29:
187:, initiating digestive actions and detecting harmful substances and initiating protective responses. Enteroendocrine cells are located in the stomach, in the intestine and in the pancreas. Microbiota play key roles in the intestinal immune and metabolic responses in these enteroendocrine cells via their fermentation product (
708:
Solcia E, Capella C, Buffa R, Usellini L, Fiocca R, Frigerio B, Tenti P, Sessa F (1981). "The diffuse endocrine-paracrine system of the gut in health and disease: ultrastructural features".
551:
strongly regulates their secretion, with parasympathetic stimulation stimulating insulin secretion and inhibiting glucagon secretion and sympathetic stimulation having opposite effect.
1406:
Friis-Hansen L, Sundler F, Li Y, Gillespie PJ, Saunders TL, Greenson JK, Owyang C, Rehfeld JF, Samuelson LC (March 1998). "Impaired gastric acid secretion in gastrin-deficient mice".
611:
1736:
Kiba T (August 2004). "Relationships between the autonomic nervous system and the pancreas including regulation of regeneration and apoptosis: recent developments".
1244:
952:
Sternini C (February 2007). "Taste receptors in the gastrointestinal tract. IV. Functional implications of bitter taste receptors in gastrointestinal chemosensing".
112:
1894:
646:
2460:
234:
and, in turn, coordinate antibacterial, mechanical, and metabolic branches of the host intestinal innate immune response to the commensal microbiota.
1572:
Gilliam-Vigh, Hannah; Jorsal, Tina; Nielsen, Sophie W.; Forman, Julie L.; Pedersen, Jens; Poulsen, Steen S.; Vilsbøll, Tina; Knop, Filip K. (2023).
1484:
Gilliam-Vigh, Hannah; Jorsal, Tina; Nielsen, Sophie W.; Forman, Julie L.; Pedersen, Jens; Poulsen, Steen S.; Vilsbøll, Tina; Knop, Filip K. (2023).
167:
to activate nervous responses. Enteroendocrine cells of the intestine are the most numerous endocrine cells of the body. They constitute an
2857:
1887:
773:
582:
and non-carcinoid tumors develop from these cells. When a tumor arises it has the capacity to secrete large volumes of hormones.
1307:
Gilliam-Vigh, Hannah; Jorsal, Tina; Rehfeld, Jens F.; Pedersen, Jens; Poulsen, Steen S.; Vilsbøll, Tina; Knop, Filip K. (2021).
2453:
1049:"Quantitative distribution of enteroendocrine cells in the gastrointestinal tract of the adult opossum, Didelphis virginiana"
590:
The very discovery of hormones occurred during studies of how the digestive system regulates its activities, as explained at
1880:
1309:"Expression of Cholecystokinin and its Receptors in the Intestinal Tract of Type 2 Diabetes Patients and Healthy Controls"
1283:
2852:
1486:"Expression of Neurotensin and Its Receptors Along the Intestinal Tract in Type 2 Diabetes Patients and Healthy Controls"
1245:"The incretin system: glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists and dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors in type 2 diabetes"
203:
Intestinal enteroendocrine cells are not clustered together but spread as single cells throughout the intestinal tract.
159:
or peptides in response to various stimuli and release them into the bloodstream for systemic effect, diffuse them as
2446:
1634:
1574:"Expression of Secretin and its Receptor Along the Intestinal Tract in Type 2 Diabetes Patients and Healthy Controls"
884:
1624:
1573:
119:
2006:
989:"Microbiota-derived acetate activates intestinal innate immunity via the Tip60 histone acetyltransferase complex"
2164:
489:
512:
223:
107:
1869: – Histology Learning System at Boston University - "Endocrine System: duodenum, enteroendocrine cells"
496:
are enteroendocrine and neuroendocrine cells also known for their similarity to chromaffin cells secreting
2781:
1912:
1147:"Nutrient-dependent secretion of glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide from primary murine K cells"
493:
2642:
2330:
2063:
366:
243:
100:
2878:
2505:
2405:
2369:
2261:
1537:
Kitabgi P, Freychet P (August 1978). "Effects of neurotensin on isolated intestinal smooth muscles".
