33:
839:
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1178:(Hz). "The ride was smooth, then suddenly it all went to pieces ... as the plane porpoised wildly my chin hit my chest, jerked hard back, slammed forward again, repeated it over and over, flogged by the awful whipping of the plane ...". Remembering the drill he had often practised, Brown managed to pull back gently on both stick and throttle and the motion; "... ceased as quickly as it had started". He believed that he survived the test flight partly because he was a shorter man, de Havilland having suffered a
1957:
659:. His aptitude for deck landings led to his posting for the testing of carriers' landing arrangements before they were brought into service. The testing involved multiple combinations of landing point and type of aircraft, with the result being that by the close of 1943 he had performed around 1,500 deck landings on 22 different carriers. In six years at RAE, Brown recalled that he hardly ever took a single day's leave. During carrier compatibility trials, Brown crash-landed a
432:
418:
1107:, diving from high altitude to achieve high subsonic speeds. He was due to fly the M.52 in 1946, but this fell through when the project was cancelled. The all moving tail information, however, supplied upon instruction from the British government ostensibly as part of an information exchange with the Americans (although no information was ever received in return), allowed Bell to modify its XS-1 for true transsonic pitch controllability, in turn allowing
1943:
1936:
1302:. It had been planned for Brown to make the first catapult launch with the ship under way and steaming into any wind; however, the wind on the day was so slight that British officials decided that, as the new steam catapult was capable of launching an aircraft without any wind, they would risk their pilot (Brown) if the Americans would risk their aircraft. The launch was a success and US carriers would later feature the steam catapult.
1929:
1920:
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1949:
878:, he was handed a "large orange-coloured booklet" with the retort; "Whaddya mean, bud? – Here's your instructor". Brown and Martindale examined the booklet and after several practice attempts at hovering and controlling the craft, followed by a stiff drink, they set off for Farnborough. Brown and Martindale managed the trip safely, if raggedly, in formation, although sometimes as much as a couple of miles apart.
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1130:
succeeded in diving the Tudor up to Mach 0.7, an unusual figure for such a large piston-engined aeroplane, this speed figure being dictated by the pilot's discretion, as pulling the aircraft out of the dive had required the combined efforts of both Brown and his second pilot. However, as an airliner, the Tudor was not a success. The planned jet version of the Tudor would later become the
1164:, Brown initially started his tests from a height of 35,000 ft, rising to 45,000 ft and during a dive from the latter he achieved a Mach number of 0.985. It was only when attempting the tests from the same height as de Havilland, 4,000 ft, that he discovered that in a Mach 0.88 dive from that altitude the aircraft suffered from a high-
1763:, and this gave me what I call the 'perfect harmony of control'. If a pilot has this perfect harmony of control you feel you're part of the aeroplane and you're bonded with it really. You've got into it and the aeroplane welcomes you and says 'thank God you've come, you're part of me anyway' and to fly like that is a sheer delight.
2316:
Captain Eric Brown. The Fleet Air Arm's most decorated pilot, he had a thirty-one-year career in the Royal Navy. He served as test pilot from 1942, eventually being appointed Chief Naval Test Pilot at RAE Farnborough and commanding the Enemy
Aircraft Flight, the High Speed Flight and the Aerodynamics
1588:
Brown's last credits mention Lewis
Boddington, Dr. Thomlinson, John Noble and Charles Crowfoot, whom he records (with "others") as being responsible for "giving the Royal Navy a technical lead in aircraft carrier equipment which it still holds to this day ." He ends this section: "These men and women
908:
With the end of the
European war in sight, the RAE prepared itself to acquire German aeronautical technology and aircraft before it was either accidentally destroyed or taken by the Soviets, and, because of his skills in the language, Brown was made the commanding officer of "Operation Enemy Flight".
631:
aircraft. This Brown did with almost no tuition, information having to be gleaned from whatever documents were available. On completion of these duties, his commander, being impressed with his performance, sent him back to the RAE with the recommendation that he be employed in the
Aerodynamics Flight
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airliner. The requirement was to determine the safe limiting speed for the aircraft and to gather data on high-speed handling of large civil aircraft in preparation for a projected four-jet version of the Tudor. Flying from 32,000 ft, in a succession of dives to speeds initially to Mach 0.6, he
1025:
To me it was the most exciting thing on the horizon, a totally new experience. I remember watching the ground crew very carefully before take-off, wondering if they thought they were waving goodbye to me forever or whether they thought this thing was going to return. The noise it made was absolutely
778:
was Mach 0.75, giving them the advantage in a dive. However the tests flown by Brown and his colleagues also gave a Mach number for the
Mustang of 0.78, resulting in Doolittle being able to argue with his superiors for the Mustang to be chosen in preference to the P-38 and P-47 for all escort duties
1323:, where he remained until returning to West Germany in late 1957, becoming Chief of British Naval Mission to Germany, his brief being to re-establish German naval aviation after its pre-war integration with and subornation to, the Luftwaffe. During this period Brown worked closely with Admiral
32:
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with an emphasis on German. While there, he joined the university's air unit and received his first formal flying instruction. In
February 1938, he returned to Germany under the sponsorship of the Foreign Office, having been invited to attend the 1938 Automobile Exhibition by Udet, by then a
900:. Although the landing was achieved without difficulty, the long take off run required for the Airacobra meant that even with the ship steaming at full speed, there was little margin of error. This was the first carrier landing and take off for any aircraft with a tricycle undercarriage.
353:
You talk about aerobatics – we did every one I think and I was hanging on to my tummy. So, when we landed, and he gave me the fright of my life because we approached upside-down and then he rolled out just in time to land, he said to me as I got out of the cockpit, slapped me between the
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and on to
Farnborough. The venture was not without risk, as before their capture, the Germans had destroyed all the engine log books for the aircraft, leaving Brown and his colleagues no idea of the expected engine hours remaining to the machines. Because of the scarcity of the special
996:, an elite group of pilots who test-flew captured German and Italian aircraft. That experience rendered Brown one of the few men to have been qualified to compare both Allied and Axis aeroplanes as they flew during the war. He flight-tested 53 German aircraft, including the
1100:. He was also able to renew acquaintances with German pilot Hanna Reitsch, whom he had met in Germany before the war. She had been arrested after the German surrender in 1945. Fearing the approaching Russians, her father had killed her mother, sister and then himself.
773:
testing at the RAE by Brown and several other pilots. The results of the tests were that the tactical Mach numbers, i.e., the manoeuvring limits, were Mach 0.68 for the
Lightning and Mach 0.71 for the Thunderbolt; the corresponding figure for both the Fw 190 and
307:, in the East End of London, but was put up for adoption. At this time there were few places for adoption in London but more in Scotland and he was adopted by Euphemia and Robert Brown in Edinburgh. Robert was a former balloon observer and pilot in the
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cruise missile, concussing his wife and causing serious injury to their cleaner. At this time, the RAE was the leading authority on high-speed flight and Brown became involved in this sort of testing, flights being flown where the aircraft, usually a
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research aircraft programme, and he flew modified aircraft incorporating components intended for the M.52; however, the post-war government cancelled the project in 1945 with the M.52 almost complete. On 2 May 1944, he was appointed a
334:
fighter ace, was fascinated to make the acquaintance of Brown senior, a former RFC pilot, and offered to take his son Eric up flying with him. Eric eagerly accepted the German's offer and after his arrival at the appointed airfield at
896:, which had coincidentally been modified with a tail hook. During one of these passes, Brown declared an emergency and was given permission to make a deck landing; a ruse which had previously been agreed with the carrier's captain,
925:; however, German resistance to the Allied advance meant that the ground forces had been delayed and the airfield was still an operational Luftwaffe base. Luckily for Brown, the commanding officer of the Luftwaffe airfield at
737:
Together with Brown and
Martindale, the RAE Aerodynamics Flight also included two other test pilots, Sqn Ldr James "Jimmy" Nelson and Sqn Ldr Douglas Weightman. During this same period the RAE was approached by USAAF General
2049:"For courage, exceptional skill and devotion to duty in carrying out the first deck-landings of Mosquito and Vampire. In doing so he has been the first pilot ever to land on the deck of a carrier, a twin-engined aircraft (
4145:
1910:
968:, and remarked upon the experience by saying that; "Two more loathsome creatures it is hard to imagine" and further describing the latter as "... the worst human being I have ever met." Kramer and Grese were later
2431:
1058:, and described it as having the best controls of any aircraft he had ever flown but as being difficult to handle. One of his colleagues at Farnborough died trying the aircraft type in an evaluation.
1007:
His flight test of this rocket plane, the only one by an Allied pilot using the rocket motor, was accomplished unofficially: it was deemed to be more or less suicidal due to the notoriously dangerous
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helicopters. He had never seen one of these machines, so a trip to
Farnborough was arranged and Brown had a short flight as a passenger in one. A few days later, Brown and Martindale were sent to
696:
on 25 March 1944. This was the first landing on a carrier by a twin-engined aircraft for the UK, 2 years after the US B-25 Doolittle Raid in April 1942. The fastest speed for deck landing was 86
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were civil servants, but they worked hours, took responsibility, and produced results far beyond what their country paid them for. To me they represent the true measure of Britain's greatness."
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360:, which means broken neck and broken legs but that was their greeting. But he said to me, you'll make a fine fighter pilot – do me two favours: learn to speak German fluently and learn to fly.
