5819: 5810: 5803: 5795: 5793:9780415275323 5789: 5785: 5784: 5776: 5768: 5766:9780520203303 5762: 5758: 5757: 5749: 5741: 5739:9780802036896 5735: 5731: 5730: 5722: 5714: 5708: 5700: 5698:9780559890888 5694: 5690: 5689: 5681: 5673: 5669: 5662: 5653: 5645: 5638: 5630: 5623: 5615: 5611: 5605: 5596: 5587: 5580: 5579:Ecouen Museum 5575: 5573: 5571: 5569: 5567: 5565: 5563: 5554: 5552:9780543960870 5548: 5544: 5543: 5535: 5529: 5525: 5520: 5518: 5509: 5507:9780871691620 5503: 5499: 5498: 5490: 5488: 5479: 5477:9781850439639 5473: 5469: 5468: 5460: 5451: 5449: 5439: 5430: 5421: 5415:Crowley, p.75 5412: 5410: 5401: 5399:9781846032400 5395: 5391: 5390: 5386: 5379: 5373:Crowley, p.74 5370: 5362: 5360:9781443731447 5356: 5352: 5351: 5343: 5336: 5331: 5329: 5327: 5317: 5309: 5307:9780559388538 5303: 5299: 5298: 5290: 5281: 5272: 5263: 5254: 5245: 5243: 5233: 5225: 5223:9780871691613 5219: 5215: 5214: 5206: 5198: 5196:9788126104031 5192: 5188: 5187: 5183: 5176: 5168: 5166:9781409725206 5162: 5158: 5157: 5149: 5147: 5140: 5134: 5127: 5122: 5113: 5105: 5098: 5090: 5088:9780521291354 5084: 5080: 5079: 5071: 5069: 5067: 5058: 5056:9780871691613 5052: 5048: 5047: 5039: 5037: 5035: 5033: 5031: 5022: 5015: 5013: 5004: 5002:9780486255705 4998: 4994: 4993: 4985: 4977: 4975:9780521459082 4971: 4967: 4966: 4958: 4956: 4954: 4944: 4936: 4930: 4926: 4925: 4917: 4909: 4907:9780521027007 4903: 4899: 4898: 4890: 4884:Garnier, p.92 4881: 4873: 4867: 4863: 4862: 4854: 4846: 4842: 4838: 4832: 4824: 4823: 4815: 4807: 4805:9780521291637 4801: 4797: 4796: 4793: 4789: 4782: 4780: 4778: 4776: 4774: 4772: 4763: 4757: 4749: 4747:9780275974701 4743: 4739: 4738: 4730: 4728: 4719: 4717:9781443731454 4713: 4709: 4708: 4700: 4698: 4696: 4687: 4685:9781443731454 4681: 4677: 4676: 4668: 4662:Crowley, p.66 4659: 4651: 4649:9780521278874 4645: 4641: 4640: 4635: 4634:Knecht, R. J. 4629: 4621: 4619:9781406733648 4615: 4611: 4610: 4602: 4594: 4592:9780871691613 4588: 4584: 4583: 4575: 4569:Garnier, p.52 4566: 4564: 4555: 4553:9780415260169 4549: 4546:. Routledge. 4545: 4544: 4536: 4528: 4526:9781594202254 4522: 4518: 4517: 4509: 4501: 4499:9781406772722 4495: 4491: 4490: 4482: 4473: 4471: 4462: 4460:9781406772722 4456: 4452: 4451: 4443: 4435: 4433:9781406772722 4429: 4425: 4424: 4419: 4413: 4405: 4403:9781001288024 4399: 4395: 4394: 4387: 4379: 4377:9780871691613 4373: 4369: 4368: 4360: 4352: 4345: 4337: 4330: 4322: 4315: 4306: 4304: 4302: 4300: 4292: 4288: 4284: 4280: 4278: 4274: 4267: 4259: 4252: 4250: 4248: 4246: 4244: 4242: 4240: 4238: 4229: 4227:9780520042063 4223: 4219: 4218: 4210: 4204: 4200: 4194: 4186: 4184:9780754650225 4180: 4176: 4175: 4167: 4165: 4163: 4158: 4148: 4145: 4143: 4140: 4138: 4135: 4133: 4130: 4128: 4125: 4124: 4118: 4116: 4112: 4108: 4103: 4101: 4093: 4090:, landing in 4089: 4085: 4081: 4072: 4070: 4066: 4062: 4058: 4054: 4050: 4046: 4042: 4038: 4034: 4030: 4026: 4022: 4017: 4015: 4011: 4007: 4003: 3999: 3995: 3991: 3988:and the 1807 3987: 3983: 3979: 3975: 3971: 3970:dismemberment 