548:
485:
2893:
156:
95:
83:
2614:
2525:
2335:
2266:
1904:
274:
259:
2637:
2290:
874:
559:
188:
176:
164:
144:
59:
1650:
Goswami C, Shimada Y, Yoshimura M, Mondal A, Oda S, Tanaka T, Sakai T, Sakata I (2015-06-26).
1090:"Microbial Control of Intestinal Homeostasis via Enteroendocrine Cell Innate Immune Signaling"
2883:
2419:
2204:
343:
1872:
1866:
1441:
Ormsbee HS, Fondacaro JD (March 1985). "Action of serotonin on the gastrointestinal tract".
2840:
2102:
1663:
1485:
1308:
641:
536:
1781:"Enteroendocrine tumors other than carcinoid: a review of clinically significant advances"
1652:"Motilin Stimulates Gastric Acid Secretion in Coordination with Ghrelin in Suncus murinus"
8:
2619:
2572:
2564:
2151:
347:
1667:
2537:
2487:
2341:
1936:
1761:
1686:
1651:
1599:
1513:
1466:
1338:
1275:
1220:
1195:
1171:
1146:
1122:
1089:
1065:
1048:
1021:
988:
929:
904:
850:
825:
803:
667:
231:
1263:
250:, which also promotes triglyceride storage. K cells are mostly found in the duodenum.
2763:
2629:
2542:
2515:
1845:
1837:
1802:
1753:
1749:
1718:
1691:
1630:
1603:
1591:
1554:
1550:
1517:
1505:
1458:
1423:
1388:
1342:
1330:
1267:
1225:
1176:
1127:
1109:
1070:
1026:
1008:
969:
934:
880:
855:
795:
754:
717:
687:
1765:
1470:
1279:
749:
736:
2888:
2814:
2679:
2674:
2669:
2554:
2547:
2520:
2470:
2427:
2389:
2303:
2298:
2245:
2098:
1958:
1829:
1792:
1745:
1681:
1671:
1581:
1546:
1497:
1450:
1415:
1378:
1320:
1259:
1215:
1207:
1166:
1158:
1117:
1101:
1060:
1016:
1000:
961:
924:
916:
845:
837:
785:
744:
683:
679:
454:
172:
152:
49:
2438:
1419:
2697:
2689:
2582:
2577:
2495:
2478:
2122:
1820:
Camilleri M (October 2012). "Peripheral mechanisms in irritable bowel syndrome".
1797:
1780:
1676:
1211:
1004:
920:
524:
520:
504:
416:
382:
351:
314:
302:
282:
215:
88:
2746:
2661:
2592:
2510:
2500:
2271:
2117:
1928:
1454:
473:
450:
446:
found in crypts of the small intestine, especially in the duodenum and jejunum.
227:
180:
140:
1162:
1105:
2872:
2751:
2741:
2652:
2532:
1965:
1948:
1841:
1586:
1501:
1325:
1113:
1012:
965:
841:
606:
592:
270:
184:
230:. The enteroendocrine cells sense the metabolites from intestinal commensal
2835:
2801:
2791:
2729:
2070:
2037:
2027:
1953:
1849:
1806:
1757:
1695:
1595:
1509:
1392:
1334:
1271:
1229:
1180:
1131:
1030:
973:
938:
905:"Enteroendocrine cells: a site of 'taste' in gastrointestinal chemosensing"
859:
824:
Moran GW, Leslie FC, Levison SE, Worthington J, McLaughlin JT (July 2008).
799:
758:
555:
508:
434:
207:
44:
1833:
1722:
1462:
1427:
1074:
721:
691:
317:. They modulate bile secretion, exocrine pancreas secretion, and satiety.
2809:
2724:
2326:
2225:
1970:
1558:
1383:
1366:
826:"Enteroendocrine cells: neglected players in gastrointestinal disorders?"
790:
516:
390:
219:
33:
Actions of the major digestive hormones secreted by enteroendocrine cells
125:
2786:
2771:
2351:
2276:
2075:
1996:
1145:
Parker HE, Habib AM, Rogers GJ, Gribble FM, Reimann F (February 2009).