1242:
Brown was responsible for at least three important firsts in carrier aviation: the first carrier landing using an aircraft equipped with a tricycle undercarriage (the Bell Airacobra Mk 1
2952:
451:, and it was while there that Brown was woken up with a loud knocking on his door one morning in September 1939. Upon opening the door he was met by a woman with the announcement that "
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as holding the record for flying the greatest number of different aircraft. The official record is 487, but includes only basic types. For example, Brown flew 14 versions of the
1453:
He also held the world record for the most carrier landings, 2,407, partly compiled in testing the arrestor wires on more than 20 aircraft carriers during the Second World War.
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landing system. On 30 March 1949, he was granted a permanent Royal Navy commission as a lieutenant, with seniority backdated to his original wartime promotion to the rank.
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1741:. For the simple reason it was over-powered. This is an unusual feature in an aircraft, you could do anything on one engine, almost, that you could do on two. It was a '
295:, he flew many types of captured German, Italian, and Japanese aircraft, including new jet and rocket aircraft. He was a pioneer of jet technology into the postwar era.
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fighters, providing top cover for the bombers, dived down onto attacking German fighters, some of the diving U.S. fighters encountering speed regions where they became
1185:
Test instrumentation on Brown's flight recorded during the oscillations accelerations of +4 and −3g's at 3 Hz. Brown described the DH 108 as; "A killer. Nasty
2004:
1283:, US where he flew a number of American aircraft, including 36 types of helicopter. In January 1952, it was while at Patuxent River that Brown demonstrated the
4227:
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2067:
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failing to notice that the hook was not down. The fighter hit the crash barrier, sheared off its undercarriage and shredded the propeller, but he was unhurt.
1309:, and Brown once again was called upon to promote the concept. Whether due to Brown or not, the first US aircraft carrier modified with the new flight deck,
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Brown wrote several books about his experiences, including ones describing the flight characteristics of the various aircraft he flew and an autobiography,
557:, and Brown was left in the sea overnight with a dwindling band of survivors, until he was rescued the next day. He was the one of two of the 24 to survive
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1447:
and although these versions are very different they appear only once in the list. This list includes only aircraft flown by Brown as "Captain in Command".
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1865:"for his amazing flying achievements and involvement with aviation during a remarkable lifetime." Brown died peacefully aged 97 on 21 February 2016 at
1819:. During the programme, the 95-year-old said that he still enjoyed driving and had just bought himself a new sports car. His musical choices included "
1702:
E (Emil) and G (Gustav) – Brown flew the G-12 training sub-type from the rear cockpit and nearly crashed because of poor visibility from that position.
2415:"BBC Two – Britain's Greatest Pilot: The Extraordinary Story of Captain Winkle Brown (at 05:35 of the documentary)". bbc.co.uk. Retrieved 1 June 2014.
1493:, Bill Pegg and George Errington. All these had been heroes in my private hall of fame long before I knew them personally. ... Geoffrey de Havilland,
572:, in particular "For bravery and skill in action against Enemy aircraft and in the protection of a Convoy against heavy and sustained Enemy attacks".
326:, and Brown and his father met and were invited to join social gatherings by members of the newly disclosed organisation. At one of these meetings,
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in particular "For bravery and skill in action against Enemy aircraft and in the protection of a Convoy against heavy and sustained Enemy attacks".
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company, helping them out until they could find a replacement after the company's previous test pilot had been detained due to having relatives in
932:
Subsequently, Brown and Martindale, along with several other members of the Aerodynamics Flight and assisted by a co-operative German pilot, later
3741:
2343:
917:, a new jet bomber in which the Allies, particularly the Americans, were very much interested. A number of the jets were based at an airfield in
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0.86 for a standard Spitfire MK IX, to Mach 0.92 for a modified Spitfire PR Mk XI flown by his colleague, Squadron Leader Anthony F. Martindale.
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1977:
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as deputy director of Naval Air Warfare, was consulted on the flight deck arrangement of the planned new UK class of aircraft carrier, the
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159:
155:
1343:, which, to his surprise, the German maintenance personnel took great pride in. It was, in fact, the first exclusively naval aircraft the
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thunderous and it was like being in charge of a runaway train; everything changed so rapidly and I really had to have my wits about me.
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bombers over France. His job was to train them in deck-landing techniques, though the training took place on airfields. As a form of
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1616:
His best-known series of articles is "Viewed from the Cockpit", which was published (and occasionally re-published) in the journal
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sub-orbital manned spacecraft, Brown would also have been the leading candidate for its projected 1949 first crewed spaceflight.
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As an RAE test pilot he was involved in the wartime Miles M.52 supersonic project, test flying a Spitfire fitted with the M.52's
929:
offered his surrender and Brown took charge of the airfield and its staff of 2,000 men until Allied forces arrived the next day.
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921:, the German forces having retreated there. He expected to arrive at a liberated aerodrome, just after it had been taken by the
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Captain Eric Brown discusses (episode 40 on Astrotalkuk.org) his private meeting with Yuri Gagarin in London on 13 July 1961.
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Flight. He continued test flying after the war, amassing a world record total of 487 basic aircraft types before retirement.
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from 1982 to 1983. His last flight as a pilot was in 1994, but in 2015 he was still lecturing and regularly attending the
1125:
In a throwback to his days testing aircraft in high speed dives, while at the RAE, Brown performed similar testing of the
823:'s first jet fighter, although, as it turned out, few would be used by them. Brown was also selected as the pilot for the
2212:
1189:. Vicious undamped longitudinal oscillation at speed in bumps". All three DH 108 aircraft were lost in fatal accidents.
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engines had a life of only 25 hours – it was thus not known whether the engines were brand new or just about to expire.
2862:
Fighting Hitler's Jets: The Extraordinary Story of the American Airmen Who Beat the Luftwaffe and Defeated Nazi Germany
1408:
564:
The loss of life was such that 802 Squadron was disbanded until February 1942. On 10 March 1942, Brown was awarded the
1711:. Brown was one of few pilots to successfully fly one of these, having signed a disclaimer for the German ground crew.
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Brown flew aircraft from Britain, the United States, Germany, the Soviet Union, Italy and Japan and is listed in the
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department at Farnborough. During the first month in the Flight, Brown flew 13 aircraft types, including a captured
2061:
1982:
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1554:
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sports car to the Swiss border, saying they were allowing him to keep the car because they "had no spares for it".
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163:
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1791:. He had married Evelyn (Lynn) Macrory in 1942. She died in 1998. He was interviewed many times, most recently by
1148:
that Brown flew. This aircraft later crashed, killing Brown's successor at the RAE, Sqn Ldr Stuart Muller-Rowland.
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2278:
1419:. He relinquished his appointment as naval ADC on 27 January 1970 and retired from the Royal Navy later in 1970.
3776:
3556:
1999:
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3561:
2057:). The success of these great strides in Naval Aviation has been largely due to his exceptional flying skill".
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this time to perform experimental flying, including batting in the much more experienced Admiralty Test Pilot
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had owned since the 1930s. Brown led the re-emergence of naval aviation in Germany to the point that in 1960
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588:
960:, to help interrogate the former camp commandant and his assistant. Agreeing to do so, he soon interviewed
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2045:
19 February 1946 Temporary Acting Lieutenant Commander (A) Eric Melrose Brown, MBE, DSC, RNVR is appointed
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1968:
1613:(with Dennis Bancroft). He was also the author of dozens of articles in aviation magazines and journals.
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Because of the special circumstances involved, Brown didn't think that this record would ever be topped.
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Brown had been made aware of the British progress in jet propulsion in May 1941 when he had heard of the
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780:
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that had been captured and was being used by the RAE Flight based at the former Luftwaffe airfield at
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deck take-offs and landings performed (2,407 and 2,271 respectively) and achieved several "firsts" in
1756:
1001:
886:
751:
685:
While at Farnborough as chief naval test pilot, Brown was involved in the deck landing trials of the
668:
272:, including the first landings on an aircraft carrier of a twin-engined aircraft, an aircraft with a
3722:
1223:. He was pulled unconscious from the cockpit of the wrecked aircraft by his Saunders-Roe test pilot
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in the air defence of Great Britain. During this time, in mid-1944, Brown's home was destroyed by a
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1481:. ... It was always a thrill to me to meet and talk flying business with men like Geoffrey Tyson,
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In the 1960s, due to his considerable experience of carrier aviation, Brown, while working at the
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2018:
2013:
1897:, the name was given to Brown because of his short stature of 5 ft 7 in (1.70 m).
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on 25 March 1944; and the world's first carrier landing of a jet aircraft, landing the prototype
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Brown flight-tested all three of the German jet designs to see front-line action in the war: the
881:
On 4 April, Brown added another "first" to his logbook when engaged in trials in relation to the
747:
690:
689:, the heaviest aircraft yet flown from a British carrier. Brown landed one for the first time on
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On arrival, they found the American mechanics assembling the machines, and when Brown asked the
192:
4157:. Published by Penguin Michael Joseph (8 Jun 2023) in hardcover, paperback and Kindle editions.
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after a short illness. His funeral was a private ceremony at Surrey and Sussex Crematorium, in
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2127:. If the landings had been a failure, the squadrons would have had to be evacuated by carrier.
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on 3 December 1945. For this work with the Mosquito and the Vampire he was later appointed an
835:"for outstanding enterprise and skill in piloting aircraft during hazardous aircraft trials."
3984:
Aircraft Carriers: A History of Carrier Aviation and Its Influence on World Events: 1906–1945
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2050:
1745:
1416:
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on 4 April 1945; the first landing of a twin-engined aircraft on a carrier (the Mosquito) on
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Brown received the affectionate nickname "Winkle" from his Royal Navy colleagues. Short for
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It was around the same time that another British invention was being offered to the US, the
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Fluent in German, Brown helped interview many Germans after the Second World War, including
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On 3 December 1945, Brown became the first pilot to land on and take off (pictured) from an
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2042:"for outstanding enterprise and skill in piloting aircraft during hazardous flight trials."