3967: 3959: 3955: 3954: 3949: 3944: 3936: 3929: 3924: 3922: 3917: 3910: 3905: 3896: 3894: 3890: 3886: 3883:with Admiral 3882: 3881:siege of Acre 3877: 3875: 3871: 3867: 3863: 3860: 3848: 3846: 3839: 3836: 3832: 3829: 3825: 3821: 3817: 3813: 3786: 3777: 3775: 3771: 3767: 3762: 3757: 3755: 3754: 3749: 3745: 3739: 3734: 3730: 3729:Nizam-i Jedid 3726: 3722: 3714: 3710: 3708: 3702: 3693: 3691: 3687: 3683: 3679: 3673: 3668: 3664: 3660: 3651: 3642: 3640: 3636: 3632: 3628: 3624: 3620: 3616: 3612: 3608: 3603: 3601: 3597: 3589: 3585: 3581: 3580:Baron de Tott 3576: 3569: 3565: 3560: 3551: 3549: 3545: 3544: 3539: 3535: 3531: 3530:Mehmed Efendi 3527: 3519: 3515: 3511: 3507: 3503: 3499: 3495: 3488: 3487:Mehmed Efendi 3484: 3480: 3466: 3464: 3459: 3455: 3451: 3447: 3446:Pierre Dupont 3443: 3439: 3434: 3432: 3428: 3424: 3423: 3418: 3414: 3410: 3405: 3403: 3399: 3395: 3391: 3390: 3385: 3381: 3377: 3373: 3372: 3363: 3362:Louvre Palace 3359: 3355: 3351: 3347: 3343: 3341: 3337: 3333: 3329: 3325: 3321: 3317: 3316: 3311: 3310: 3301: 3300: 3295: 3291: 3287: 3282: 3278: 3268: 3266: 3262: 3253: 3247: 3243: 3241: 3236: 3234: 3230: 3226: 3222: 3218: 3214: 3210: 3205: 3203: 3199: 3194: 3190: 3186: 3182: 3178: 3174: 3170: 3166: 3161: 3156: 3154: 3150: 3146: 3142: 3138: 3133: 3131: 3127: 3123: 3119: 3115: 3107: 3105: 3104:Antichristian 3101: 3095: 3091: 3087: 3082: 3075: 3071: 3067: 3063: 3054: 3052: 3048: 3044: 3039: 3037: 3033: 3029: 3025: 3020: 3018: 3014: 3010: 3006: 3002: 2998: 2990: 2989: 2982: 2978: 2976: 2972: 2968: 2964: 2960: 2956: 2952: 2948: 2944: 2940: 2936: 2932: 2924: 2920: 2916: 2911: 2902: 2900: 2896: 2892: 2888: 2884: 2880: 2876: 2872: 2861: 2859: 2855: 2851: 2847: 2843: 2837: 2827: 2825: 2821: 2817: 2813: 2809: 2804: 2802: 2798: 2794: 2790: 2786: 2782: 2778: 2774: 2770: 2766: 2762: 2757: 2755: 2751: 2747: 2743: 2739: 2738:Bishop of Dax 2735: 2731: 2727: 2722: 2720: 2719:Transylvanian 2716: 2712: 2709: 2705: 2701: 2697: 2692: 2690: 2686: 2678: 2674: 2669: 2661: 2655: 2653: 2643: 2639: 2635: 2634:Capitulations 2630: 2626: 2624: 2620: 2616: 2612: 2608: 2604: 2600: 2596: 2592: 2588: 2584: 2580: 2576: 2572: 2568: 2564: 2558: 2548: 2546: 2542: 2538: 2534: 2530: 2525: 2523: 2519: 2515: 2511: 2507: 2503: 2498: 2496: 2492: 2488: 2484: 2480: 2476: 2472: 2464: 2460: 2456: 2451: 2444: 2439: 2434: 2424: 2421: 2419: 2415: 2411: 2407: 2403: 2399: 2395: 2391: 2380: 2378: 2374: 2370: 2360: 2358: 2354: 2351:on behalf of 2350: 2346: 2342: 2341:Austrian Navy 2338: 2330: 2326: 2322: 2319: 2318:Ottoman Porte 2314: 2306: 2299: 2295: 2291: 2287: 2278: 2275: 2271: 2267: 2257: 2255: 2251: 2247: 2243: 2239: 2235: 2231: 2227: 2223: 2219: 2214: 2212: 2208: 2204: 2196: 2192: 2188: 2183: 2179: 2177: 2173: 2169: 2165: 2157: 2153: 2149: 2144: 2139: 2135: 2125: 2123: 2117: 2112: 2108: 2104: 2100: 2096: 2092: 2088: 2084: 2080: 2076: 2072: 2067: 2066:Etienne Dolet 2063: 2059: 2055: 2050: 2048: 2045: 2041: 2037: 2032: 2024: 2020: 2016: 2012: 2008: 2004: 2000: 1999:Charles Quint 1995: 1987: 1980: 1976: 