2005:(Experiment: A dog of 13 kg. was anaesthetized with chloral hydrate. One isolates a section of the duodenum-jejunum; one introduces into it a solution of 0.5% HCl, and one collects the venous blood from the section as usual. Infusion of the blood which is administered during 30 minutes (about 100 cc.) to a dog of 7 kg. having a canula in the bile duct and the cystic duct bound. The flow of bile is increased to double ( fig. 44). But is this humoral action due to the same secretin that acts on the pancrease or a special "crinine" on the liver? For the moment it's an unresolved question and that has given me no result.)
1472:
244:
221:
143:
118:
495:
250:
149:
1898:"En effet, si l'on ouvre le duodenum sur un animal vivant et que l'on touche l'orifice du conduit cholédoque avec une baguette de verre imprégnée d'acide acétique faible, on voit immédiatement un flot de bile lancé dans l'intestin; ce qui ne se fait pas si, au lieu de toucher l'orifice du conduit cholédoque avec un liquide acide, on le touche avec un liquide lègérement alcalin, comme du carbonate de soude par example."
3230:
1900:(Indeed, if one opens the duodenum on a living animal and touches the orifice of the bile duct with a glass rod impregnated with weak acetic acid, one immediately sees a stream of bile squirted into the intestine; which is not done if, instead of touching the orifice of the bile duct with an acidic liquid, it is touched with a slightly alkaline liquid, such as sodium carbonate for example.)
1213:
showed that this reflex was not mediated by the nervous system. In 1904, the French physiologist
Charles Fleig showed that the discharge of bile was mediated by a substance that was conveyed by the blood. There remained the possibility that the increased flow of bile in response to the presence of
3058:
Galés C, Poirot M, Taillefer J, Maigret B, Martinez J, Moroder L, et al. (May 2003). "Identification of tyrosine 189 and asparagine 358 of the cholecystokinin 2 receptor in direct interaction with the crucial C-terminal amide of cholecystokinin by molecular modeling, site-directed mutagenesis,
1475:
Effects of cholecystokinin on the gastrointestinal tract. Cholecystokinin is secreted by I-cells in the small intestine and induces contraction of the gallbladder, relaxes the sphincter of Oddi, increases bile acid production in the liver, delays gastric emptying, and induces digestive enzyme
1512:, CCK administration significantly reduces hunger in adult males, but is slightly less effective in younger subjects, and even slightly less effective in females. The hunger-suppressive effects of CCK also are reduced in obese rats.
1430:) that catalyze the digestion of fat, protein, and carbohydrates. Thus, as the levels of the substances that stimulated the release of CCK drop, the concentration of the hormone drops as well. The release of CCK is also inhibited by
257:
156:
1655:. Mutations in CCK receptors in combination with mutated CCK genes potentiate this association. These studies also uncovered potential racial/ethnic differences in the distribution of mutated CCK genes.
1266:
of the 150-amino acid precursor, preprocholecystokinin. Thus, the CCK peptide hormone exists in several forms, each identified by the number of amino acids it contains, e.g., CCK-58, CCK-33, CCK-22 and
1434:
and pancreatic peptide. Trypsin, a protease released by pancreatic acinar cells, hydrolyzes CCK-releasing peptide and monitor peptide, in effect turning off the additional signals to secrete CCK.
1319:
in the gut. It is the most abundant neuropeptide in the central nervous system. CCK has been researched thoroughly for its role in digestion and it participates in a number of processes such as
1975:"Ces expériences furent ensuite répétées après section préalable des pneumogastriques au cou et des sympathiques dans le thorax: cinq sur douze ont encore donné des résultats positifs."
1977:(These experiments were then repeated after prior section of the pneumogastric in the neck and the sympathetic in the thorax: five out of twelve again gave positive results.)
1675:
receptor also binds gastrin, a gastrointestinal hormone involved in stimulating gastric acid release and growth of the gastric mucosa. CCK has also been shown to interact with
2304:
Reeve JR, Eysselein VE, Rosenquist G, Zeeh J, Regner U, Ho FJ, et al. (May 1996). "Evidence that CCK-58 has structure that influences its biological activity".
2003:"Expérience. — Chien 13 k. chloralosé. On isole une anse de duodéno-jejunum, … C'est là pour le moment une question non résolue et qui ne m'a donné aucun résultat."
1372:
1226:, who found a new hormone that caused contraction of the gall bladder and that they called "cholecystokinin". In 1943, Alan A. Harper and Henry S. Raper of the
3272:
1202:
showed that when dilute acetic acid was applied to the orifice of the bile duct, the duct released bile into the duodenum. In 1903, the French physiologist
1203:
1347:, and neurons in the brain. It is released rapidly into the circulation in response to a meal. The greatest stimulator of CCK release is the presence of
833:
814:
79:
4262:
4257:
4247:
2751:
Kobelt P, Tebbe JJ, Tjandra I, Stengel A, Bae HG, Andresen V, et al. (March 2005). "CCK inhibits the orexigenic effect of peripheral ghrelin".
2385:
Lenka A, Arumugham SS, Christopher R, Pal PK (May 2016). "Genetic substrates of psychosis in patients with
Parkinson's disease: A critical review".
2980:"Distinct molecular mechanisms for agonist peptide binding to types A and B cholecystokinin receptors demonstrated using fluorescence spectroscopy"
1862:
1339:
CCK is synthesized and released by enteroendocrine cells in the mucosal lining of the small intestine (mostly in the duodenum and jejunum), called
4292:
1808:
1493:. The mechanism for hunger suppression is thought to be a decrease in the rate of gastric emptying. CCK also has stimulatory effects on the
4212:
1790:
4654:
4626:
4523:
2716:
Holzer P (July 1998). "Neural injury, repair, and adaptation in the GI tract. II. The elusive action of capsaicin on the vagus nerve".
1234:
secretion and that they named "pancreozymin"; however, pancreozymin was subsequently found to be cholecystokinin. Swedish biochemists
1611:(panicogenic effect) when administered to humans and is commonly used in scientific research for this purpose of in order to test new
1056:
3265:
2134:"The history of gastrointestinal hormones and the Polish contribution to elucidation of their biology and relation to nervous system"
1049:
4482:
3838:
2786:
Fink H, Rex A, Voits M, Voigt JP (November 1998). "Major biological actions of CCK--a critical evaluation of research findings".