428:
263:
2776:
2587:
2346:
2209:
2058:
954:
American
Journal of Physiology. Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology
636:
620:
579:
497:
370:
355:
160:
28:
774:"Minireview: Development and differentiation of gut endocrine cells"
2847:
2719:
2155:
2134:
2001:
544:
412:
408:
310:
286:
247:
148:
2606:
2046:
1306:
567:
540:
481:
461:
332:
306:
290:
211:
192:
1443:
Proceedings of the
Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine
2181:
2139:
2051:
2022:
1941:
1571:
1483:
624:
563:
477:
402:
326:
1405:
2736:
2711:
2176:
1978:
1902:
1649:
823:
386:
278:
71:
415:, but also in decreasing amounts throughout the rest of the
2384:
1194:
Gutierrez-Aguilar, Ruth; Woods, Stephen C (February 2011).
866:
771:
707:
1709:
Zverkov IV, Vinogradov VA, Smagin VG (October 1983). "".
369:
or ECL cells are a type of neuroendocrine cell secreting
1200:
Current
Opinion in Endocrinology, Diabetes & Obesity
1144:
986:
902:
484:, post-ganglionic fibers of the vagus nerve can release
1708:
1578:
The
Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism
1490:
The
Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism
1313:
The
Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism
1193:
909:
Current
Opinion in Endocrinology, Diabetes and Obesity
2169:
2127:
772:
Schonhoff SE, Giel-Moloney M, Leiter AB (June 2004).
647:
List of human cell types derived from the germ layers
987:
Jugder BE, Kamareddine L, Watnick PI (August 2021).
903:
Sternini C, Anselmi L, Rozengurt E (February 2008).
737:"The gut as the largest endocrine organ in the body"
710:
Scandinavian
Journal of Gastroenterology. Supplement
535:
Pancreatic enteroendocrine cells are located in the
2468:
1626:
Neuropeptide
Function in the Gastrointestinal Tract
530:
198:
879:(5th, revised ed.). CRC Press. p. 1547.
1711:Biulleten' Eksperimental'noi Biologii I Meditsiny
1046:
2870:
1440:
467:
419:, and stimulate exocrine pancreatic secretion.
1536:
500:, which stimulates G cells to secrete gastrin.
472:Gastric enteroendocrine cells are found in the
668:"The new biology of gastrointestinal hormones"
381:Located in a increasing manner throughout the
2454:
1888:
1196:"Nutrition and L and K-enteroendocrine cells"
1087:
872:
361:
331:Stomach enteroendocrine cells, which release
1813:
1242:
1236:
1081:
16:Cell that produces gastrointestinal hormones
1360:
1358:
1047:Krause WJ, Yamada J, Cutts JH (June 1985).
980:
619:is expressed both by this cell type and by
350:with a close similarity to adrenomedullary
2858:List of human endocrine organs and actions
2461:
2447:
1895:
1881:
539:and produce most importantly the hormones
385:, with the highest levels found in the in
277:. L cells are primarily found in the
27:
1819:
1796:
1685:
1675:
1585:
1382:
1324:
1219:
1170:
1121:
1064:
1042:
1040:
1020:
928:
849:
789:
748:
433:Also called Delta cells, D cells secrete
393:, and control smooth muscle contraction.
2319:
1364:
1355:
951:
830:Therapeutic Advances in Gastroenterology
703:
701:
573:
338:
335:, and stimulate gastric acid secretion.
313:with a decreasing amount throughout the
285:(colon), but some are also found in the
1434:
1088:Watnick PI, Jugder BE (February 2020).
898:
896:
665:
2871:
1778:
1622:
1243:Drucker DJ, Nauck MA (November 2006).
1138:
1037:
734:
440:
183:. In a sense they are known to act as
2442:
1876:
1367:"A beautiful cell (or two or three?)"