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Operational once again in 1943, he went back to the Royal Aeronautical Establishment (RAE)
405:. During this visit he met and got to know Reitsch, whom he had also briefly met in 1936.
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1565:, Handel Davies, Dai Morris and P. A. Hufton, and the "boffinettes" like aerodynamicist
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1601:, first published in 1961 and considerably updated in later editions. Other books were
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1081:. However, he described the interviews as being minimal, due to the need to begin the
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In February 1945, Brown learned that the Aerodynamics Flight had been allocated three
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indicator light falsely showed the hook was in the "down" position, compounded by the
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1 January 1970 Captain Eric Melrose Brown, OBE, DSC, AFC, Royal Navy is appointed a
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In the meantime, Brown had been selected to take part as an exchange student at the
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1989:
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1465:, Brown records his admiration of a number of colleagues who deserve recognition:-
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onto the deck of a carrier in the Clyde. Almost immediately he was transferred to
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1 January 1949 Lieutenant Commander E. M. Brown, OBE, DSC, AFC is awarded at the
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In 1954, Brown, by then a Commander in the Royal Navy, became Commander (Air) of
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1211:, when he struck submerged debris, which resulted in the aircraft sinking in the
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2399:"Captain Eric 'Winkle' Brown, former test pilot: 'I was hanging on to my tummy'"
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region. Figures achieved by Brown and his colleagues during these tests reached
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From Nazi Test Pilot to Hitler's Bunker: The Fantastic Flights of Hanna Reitsch
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2141:
2038:
2 May 1944 Temporary Lieutenant (A) Eric Melrose Brown, DSC, RNVR is appointed
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takes place. In 2007 he was the recipient of their Lifetime Achievement Award.
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A-5 variant in British markings flown by Brown at Farnborough in September 1944
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formations, instead of requiring them to remain with the bombers at all times.
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missions permitting the fighters to fly up to 75–100 miles ahead of the bomber
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was 110 knots (200 km/h; 130 mph). He also flew several stints with
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was sought. While there he initially performed testing of the newly navalised
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after her July 1941 conversion to an escort carrier; Brown served on her with
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1994:
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1622:. Flight review highlights in this series have included the following types:
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1156:, after a crash in a similar aircraft while diving at speeds approaching the
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from then on, which was available in growing numbers by very early 1944; for
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2272:"Captain Eric "Winkle" Brown: Officer, Gentleman, Test Pilot Extraordinaire"
1956:
343:. He recalled the incident nearly 80 years later on the BBC radio programme
4055:
https://web.archive.org/web/20110110021804/http://www.theaviationindex.com/
2551:"Britain's Greatest Pilot: The Extraordinary Story of Captain Winkle Brown"
2304:"Paisley University Library Special Collections – Putnam Aeronautical 1997"
1824:
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3029:"Former BBC space correspondent Reg Turnill interviews Eric Brown in 2008"
2027:
10 March 1942 Temporary Sub-Lieutenant (A) Eric Melrose Brown RNVR of HMS
561:; the rest succumbed to the cold. Of the complement of 480, 407 survived.
4076:
1810:
1804:
Britain's Greatest Pilot: The Extraordinary Story of Captain Winkle Brown
1792:
1566:
1542:
1530:
1506:
1494:
1400:
1380:
In September 1967 came his last appointment in the Royal Navy when, as a
1344:
1327:
of the German Naval Staff. Training was conducted initially in the UK on
1197:
1193:
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1131:
897:
882:
765:
As a result of Doolittle's request, early in 1944 the P-38H Lightning, a
726:
701:
697:
648:
558:
369:
356:
4037:
Former BBC space correspondent Reg Turnill interviews Eric Brown in 2008
3552:"The British Interplanetary Society: Sir Arthur Clarke Awards 2005–2014"
287:
aircraft: glider, fighter, bomber, airliner, amphibian, flying boat and
3654:"BBC News – Desert Island Discs to feature war veteran on 3,000th show"
3467:
1840:
1760:
1570:
1529:
Brown goes on to mention the pilot of the first jet flight in Britain,
1514:
1359:
1358:
Later Brown enjoyed a brief three-month period as a test pilot for the
1320:
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820:
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288:
254:
250:
105:
4120:
Interview with Eric Brown, on 19 September 2012, to BAE Systems Warton
1850:
Mountbatten Lecture, entitled "Britain's Defence in the Near Future".
513:, converted and thus named in July 1941. He flew one of the carrier's
3491:
3479:
3455:
1078:
937:
722:
471:
460:
323:
3777:"Eric 'Winkle' Brown inspired young boy who called pilot his 'hero'"
2658:"Effect of the North American P-51 Mustang On the Air War in Europe"
2344:"Secret life of Eric 'Winkle' Brown: war hero's extraordinary story"
1942:
1935:
1152:
In 1949, he test flew a modified (strengthened and control-boosted)
417:
4007:
3409:
Wings on My Sleeve: The World'S Greatest Test Pilot Tells His Story
2889:
Wings on My Sleeve: The World'S Greatest Test Pilot Tells His Story
2158:
2148:; however the aircraft had been loaded aboard the carrier by crane.
2060:
6 June 1947 Lieutenant Commander Eric Brown OBE DSC is awarded the
1538:
675:
354:
shoulder-blades, and gave me the old WW1 fighter pilots' greeting,
3905:
Wings of the Navy: Flying Allied Carrier Aircraft of World War Two
3742:"Greatest pilot" war hero Captain Eric 'Winkle' Brown dies aged 97
257:
who flew 487 types of aircraft, more than anyone else in history.
4091:
Captain Eric Brown: Wedded to German Aviation for Better or Worse
3166:", Aeroplane, London, UK, Number 411, Volume 35, Number 7, p. 90.
1948:
1928:
1894:
1874:
1820:
1799:
1749:
1742:
1165:
1119:
1043:
1015:
1011:
918:
539:
3374:
Yuri Gagarin's meeting with test Pilot Eric Brown 13th July 1961
1919:
1054:
turbojet combat aircraft. He would later fly the He 162A at the
486:
until the carrier was torpedoed in the Atlantic in December 1941
3101:
3089:
2933:
1558:
1374:
1212:
554:
388:
Luftwaffe major general. He there saw the demonstration of the
4253:
Recipients of the Commendation for Valuable Service in the Air
4248:
Recipients of the Distinguished Service Cross (United Kingdom)
3606:"Eric 'Winkle' Brown: The man who seemed not to notice danger"
3544:
2774:
2187:"Eric 'Winkle' Brown: The man who seemed not to notice danger"
1809:
In November 2014, he was the guest for the 3,000th edition of
1561:
and boffinettes", which include the brilliant aerodynamicists
459:. After three days' incarceration, they escorted Brown in his
3327:
3325:
3260:
3258:
2706:
2704:
2374:
The War in the West: Volume 1: The Rise of Germany, 1939–1941
1666:, which Brown found (on initial models) somewhat underpowered
1644:, a prototype torpedo bomber (1947) which Brown did not enjoy
1279:, Brown was seconded as an exchange officer for two years to
1216:
1175:
980:
847:
815:
to make it more suitable for naval use. This resulted in the
553:. The first rescue ship left because of warnings of a nearby
769:-powered P-51B Mustang and P-47C Thunderbolt were dived for
490:
On returning to a United Kingdom then at war, he joined the
4153:
Winkle - The Extraordinary Life of Britain's Greatest Pilot
1352:
941:
high-temperature alloys for use in their construction, the
854:
794:
38:
3322:
3255:
2724:
2701:
4115:
article on Brown's deck-landing trials of the Sea Vampire
3755:"'World's greatest' aviator Eric Winkle Brown dies at 97"
2953:"British Rocketry Oral History Programme Conference 2004"
1877:, where mourners included the First Sea Lord Admiral Sir
1650:, which Brown found lacklustre and somewhat disappointing
1396:
1021:
Commenting to a newspaper in September 2015 he recalled,
732:
3290:
3278:
3179:. Daveg4otu.tripod.com. 25 November 2008. Archived from
3077:
3065:
2977:
2748:
2581:
Harrison, William A. (1998). "Fairey Firefly Variants".
2236:"Captain 'Winkle' Brown: Is he the greatest pilot ever?"
1227:, having been knocked out in the crash. He was promoted
4263:
Royal Naval Volunteer Reserve personnel of World War II
3924:
Duels in the Sky: World War II Naval Aircraft in Combat
3431:
3429:
2762:
2636:
2624:
1759:, but in particular, the Model E (F-86E) which had the
1469:
I was fortunate to have such fine C.O.s as Alan Hards,
2495:"CAPT ERIC BROWN 21 January 1919 – 21 February 2016".
2336:
2161:
made an arrested landing and a subsequent take-off on
1853:
In May 2015, Brown was awarded the Founder's Medal by
1335:, and during this time Brown was allocated a personal
3864:
2571:
Memories of a WWII Hero: Captain Brown's Story (film)
1203:
On 12 August 1949, he was testing the third of three
903:
4032:
Eric Brown, Interviewed on BBC Radio 4's iPM program
3426:
3059:"How A Nazi Rocket Could Have Put A Briton In Space"
3018:
by Emerson Thomas McMullen, retrieved 8 January 2010
1298:
while the ship was still tied up to the dock at the
1000:
rocket fighter. That Komet is now on display at the
3525:
2068:
King's Commendation for Valuable Service in the Air
700:(159 km/h; 99 mph), while the aircraft's
283:Brown flew almost every category of Royal Navy and
249:(21 January 1920 – 21 February 2016) was a British
168:
King's Commendation for Valuable Service in the Air
4243:Recipients of the Air Force Cross (United Kingdom)
3978:
3940:
3628:"Desert Island Discs: Captain Eric 'Winkle' Brown"
3497:
3485:
3461:
3437:"Eric Brown references, articles and publications"
2589:. Westport, Connecticut: AIRTime Publishing: 113.