1223:
4724:
1988:
1960:
1842:
3547:
3505:
1773:
1340:
5145:
4406:
3258:
2681:
Shillabeer G, Davison JS (February 1987). "Proglumide, a cholecystokinin antagonist, increases gastric emptying in rats".
1250:
Cholecystokinin is a member of the gastrin/cholecystokinin family of peptide hormones and is very similar in structure to
1238:
and Viktor Mutt undertook the monumental task of isolating and purifying porcine cholecystokinin and then determining its
1752:
1198:
Evidence that the small intestine controls the release of bile was uncovered as early as 1856, when French physiologist
4367:
4339:
3203:
2838:"Neuropeptide regulation of fear and anxiety: Implications of cholecystokinin, endogenous opioids, and neuropeptide Y"
5175:
1963:[On the action of acids and chloral on bile secretion (according to the experiments of Mr. Charles Dubois)].
1619:
visualization of regional cerebral blood flow in patients undergoing CCK-4 induced panic attacks show changes in the
243:
4827:
3234:
3384:
1388:
4401:
4202:
1777:
1756:
1263:
220:
2133:
4933:
4556:
4492:
4386:
3542:
1396:
878:
4948:
4416:
4391:
859:
5165:
5005:
5000:
4742:
4457:
4217:
3290:
1961:"De l'action des acides et du chloral sur la sécrétion biliaire (d'après les expériences de M. Ch. Dubois)"
1616:
142:
117:
59:
4487:
4467:
3831:
2646:
Liddle RA (September 1995). "Regulation of cholecystokinin secretion by intraluminal releasing factors".
1664:
1324:
3020:
1866:
5113:
4995:
3708:
3441:
1724:
1668:
1288:
1555:. The site of the anxiety-inducing effects of CCK seems to be central with specific targets being the
1275:
configuration. Biological activity resides in the C-terminus of the peptide. Most CCK peptides have a
256:
155:
5118:
4237:
3783:
3747:
3639:
2050:"Pancreozymin, a stimulant of the secretion of pancreatic enzymes in extracts of the small intestine"
1620:
1239:
4676:
1258:. CCK and gastrin share the same five C-terminal amino acids. CCK is composed of varying numbers of
249:
148:
46:
5150:
4747:
3244:
2097:
Jorpes E, Mutt V (January–February 1966). "Cholecystokinin and pancreozymin, one single hormone?".
1889:
1255:
1227:
1028:
1007:
977:
952:
67:
2557:
Chey WY, Chang T (1 January 2001). "Neural hormonal regulation of exocrine pancreatic secretion".
4976:
3713:
3644:
3282:
1703:
1414:
CCK mediates digestion in the small intestine by inhibiting gastric emptying. It stimulates the
1147:
3021:"In vitro and in vivo evaluation of 111In-DTPAGlu-G-CCK8 for cholecystokinin-B receptor imaging"
1437:
CCK also causes the increased production of hepatic bile, and stimulates the contraction of the
1032:
1003:
973:
948:
5170:
4822:
4799:
4551:
4332:
4287:
3824:
3668:
2209:"Structure of porcine cholecystokinin-pancreozymin. 1. Cleavage with thrombin and with trypsin"
1652:
1551:
In both humans and rodents, studies clearly indicate that elevated CCK levels causes increased
1521:
1490:
1471:
1344:
1312:
1208:
4568:
3797:
3582:
3040:
4531:
3250:
3153:"Cholecystokinin activates orexin/hypocretin neurons through the cholecystokinin A receptor"
3151:
Tsujino N, Yamanaka A, Ichiki K, Muraki Y, Kilduff TS, Yagami K, et al. (August 2005).
3019:
Aloj L, Caracò C, Panico M, Zannetti A, Del
Vecchio S, Tesauro D, et al. (March 2004).
5155:
4232:
3577:
3480:
3240:
1556:
1376:
1163:
131:
8:
5160:
5108:
4714:
4709:
4681:
4644:
4477:
4462:
4426:
4089:
3529:
2510:"Neural circuit mechanisms of the cholecystokinin (CCK) neuropeptide system in addiction"
2430:"Neural circuit mechanisms of the cholecystokinin (CCK) neuropeptide system in addiction"
1688:
1568:
87:
2261:
Philosophical
Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences
4449:
3921:
3896:
3719:
3314:
3179:
3152:
3128:
3103:
3084:
2955:
2938:
2919:
2862:
2837:
2811:
2582:
2534:
2509:
2454:
2429:
2410:
2364:
2281:
2256:
2225:
2208:
2110:
2074:
2049:
1936:
1911:
1537:
1415:
1284:
91:
3104:"Cholecystokinin activates pancreatic calcineurin-NFAT signaling in vitro and in vivo"
748:
743:
738:
733:
728:
723:
718:
713:
708:
703:
698:
693:
688:
683:
678:
673:
668:
663:
658:
653:
648:
643:
638:
633:
628:
623:
607:
602:
597:
592:
587:
582:
577:
572:
567:
551:
546:
541:
536:
4636:
4325:
3926:
3865:
3184:
3133:
3076:
3032:
3001:
2960:
2911:
2867:
2803:
2768:
2733:
2698:
2663:
2628:
2574:
2539:
2490:
2459:
2402:
2368:
2356:
2339:
Agersnap M, Rehfeld JF (August 2014). "Measurement of nonsulfated cholecystokinins".
2321:
2286:
2230:
2189:
2148:
2114:
2079:
1941:
1838:
1636:
1442:
1423:
1368:
1219:
1175:
39:
3088:
2923:
2815:
2694:
2586:
2414:
2033:
2016:
1991:[On the mode of action of the chemical stimulants of the digestive glands].