1967: 1966: 1964: 1960: 1959:Protestantism 1954: 1944: 1942: 1938: 1934: 1930: 1924: 1914: 1912: 1908: 1904: 1899: 1891: 1888: 1884: 1880: 1875: 1871: 1869: 1865: 1861: 1857: 1853: 1845: 1840: 1831: 1829: 1825: 1821: 1817: 1813: 1809: 1805: 1801: 1797: 1796: 1791: 1790:Captain Polin 1783: 1779: 1775: 1771: 1770:Captain Polin 1766: 1757: 1755: 1751: 1747: 1743: 1739: 1735: 1731: 1726: 1724: 1720: 1712: 1709:, 1543. (by: 1708: 1703: 1692: 1689: 1683: 1681: 1677: 1673: 1667: 1657: 1655: 1651: 1650:siege of Nice 1647: 1643: 1639: 1631: 1626: 1619: 1618:siege of Nice 1614: 1609: 1608:Siege of Nice 1599: 1596: 1594: 1590: 1585: 1582: 1578: 1573: 1571: 1570:Piero Strozzi 1567: 1563: 1558: 1556: 1547: 1543: 1539: 1535: 1531: 1522: 1520: 1516: 1515:Mediterranean 1512: 1508: 1507:Low Countries 1504: 1500: 1496: 1493: 1487: 1477: 1475: 1471: 1468: 1462: 1460: 1456: 1451: 1450:Truce of Nice 1447: 1439: 1438:Truce of Nice 1434: 1425: 1423: 1419: 1413: 1411: 1407: 1403: 1399: 1395: 1391: 1384:, after 1538. 1383: 1379: 1375: 1371: 1369: 1365: 1361: 1357: 1353: 1349: 1345: 1341: 1333: 1328: 1319: 1317: 1313: 1309: 1305: 1301: 1297: 1293: 1288: 1286: 1282: 1278: 1270: 1266: 1261: 1252: 1250: 1244: 1234: 1232: 1222: 1215: 1212: 1208: 1204: 1198: 1194: 1190: 1186: 1181: 1177: 1173: 1169: 1165: 1164:Duke of Savoy 1161: 1157: 1156: 1151: 1147: 1143: 1139: 1130: 1126: 1121: 1117: 1115: 1111: 1107: 1103: 1102:Ibrahim Pasha 1100: 1090: 1088: 1084: 1080: 1075: 1073: 1069: 1065: 1061: 1057: 1053: 1052:capitulations 1048: 1046: 1042: 1038: 1030: 1026: 1022: 1018: 1017:Ibrahim Pasha 1013: 1007: 994: 990: 985: 976: 974: 970: 966: 960: 958: 954: 950: 946: 942: 938: 928: 926: 922: 918: 910: 905: 894: 889: 887: 883: 876: 872: 868: 867: 862: 857: 846: 841: 839: 835: 831: 827: 821: 817: 809: 805: 801: 796: 787: 785: 781: 777: 776: 770: 768: 764: 760: 756: 752: 748: 744: 736: 732: 728: 724: 719: 715: 713: 709: 705: 700: 698: 694: 682: 680: 676: 669: 667: 663: 659: 655: 650: 648: 644: 640: 631: 622: 620: 616: 612: 608: 604: 600: 596: 591: 589: 585: 581: 577: 573: 569: 565: 561: 556: 554: 550: 546: 542: 538: 537: 531: 529: 525: 521: 517: 513: 509: 506:reports that 505: 497: 493: 489: 484: 480: 478: 475:in 1522. The 474: 470: 466: 462: 458: 454: 446: 442: 437: 428: 426: 425:Ottoman Egypt 422: 418: 414: 411:union of the 410: 406: 401: 399: 395: 391: 387: 383: 379: 375: 371: 367: 351: 348: 346: 343: 341: 338: 337: 334: 331: 330: 325: 322:1993–present 319: 316: 315: 309: 306: 305: 302:1949–present 299: 296: 295: 289: 288:Western Union 286: 285: 279: 276: 275: 269: 266: 265: 259: 256: 255: 249: 246: 245: 242:1904–present 239: 236: 235: 229: 226: 225: 219: 216: 215: 209: 206: 205: 199: 196: 195: 189: 186: 185: 179: 174: 173: 167: 164: 163: 157: 154: 153: 147: 144: 143: 137: 134: 133: 127: 124: 123: 117: 114: 113: 107: 104: 103: 97: 94: 93: 87: 84: 83: 77: 74: 73: 67: 64: 63: 57: 54: 53: 47: 44: 43: 39: 36: 33: 32: 27:, circa 1530. 