2210:
1798:In June 2014, he was the subject of the hour-long
1111:to become the first man to exceed Mach 1 in 1947.
314:Brown's adoptive father later took him to see the
3156:
2427:
2425:
2423:
2421:
1748:' really, I always described it as like flying a
1557:, followed by the names of what he describes as "
948:During this period, Brown was asked by Brigadier
4189:
2835:"Royal Navy's most-decorated pilot dies aged 97"
2328:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
2140:had been flown off a carrier earlier during the
992:After the Second World War‚ Brown commanded the
4051:List of Articles and publications by Eric Brown
4003:The Daily Telegraph Book of Military Obituaries
3744:, crawleynews.co.uk; accessed 24 February 2016.
3399:
2791:
2789:
2377:. Grove/Atlantic, Incorporated. pp. 75–9.
2079:3 July 2018 – statue of Eric Brown unveiled at
1857:. This was presented to him by the patron, the
1737:My favourite in the piston engine (era) is the
528:aircraft, using head-on attacks to exploit the
436:Eric “Winkle” Brown’s Biography And Interviews)
3959:
3883:
3704:. Edinburghnews.scotsman.com. 25 February 2015
3296:
3284:
3107:
3095:
3083:
3071:
2983:
2939:
2858:
2780:
2768:
2754:
2742:
2730:
2642:
2630:
2574:
2418:
1780:(BROHP), where the annual presentation of the
1377:, although the project was cancelled in 1966.
1085:, and limited to matters related to aviation.
455:". Soon afterwards, Brown was arrested by the
4228:Commanders of the Order of the British Empire
3902:
3732:, airleague.co.uk; accessed 24 February 2016.
2879:
2488:
2363:
2361:
2359:
2357:
1755:On the jet side I was a great admirer of the
1429:List of aircraft flown by Eric "Winkle" Brown
874:in charge about himself and Martindale being
587:(RCAF) squadrons flying escort operations to
4071:of test pilot Eric "Winkle" Brown landing a
3921:
3361:(Supplement). 23 January 1970. p. 1049.
2786:
2306:. Archived from the original on 4 March 2009
2074:Commander of the Order of the British Empire
1413:Commander of the Order of the British Empire
1207:jet-powered flying-boat fighter prototypes,
322:had recently announced the existence of the
156:Commander of the Order of the British Empire
3819:(Supplement). 31 December 1948. p. 32.
2945:
2545:
2543:
2541:
2277:. The Helicopter Foundation. Archived from
3412:. Orion Publishing Group. pp. 204–5.
3341:(Supplement). 30 December 1969. p. 5.
2906:
2885:
2354:
2206:
2204:
2047:Officer of the Order of the British Empire
1281:Naval Air Station Patuxent River, Maryland
1270:Officer of the Order of the British Empire
1118:had proceeded with Ralph Smith's V2-based
811:when asked to suggest improvements to the
579:, Brown resumed operational flying, being
31:
4238:Fellows of the Royal Aeronautical Society
3702:"Legendary test pilot fears new cold war"
3318:(Supplement). 11 July 1969. p. 7283.
2832:
2534:(Supplement). 6 March 1942. p. 1106.
2040:Member of the Order of the British Empire
1846:On 24 February 2015, Brown delivered the
1733:As regards his preferences Brown states:
1316:, was ready less than nine months later.
1182:possibly due to the violent oscillation.
1092:personal aircraft, a specially converted
1004:east of Edinburgh in the United Kingdom.
833:Member of the Order of the British Empire
807:during a flight and had subsequently met
16:Royal Navy test pilot, author (1920–2016)
3809:
3803:
3799:(Supplement). 6 June 1947. p. 2603.
3789:
3351:
3331:
3308:
3264:
3241:
3221:
3201:
3142:
2852:
2710:
2538:
2524:
2123:The training was in preparation for the
1136:
979:
913:; among the targets for the RAE was the
855:Brown's first encounter with helicopters
837:
795:Brown's first encounters with jet flight
470:
191:
4283:Fleet Air Arm personnel of World War II
4164:Professional and academic associations
4135:Imperial War Museum Interview from 1992
4130:Imperial War Museum Interview from 1991
2892:. Orion Publishing Group. p. 143.
2865:. MBI Publishing Company. p. 157.
2444:
2367:
2201:
1778:British Rocketry Oral History Programme
1403:, until March 1970. He was appointed a
717:, would be dived at speeds of the high
4190:
4064:at the Fleet Air Arm Museum, Yeovilton
3439:. Theaviationindex.com. Archived from
2912:
2802:. Gapan.org. June 2009. Archived from
2520:
2518:
2213:"First landing on an aircraft carrier"
733:Assisting the USAAF's Eighth Air Force
600:he joined them on fighter operations.
4268:20th-century Scottish autobiographers
4208:Alumni of the University of Edinburgh
3842:
3405:
2958:. Blackknights.org.uk. Archived from
2833:Rawlinson, Kevin (21 February 2016).
2233:
2184:
2053:) and a pure jet-propelled aircraft (
1900:
952:, the Medical Officer of the British
364:During the Olympics, Brown witnessed
3152:. 26 April 1949. pp. 2052–2053.
3125:Air Britain (Historians) Ltd (1984)
2613:Seaforth Publishing, Barnsley 2009,
2466:
1881:and other military representatives.
1787:Brown lived, in semi-retirement, at
1581:(head of the women's section of the
1501:... They were men of great dash ...
542:and sunk on 21 December 1941 by the
4293:People with cervical spine fracture
4258:Royal Navy officers of World War II
4006:. Vol. 3. 2016. Archived from
3783:
2859:Robert F. Dorr (15 November 2013).
2580:
2515:
2269:
746:had been having trouble when their
339:, he was soon flying in a two-seat
13:
4288:People from Copthorne, West Sussex
4146:Facts about Eric Brown at key.aero
3886:Wings of the Weird & Wonderful
3867:Wings of the Weird & Wonderful
3848:The Helicopter in Civil Operations
3829:Edinburgh Evening News 3 July 2018
3757:. Edinburgh News. 21 February 2016
3723:Eric Brown awarded Founder's Medal
2916:Hans Von Ohain: Elegance in Flight
975:
803:after diverting in bad weather to
466:
416:
14:
4304:
4042:sale description of Brown's book
4025:
3406:Brown, Eric (18 September 2008).
3274:. 15 February 1946. p. 1017.
2499:. No. April 2016. Stamford:
2033:Distinguished Service Cross (DSC)
1772:Brown served as president of the
502:, initially serving on the first
4044:Wings of the Weird and Wonderful
2886:Eric Brown (18 September 2008).
2185:Jones, Luke (14 November 2014).
1955:
1947:
1941:
1934:
1927:
1918:
1913:
1908:
1861:at the annual reception held at
1607:Wings of the Weird and Wonderful
958:Bergen-Belsen concentration camp
846:of the type flown by Brown from
742:with a request for help, as the
430:
399:before a small crowd inside the
4233:British aviation record holders
4019:. 23 February 2016. p. 25.
4015:"Captain Eric 'Winkle' Brown".
3823:
3769:
3747:
3735:
3716:
3694:
3680:"Mountbatten Lecture goes live"
3672:
3646:
3620:
3598:
3576:
3503:
3387:
3365:
3345:
3302:
3251:. 10 January 1961. p. 200.
3235:
3231:. 15 January 1954. p. 378.
3215:
3195:
3169:
3136:
3123:Squadrons of the Fleet Air Arm.
3115:
3051:
3021:
2989:
2736:
2675:
2650:
2603:
2565:
2405:, BBC Radio 4, 14 November 2014
2151:
2130:
2117:
1411:on 7 July 1969 and appointed a
1351:squadrons were integrated into
1196:for his work in trials for the
1192:In 1948, Brown was awarded the
4109:"Deck-landing the Sea Vampire"
3560:. 5 April 2013. Archived from
3557:British Interplanetary Society
2720:. 28 April 1944. p. 2009.
2611:A Century of Carrier Aviation.
2409:
2391:
2296:
2227:
2178:
1533:, then the aircraft designers
1436:Guinness Book of World Records
956:occupying the newly liberated
674:on 9 September 1943, when the
517:. During his service on board
498:pilot, where he was posted to
280:, and a rotary-wing aircraft.
1:
4140:Mountbatten lecture goes live
3964:. Weidenfeld & Nicolson.
3835:
3608:. Bbc.co.uk. 14 November 2014
2454:. Royal Navy Research Archive
2234:Ailes, Emma (23 April 2013).
2163:French aircraft carrier Béarn
2099:Air Fighting Development Unit
1767:
861:Sikorsky R-4B Hoverfly/Gadfly
532:in their defensive armament.
379:in Edinburgh and entered the
298:
4273:Scottish non-fiction writers
2999:, Praeger Publishers, 1997.
2138:North American B-25 Mitchell
1987:
1966:
1841:Artie Shaw and His Orchestra
641:Royal Aircraft Establishment
492:Royal Navy Volunteer Reserve
7:
4213:British World War II pilots
3211:. 1 May 1951. p. 2460.
2452:"A History of HMS AUDACITY"
2087:
1978:Distinguished Service Cross
1969:Order of the British Empire
1884:
1795:at his home in April 2013.