1687:
and growth of the pancreas. CCK can be stimulated by a diet high in protein, or by
4603:
4598:
3805:
3767:
3681:
3676:
3623:
3476:
3336:
3174:
3169:
3164:
3123:
3115:
3068:
2991:
2950:
2939:"Neurobiological investigations into the role of cholecystokinin in panic disorder"
2901:
2857:
2849:
2795:
2760:
2725:
2690:
2655:
2618:
2566:
2529:
2521:
2449:
2441:
2394:
2348:
2313:
2276:
2268:
2220:
2179:
2106:
2069:
2065:
2061:
2028:
1931:
1923:
1272:
336:
267:
211:
166:
2890:"Neuronal network of panic disorder: the role of the neuropeptide cholecystokinin"
2853:
2753:
American
Journal of Physiology. Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology
2659:
2317:
1667:
with the cholecystokinin A receptor located mainly on pancreatic acinar cells and
1218:, which had been discovered in 1902. The problem was finally resolved in 1928 by
71:
4561:
4356:
4252:
3977:
3967:
2525:
2445:
2352:
1572:
1533:
1364:
1316:
1242:. They finally presented porcine cholecystokinin's amino acid sequence in 1968.
1171:
1143:
311:
95:
3044:
2729:
1813:
National Center for
Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine
1795:
National Center for
Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine
1162:. Cholecystokinin, formerly called pancreozymin, is synthesized and secreted by
679:
activation of cysteine-type endopeptidase activity involved in apoptotic process
5080:
5049:
5021:
4966:
4578:
4509:
4272:
4267:
4000:
3995:
3972:
3874:
3649:
3495:
3306:
2764:
2623:
2606:
1679:
in the pancreas. Calcineurin will go on to activate the transcription factors
1628:
1465:
1384:
1199:
1120:
412:
4861:
2398:
2184:
2167:
1291:. Nonsulfated CCK peptides also occur, which consequently cannot activate the
5139:
5090:
4866:
3949:
3944:
3911:
3343:
3326:
1894:(in French). Vol. 2. Paris, France: J.B. Baillière et fils. p. 430.
1719:
1648:
1600:
1529:
1525:
1392:
523:
3119:
472:
350:
4873:
4809:
4794:
4757:
4704:
4671:
4411:
4378:
4277:
4153:
4148:
4143:
4138:
4105:
4100:
3851:
3448:
3415:
3405:
3331:
3188:
3137:
3080:
3036:
3005:
2996:
2979:
2915:
2871:
2772:
2632:
2578:
2543:
2463:
2406:
2360:
2290:
2272:
2193:
2152:
2083:
1945:
1707:
1608:
1564:
1486:
1438:
1431:
1308:
1292:
329:
108:
3816:
2964:
2807:
2799:
2737:
2702:
2667:
2494:
2478:
2325:
2234:
2118:
1965:
Compte Rendus
Hebdomadaires des Séances et Mémoires de la Société Biologie
1096:
1091:
494:
5057:
5034:
4536:
4439:
4282:
4192:
4120:
4095:
4031:
4016:
3936:
3906:
3891:
3704:
3603:
3348:
3072:
1684:
1676:
1560:
1494:
1400:
1235:
1187:
1137:
923:
904:
644:
protein kinase C-activating G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway
5085:
4971:
4621:
4573:
4502:
4497:
4084:
4048:
4038:
4021:
3987:
3959:
3916:
3729:
3654:
3453:
3374:
1927:
1729:
1612:
1592:
1588:
1454:
1380:
1352:
1348:
1304:
1287:). This modification is crucial for the ability of CCK to activate the
1259:
228:
125:
75:
4297:
2570:
1406:
Once in the circulatory system, CCK has a relatively short half-life.
4888:
4817:
4699:
4611:
4546:
4472:
4222:
4207:
4053:
4043:
4026:
3883:
3724:
3587:
3436:
2906:
2889:
1624:
1596:
1498:
1450:
1320:
1268:
1151:
778:
295:
282:
194:
181:
83:
5039:
4938:
4920:
4878:
4856:
4779:
4771:
4752:
4734:
4663:
4541:
4434:
4396:
4197:
4176:
4171:
4115:
3533:
3512:
3379:
3102:
Gurda GT, Guo L, Lee SH, Molkentin JD, Williams JA (January 2008).
2978:
Harikumar KG, Clain J, Pinon DI, Dong M, Miller LJ (January 2005).
1632:
1536:. The predominant form of CCK in the central nervous system is the
1419:
1360:
1280:
1215:
1183:
1167:
1080:
3205:
Metabolic signals in sleep regulation: the role of cholecystokinin
4943:
4910:
4905:
4897:
4784:
4719:
4590:
4348:
4242:
4227:
3847:
3424:
2017:"A hormone mechanism for gall-bladder contraction and evacuation"
1989:"Du mode d'action des excitants chimiques des glandes digestives"
1552:
1540:
1502:
1461:
1328:
1276:
1251:
1159:
890:
845:
763:
759:
63:
5067:
5029:
4848:
4789:
4163:
3559:
3517:
3429:
3400:
3319:
3229:
1692:
1457:
1231:
1064:
800:
503:
5100:
5075:
4986:
4958:
4691:
4076:
3554:
3356:
3280:
2341:
Scandinavian
Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation
1696:
1584:
1508:
The effects of CCK vary between individuals. For example, in
1356:
2384:
2303:
1485:
As a peptide hormone, CCK mediates satiety by acting on the
4317:
3762:
3150:
3057:
1891:
Leçons de physiologie expérimentale appliquée à la médecine
1680:
1446:
1179:
4302:
2750:
1509:
1155:
3018:
2887:
2607:"Enteroendocrine hormones - central effects on behavior"
669:
positive regulation of peptidyl-tyrosine phosphorylation
319:
2977:
1993:
2168:"Experiments with cholecystokinin in cholecystography"
1699:). CCK can have indirect effects on sleep regulation.
4366:
2888:
Zwanzger P, Domschke K, Bradwejn J (September 2012).
484:
3101:
1856:
1854:
1445:(Glisson's sphincter), resulting in the delivery of
659:
positive regulation of cell population proliferation
1505:, which has been shown to inhibit the vagus nerve.