698:
77:endocrinocyti gastroenteropancreatici
1735:
893:
876:Principles and Methods of Toxicology
101:H3.04.02.0.00024, H3.08.01.0.00003
13:
1408:The American Journal of Physiology
599:
14:
2905:
1860:
1750:10.1097/00006676-200408000-00019
1539:European Journal of Pharmacology
554:Other hormones produced include
531:Pancreatic enteroendocrine cells
503:Other hormones produced include
199:Intestinal enteroendocrine cells
120:Anatomical terms of microanatomy
1772:
1729:
1702:
1643:
1616:
1565:
1530:
1477:
1399:
1300:
1187:
743:. 12 Suppl 2 (suppl 2): S63–8.
612:short-chain fatty acid receptor
945:
817:
765:
728:
684:10.1152/physrev.1998.78.4.1087
659:
1:
2111:Bile and pancreatic secretion
1420:10.1152/ajpgi.1998.274.3.G561
1264:10.1016/s0140-6736(06)69705-5
750:10.1093/annonc/12.suppl_2.s63
652:
513:vasoactive intestinal peptide
468:Gastric enteroendocrine cells
224:vasoactive intestinal peptide
1798:10.1053/j.gastro.2005.03.078
1677:10.1371/journal.pone.0131554
1551:10.1016/0014-2999(78)90140-1
1212:10.1097/MED.0b013e32834190b5
1005:10.1016/j.immuni.2021.05.017
921:10.1097/MED.0b013e3282f43a73
476:, mostly at their base. The
305:(CCK), and have the highest
7:
666:Rehfeld JF (October 1998).
630:
494:Enterochromaffin-like cells
490:parasympathetic stimulation
367:Enterochromaffin-like cells
10:
2910:
2331:Interstitial cell of Cajal
1455:10.3181/00379727-178-42016
585:
426:
400:
362:Enterochromaffin-like cell
324:
244:gastric inhibitory peptide
206:Hormones secreted include
163:, or transmit them to the
2823:
2800:
2762:
2710:
2688:
2660:
2651:
2628:
2605:
2563:
2486:
2477:
2418:
2406:Enterohepatic circulation
2398:
2377:
2368:
2312:
2289:
2262:Segmentation contractions
2254:
2238:
2218:
2192:
2150:
2110:
2097:
2090:
2036:
2015:
1989:
1927:
1920:
1911:
1867:Histology image: 11604loa
1365:Brubaker PL (July 2012).
1163:10.1007/s00125-008-1202-x
1106:10.1016/j.tim.2019.09.005
549:autonomous nervous system
486:gastrin-releasing peptide
422:
396:
376:
320:
296:
253:
237:
157:gastrointestinal hormones
118:
106:
94:
82:
70:
65:
55:
43:
38:
26:
21:
1623:Daniel EE (1990-12-11).
966:10.1152/ajpgi.00411.2006
873:Wallace Hayes A (2007).
842:10.1177/1756283X08093943
492:to stimulate secretion.
346:are enteroendocrine and
169:enteric endocrine system
2526:Somatomammotrophic cell
2336:Basal electrical rhythm
2267:Migrating motor complex
1905:gastrointestinal system
275:glucagon-like peptide-2
260:glucagon-like peptide-1
155:function. They produce
2291:Enteric nervous system
1779:Warner RR (May 2005).
1587:10.1210/clinem/dgad372
1502:10.1210/clinem/dgad146
1326:10.1210/clinem/dgab367
578:Rare and slow growing
560:pancreatic polypeptide
453:(M cells) that are in
344:Enterochromaffin cells
189:short chain fatty acid
177:enteric nervous system
165:enteric nervous system
145:gastrointestinal tract
60:Gastrointestinal tract
2205:Enterochromaffin cell
2200:Enteroendocrine cells
1834:10.1056/NEJMra1207068
672:Physiological Reviews
642:Neuroendocrine tumors
574:Clinical significance
339:Enterochromaffin cell
137:Enteroendocrine cells
2841:Organ of Zuckerkandl
2831:Enteroendocrine cell
2193:Endocrine cell types
1384:10.1210/en.2012-1549
791:10.1210/en.2004-0051
593:Secretin § Discovery
537:islets of Langerhans
348:neuroendocrine cells
22:Enteroendocrine cell
2620:Parafollicular cell
2219:Exocrine cell types
2152:Glucose homeostasis
1668:2015PLoSO..1031554G
999:(8): 1683–1697.e3.