1287:to the Americans, flying a
756:North American P-51 Mustang
592:Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress
566:Distinguished Service Cross
223:Eric Melrose "Winkle" Brown
160:Distinguished Service Cross
10:
4309:
4175:Royal Aeronautical Society
3586:. Bbc.co.uk. 20 April 2013
2215:. Guinnessworldrecords.com
1833:Royal Scots Dragoon Guards
1774:Royal Aeronautical Society
1456:
1426:
1422:
1261:on the Royal Navy carrier
1162:Geoffrey de Havilland, Jr.
998:Messerschmitt Me 163 Komet
936:twelve Ar 234s across the
867:to collect two new R-4Bs.
647:, where his experience in
4181:
4171:
4168:
4163:
3907:. Naval Institute Press.
3850:. Van Nostrand Reinhold.
3682:. Ed.ac.uk. 13 April 2015
3422:– via Google Books.
2913:Conner, Margaret (2001).
1976:
1907:
1395:(from 1972 back with the
1002:National Museum of Flight
781:Doolittle's eventual move
752:Republic P-47 Thunderbolt
687:de Havilland Sea Mosquito
429:
415:
410:
173:
151:
129:
119:
111:
99:
91:
74:
54:
46:
30:
23:
3888:. Vol. 2. Airlife.
3869:. Vol. 1. Airlife.
2919:. AIAA. pp. 140–1.
2211:Guinness World Records.
2105:
1782:Sir Arthur Clarke Awards
1592:
1577:(aircraft engineer) and
1275:In the 1950s during the
1246:) on the trials carrier
1235:on 31 December 1953 and
1094:Focke-Wulf Fw 200 Condor
904:The RAE's "Enemy Flight"
639:Brown was posted to the
613:flying the experimental
611:Roy Sydney Baker-Falkner
585:Royal Canadian Air Force
523:Focke-Wulf Fw 200 Condor
453:our countries are at war
375:In 1937, Brown left the
206:de Havilland Sea Vampire
3982:; Minoru Genda (2006).
3960:—— (2006).
3941:—— (2002).
3922:—— (1989).
3903:—— (1987).
3884:—— (1985).
3865:—— (1983).
3728:22 October 2016 at the
3177:"Isle of Wight Crashes"
1848:University of Edinburgh
1583:Air Transport Auxiliary
1573:(structural engineer),
1393:Royal Naval Air Station
1300:Philadelphia Naval Yard
748:Lockheed P-38 Lightning
381:University of Edinburgh
4218:Fleet Air Arm aviators
3943:Wings of the Luftwaffe
3498:Wings of the Luftwaffe
3486:Wings of the Luftwaffe
3474:Wings of the Luftwaffe
3462:Wings of the Luftwaffe
1825:Glenn Miller Orchestra
1789:Copthorne, West Sussex
1765:
1603:Wings of the Luftwaffe
1527:
1149:
1038:and the Arado Ar 234B
1028:
1018:oxidizer combination.
989:
851:
850:to Farnborough in 1945
819:being selected as the
575:Following the loss of
544:German submarine
500:802 Naval Air Squadron
487:
421:
362:
274:tricycle undercarriage
216:
144:Battle of the Atlantic
37:Brown as a lieutenant
4102:13 April 2011 at the
3511:"Eric "Winkle" Brown"
2995:Piszkiewicz, Dennis,
2019:Mention in Despatches
1835:. His favourite was "
1735:
1467:
1417:1970 New Year Honours
1384:, he took command of
1239:on 31 December 1960.
1140:
1023:
994:Enemy Aircraft Flight
983:
883:flexible deck concept
841:
621:to evaluate captured
474:
420:
351:
195:
112:Years of service
4278:Scottish test pilots
4075:on the experimental
3540:: 1384. 21 May 1983.
3537:Flight International
3014:2 March 2012 at the
2683:"James H. Doolittle"
2438:24 July 2011 at the
2007:for Valuable Service
1867:East Surrey Hospital
1715:Messerschmitt Me 262
1706:Messerschmitt Me 163
1700:Messerschmitt Bf 109
1675:Hawker Sea Hurricane
1256:de Havilland Vampire
1229:lieutenant commander
1056:Farnborough Air Show
1032:Messerschmitt Me 262
776:Messerschmitt Bf 109
760:difficult to control
715:Supermarine Spitfire
608:Lieutenant Commander
445:Schule Schloss Salem
4017:The Daily Telegraph
4010:on 13 October 2005.
3584:"BBC Radio 4 – iPM"
3564:on 20 February 2016
3183:on 5 September 2010
2403:Desert Island Discs
2371:(14 October 2015).
2238:. BBC News Scotland
2189:. BBC News Magazine
2094:No. 1426 Flight RAF
2014:War Medal 1939–1945
2005:King's Commendation
1816:Desert Island Discs
1739:de Havilland Hornet
1694:Supermarine Seafire
1660:Grumman F9F Panther
1248:HMS Pretoria Castle
1205:Saunders-Roe SR.A/1
1154:de Havilland DH.108
1071:Willy Messerschmitt
568:for his service on
424:Eric “Winkle” Brown
368:shaking hands with
357:Hals- und Beinbruch
346:Desert Island Discs
180:Aviation consultant
4182:Succeeded by
3962:Wings on my Sleeve
3816:The London Gazette
3796:The London Gazette
3476:, pp. 167–176
3394:Wings on My Sleeve
3358:The London Gazette
3338:The London Gazette
3315:The London Gazette
3297:Wings on my Sleeve
3285:Wings on my Sleeve
3271:The London Gazette
3248:The London Gazette
3228:The London Gazette
3208:The London Gazette
3149:The London Gazette
3109:Wings on my Sleeve
3096:Wings on my Sleeve
3084:Wings on my Sleeve
3072:Wings on my Sleeve
2984:Wings on my Sleeve
2965:on 20 October 2013
2940:Wings on my Sleeve
2781:Wings on my Sleeve
2769:Wings on my Sleeve
2756:Wings on my Sleeve
2743:Wings on my Sleeve
2731:Wings on my Sleeve
2717:The London Gazette
2644:Wings on my Sleeve
2631:Wings on my Sleeve
2531:The London Gazette
2503:. pp. 28–32.
2434:, afresearch.org
1901:Honours and awards
1664:Grumman F-9 Cougar
1599:Wings on My Sleeve
1463:Wings on My Sleeve
1409:Queen Elizabeth II
1405:naval aide de camp
1307:angled flight deck
1150:
1116:Ministry of Supply
990:
876:taught to fly them
852:
842:A Royal Air Force
488:
447:, on the banks of
422:
309:Royal Flying Corps
303:Brown was born in
217:
4223:People from Leith
4186:
4185:
4173:President of the
4169:Preceded by
3993:978-1-57488-663-4
3971:978-0-297-84565-2
3952:978-1-85310-413-8
3914:978-0-87021-995-5
3857:978-0-24611-221-7
3660:. 7 November 2014
3419:978-0-297-85690-0
3005:978-0-275-95456-7
2926:978-1-56347-520-7
2899:978-0-297-85690-0
2872:978-1-61058-847-8
2662:www.combatsim.com
2619:978-1-84832-019-2
2384:978-0-8021-9090-1
2270:Pociask, Martin.
2081:Edinburgh Airport
2024:
2023:
1971:Military Division
1963:
1962:
1863:St James's Palace
1859:Duke of Edinburgh
1654:Focke-Wulf Fw 190
1619:Air International
1537:(designer of the
1337:Percival Pembroke
1252:HMS Indefatigable
1231:on 1 April 1951,
1063:Wernher von Braun
667:, on the deck of
634:Focke-Wulf Fw 190
624:Regia Aeronautica
521:he shot down two
441:
440:
377:Royal High School
204:, when he flew a
190:
189:
70:, London, England
4300:
4161:
4160:
4121:
4060:The Sea Vampire
4020:
4011:
3997:
3975:
3956:
3937:
3918:
3899:
3880:
3861:
3830:
3827:
3821:
3820:
3807:
3801:
3800:
3787:
3781:
3780:
3779:. 21 March 2016.
3773:
3767:
3766:
3764:
3762:
3751:
3745:
3739:
3733:
3720:
3714:
3713:
3711:
3709:
3698:
3692:
3691:
3689:
3687:
3676:
3670:
3669:
3667:
3665:
3650:
3644:
3643:
3641:
3639:
3624:
3618:
3617:
3615:
3613:
3602:
3596:
3595:
3593:
3591:
3580:
3574:
3573:
3571:
3569:
3548:
3542:
3541:
3529:
3523:
3522:
3520:
3518:
3507:
3501:
3500:, pp. 46–57
3495:
3489:
3488:, pp. 58–68
3483:
3477:
3471:
3465:
3464:, pp. 78–91
3459:
3453:
3452:
3450:
3448:
3433:
3424:
3423:
3403:
3397:
3391:
3385:
3384:
3383:
3381:
3369:
3363:
3362:
3349:
3343:
3342:
3329:
3320:
3319:
3306:
3300:
3294:
3288:
3282:
3276:
3275:
3262:
3253:
3252:
3239:
3233:
3232:
3219:
3213:
3212:
3199:
3193:
3192:
3190:
3188:
3173:
3167:
3160:
3154:
3153:
3140:
3134:
3119:
3113:
3105:
3099:
3093:
3087:
3081:
3075:
3069:
3063:
3062:
3055:
3049:
3048:
3046:
3044:
3035:. Archived from
3025:
3019:
2993:
2987:
2981:
2975:
2974:
2972:
2970:
2964:
2957:
2949:
2943:
2937:
2931:
2930:
2910:
2904:
2903:
2883:
2877:
2876:
2856:
2850:
2849:
2847:
2845:
2830:
2819:
2818:
2816:
2814:
2808:
2801:
2793:
2784:
2778:
2772:
2766:
2760:
2752:
2746:
2740:
2734:
2728:
2722:
2721:
2708:
2699:
2698:
2696:
2694:
2689:. 21 August 2018
2679:
2673:
2672:
2670:
2668:
2654:
2648:
2640:
2634:
2628:
2622:
2607:
2601:
2600:
2578:
2572:
2569:
2563:
2562:
2560:
2558:
2547:
2536:
2535:
2522:
2513:
2512:
2492:
2486:
2485:
2483:
2481:
2470:
2464:
2463:
2461:
2459:
2448:
2442:
2429:
2416:
2413:
2407:
2406:
2395:
2389:
2388:
2365:
2352:
2351:
2340:
2334:
2333:
2327:
2319:
2313:
2311:
2300:
2294:
2293:
2291:
2289:
2284:on 23 April 2019
2283:
2276:
2267:
2248:
2247:
2245:
2243:
2231:
2225:
2224:
2222:
2220:
2208:
2199:
2198:
2196:
2194:
2182:
2166:
2155:
2149:
2134:
2128:
2125:Salerno landings
2121:
1965:
1964:
1959:
1952:
1951:
1945:
1938:
1931:
1922:
1917:
1912:
1905:
1904:
1879:George Zambellas
1696:, various marks.