26: 21: 9329: 9315: 9293:Batum (1918) 9268:Sofia (1915) 9238:Ouchy (1912) 9164:Paris (1856) 9099:Çanak (1809) 9094:Paris (1802) 9079:Tunis (1797) 9069:Jassy (1792) 9000:Pruth (1711) 8951:Zuhab (1639) 8941:Serav (1618) 8936:Busza (1617) 8881: 8763:Trinitarians 8657:19th century 8534:18th century 8399:17th century 8389:Sack of Sori 8190:16th century 8121: 8058:19th century 8037:18th century 7988:Jan Janszoon 7981:17th century 7880:16th century 7720: 7714: 7677: 7671: 7650: 7643: 7618:the original 7588: 7574: 7560: 7546: 7545:Harold Lamb 7529: 7528:Inari Karsh 7512: 7498: 7484: 7467: 7448: 7429: 7411: 7392: 7373: 7342: 7335: 7315: 7308: 7288: 7281: 7261: 7254: 7233: 7213: 7206: 7197: 7177: 7170: 7161: 7136: 7116: 7073: 7053: 7047: 7027: 7020: 6988: 6981: 6961: 6933:. ABC-CLIO. 6929: 6922: 6902: 6872: 6865: 6845: 6842: 6835: 6815: 6808: 6799: 6779: 6772: 6758: 6743: 6723: 6716: 6696: 6689: 6662: 6647: 6627: 6620: 6600: 6593: 6573: 6566: 6546: 6543: 6536: 6516: 6513: 6483: 6476: 6462: 6455: 6435: 6428: 6419: 6399: 6361: 6354: 6334: 6304: 6297: 6286: 6282: 6252: 6245: 6225: 6218: 6198: 6179: 6160: 6140: 6127:Parker, p.61 6100: 6093: 6084: 6079: 6059: 6038: 6017: 5997: 5990: 5970: 5938: 5931: 5911: 5904: 5884: 5877: 5857: 5850: 5830: 5827: 5802: 5782: 5775: 5755: 5748: 5728: 5721: 5707: 5687: 5680: 5672:columbia.edu 5671: 5661: 5652: 5637: 5622: 5613: 5604: 5595: 5586: 5541: 5534: 5527: 5523: 5496: 5466: 5459: 5438: 5429: 5420: 5388: 5385: 5378: 5369: 5349: 5342: 5334: 5316: 5296: 5289: 5280: 5271: 5262: 5253: 5232: 5212: 5205: 5185: 5182: 5175: 5155: 5133: 5121: 5112: 5097: 5077: 5045: 4991: 4984: 4964: 4943: 4923: 4916: 4896: 4889: 4880: 4860: 4853: 4845:the original 4840: 4831: 4821: 4814: 4795: 4791: 4788: 4756: 4736: 4706: 4674: 4667: 4658: 4638: 4628: 4608: 4601: 4581: 4574: 4542: 4535: 4515: 4508: 4488: 4481: 4449: 4442: 4422: 4412: 4392: 4386: 4366: 4359: 4344: 4329: 4314: 4290: 4276: 4272: 4266: 4216: 4209: 4198: 4193: 4173: 4115:Napoleon III 4104: 4097: 4018: 4006:Halet Efendi 3982:Muhib Efendi 3977: 3963: 3956:in 1804, by 3951: 3948:Halet Efendi 3926: 3918: 3914: 3878: 3856: 3841: 3835:Tippoo Sahib 3809: 3758: 3751: 3718: 3704: 3685: 3656: 3619:Ottoman Army 3604: 3593: 3568:Ottoman Army 3541: 3523: 3437: 3435: 3422:Café Procope 3420: 3417:Suleiman Aga 3406: 3393: 3387: 3379: 3369: 3367: 3313: 3307: 3304: 3297: 3258: 3245: 3237: 3209:Grand Vizier 3207:The Ottoman 3206: 3169:Kara Mustafa 3165:Guilleragues 3157: 3134: 3111: 3097: 3040: 3021: 3005:Capitulation 3001:Peace Treaty 2994: 2985: 2929:Even before 2928: 2867: 2864:Continuation 2839: 2805: 2758: 2723: 2708:Grand Vizier 2693: 2682: 2648: 2615:Transylvania 2569:against the 2567:Dutch Revolt 2560: 2526: 2499: 2468: 2453:Letter from 2422: 2414:Andrea Doria 2386: 2366: 2349:Andrea Doria 2334: 2263: 2237: 2225: 2221: 2215: 2200: 2168:Pierre Belon 2161: 2148:astronomical 2121: 2111:Pierre Danes 2074: 2061: 2051: 2028: 1978: 1956: 1950: 1947:Consequences 1941:Siege of Van 1926: 1895: 1860:Ottoman Army 1849: 1827: 1800:Porto Ercole 1793: 1787: 1772:in front of 1746:Andrea Doria 1727: 1716: 1685: 1669: 1635: 1597: 1586: 1574: 1559: 1551: 1489: 1463: 1443: 1417: 1414: 1387: 1377: 1337: 1289: 1274: 1246: 1227: 1203:Grand Signor 1196: 1192: 1175: 1170:. This king 1153: 1138:Grand Signor 1135: 1099:Grand Vizier 1096: 1076: 1071: 1049: 1041:Andrea Doria 1034: 1031:before 1518. 