649:
positive regulation of mitochondrial depolarization
427:
dentate gyrus of hippocampal formation granule cell
2254:
1769:
1767:
1765:
1748:
1746:
1744:
1647:Several studies have implicated CCK as a cause of
2835:
2785:
2680:
2332:
1851:
1837:(Eighth ed.). Philadelphia: Elsevier/Mosby.
1695:neurons, which control appetite and wakefulness (
1501:. The stimulatory effects of CCK oppose those of
734:positive regulation of sensory perception of pain
266:
165:
5137:
2883:
2881:
2836:Bowers ME, Choi DC, Ressler KJ (December 2012).
2600:
2598:
2596:
2131:
1710:and brainstem are not protected by the barrier.
1283:located seven residues from the C-terminus (see
1230:discovered a hormone that stimulated pancreatic
2604:
2338:
2257:"Gastrointestinal hormones regulating appetite"
1762:
1741:
1468:fats, aiding in their digestion and absorption.
1449:into the duodenal part of the small intestine.
1363:. In addition, release of CCK is stimulated by
744:positive regulation of behavioral fear response
739:negative regulation of behavioral fear response
4293:Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating peptide
2831:
2829:
2827:
2825:
1828:
1826:
1824:
1822:
1774:GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000032532
664:positive regulation of protein oligomerization
4333:
4213:Cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript
3832:
3266:
2878:
2593:
2476:
2380:
2378:
1295:, but their biological role remains unclear.
3144:
3095:
3051:
3012:
2971:
2744:
714:G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway
3846:
2930:
2822:
2779:
2709:
2674:
2297:
2047:
1865:. Colorado State University. Archived from
1819:
1753:GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000187094
4340:
4326:
3839:
3825:
3273:
3259:
2507:
2427:
2375:
2255:Chaudhri O, Small C, Bloom S (July 2006).
2206:
2132:Konturek PC, Konturek SJ (December 2003).
2096:
2014:
1958:
654:positive regulation of glutamate secretion
3243:at the U.S. National Library of Medicine
3178:
3168:
3127:
2995:
2954:
2905:
2861:
2622:
2605:Skibicka KP, Dickson SL (December 2013).
2556:
2533:
2453:
2280:
2224:
2183:
2073:
2032:
1935:
1912:"Cholecystokinin and the hormone concept"
1528:. CCK is synthesized as a 115 amino acid
709:regulation of signaling receptor activity
689:release of cytochrome c from mitochondria
3697:
2943:Journal of Psychiatry & Neuroscience
2936:
1524:, with high concentrations found in the
1520:CCK is found extensively throughout the
1470:
674:positive regulation of apoptotic process
624:regulation of sensory perception of pain
1909:
1887:
1832:
1532:, that is then converted into multiple
5138:
2715:
2645:
2165:
2141:Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
1691:. CCK has been shown to interact with
1422:to release a juice rich in pancreatic
1224:Northwestern University Medical School
1222:and his colleague Eric Oldberg of the
729:negative regulation of eating behavior
16:Hormone of the gastrointestinal system
4321:
3820:
3254:
3201:
2250:
2248:
2246:
2244:
1986:
1860:
1671:mostly in the brain and stomach. CCK
1214:acid in the duodenum might be due to
1174:. Its presence causes the release of
271:
232:
227:
170:
129:
124:
2508:Ma Y, Giardino WJ (September 2022).
2428:Ma Y, Giardino WJ (September 2022).
2387:Journal of the Neurological Sciences
3215:(PhD thesis). University of Szeged.
2984:The Journal of Biological Chemistry
1497:, effects that can be inhibited by
1334:
13:
2718:The American Journal of Physiology
2683:The American Journal of Physiology
2648:The American Journal of Physiology
2306:The American Journal of Physiology
2241:
2226:10.1111/j.1432-1033.1968.tb00433.x
2207:Mutt V, Jorpes JE (October 1968).
2111:10.1111/j.1748-1716.1966.tb03185.x
2015:Ivy AC, Oldberg E (October 1928).
1489:distributed widely throughout the
14:
5187:
3222:
3059:and structure/affinity studies".
2479:"Neurobiology of cholecystokinin"
2048:Harper AA, Raper HS (June 1943).
1702:CCK in the body cannot cross the
1642:
4828:5-Methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine
3228:
2483:Critical Reviews in Neurobiology
2213:European Journal of Biochemistry
1150:responsible for stimulating the
552:peptide hormone receptor binding
493:
255:
248:
242:
219:
154:
147:
141:
116:
4203:Calcitonin gene-related peptide
3195:
2695:10.1152/ajpregu.1987.252.2.R353
2639:
2611:Current Opinion in Pharmacology
2550:
2501:
2470:
2421:
2200:
2159:
2125:
2090:
2041:
2034:10.1152/ajplegacy.1928.86.3.599
2008:
1980:
1658:
1515:
1264:post-translational modification
639:negative regulation of appetite
3170:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1193-05.2005
2477:Moran TH, Schwartz GJ (1994).
2099:Acta Physiologica Scandinavica
2066:10.1113/jphysiol.1943.sp004021
2021:American Journal of Physiology
1952:
1903:
1881:
1801:
1783:
1607:) reliably causes anxiety and
1583:The CCK tetrapeptide fragment
1578:
504:More reference expression data
473:More reference expression data
443:Region I of hippocampus proper
377:dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
1:
3489:Bile and pancreatic secretion
3108:Molecular Biology of the Cell
2854:10.1016/j.physbeh.2012.03.004
2660:10.1152/ajpgi.1995.269.3.G319
2318:10.1152/ajpgi.1996.270.5.G860
1735:
1546:
547:neuropeptide hormone activity
240:
139:
4347:
4218:Delta-sleep-inducing peptide
2526:10.1016/j.addicn.2022.100024
2446:10.1016/j.addicn.2022.100024
2353:10.3109/00365513.2014.900695
1617:Positron emission tomography
1409:
1245:
7:
5146:Genes on human chromosome 3
3213:The Journal of Neuroscience
3157:The Journal of Neuroscience
3025:Journal of Nuclear Medicine
2788:Experimental Brain Research
2730:10.1152/ajpgi.1998.275.1.G8
1861:Bowen R (28 January 2001).
1835:Gastrointestinal Physiology
1713:
1706:, but certain parts of the
1476:production in the pancreas.