1648:Fairey Barracuda
1642:Fairey Spearfish
1632:Fairey Swordfish
1339:aircraft by the
1329:Hawker Sea Hawks
1291:off the carrier
1088:Brown was using
1083:Nuremberg trials
972:for war crimes.
970:tried and hanged
943:Junkers Jumo 004
911:northern Germany
615:Fairey Barracuda
605:
515:Grumman Martlets
475:A 1941 image of
434:
433:
408:
407:
402:Deutschlandhalle
390:Focke-Wulf Fw 61
385:modern languages
293:Second World War
266:aircraft carrier
244:
239:
232:
198:aircraft carrier
134:Second World War
101:
81:
78:21 February 2016
64:
62:
35:
21:
20:
4308:
4307:
4303:
4302:
4301:
4299:
4298:
4297:
4188:
4187:
4178:
4119:
4104:Wayback Machine
4028:
4023:
4014:
4000:
3994:
3972:
3953:
3934:
3915:
3896:
3877:
3858:
3838:
3833:
3828:
3824:
3808:
3804:
3788:
3784:
3775:
3774:
3770:
3760:
3758:
3753:
3752:
3748:
3740:
3736:
3730:Wayback Machine
3721:
3717:
3707:
3705:
3700:
3699:
3695:
3685:
3683:
3678:
3677:
3673:
3663:
3661:
3652:
3651:
3647:
3637:
3635:
3626:
3625:
3621:
3611:
3609:
3604:
3603:
3599:
3589:
3587:
3582:
3581:
3577:
3567:
3565:
3550:
3549:
3545:
3531:
3530:
3526:
3516:
3514:
3509:
3508:
3504:
3496:
3492:
3484:
3480:
3472:
3468:
3460:
3456:
3446:
3444:
3435:
3434:
3427:
3420:
3404:
3400:
3396:page 157 et seq
3392:
3388:
3379:
3377:
3371:
3370:
3366:
3350:
3346:
3330:
3323:
3307:
3303:
3295:
3291:
3283:
3279:
3263:
3256:
3240:
3236:
3220:
3216:
3200:
3196:
3186:
3184:
3175:
3174:
3170:
3161:
3157:
3141:
3137:
3121:Ray Sturtivant
3120:
3116:
3106:
3102:
3094:
3090:
3082:
3078:
3070:
3066:
3057:
3056:
3052:
3042:
3040:
3039:on 24 July 2011
3027:
3026:
3022:
3016:Wayback Machine
2994:
2990:
2982:
2978:
2968:
2966:
2962:
2955:
2951:
2950:
2946:
2938:
2934:
2927:
2911:
2907:
2900:
2884:
2880:
2873:
2857:
2853:
2843:
2841:
2831:
2822:
2812:
2810:
2809:on 2 April 2012
2806:
2799:
2795:
2794:
2787:
2779:
2775:
2767:
2763:
2753:
2749:
2741:
2737:
2729:
2725:
2709:
2702:
2692:
2690:
2681:
2680:
2676:
2666:
2664:
2656:
2655:
2651:
2641:
2637:
2629:
2625:
2608:
2604:
2597:
2579:
2575:
2570:
2566:
2556:
2554:
2549:
2548:
2539:
2523:
2516:
2494:
2493:
2489:
2479:
2477:
2472:
2471:
2467:
2457:
2455:
2450:
2449:
2445:
2440:Wayback Machine
2430:
2419:
2414:
2410:
2397:
2396:
2392:
2385:
2366:
2355:
2350:. 10 June 2023.
2348:Herald Scotland
2342:
2341:
2337:
2321:
2320:
2309:
2307:
2302:
2301:
2297:
2287:
2285:
2281:
2274:
2268:
2251:
2241:
2239:
2232:
2228:
2218:
2216:
2209:
2202:
2192:
2190:
2183:
2179:
2170:
2169:
2156:
2152:
2146:James Doolittle
2142:attack on Tokyo
2135:
2131:
2122:
2118:
2108:
2090:
2062:Air Force Cross
2031:is awarded the
2016:
2008:
2006:
2002:
1983:Air Force Cross
1973:
1970:
1946:
1903:
1887:
1871:Redhill, Surrey
1770:
1724:Heinkel He 177
1670:Hawker Sea Fury
1656:A and D Series.
1595:
1513:of Comet fame,
1511:John Cunningham
1459:
1431:
1425:
1289:Grumman Panther
1141:The high-speed
1105:all moving tail
978:
976:Post-war career
906:
889:Pretoria Castle
872:master sergeant
857:
801:Gloster E.28/39
797:
771:compressibility
740:Jimmy Doolittle
735:
710:V-1 "Doodlebug"
706:Fighter Command
671:Pretoria Castle
603:
549:, commanded by
526:maritime patrol
469:
467:Wartime service
431:
425:
411:External videos
341:Bücker Jungmann
332:First World War
301:
285:Royal Air Force
260:Brown held the
237:
230:
226:
186:
174:Other work
166:
164:Air Force Cross
162:
158:
85:Redhill, Surrey
83:
79:
66:
65:21 January 1920
60:
58:
42:
26:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4306:
4296:
4295:
4290:
4285:
4280:
4275:
4270:
4265:
4260:
4255:
4250:
4245:
4240:
4235:
4230:
4225:
4220:
4215:
4210:
4205:
4200:
4184:
4183:
4180:
4170:
4166:
4165:
4159:
4158:
4155:by Paul Beaver
4143:
4142:
4137:
4132:
4127:
4116:
4106:
4094:
4087:
4066:
4057:
4048:
4039:
4034:
4027:
4026:External links
4024:
4022:
4021:
4012:
3998:
3992:
3980:Polmar, Norman
3976:
3970:
3957:
3951:
3938:
3932:
3919:
3913:
3900:
3894:
3881:
3875:
3862:
3856:
3839:
3837:
3834:
3832:
3831:
3822:
3802:
3782:
3768:
3746:
3734:
3715:
3693:
3671:
3645:
3619:
3597:
3575:
3543:
3524:
3502:
3490:
3478:
3466:
3454:
3443:on 9 June 2011
3425:
3418:
3398:
3386:
3364:
3344:
3321:
3301:
3289:
3277:
3254:
3234:
3214:
3194:
3168:
3162:Hooks, Mike, "
3155:
3135:
3114:
3100:
3088:
3076:
3064:
3050:
3020:
2988:
2976:
2944:
2932:
2925:
2905:
2898:
2878:
2871:
2851:
2820:
2785:
2773:
2761:
2747:
2735:
2723:
2700:
2674:
2649:
2635:
2623:
2602:
2595:
2573:
2564:
2537:
2514:
2501:Key Publishing
2487:
2465:
2443:
2417:
2408:
2390:
2383:
2369:Holland, James
2353:
2335:
2295:
2249:
2226:
2200:
2176:
2175:
2174:
2168:
2167:
2165:in March 1936.