961: 953:North Africa 934: 914: 891: 879: 864: 843: 823: 773: 771: 740: 701: 690: 671: 651: 636: 592: 557: 536:Capitulation 534: 532: 501: 498:, 1483–1489. 450: 409:sacrilegious 402: 390:Italian Wars 369: 365: 363: 327: 95: 9233:Daan (1911) 9226:(1908–1922) 9057:(1789–1908) 8993:(1703–1789) 8909:(1566–1703) 8860:(1453–1566) 8826:(1299–1453) 8644:(1796-1802) 8626:(1790–1792) 8620:(1790–1813) 8520:(1694–1727) 8438:(1620–1621) 8289:(1543-1544) 8070:Hussein Dey 8018:Ali Bitchin 7993:Salé Rovers 7957:Arnaut Mami 7952:Hasan Pasha 7937:Hasan Corso 7787:Territories 7684:: 339–376. 7483:Jack Goody 7249:Karsh, p.15 7237:Karsh, p.14 7165:Karsh, p.12 7156:Karsh, p.11 7140:Karsh, p.10 6803:Göçek, p.10 6684:Goody, p.75 5320:Lamb, p.228 4177:. Ashgate. 4100:Crimean War 3998:Janissaries 3770:Janissaries 3736: [ 3670: [ 3586:during the 3543:Sefâretnâme 3514:Pera Museum 3500:ambassador 3392:(1732) and 3376:Montesquieu 3324:Orientalism 3315:Chinoiserie 3281:Orientalism 3189:Holy League 3160:Dardanelles 2988:Billebahaut 2883:Hajji Murad 2816:Protestants 2595:Anabaptists 2522:Turgut Reis 2207:Tusi-couple 2176:Middle East 2114: [ 2105:'s brother 1907:Joseph Nasi 1750:Turgut Reis 1368:Netherlands 884:ambassador 588:Sigismund I 551:and Sultan 461:Middle East 455:in 1453 by 9347:Categories 9030:Niş (1739) 8991:Old Regime 8506:Morean War 8471:Cretan War 8065:Ali Khodja 8028:Yusuf Reis 8023:Simon Reis 7967:Sinan Reis 7947:Hasan Agha 7927:Aydın Reis 7922:Kemal Reis 7912:Salah Rais 7870:Commanders 7365:References 7038:9004118543 7015:Karsh, p.9 6666:Göçek, p.7 5981:9004039457 5949:9065506551 4934:9004039457 4871:9004060618 4057:Bessarabia 4002:Mustafa IV 3774:Napoleon I 3378:wrote the 3202:absolutism 3024:Louis XIII 2997:Mehmed III 2891:Charles IX 2879:Charles IX 2875:Suleiman I 2856:, and the 2820:Calvinists 2660:Jean Bodin 2638:Charles IX 2623:Jean Bodin 2605:and Jews ( 2563:Charles IX 2475:Koca Sinan 2238:La Soltane 2236:published 2211:Copernicus 2172:Asia Minor 1856:Little War 1686:Lodge the 1630:cannonball 1499:Henry VIII 1344:Barbarossa 1316:Marseilles 1265:Marseilles 1158:, king of 957:Asia Minor 923:, and the 909:Barbarossa 721:Letter of 553:Bayezid II 520:Bourganeuf 508:Bayezid II 496:Bourganeuf 469:Suleiman I 431:Background 312:1954–2011 292:1948–1954 282:1947–1997 272:1936–1939 252:1921–1940 232:1892–1917 222:1812–1813 212:1812–1813 202:1807–1809 192:1778–1794 182:1777–1820 160:1756–1792 150:1741–1756 140:1733–1792 130:1716–1731 120:1603–1763 110:1657–1660 100:1536–1798 90:1528–1552 80:1524–1526 70:1295–1560 60:1220–1316 8748:Lazarists 8696:(1829–30) 8666:(1801–05) 8638:(1791–92) 8614:(1785–95) 8596:(1784–92) 8578:(1775–77) 8572:(1774–75) 8566:(1769–72) 8543:(1715–26) 8508:(1684–99) 8490:(1681–85) 8484:(1677–82) 8473:(1645–69) 8432:(1618–22) 8414:(1609–28) 8373:(1568–71) 8180:Conflicts 8112:Diplomacy 8075:Omar Agha 8013:Omar Agha 7817:Cherchell 7706:162224837 7600:Interview 7473:US, 1987 7415:Routledge 7031:. BRILL. 