1298:
1170:, the first segment of the
10:
5192:
4996:Insulin-like growth factor
3709:Interstitial cell of Cajal
2765:10.1152/ajpregu.00094.2004
2624:10.1016/j.coph.2013.09.004
1725:Cholecystokinin antagonist
1683:1–3, which will stimulate
1669:cholecystokinin B receptor
1480:
1441:and the relaxation of the
1426:(hence an alternate name,
1289:cholecystokinin A receptor
1193:
439:lateral geniculate nucleus
5099:
5066:
5048:
5020:
4985:
4957:
4919:
4896:
4887:
4847:
4840:
4808:
4770:
4733:
4690:
4662:
4653:
4635:
4589:
4522:
4448:
4425:
4377:
4355:
4238:Gastrin-releasing peptide
4185:
4162:
4131:
4075:
4066:
4009:
3986:
3958:
3935:
3882:
3873:
3858:
3796:
3784:Enterohepatic circulation
3776:
3755:
3746:
3690:
3667:
3640:Segmentation contractions
3632:
3616:
3596:
3570:
3528:
3488:
3475:
3468:
3414:
3393:
3367:
3305:
3298:
3289:
2842:Physiology & Behavior
2399:10.1016/j.jns.2016.03.005
2185:10.3109/00016925809170975
2166:Broden B (January 1958).
2054:The Journal of Physiology
1910:Rehfeld JF (March 2021).
1809:"Mouse PubMed Reference:"
1791:"Human PubMed Reference:"
1095:
1090:
1086:
1079:
1063:
1057:Chr 9: 121.32 – 121.32 Mb
1044:
1025:
1021:
1000:
996:
989:
970:
966:
945:
941:
934:
921:
917:
902:
898:
889:
876:
872:
857:
853:
844:
831:
827:
812:
808:
799:
784:
777:
773:
757:
522:
518:
501:
492:
483:
470:
419:
410:
385:anterior cingulate cortex
357:
348:
318:
310:
306:
289:
276:
239:
218:
209:
205:
188:
175:
138:
115:
106:
102:
57:
54:
44:
37:
32:
28:
23:
5176:Cholecystokinin agonists
3245:Medical Subject Headings
2937:Bradwejn J (July 1993).
1621:anterior cingulate gyrus
1367:(released by pancreatic
1256:gastrointestinal hormone
1228:University of Manchester
634:behavioral fear response
3714:Basal electrical rhythm
3645:Migrating motor complex
3283:gastrointestinal system
3120:10.1091/mbc.E07-05-0430
1148:gastrointestinal system
1050:Chr 3: 42.26 – 42.27 Mb
4823:N,N-Dimethyltryptamine
4800:Pancreatic polypeptide
4288:Pancreatic polypeptide
3669:Enteric nervous system
3061:Molecular Pharmacology
2997:10.1074/jbc.M409480200
2894:Depression and Anxiety
2514:Addiction Neuroscience
2434:Addiction Neuroscience
2273:10.1098/rstb.2006.1856
1663:CCK has been shown to
1522:central nervous system
1491:central nervous system
1477:
1345:enteric nervous system
1313:central nervous system
455:superior frontal gyrus
397:superior frontal gyrus
3583:Enterochromaffin cell
3578:Enteroendocrine cells
2800:10.1007/s002210050546
2689:(2 Pt 2): R353–R360.
2654:(3 Pt 1): G319–G327.
2312:(5 Pt 1): G860–G868.
1959:Wertheimer E (1903).
1916:Endocrine Connections
1649:visual hallucinations
1474:
1397:parasympathetic nerve
1373:CCK-releasing protein
1164:enteroendocrine cells
447:medial dorsal nucleus
431:primary visual cortex
373:middle temporal gyrus
4233:Galanin-like peptide
3571:Endocrine cell types
3237:at Wikimedia Commons
3073:10.1124/mol.63.5.973
1557:basolateral amygdala
1377:paracrine signalling
1303:CCK plays important
1279:group attached to a
1236:Johannes Erik Jorpes
598:axon initial segment
573:extracellular region
423:primary motor cortex
369:orbitofrontal cortex
273:9 72.43 cM|9 F4
234:Chromosome 9 (mouse)
132:Chromosome 3 (human)
5166:Intestinal hormones
5109:Natriuretic peptide
4427:Posterior pituitary
4412:Somatostatin (GHIH)
3597:Exocrine cell types
3530:Glucose homeostasis
2267:(1471): 1187–1209.
2001:From pp. 316-317:
1833:Johnson LR (2013).
1704:blood–brain barrier
1689:protease inhibitors
1653:Parkinson's disease
1569:periaqueductal grey
1240:amino acid sequence
1136:move the bile-sac (
684:signal transduction
603:extracellular space
4450:Anterior pituitary
3720:Gastrocolic reflex
3281:Physiology of the
2147:(Suppl 3): 83–98.
1928:10.1530/EC-21-0025
1888:Bernard C (1856).
1478:
1285:tyrosine sulfation
1271:. CCK58 assumes a
879:ENSMUSG00000032532
617:Biological process
583:neuronal cell body
561:Cellular component
530:Molecular function
5133:
5132:
5129:
5128:
5016:
5015:
4836:
4835:
4766:
4765:
4518:
4517:
4315:
4314:
4311:
4310:
4062:
4061:
3814:
3813:
3792:
3791:
3742:
3741:
3738:
3737:
3677:Submucous plexus
3663:
3662:
3612:
3611:
3464:
3463:
3233:Media related to
3163:(32): 7459–7469.
2571:10.1159/000055831
1863:"Cholecystokinin"
1844:978-0-323-10085-4
1637:cerebellar vermis
1443:sphincter of Oddi
1424:digestive enzymes
1395:(released by the
1389:intestinal mucosa
1343:, neurons of the
1220:Andrew Conway Ivy
1190:, respectively..