2150:
2129:
2115:
2114:
2113:
2112:
2107:
2104:
2103:
2102:
2096:
2089:
2086:
2085:
2084:
2077:
2070:
2064:
2058:
2043:
2036:
2022:
2021:
2011:
1997:
1992:
1986:
1985:
1980:
1975:
1961:
1960:
1953:
1939:
1932:
1924:
1923:
1902:
1899:
1886:
1883:
1855:the Air League
1769:
1766:
1731:
1730:
1721:
1712:
1703:
1697:
1691:
1682:
1680:Heinkel He 111
1677:
1672:
1667:
1657:
1651:
1645:
1639:
1634:
1629:
1627:Dornier Do 217
1594:
1591:
1575:Dorothy Pearse
1535:R. J. Mitchell
1523:Roland Beamont
1483:Harald Penrose
1458:
1455:
1427:Main article:
1424:
1421:
1333:Fairey Gannets
1325:Gerhard Wagner
1285:steam catapult
1225:Geoffrey Tyson
1067:Hermann Göring
1048:Heinkel He 162
986:Heinkel He 177
977:
974:
905:
902:
894:Bell Airacobra
856:
853:
817:Gloster Meteor
796:
793:
767:Packard Merlin
734:
731:
661:Fairey Firefly
619:Southern Italy
551:Gerhard Bigalk
504:escort carrier
468:
465:
449:Lake Constance
439:
438:
427:
426:
423:
413:
412:
320:Hermann Göring
300:
297:
270:naval aviation
188:
187:
185:
184:
181:
177:
175:
171:
170:
153:
149:
148:
147:
146:
141:
131:
127:
126:
121:
117:
116:
113:
109:
108:
103:
97:
96:
95:United Kingdom
93:
89:
88:
82:(aged 96)
76:
72:
71:
56:
52:
51:
48:
44:
43:
36:
28:
27:
24:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4305:
4294:
4291:
4289:
4286:
4284:
4281:
4279:
4276:
4274:
4271:
4269:
4266:
4264:
4261:
4259:
4256:
4254:
4251:
4249:
4246:
4244:
4241:
4239:
4236:
4234:
4231:
4229:
4226:
4224:
4221:
4219:
4216:
4214:
4211:
4209:
4206:
4204:
4201:
4199:
4196:
4195:
4193:
4177:
4176:
4167:
4162:
4156:
4154:
4150:
4149:
4148:
4147:
4141:
4138:
4136:
4133:
4131:
4128:
4126:
4122:
4117:
4114:
4110:
4107:
4105:
4101:
4098:
4095:
4093:
4092:
4088:
4085:
4084:
4078:
4074:
4070:
4067:
4065:
4063:
4058:
4056:
4052:
4049:
4047:
4046:(paras 63/65)
4045:
4040:
4038:
4035:
4033:
4030:
4029:
4018:
4013:
4009:
4005:
4004:
3999:
3995:
3989:
3985:
3981:
3977:
3973:
3967:
3963:
3958:
3954:
3948:
3944:
3939:
3935:
3933:1-85310-046-3
3929:
3925:
3920:
3916:
3910:
3906:
3901:
3897:
3895:0-906393-44-2
3891:
3887:
3882:
3878:
3876:0-906393-30-2
3872:
3868:
3863:
3859:
3853:
3849:
3845:
3841:
3840:
3826:
3818:
3817:
3812:
3806:
3798:
3797:
3792:
3786:
3778:
3772:
3756:
3750:
3743:
3738:
3731:
3727:
3724:
3719:
3703:
3697:
3681:
3675:
3659:
3655:
3649:
3633:
3632:www.bbc.co.uk
3629:
3623:
3607:
3601:
3585:
3579:
3563:
3559:
3558:
3553:
3547:
3539:
3538:
3534:
3533:"Briefing..."
3528:
3512:
3506:
3499:
3494:
3487:
3482:
3475:
3470:
3463:
3458:
3442:
3438:
3432:
3430:
3421:
3415:
3411:
3410:
3402:
3395:
3390:
3376:
3375:
3368:
3360:
3359:
3354:
3348:
3340:
3339:
3334:
3328:
3326:
3317:
3316:
3311:
3305:
3298:
3293:
3286:
3281:
3273:
3272:
3267:
3261:
3259:
3250:
3249:
3244:
3238:
3230:
3229:
3224:
3218:
3210:
3209:
3204:
3198:
3182:
3178:
3172:
3165:
3159:
3151:
3150:
3145:
3139:
3132:
3131:0-85130-120-7
3128:
3124:
3118:
3111:
3110:
3104:
3098:, p. 184
3097:
3092:
3085:
3080:
3073:
3068:
3060:
3054:
3038:
3034:
3030:
3024:
3017:
3013:
3010:
3006:
3002:
2998:
2992:
2985:
2980:
2961:
2954:
2948:
2942:, p. 110
2941:
2936:
2928:
2922:
2918:
2917:
2909:
2901:
2895:
2891:
2890:
2882:
2874:
2868:
2864:
2863:
2855:
2840:
2836:
2829:
2827:
2825:
2805:
2798:
2792:
2790:
2782:
2777:
2770:
2765:
2758:
2757:
2751:
2744:
2739:
2733:p. 91–92
2732:
2727:
2719:
2718:
2713:
2707:
2705:
2688:
2684:
2678:
2663:
2659:
2653:
2646:
2645:
2639:
2632:
2627:
2620:
2616:
2612:
2609:David Hobbs:
2606:
2598:
2596:1-880588-23-4
2592:
2588:
2584:
2583:Wings of Fame
2577:
2568:
2552:
2546:
2544:
2542:
2533:
2532:
2527:
2521:
2519:
2510:
2506:
2502:
2498:
2491:
2475:
2469:
2453:
2447:
2441:
2437:
2433:
2428:
2426:
2424:
2422:
2412:
2404:
2400:
2394:
2386:
2380:
2376:
2375:
2370:
2364:
2362:
2360:
2358:
2349:
2345:
2339:
2331:
2325:
2318:
2305:
2299:
2280:
2273:
2266:
2264:
2262:
2260:
2258:
2256:
2254:
2237:
2230:
2214:
2207:
2205:
2188:
2181:
2177:
2172:
2171:
2164:
2160:
2154:
2147:
2143:
2139:
2133:
2126:
2120:
2116:
2110:
2109:
2100:
2097:
2095:
2092:
2091:
2082:
2078:
2075:
2071:
2069:
2065:
2063:
2059:
2056:
2052:
2048:
2044:
2041:
2037:
2034:
2030:
2026:
2025:
2020:
2015:
2012:
2010:
2001:
2000:Defence Medal
1998:
1996:
1995:Atlantic Star
1993:
1991:
1988:
1984:
1981:
1979:
1972:
1967:
1958:
1954:
1950:
1944:
1940:
1937:
1933:
1930:
1926:
1925:
1921:
1916:
1911:
1906:
1898:
1896:
1892:
1882:
1880:
1876:
1872:
1868:
1864:
1860:
1856:
1851:
1849:
1844:
1842:
1838:
1834:
1830:
1829:Amazing Grace
1826:
1822:
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1685:Junkers Ju 87
1683:
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1637:Fairey Fulmar
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1579:Pauline Gower
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1563:Morien Morgan
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1487:Jeffrey Quill
1484:
1480:
1479:Allen Wheeler
1476:
1475:Silyn Roberts
1472:
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1349:Marineflieger
1346:
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1338:
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1234:
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1221:Isle of Wight
1218:
1214:
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1199:
1195:
1190:
1188:
1183:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1170:
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1159:
1158:sound barrier
1155:
1147:
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1128:
1123:
1121:
1117:
1112:
1110:
1106:
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1080:
1076:
1075:Ernst Heinkel
1072:
1068:
1064:
1059:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1027:
1022:
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1013:
1010:
1005:
1003:
999:
995:
987:
984:The captured
982:
973:
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967:
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946:
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834:
829:
826:
822:
818:
814:
810:
809:Frank Whittle
806:
802:
792:
790:
786:
785:air supremacy
782:
777:
772:
768:
763:
761:
757:
753:
749:
745:
744:8th Air Force
741:
730:
728:
724:
720:
716:
711:
707:
703:
699:
695:
694:
693:Indefatigable
688:
683:
681:
677:
676:arrestor hook
673:
672:
666:
662:
658:
654:
653:Sea Hurricane
650:
649:deck landings
646:
642:
637:
635:
630:
626:
625:
620:
616:
612:
609:
601:
599:
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541:
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531:
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511:
505:
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497:
496:Fleet Air Arm
493:
485:
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473:
464:
462:
458:
454:
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446:
437:
428:
419:
414:
409:
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398:
397:Hanna Reitsch
394:
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371:
367:
361:
359:
358:
350:
348:
347:
342:
338:
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329:
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321:
317:
316:1936 Olympics
312:
310:
306:
296:
294:
291:. During the
290:
286:
281:
279:
275:
271:
267:
264:for the most
263:
258:
256:
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182:
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139:Channel Front
137:
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90:
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57:
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29:
22:
19:
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4112:
4090:
4082:
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4016:
4008:the original
4002:
3983:
3961:
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3923:
3904:
3885:
3866:
3847:
3843:
3825:
3814:
3805:
3794:
3785:
3771:
3759:. Retrieved
3749:
3737:
3718:
3706:. Retrieved
3696:
3684:. Retrieved
3674:
3662:. Retrieved
3657:
3648:
3638:12 September
3636:. Retrieved
3631:
3622:
3610:. Retrieved
3600:
3588:. Retrieved
3578:
3566:. Retrieved
3562:the original
3555:
3546:
3535:
3527:
3515:. Retrieved
3505:
3493:
3481:
3473:
3469:
3457:
3445:. Retrieved
3441:the original
3408:
3401:
3393:
3389:
3378:, retrieved
3373:
3367:
3356:
3347:
3336:
3313:
3304:
3292:
3280:
3269:
3246:
3237:
3226:
3217:
3206:
3197:
3185:. Retrieved
3181:the original
3171:
3164:The Jet Boat
3163:
3158:
3147:
3138:
3122:
3117:
3108:
3103:
3091:
3079:
3067:
3053:
3041:. Retrieved
3037:the original
3032:
3023:
2996:
2991:
2979:
2967:. Retrieved
2960:the original
2947:
2935:
2915:
2908:
2888:
2881:
2861:
2854:
2842:. Retrieved
2839:The Guardian
2838:
2811:. Retrieved
2804:the original
2797:"Guild News"
2783:, p. 98
2776:
2764:
2755:
2750:
2738:
2726:
2715:
2691:. Retrieved
2686:
2677:
2665:. Retrieved
2661:
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2643:
2638:
2626:
2610:
2605:
2586:
2582:
2576:
2567:
2555:. Retrieved
2529:
2496:
2490:
2478:. Retrieved
2476:. u-boat.net
2468:
2456:. Retrieved
2446:
2411:
2402:
2393:
2373:
2347:
2338:
2315:
2308:. Retrieved
2298:
2286:. Retrieved
2279:the original
2240:. Retrieved
2229:
2217:. Retrieved
2191:. Retrieved
2180:
2153:
2132:
2119:
2028:
1990:1939–45 Star
1974:(Commander)
1891:"Periwinkle"
1888:
1852:
1845:
1814:
1808:
1803:
1802:documentary
1797:
1786:
1771:
1754:
1752:in the sky.