6577:. Hurst. 6365:. Wiley. 5974:. BRILL. 5610:"Gallica" 4639:Francis I 4273:Richelieu 4061:Wallachia 4041:Mahmud II 4029:Wallachia 3960:(detail). 3935:Selim III 3725:Selim III 3659:Louis XVI 3645:Louis XVI 3635:Bosphorus 3631:howitzers 3526:Ahmed III 3454:Louis XIV 3354:Louis XIV 3340:Fragonard 3309:Turquerie 3299:Turquerie 3198:despotism 3193:Mehmed IV 3177:Leopold I 3106:/Monarch" 3096:in 1683 ( 3090:Mehmed IV 3086:Louis XIV 3066:Ahmed III 3032:Louis XIV 3028:Mehmed IV 2935:Huguenots 2917:and King 2901:in 1581. 2899:Henry III 2895:Murad III 2761:Huguenots 2746:Philip II 2724:In 1574, 2603:Capuchins 2587:Anglicans 2583:Huguenots 2529:saltpeter 2353:Charles V 2274:Marseille 2270:New World 2228:, future 2203:astronomy 2011:Francis I 1953:Charles V 1879:Janus Bey 1642:Marseille 1581:Perpignan 1495:Charles V 1446:Charles V 1348:Francis I 1312:Collioure 1281:Marseille 1269:Piri Reis 1189:galeasses 1172:Francis I 1142:Marseille 1089:in 1923. 1027:from the 751:Hungarian 741:With the 712:Tahmasp I 675:Francesco 615:Charolais 603:Charles V 564:Francis I 549:Louis XII 539:with the 530:in 1489. 457:Mehmed II 374:Francis I 50:777–800s 8085:Haji Ali 7907:Occhiali 7446:(1984). 4121:See also 4111:Maronite 4092:Beyrouth 4065:Moldavia 4025:Moldavia 3931:— 3850:— 3705:General 3611:Mahmud I 3582:for the 3534:Louis XV 3518:Istanbul 3512:, 1766, 3489:in 1721. 3483:Louis XV 3463:Gobelins 3442:Henry IV 3384:Voltaire 3356:, after 3352:, under 3249:— 3233:invasion 2975:Valencia 2957:and the 2943:Habsburg 2939:Moriscos 2931:Henry IV 2925:in 1615. 2919:Henry IV 2905:Henry IV 2887:Selim II 2885:), from 2810:and the 2801:Valencia 2783:and the 2765:Moriscos 2750:Moriscos 2742:Selim II 2657:— 2642:Selim II 2636:between 2607:Marranos 2597:or even 2579:Flanders 2537:Sorrento 2510:Piombino 2390:Calabria 2337:Henry II 2290:Henry II 2254:Suleiman 2250:Mustapha 2246:Roxelane 2191:Henri II 2174:and the 2044:Huguenot 2021:and the 2003:Suleiman 1883:D'Aramon 1808:Talamona 1694:— 1562:Adriatic 1555:Flanders 1217:— 1211:Sardinia 1106:Lombardy 1068:selamlik 941:Milanese 939:and the 896:— 882:Venetian 848:— 830:Belgrade 737:, France 684:— 613:and the 512:Louis XI 417:crescent 415:and the 345:Americas 178:alliance 8723:Slavery 7842:Tetouan 7822:Mahdiya 7812:Bizerte 7737:2541220 7535:, 2001 7518:, 1977 7398:, 1980 5581:exhibit 5337:, p.328 5128:exhibit 4287:dolphin 4098:In the 3972:of the 3891:at the 3870:Britain 3820:Albania 3506:Ottoman 3431:caftans 3427:turbans 3394:Candide 3336:Boucher 3322:style. 3153:Algiers 3043:England 3013:Tunisia 3009:Ahmed I 2955:Algiers 2915:Ahmed I 2871:Francis 2812:English 2781:Algiers 2759:French 2625:wrote: 2619:Hungary 2599:Jesuits 2591:Quakers 2585:, some 2518:Corsica 2506:Persian 2491:Corsica 2345:Mahdiya 2242:tragedy 2146:Arabic 2081:in the 1963:Germany 1852:Hungary 1824:Antibes 1738:Ceriale 1730:Sanremo 1648:in the 1616:In the 1503:England 1364:Otranto 1352:Albania 1308:Tortosa 1302:in the 1296:Algiers 1223:, 1535. 