449:Different from the
441:Mo cell (or M cell)
179:is a subset of the
171:as a subset of the
2764:Islets of pancreas
2538:Corticotropic cell
2342:Gastrocolic reflex
1903:Physiology of the
1414:(3 Pt 1): G561–8.
1258:(9548): 1696–705.
1053:Journal of Anatomy
741:Annals of Oncology
389:, N cells release
2866:
2865:
2706:
2705:
2630:Parathyroid gland
2601:
2600:
2543:Gonadotropic cell
2516:Somatotropic cell
2436:
2435:
2414:
2413:
2364:
2363:
2360:
2359:
2299:Submucous plexus
2285:
2284:
2234:
2233:
2086:
2085:
735:Ahlman H (2001).
134:
133:
129:
2901:
2879:Endocrine system
2815:Corpora arenacea
2680:Zona reticularis
2675:Zona fasciculata
2670:Zona glomerulosa
2658:
2657:
2555:Chromophobe cell
2548:Thyrotropic cell
2484:
2483:
2471:endocrine system
2463:
2456:
2449:
2440:
2439:
2428:Peritoneal fluid
2390:Pancreatic juice
2375:
2374:
2317:
2316:
2304:Myenteric plexus
2246:Intestinal juice
2108:
2107:
2095:
2094:
2007:Gastric emptying
1959:Intrinsic factor
1925:
1924:
1918:
1917:
1897:
1890:
1883:
1874:
1873:
1854:
1853:
1817:
1811:
1810:
1800:
1785:Gastroenterology
1776:
1770:
1769:
1733:
1727:
1726:
1706:
1700:
1699:
1689:
1679:
1647:
1641:
1640:
1620:
1614:
1613:
1611:
1610:
1589:
1569:
1563:
1562:
1534:
1528:
1527:
1525:
1524:
1496:(9): 2211–2216.
1481:
1475:
1474:
1438:
1432:
1431:
1403:
1397:
1396:
1386:
1362:
1353:
1352:
1350:
1349:
1328:
1319:(8): 2164–2170.
1304:
1298:
1297:
1295:
1294:
1288:
1282:. Archived from
1249:
1240:
1234:
1233:
1223:
1191:
1185:
1184:
1174:
1142:
1136:
1135:
1125:
1094:Trends Microbiol
1085:
1079:
1078:
1068:
1044:
1035:
1034:
1024:
984:
978:
977:
949:
943:
942:
932:
900:
891:
890:
870:
864:
863:
853:
821:
815:
814:
812:
811:
802:. Archived from
793:
769:
763:
762:
752:
732:
726:
725:
705:
696:
695:
663:
618:
617:
411:mostly from the
407:S cells secrete
352:chromaffin cells
301:I cells secrete
258:L cells secrete
242:K cells secrete
173:endocrine system
161:local messengers
139:are specialized
126:edit on Wikidata
123:
50:Endocrine system
31:
19:
18:
2909:
2908:
2904:
2903:
2902:
2900:
2899:
2898:
2894:Secretory cells
2869:
2868:
2867:
2862:
2819:
2796:
2758:
2702:
2698:Chromaffin cell
2684:
2647:
2624:
2615:Follicular cell
2597:
2578:Median eminence
2559:
2496:Pars intermedia
2479:Pituitary gland
2473:
2469:Anatomy of the
2467:
2437:
2432:
2410:
2394:
2356:
2308:
2281:
2250:
2230:
2214:
2188:
2146:
2123:Cholecystokinin
2082:
2032:
2011:
1985:
1974:
1907:
1901:
1863:
1858:
1857:
1828:(17): 1626–35.
1818:
1814:
1777:
1773:
1734:
1730:
1707:
1703:
1662:(6): e0131554.