1736:
1732:
1725:
1717:
1708:
1688:
1617:
1615:
1610:
1606:
1602:
1598:
1596:
1587:
1551:Roy Chadwick
1547:R. E. Bishop
1528:
1519:Neville Duke
1503:Mike Lithgow
1499:Alex Henshaw
1491:Mutt Summers
1468:
1462:
1461:In his book
1460:
1452:
1449:
1434:
1432:
1387:
1379:
1368:
1364:East Germany
1357:
1348:
1318:
1312:
1304:
1294:
1274:
1264:
1258:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1241:
1208:
1202:
1191:
1184:
1151:
1145:
1124:
1113:
1109:Chuck Yeager
1102:
1087:
1060:
1051:
1039:
1035:
1029:
1024:
1020:
1006:
991:
962:Josef Kramer
947:
931:
923:British Army
915:Arado Ar 234
907:
888:
880:
869:
858:
805:RAF Cranwell
798:
764:
736:
692:
684:
670:
664:
638:
628:
622:
602:
597:quid pro quo
595:
576:
574:
569:
563:
545:
535:
534:
518:
509:
489:
484:802 Squadron
478:
442:
400:
374:
363:
355:
352:
344:
313:
302:
282:
278:jet aircraft
262:world record
259:
253:officer and
222:
218:
211:
202:jet aircraft
130:Battles/wars
80:(2016-02-21)
41:, c. 1939-45
18:
4203:2016 deaths
4198:1920 births
4077:rubber deck
4073:Sea Vampire
3945:. Airlife.
3926:. Airlife.
3844:Brown, Eric
3811:"No. 38493"
3791:"No. 37977"
3761:21 February
3708:24 February
3686:21 February
3664:14 November
3612:21 February
3568:23 February
3447:14 November
3353:"No. 45026"
3333:"No. 44999"
3310:"No. 44895"
3299:p. 233
3287:p. 230
3266:"No. 37474"
3243:"No. 42247"
3223:"No. 40075"
3203:"No. 39218"
3144:"No. 38595"
3086:p. 184
3074:p. 174
3043:14 November
3033:Planet Labs
2986:p. 114
2969:14 November
2844:23 February
2813:14 November
2712:"No. 36495"
2693:18 December
2667:18 December
2553:. Bbc.co.uk
2526:"No. 35481"
2480:22 February
2242:24 February
2219:14 November
2193:14 November
1811:BBC Radio 4
1793:BBC Radio 4
1761:flying tail
1567:Gwen Alston
1543:Sydney Camm
1531:Gerry Sayer
1507:Peter Twiss
1495:Bill Humble
1401:Lossiemouth
1391:, then the
1345:German Navy
1321:RNAS Brawdy
1198:rubber deck
1194:Boyd Trophy
1180:broken neck
1174:at several
1172:oscillation
1160:had killed
1132:Avro Ashton
954:Second Army
950:Glyn Hughes
909:He flew to
898:Caspar John
702:stall speed
645:Farnborough
559:hypothermia
461:MG Magnette
383:, studying
370:Jesse Owens
330:, a former
318:in Berlin.
47:Nickname(s)
4192:Categories
4179:1982–1983
4079:fitted to
3836:References
3133:. Page 488
2771:p. 94
2647:, p. 70-72
2633:p. 69
2621:. Page 186
2458:20 January
2310:4 November
2009:in the Air
1893:, a small
1768:Later life
1757:F-86 Sabre
1611:Miles M.52
1571:Anne Burns
1515:John Derry
1360:Focke-Wulf
1277:Korean War
1127:Avro Tudor
1009:hypergolic
966:Irma Grese
844:Hoverfly I
828:supersonic
825:Miles M.52
821:Royal Navy
813:jet engine
789:combat box
530:blind spot
393:helicopter
328:Ernst Udet
299:Early life
289:helicopter
255:test pilot
251:Royal Navy
106:Royal Navy
92:Allegiance
61:1920-01-21
25:Eric Brown
4081:HMS
3513:. YouTube
2745:pp. 95–96
2509:0143-7240
2497:Aeroplane
2173:Citations
1831:" by the
1823:" by the
1555:Joe Smith
1471:Dick Ubee
1371:Admiralty
1311:USS
1293:HMS
1263:HMS
1233:commander
1098:Schleswig
1090:Himmler's
1079:Kurt Tank
1046:-powered
1014:fuel and
938:North Sea
865:RAF Speke
723:transonic
721:and near
691:HMS
669:HMS
643:(RAE) at
629:Luftwaffe
540:torpedoed
508:HMS
477:HMS
395:flown by
324:Luftwaffe
247:Hon FRAeS
210:HMS
115:1939–1970
87:, England
4100:Archived
3846:(1981).
3726:Archived
3658:BBC News
3380:8 August
3112:, p. 147
3012:Archived
2759:, p. 116
2436:Archived
2324:cite web
2288:24 April
2159:Potez 56
2088:See also
2051:Mosquito
2029:Audacity
1885:Nickname
1837:Stardust
1746:Mosquito
1718:Schwalbe
1539:Spitfire
1441:Spitfire
1313:Antietam
1036:Schwalbe
719:subsonic
581:seconded
577:Audacity
570:Audacity
536:Audacity
519:Audacity
510:Audacity
479:Audacity
311:(RFC).
100:Service/
4125:YouTube
4111:a 1945
4083:Warrior
4062:LZ551/G
3009:summary
3007:, from
2687:HISTORY
2474:"HG-76"
2432:Profile
2144:led by
2055:Vampire
1895:mollusc
1875:Crawley
1821:At Last
1800:BBC Two
1750:Ferrari
1743:hot rod
1585:(ATA).
1559:boffins
1541:), Sir
1457:Credits
1445:Seafire
1423:Records
1415:in the
1382:captain
1295:Perseus
1259:LZ551/G
1237:captain
1120:Megaroc
1114:If the
1044:BMW 003
1016:T-Stoff
1012:C-Stoff
934:ferried
919:Denmark
680:batsman
657:Seafire
305:Hackney
220:Captain
124:Captain
68:Hackney
4113:Flight
3990:
3968:
3949:
3930:
3911:
3892:
3873:
3854:
3590:1 June
3517:1 June
3416:
3129:
3003:
2923:
2896:
2869:
2617:
2593:
2557:1 June
2507:
2381:
2101:(AFDU)
1729:bomber
1609:, and
1388:Fulmar
1375:CVA-01
1213:Solent
1143:DH 108
663:Mk I,
555:U-boat
366:Hitler
183:Author
152:Awards
102:branch
50:Winkle
4069:Video
3634:. BBC
3187:8 May
2963:(PDF)
2956:(PDF)
2807:(PDF)
2800:(PDF)
2282:(PDF)
2275:(PDF)
2111:Notes
2106:Notes
2017:with
2003:with
1839:" by
1827:and "
1726:Greif
1709:Komet
1689:Stuka
1593:Books
1265:Ocean
1244:AH574
1217:Cowes
1209:TG271
1187:stall
1176:hertz
1169:pitch
1146:VW120
1052:Spatz
1040:Blitz
927:Grove
885:with
848:Speke
698:knots
665:Z1844
589:USAAF
546:U-751
494:as a
337:Halle
240:
238:,
233:
231:,
212:Ocean
200:in a
4053:via
3988:ISBN
3966:ISBN
3947:ISBN
3928:ISBN
3909:ISBN
3890:ISBN
3871:ISBN
3852:ISBN
3763:2016
3710:2016
3688:2016
3666:2014
3640:2020
3614:2016
3592:2014
3570:2016
3519:2014
3449:2014
3414:ISBN
3382:2022
3189:2010
3127:ISBN
3045:2014
3001:ISBN
2971:2014
2921:ISBN
2894:ISBN
2867:ISBN
2846:2016
2815:2014
2695:2019
2669:2019
2615:ISBN
2591:ISBN
2559:2014
2505:ISSN
2482:2016
2460:2009
2379:ISBN
2330:link
2312:2014
2290:2018
2244:2016
2221:2014
2195:2014
2157:The
2136:The
1662:and
1553:and
1521:and
1497:and
1477:and
1443:and
1386:HMS
1353:NATO
1331:and
1215:off
1077:and
1065:and
964:and
887:HMS
754:and
727:Mach
655:and
627:and
538:was
276:, a
120:Rank
75:Died
55:Born
39:RNVR
4123:on
1869:in
1813:'s
1407:to
1399:),
1397:RAF
783:to
583:to
242:AFC
235:DSC
228:CBE
208:to
4194::
3986:.
3813:.
3793:.
3656:.
3630:.
3554:.
3428:^
3355:.
3335:.
3324:^
3312:.
3268:.
3257:^
3245:.
3225:.
3205:.
3146:.
3031:.
2837:.
2823:^
2788:^
2714:.
2703:^
2685:.
2660:.
2587:12
2585:.
2540:^
2528:.
2517:^
2420:^
2401:,
2356:^
2346:.
2326:}}
2322:{{
2314:.
2252:^
2203:^
1843:.
1806:.
1687:D
1605:,
1569:,
1549:,
1545:,
1517:,
1509:,
1505:,
1489:,
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1473:,
1366:.
1355:.
1272:.
1219:,
1134:.
1073:,
1069:,
1050:A
1034:A
762:.
750:,
636:.
506:,
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372:.
245:,
225:,
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3860:.
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63:)
59:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