1201:To the 1197:Haradin 1193:Haradin 1185:galleys 1180:Corsica 1176:Haradin 1168:Genoese 1160:Algiers 1155:Haradin 1150:Barbary 1029:Mamluks 967:in the 919:led by 780:galleys 755:Zapolya 693:Hungary 572:Hungary 465:Selim I 8743:Bagnio 8702:(1830) 8690:(1828) 8684:(1825) 8678:(1816) 8672:(1815) 8632:(1791) 8608:(1784) 8602:(1784) 8590:(1783) 8584:(1775) 8560:(1758) 8549:(1732) 8526:(1695) 8514:(1688) 8502:(1683) 8496:(1682) 8467:(1637) 8461:(1631) 8455:(1627) 8449:(1624) 8426:(1615) 8420:(1614) 8408:(1609) 8391:(1584) 8385:(1574) 8379:(1571) 8367:(1565) 8361:(1563) 8355:(1560) 8349:(1558) 8343:(1558) 8337:(1558) 8331:(1556) 8325:(1555) 8319:(1553) 8313:(1552) 8307:(1551) 8301:(1551) 8295:(1550) 8283:(1543) 8277:(1540) 8271:(1539) 8265:(1538) 8259:(1537) 8253:(1535) 8247:(1535) 8241:(1534) 8235:(1529) 8229:(1529) 8223:(1522) 8217:(1519) 8211:(1518) 8205:(1516) 8199:(1501) 7972:Dragut 7802:Annaba 7735: 7704: 7698:162665 7696: 7595: 7581: 7567: 7553: 7539: 7522: 7505: 7491: 7477: 7456: 7436: 7421: 7402: 7381: 7350: 7323: 7296: 7269: 7221: 7185: 7124: 7061: 7035: 6996: 6969: 6937: 6910: 6880: 6853: 6823: 6787: 6731: 6704: 6635: 6608: 6581: 6554: 6524: 6491: 6443: 6407: 6369: 6342: 6312: 6260: 6233: 6206: 6165:p. 281 6108: 6067: 6005: 5978: 5946: 5919: 5892: 5865: 5838: 5790: 5763: 5736: 5695: 5549: 5504: 5474: 5396: 5387:Piracy 5357: 5304: 5220: 5193: 5163: 5085: 5053: 4999: 4972: 4931: 4904: 4868: 4802: 4744: 4714: 4682: 4646: 4616: 4589: 4550: 4523: 4496: 4457: 4430: 4400: 4374: 4224: 4203:online 4181: 4037:Danube 3928:France 3874:Russia 3859:Mamluk 3824:Greece 3803: 3797: 3791: 3766:Spahis 3657:Under 3498:French 3456:. The 3450:Levant 3409:Coffee 3320:Rococo 3225:Alsace 3213:Vienna 3047:Venice 2971:Murcia 2951:Aragon 2797:Murcia 2777:Aragon 2771:under 2677:Poland 2483:Sicily 2479:Naples 2471:Dragut 2394:Reggio 2329:Titian 2120:wrote 2031:Muslim 2017:, the 2013:, the 1816:Sicily 1812:Lipari 1804:Giglio 1723:mosque 1707:Toulon 1672:Toulon 1566:Marano 1497:, and 1410:Rivoli 1406:Ancona 1402:Sicily 1398:Apulia 1356:Avlona 1346:, and 1342:under 1340:Naples 1207:Sicily 1114:ducats 1110:Naples 1079:Galata 1056:Venice 945:Le Puy 893:enemy. 845:Turks. 838:ducats 808:ducats 763:mosque 708:Persia 662:Bosnia 654:Madrid 643:Muslim 568:Poland 473:Serbia 463:under 350:Africa 170:1700s 25:Titian 7832:Rabat 7733:JSTOR 7702:S2CID 7694:JSTOR 7680:(3). 7621:(PDF) 7610:(PDF) 7501:Berg 4153:Notes 4107:Syria 3866:Jihad 3845:Quran 3831:Egypt 3740:] 3674:] 3615:Islam 3389:Zaïre 2947:Béarn 2808:Dutch 2769:Béarn 2418:Chios 2410:Ponza 2357:Rhine 2218:Quran 2187:Quran 2118:] 2083:Bible 1795:Réale 1742:Genoa 1680:Spain 1577:Blois 1546:Paris 1511:Spain 1474:Pavia 1444:With 1420:, by 1380:, by 1300:Ibiza 1285:Genoa 1277:Savoy 1271:1526. 1199:. ... 