1648:
1644:
1637:
1621:
1617:
1608:
1606:
1570:
1566:
1535:
1531:
1522:
1520:
1482:
1478:
1439:
1435:
1404:
1400:
1363:
1356:
1347:
1345:
1305:
1301:
1292:
1290:
1286:
1247:
1241:
1237:
1192:
1188:
1143:
1139:
1086:
1082:
1045:
1038:
985:
981:
950:
946:
901:
894:
887:
871:
867:
822:
818:
809:
807:
770:
766:
733:
729:
706:
699:
678:(4): 1087–108.
664:
660:
655:
633:
615:
614:
602:
600:Other organisms
588:
576:
533:
525:gamma-endorphin
505:cholecystokinin
470:
455:Peyer's patches
451:Microfold cells
443:
431:
425:
417:small intestine
405:
399:
383:small intestine
379:
364:
341:
329:
323:
315:small intestine
307:mucosal density
303:cholecystokinin
299:
283:large intestine
267:
262:, an incretin,
256:
240:
216:cholecystokinin
201:
130:
34:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2907:
2897:
2896:
2891:
2886:
2881:
2864:
2863:
2861:
2860:
2855:
2850:
2845:
2844:
2843:
2833:
2827:
2825:
2821:
2820:
2818:
2817:
2812:
2806:
2804:
2798:
2797:
2795:
2794:
2789:
2784:
2779:
2774:
2768:
2766:
2760:
2759:
2757:
2756:
2755:
2754:
2749:
2747:Granulosa cell
2744:
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2521:Prolactin cell
2518:
2511:Acidophil cell
2508:
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2501:Pars tuberalis
2498:
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1963:
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1371:Endocrinology
1368:
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1289:on 2014-12-31
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882:
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806:on 2013-05-02
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778:Endocrinology
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271:oxyntomodulin
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2884:Animal cells
2830:
2802:Pineal gland
2792:Epsilon cell
2730:Sertoli cell
2643:Oxyphil cell
2573:Pars nervosa
2226:Goblet cells
2199:
2071:Somatostatin
2038:Gastric acid
2028:Gastric acid
1954:Gastric acid
1825:
1822:N Engl J Med
1821:
1815:
1788:
1784:
1774:
1744:(2): e51–8.
1741:
1737:
1731:
1717:(10): 32–4.
1714:
1710:
1704:
1659:
1655:
1645:
1625:
1618:
1607:. Retrieved
1577:
1567:
1542:
1538:
1532:
1521:. Retrieved
1493:
1489:
1479:
1449:(3): 333–8.
1446:
1442:
1436:
1411:
1407:
1401:
1374:
1370:
1346:. Retrieved
1316:
1312:
1302:
1291:. Retrieved
1284:the original
1255:
1251:
1238:
1206:(1): 35–41.
1203:
1199:
1189:
1154:
1151:Diabetologia
1150:
1140:
1097:
1093:
1083:
1056:
1052:
996:
992:
982:
957:
953:
947:
912:
908:
875:
868:
836:(1): 51–60.
833:
829:
819:
808:. Retrieved
804:the original
781:
777:
767:
740:
730:
713:
709:
675:
671:
661:
605:
603:
591:
589:
577:
556:somatostatin
553:
534:
509:somatostatin
502:
471:
435:somatostatin
432:
406:
380:
365:
342:
330:
300:
257:
241:
208:somatostatin
205:
202:
175:just as the
168:
136:
135:
76:
2853:Development
2836:Paraganglia
2810:Pinealocyte
2725:Leydig cell
2327:Peristalsis
2313:Either/both
2272:Borborygmus
1937:Chief cells
915:(1): 73–8.
517:substance P
391:neurotensin
220:neurotensin
66:Identifiers
2873:Categories
2787:Delta cell
2772:Alpha cell
2638:Chief cell
2352:Enterocyte
2277:Defecation
1997:Swallowing
1942:Pepsinogen
1609:2023-09-20
1523:2023-09-20
1348:2023-09-20
1293:2014-12-31
810:2013-03-01
653:References
637:APUD cells
621:mast cells
429:Delta cell
354:secreting
264:peptide YY
232:microbiota
2777:Beta cell
2588:Pituicyte
2565:Posterior
2399:Processes
2370:Accessory
2347:Digestion
2320:Processes
2255:Processes
2210:APUD cell
2156:incretins
2103:paracrine
2099:Endocrine
2064:ECL cells
2059:Histamine
2040:secretion
1990:Processes
1842:0028-4793
1604:259202375
1518:257506286
1343:235203208
1114:0966-842X
1013:1074-7613
716:: 25–36.