1176:digestive enzymes
1134:, "move"; hence,
1106:
1105:
1102:
1101:
1075:
1074:
1040:
1039:
1015:
1014:
985:
984:
960:
959:
930:
929:
911:
910:
885:
884:
866:
865:
840:
839:
821:
820:
769:
768:
694:apoptotic process
514:
513:
510:
509:
479:
478:
466:
465:
459:entorhinal cortex
451:perirhinal cortex
404:
403:
302:
301:
201:
200:
50:, cholecystokinin
5183:
4894:
4893:
4889:Digestive system
4845:
4844:
4660:
4659:
4599:Thyroid hormones
4375:
4374:
4364:
4363:
4342:
4335:
4328:
4319:
4318:
4073:
4072:
3880:
3879:
3841:
3834:
3827:
3818:
3817:
3806:Peritoneal fluid
3768:Pancreatic juice
3753:
3752:
3695:
3694:
3682:Myenteric plexus
3624:Intestinal juice
3486:
3485:
3473:
3472:
3385:Gastric emptying
3337:Intrinsic factor
3303:
3302:
3296:
3295:
3275:
3268:
3261:
3252:
3251:
3232:
3217:
3216:
3210:
3202:Kapas L (2010).
3199:
3193:
3192:
3182:
3172:
3148:
3142:
3141:
3131:
3099:
3093:
3092:
3055:
3049:
3048:
3016:
3010:
3009:
2999:
2990:(2): 1044–1050.
2975:
2969:
2968:
2958:
2934:
2928:
2927:
2909:
2907:10.1002/da.21919
2885:
2876:
2875:
2865:
2833:
2820:
2819:
2783:
2777:
2776:
2759:(3): R751–R758.
2748:
2742:
2741:
2713:
2707:
2706:
2678:
2672:
2671:
2643:
2637:
2636:
2626:
2602:
2591:
2590:
2554:
2548:
2547:
2537:
2505:
2499:
2498:
2474:
2468:
2467:
2457:
2425:
2419:
2418:
2382:
2373:
2372:
2336:
2330:
2329:
2301:
2295:
2294:
2284:
2252:
2239:
2238:
2228:
2204:
2198:
2197:
2187:
2172:Acta Radiologica
2163:
2157:
2156:
2138:
2129:
2123:
2122:
2094:
2088:
2087:
2077:
2045:
2039:
2038:
2036:
2012:
2006:
2000:
1987:Fleig C (1904).
1984:
1978:
1972:
1956:
1950:
1949:
1939:
1922:(3): R139–R150.
1907:
1901:
1895:
1885:
1879:
1878:
1876:
1874:
1869:on 17 March 2016
1858:
1849:
1848:
1830:
1817:
1816:
1805:
1799:
1798:
1787:
1781:
1771:
1760:
1750:
1573:cortical regions
1335:Gastrointestinal
1307:roles both as a
1273:helix-turn-helix
1212:
1204:Émile Wertheimer
1088:
1087:
1059:
1052:
1035:
1019:
1018:
1010:
994:
993:
990:RefSeq (protein)
980:
964:
963:
955:
939:
938:
915:
914:
896:
895:
870:
869:
851:
850:
825:
824:
806:
805:
775:
774:
699:neuron migration
537:hormone activity
520:
519:
506:
497:
490:
489:
475:
415:
413:Top expressed in
408:
407:
365:Brodmann area 10
353:
351:Top expressed in
346:
345:
325:
324:
308:
307:
298:
285:
274:
259:
252:
246:
235:
223:
207:
206:
197:
184:
173:
158:
151:
145:
134:
120:
104:
103:
98:
49:
42:
21:
20:
5191:
5190:
5186:
5185:
5184:
5182:
5181:
5180:
5151:Cholecystokinin
5136:
5135:
5134:
5125:
5095:
5062:
5044:
5012:
4981:
4953:
4915:
4883:
4832:
4804:
4762:
4729:
4686:
4649:
4631:
4615:
4607:
4585:
4569:Adrenal medulla
4562:Androstenedione
4514:
4444:
4421:
4369:
4358:
4351:
4346:
4316:
4307:
4263:Neuropeptide VF
4258:Neuropeptide SF
4253:Neuropeptide FF
4248:Neuropeptide AF
4181:
4158:
4127:
4068:
4058:
4005:
3982:
3954:
3931:
3900:
3875:Opioid peptides
3869:
3854:
3845:
3815:
3810:
3788:
3772:
3734:
3686:
3659:
3628:
3608:
3592:
3566:
3524:
3501:Cholecystokinin
3460:
3410:
3389:
3363:
3352:
3285:
3279:
3241:Cholecystokinin
3235:Cholecystokinin
3225:
3220:
3208:
3200:
3196:
3149:
3145:
3100:
3096:
3056:
3052:
3017:
3013:
2976:
2972:
2935:
2931:
2886:
2879:
2834:
2823:
2784:
2780:
2749:
2745:
2714:
2710:
2679:
2675:
2644:
2640:
2603:
2594:
2555:
2551:
2506:
2502:
2475:
2471:
2426:
2422:
2383:
2376:
2337:
2333:
2302:
2298:
2253:
2242:
2205:
2201:
2164:
2160:
2136:
2130:
2126:
2095:
2091:
2046:
2042:
2013:
2009:
1985:
1981:
1957:
1953:
1908:
1904:
1886:
1882:
1872:
1870:
1859:
1852:
1845:
1831:
1820:
1807:
1806:
1802:
1789:
1788:
1784:
1772:
1763:
1751:
1742:
1738:
1716:
1674:
1661:
1645:
1606:
1581:
1549:
1518:
1483:
1412:
1365:monitor peptide
1351:and/or certain
1337:
1317:peptide hormone
1301:
1248:
1206:
1196:
1172:small intestine
1144:peptide hormone
1109:Cholecystokinin
1097:View/Edit Mouse
1092:View/Edit Human
1055:
1048:
1045:Location (UCSC)
1031:
1027:
1006:
1002:
976:
972:
951:
947:
860:ENSG00000187094
753:
724:visual learning
629:eating behavior
612:
578:terminal bouton
556:
542:protein binding
502:
471:
462:
457:
453:
449:
445:
441:
437:
433:
429:
425:
411:
400:
395:
393:Brodmann area 9
391:
387:
383:
381:cingulate gyrus
379:
375:
371:
367:
363:
349:
293:
280:
272:
262:
261:
260:
253:
233:
210:Gene location (
192:
179:
171:
161:
160:
159:
152:
130:
107:Gene location (
96:CCK - orthologs
58:
45:
38:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5189:
5179:
5178:
5173:
5168:
5163:
5158:
5153:
5148:
5131:
5130:
5127:
5126:
5124:
5123:
5122:
5121:
5116:
5105:
5103:
5097:
5096:
5094:
5093:
5088:
5083:
5078:
5072:
5070:
5064:
5063:
5061:
5060:
5054:
5052:
5046:
5045:
5043:
5042:
5037:
5032:
5026:
5024:
5022:Adipose tissue
5018:
5017:
5014:
5013:
5011:
5010:
5009:
5008:
5003:
4992:
4990:
4983:
4982:
4980:
4979:
4974:
4969:
4967:Enteroglucagon
4963:
4961:
4955:
4954:
4952:
4951:
4946:
4941:
4936:
4931:
4925:
4923:
4917:
4916:
4914:
4913:
4908:
4902:
4900:
4891:
4885:
4884:
4882:
4881:
4876:
4871:
4870:
4869:
4867:Beta thymosins
4864:
4853:
4851:
4842:
4838:
4837:
4834:
4833:
4831:
4830:
4825:
4820:
4814:
4812:
4806:
4805:
4803:
4802:
4797:
4792:
4787:
4782:
4776:
4774:
4768:
4767:
4764:
4763:
4761:
4760:
4755:
4750:
4745:
4739:
4737:
4731:
4730:
4728:
4727:
4722:
4717:
4712:
4707:
4702:
4696:
4694:
4688:
4687:
4685:
4684:
4679:
4674:
4668:
4666:
4657:
4651:
4650:
4648:
4647:
4641:
4639:
4633:
4632:
4630:
4629:
4624:
4619:
4618:
4617:
4613:
4609:
4605:
4595:
4593:
4587:
4586:
4584:
4583:
4582:
4581:
4579:Norepinephrine
4576:
4566:
4565:
4564:
4559:
4554:
4549:
4544:
4539:
4532:Adrenal cortex
4528:
4526:
4520:
4519:
4516:
4515:
4513:
4512:
4507:
4506:
4505:
4500:
4495:
4490:
4485:
4475:
4470:
4465:
4460:
4454:
4452:
4446:
4445:
4443:
4442:
4437:
4431:
4429:
4423:
4422:
4420:
4419:
4414:
4409:
4404:
4399:
4394:
4389:
4383:
4381:
4372:
4361:
4353:
4352:
4345:
4344:
4337:
4330:
4322:
4313:
4312:
4309:
4308:
4306:
4305:
4300:
4295:
4290:
4285:
4280:
4275:
4273:Neuropeptide Y
4270:
4268:Neuropeptide S
4265:
4260:
4255:
4250:
4245:
4240:
4235:
4230:
4225:
4220:
4215:
4210:
4205:
4200:
4195:
4189:
4187:
4183:
4182:
4180:
4179:
4174:
4168:
4166:
4160:
4159:
4157:
4156:
4151:
4146:
4141:
4135:
4133:
4129:
4128:
4126:
4125:
4124:
4123:
4118:
4110:
4109:
4108:
4103:
4098:
4087:
4081:
4079:
4070:
4064:
4063:
4060:
4059:
4057:
4056:
4051:
4046:
4041:
4036:
4035:
4034:
4024:
4019:
4013:
4011:
4007:
4006:
4004:
4003:
4001:Leu-enkephalin
3998:
3996:Met-enkephalin
3992:
3990:
3984:
3983:
3981:
3980:
3975:
3970:
3964:
3962:
3956:
3955:
3953:
3952:
3947:
3941:
3939:
3933:
3932:
3930:
3929:
3927:β-Neoendorphin
3924:
3922:α-Neoendorphin
3919:
3914:
3909:
3904:
3903:
3902:
3898:
3888:
3886:
3877:
3871:
3870:
3862:
3860:
3856:
3855:
3844:
3843:
3836:
3829:
3821:
3812:
3811:
3809:
3808:
3802:
3800:
3798:Abdominopelvic
3794:
3793:
3790:
3789:
3787:
3786:
3780:
3778:
3774:
3773:
3771:
3770:
3765:
3759:
3757:
3750:
3744:
3743:
3740:
3739:
3736:
3735:
3733:
3732:
3727:
3722:
3717:
3711:
3701:
3699:
3692:
3688:
3687:
3685:
3684:
3679:
3673:
3671:
3665:
3664:
3661:
3660:
3658:
3657:
3652:
3647:
3642:
3636:
3634:
3630:
3629:
3627:
3626:
3620:
3618:
3614:
3613:
3610:
3609:
3607:
3606:
3600:
3598:
3594:
3593:
3591:
3590:
3585:
3580:
3574:
3572:
3568:
3567:
3565:
3564:
3563:
3562:
3552:
3551:
3550:
3539:
3537:
3526:
3525:
3523:
3522:
3521:
3520:
3510:
3509:
3508:
3498:
3496:Enterogastrone
3492:
3490:
3483:
3470:
3466:
3465:
3462:
3461:
3459:
3458:
3457:
3456:
3446:
3445:
3444:
3434:
3433:
3432:
3421:
3419:
3412:
3411:
3409:
3408:
3403:
3397:
3395:
3391:
3390:
3388:
3387:
3382:
3377:
3371:
3369:
3365:
3364:
3362:
3361:
3360:
3359:
3354:
3350:
3344:Foveolar cells
3341:
3340:
3339:
3334:
3327:Parietal cells
3324:
3323:
3322:
3311:
3309:
3300:
3293:
3287:
3286:
3278:
3277:
3270:
3263:
3255:
3249:
3248:
3238:
3224:
3223:External links
3221:
3219:
3218:
3194:
3143:
3114:(1): 198–206.
3094:
3067:(5): 973–982.
3050:
3031:(3): 485–494.
3011:
2970:
2949:(4): 178–188.
2929:
2900:(9): 762–774.
2877:
2848:(5): 699–710.
2821:
2794:(1–2): 77–83.