1148:, in 1146:Tunis 1060:Genoa 1025:Egypt 965:Tunis 937:Genoa 869:, by 765:to a 753:king 735:Paris 706:with 679:Porte 545:Egypt 490:with 262:1935 9224:Fall 8824:Rise 7887:Aruj 7827:Oran 7593:ISBN 7579:ISBN 7565:ISBN 7551:ISBN 7537:ISBN 7520:ISBN 7503:ISBN 7489:ISBN 7475:ISBN 7454:ISBN 7434:ISBN 7419:ISBN 7400:ISBN 7379:ISBN 7348:ISBN 7321:ISBN 7294:ISBN 7267:ISBN 7219:ISBN 7183:ISBN 7122:ISBN 7059:ISBN 7033:ISBN 6994:ISBN 6967:ISBN 6935:ISBN 6908:ISBN 6878:ISBN 6851:ISBN 6821:ISBN 6785:ISBN 6729:ISBN 6702:ISBN 6633:ISBN 6606:ISBN 6579:ISBN 6552:ISBN 6522:ISBN 6489:ISBN 6441:ISBN 6405:ISBN 6367:ISBN 6340:ISBN 6310:ISBN 6258:ISBN 6231:ISBN 6204:ISBN 6106:ISBN 6065:ISBN 6003:ISBN 5976:ISBN 5944:ISBN 5917:ISBN 5890:ISBN 5863:ISBN 5836:ISBN 5788:ISBN 5761:ISBN 5734:ISBN 5693:ISBN 5547:ISBN 5502:ISBN 5472:ISBN 5394:ISBN 5355:ISBN 5302:ISBN 5218:ISBN 5191:ISBN 5161:ISBN 5083:ISBN 5051:ISBN 4997:ISBN 4970:ISBN 4929:ISBN 4902:ISBN 4866:ISBN 4800:ISBN 4742:ISBN 4712:ISBN 4680:ISBN 4644:ISBN 4614:ISBN 4587:ISBN 4548:ISBN 4521:ISBN 4494:ISBN 4455:ISBN 4428:ISBN 4398:ISBN 4372:ISBN 4222:ISBN 4179:ISBN 4063:and 4027:and 3872:and 3862:beys 3822:and 3768:and 3680:and 3429:and 3279:and 3139:and 3135:The 3088:and 3045:and 3003:and 2973:and 2848:and 2818:and 2799:and 2728:and 2652:Pera 2640:and 2617:and 2516:and 2514:Elba 2489:and 2487:Elba 2473:and 2240:, a 2136:and 1911:écus 1903:gold 1774:Pera 1754:ecus 1646:Nice 1209:and 1058:and 989:Iraq 818:and 570:and 413:lily 380:and 364:The 340:Asia 7725:doi 7686:doi 6468:522 3950:in 3504:in 3444:by 3400:or 3338:or 3030:to 2897:to 2889:to 2877:to 2601:or 2457:to 2166:or 2056:or 1961:in 1776:at 1501:of 1310:to 1144:to 863:in 828:in 725:to 649:". 543:of 522:by 516:Cem 494:in 488:Cem 423:in 9349:: 7731:. 7721:16 7719:. 7700:. 7692:. 7678:11 7676:. 7670:. 7642:, 7632:, 7612:. 7346:. 7319:. 7292:. 7265:. 7242:^ 7217:. 7145:^ 7106:^ 7088:^ 7008:^ 6949:^ 6892:^ 6876:. 6849:. 6819:. 6783:. 6727:. 6671:^ 6550:. 6520:. 6503:^ 6381:^ 6324:^ 6308:. 6287:ff 6272:^ 6256:. 6229:. 6202:. 6188:^ 6171:^ 6149:^ 6132:^ 6120:^ 6104:. 6063:. 6047:^ 6026:^ 5958:^ 5834:. 5817:^ 5759:. 5732:. 5670:. 5612:. 5561:^ 5545:. 5528:ff 5516:^ 5486:^ 5447:^ 5408:^ 5392:. 5325:^ 5241:^ 5189:. 5145:^ 5081:. 5065:^ 5049:. 5029:^ 5011:^ 4995:. 4952:^ 4927:. 4900:. 4864:. 4839:. 4798:. 4794:ff 4770:^ 4726:^ 4694:^ 4562:^ 4469:^ 4298:^ 4236:^ 4161:^ 4016:. 3776:. 3738:fr 3672:fr 3641:. 3516:, 3342:. 3267:. 3235:. 3108:). 3019:. 2736:, 2691:. 2593:, 2589:, 2512:, 2485:, 2481:, 2379:. 2193:. 2124:. 2116:fr 2064:, 2009:, 2005:, 1943:. 1810:, 1806:, 1802:, 1736:, 1732:, 1628:A 1544:, 1540:. 1476:. 1400:, 1370:. 1251:. 975:. 733:, 590:. 467:, 400:. 376:, 8801:e 8794:t 8787:v 7767:e 7760:t 7753:v 7739:. 7727:: 7708:. 7688:: 7462:. 7387:. 6859:. 6560:. 6530:. 6470:. 6449:. 6291:. 6289:" 6281:" 5844:. 5674:. 5616:. 5402:. 5199:. 4808:. 3937:. 3715:. 3590:. 3570:. 3520:. 3364:. 3076:. 2662:. 2644:. 2445:. 2331:. 2300:. 2197:. 2158:. 2025:. 1846:. 1713:) 1548:. 1008:. 810:.

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