604:In rats (
580:carcinoid
498:histamine
371:histamine
356:serotonin
153:endocrine
2848:Placenta
2720:Testicle
2488:Anterior
2135:Secretin
2002:Vomiting
1929:Exocrine
1913:GI tract
1850:23094724
1807:15887158
1766:15849806
1758:15257115
1738:Pancreas
1696:26115342
1656:PLOS ONE
1596:37335970
1510:36916883
1471:34829257
1393:22730282
1335:34036343
1280:25748028
1272:17098089
1230:21124210
1181:19082577
1132:31699645
1031:34107298
993:Immunity
974:17095755
939:18185066
860:21180514
800:15044355
759:11762354
631:See also
545:glucagon
480:secrete
460:Secrete
413:duodenum
409:secretin
311:duodenum
287:duodenum
248:incretin
149:pancreas
56:Location
2889:Stomach
2782:PP cell
2690:Medulla
2607:Thyroid
2182:L cells
2170:K cells
2140:S cells
2128:I cells
2076:D cells
2052:G cells
2047:Gastrin
1723:6194833
1687:4482737
1664:Bibcode
1463:3919396
1428:9530158
1221:3884637
1172:4308617
1123:6980660
1075:4077699
1066:1165084
1022:8363570
930:2943060
851:3002486
722:6118945
692:9790570
623:of the
586:History
568:ghrelin
541:insulin
488:during
482:gastrin
478:G cells
462:motilin
333:gastrin
309:in the
291:jejunum
212:motilin
193:acetate
143:of the
89:D019858
39:Details
2712:Gonads
2662:Cortex
2378:Fluids
2239:Fluids
2023:Saliva
2016:Fluids
1848:
1840:
1805:
1764:
1756:
1721:
1694:
1684:
1633:
1602:
1594:
1559:699961
1557:
1516:
1508:
1469:
1461:
1426:
1391:
1341:
1333:
1278:
1270:
1252:Lancet
1228:
1218:
1179:
1169:
1130:
1120:
1112:
1073:
1063:
1029:
1019:
1011:
972:
937:
927:
883:
858:
848:
798:
757:
720:
690:
625:mucosa
616:GPR43
610:) the
564:amylin
547:. The
423:D cell
403:S cell
397:S cell
377:N cell
327:G cell
321:G cell
297:I cell
254:L cell
238:K cell
226:, and
45:System
2824:Other
2737:Ovary
2583:Stalk
2177:GLP-1
2091:Lower
1979:Mucus
1921:Upper
1762:S2CID
1600:S2CID
1514:S2CID
1467:S2CID
1339:S2CID
1287:(PDF)
1276:S2CID
1248:(PDF)
521:alpha
387:ileum
279:ileum
246:, an
151:with
141:cells
124:[
113:62930
72:Latin
2385:Bile
1846:PMID
1838:ISSN
1803:PMID
1754:PMID
1719:PMID
1692:PMID
1631:ISBN
1592:PMID
1555:PMID
1506:PMID
1459:PMID
1424:PMID
1389:PMID
1331:PMID
1268:PMID
1226:PMID
1177:PMID
1128:PMID
1110:ISSN
1071:PMID
1027:PMID
1009:ISSN
970:PMID
935:PMID
881:ISBN
856:PMID
796:PMID
755:PMID
718:PMID
688:PMID
566:and
543:and
523:and
289:and
281:and
273:and
266:3-36
147:and
84:MeSH
2165:GIP
1971:HCO
1830:doi
1826:367
1793:doi
1789:128
1746:doi
1682:PMC
1672:doi
1582:doi
1547:doi
1498:doi
1494:108
1451:doi
1447:178
1416:doi
1412:274
1379:doi
1375:153
1321:doi
1317:106
1260:doi
1256:368
1216:PMC
1208:doi
1167:PMC
1159:doi
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