2778:
2743:
2708:
2673:
2638:
2617:(6): 977–982.
2592:
2565:(4): 320–335.
2549:
2500:
2469:
2420:
2374:
2347:(5): 424–431.
2331:
2296:
2240:
2219:(1): 156–162.
2199:
2158:
2124:
2105:(1): 196–202.
2089:
2060:(1): 115–125.
2040:
2027:(3): 599–613.
2007:
1979:
1973:From p. 287:
1951:
1902:
1896:From p. 430:
1880:
1850:
1843:
1818:
1800:
1782:
1761:
1739:
1737:
1734:
1733:
1732:
1727:
1722:
1715:
1712:
1672:
1660:
1657:
1644:
1643:Hallucinogenic
1641:
1604:
1580:
1577:
1548:
1545:
1517:
1514:
1482:
1479:
1411:
1408:
1399:fibers of the
1336:
1333:
1300:
1297:
1293:CCK-A receptor
1247:
1244:
1200:Claude Bernard
1195:
1192:
1104:
1103:
1100:
1099:
1094:
1084:
1083:
1077:
1076:
1073:
1072:
1070:
1068:
1061:
1060:
1053:
1046:
1042:
1041:
1038:
1037:
1023:
1022:
1016:
1013:
1012:
998:
997:
991:
987:
986:
983:
982:
968:
967:
961:
958:
957:
943:
942:
936:
932:
931:
928:
927:
919:
918:
912:
909:
908:
900:
899:
893:
887:
886:
883:
882:
874:
873:
867:
864:
863:
855:
854:
848:
842:
841:
838:
837:
829:
828:
822:
819:
818:
810:
809:
803:
797:
796:
791:
786:
782:
781:
771:
770:
767:
766:
755:
754:
752:
751:
746:
741:
736:
731:
726:
721:
716:
711:
706:
701:
696:
691:
686:
681:
676:
671:
666:
661:
656:
651:
646:
641:
636:
631:
626:
620:
618:
614:
613:
611:
610:
605:
600:
595:
590:
585:
580:
575:
570:
564:
562:
558:
557:
555:
554:
549:
544:
539:
533:
531:
527:
526:
516:
515:
512:
511:
508:
507:
499:
498:
487:
481:
480:
477:
476:
468:
467:
464:
463:
461:
460:
456:
452:
448:
444:
440:
436:
432:
428:
424:
420:
417:
416:
405:
402:
401:
399:
398:
394:
390:
386:
382:
378:
374:
370:
366:
362:
358:
355:
354:
342:
341:
333:
322:
316:
315:
312:RNA expression
304:
303:
300:
299:
291:
287:
286:
278:
275:
270:
264:
263:
254:
247:
241:
237:
236:
231:
225:
224:
216:
215:
203:
202:
199:
198:
190:
186:
185:
177:
174:
169:
163:
162:
153:
146:
140:
136:
135:
128:
122:
121:
113:
112:
100:
99:
56:
52:
51:
43:
35:
34:
30:
29:
26:
25:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5188:
5177:
5174:
5172:
5171:Neuropeptides
5169:
5167:
5164:
5162:
5159:
5157:
5154:
5152:
5149:
5147:
5144:
5143:
5141:
5120:
5117:
5115:
5112:
5111:
5110:
5107:
5106:
5104:
5102:
5098:
5092:
5091:Prostaglandin
5089:
5087:
5084:
5082:
5079:
5077:
5074:
5073:
5071:
5069:
5065:
5059:
5056:
5055:
5053:
5051:
5047:
5041:
5038:
5036:
5033:
5031:
5028:
5027:
5025:
5023:
5019:
5007:
5004:
5002:
4999:
4998:
4997:
4994:
4993:
4991:
4988:
4984:
4978:
4975:
4973:
4970:
4968:
4965:
4964:
4962:
4960:
4956:
4950:
4947:
4945:
4942:
4940:
4937:
4935:
4932:
4930:
4927:
4926:
4924:
4922:
4918:
4912:
4909:
4907:
4904:
4903:
4901:
4899:
4895:
4892:
4890:
4886:
4880:
4877:
4875:
4872:
4868:
4865:
4863:
4860:
4859:
4858:
4855:
4854:
4852:
4850:
4846:
4843:
4839:
4829:
4826:
4824:
4821:
4819:
4816:
4815:
4813:
4811:
4807:
4801:
4798:
4796:
4793:
4791:
4788:
4786:
4783:
4781:
4778:
4777:
4775:
4773:
4769:
4759:
4756:
4754:
4751:
4749:
4746:
4744:
4741:
4740:
4738:
4736:
4732:
4726:
4723:
4721:
4718:
4716:
4713:
4711:
4708:
4706:
4703:
4701:
4698:
4697:
4695:
4693:
4689:
4683:
4680:
4678:
4675:
4673:
4670:
4669:
4667:
4665:
4661:
4658:
4656:
4652:
4646:
4643:
4642:
4640:
4638:
4634:
4628:
4625:
4623:
4620:
4616:
4610:
4608:
4602:
4601:
4600:
4597:
4596:
4594:
4592:
4588:
4580:
4577:
4575:
4572:
4571:
4570:
4567:
4563:
4560:
4558:
4555:
4553:
4550:
4548:
4545:
4543:
4540:
4538:
4535:
4534:
4533:
4530:
4529:
4527:
4525:
4521:
4511:
4508:
4504:
4501:
4499:
4496:
4494:
4491:
4489:
4486:
4484:
4481:
4480:
4479:
4476:
4474:
4471:
4469:
4466:
4464:
4461:
4459:
4456:
4455:
4453:
4451:
4447:
4441:
4438:
4436:
4433:
4432:
4430:
4428:
4424:
4418:
4415:
4413:
4410:
4408:
4405:
4403:
4400:
4398:
4395:
4393:
4390:
4388:
4385:
4384:
4382:
4380:
4376:
4373:
4371:
4368:Hypothalamic–
4365:
4362:
4360:
4354:
4350:
4343:
4338:
4336:
4331:
4329:
4324:
4323:
4320:
4304:
4301:
4299:
4296:
4294:
4291:
4289:
4286:
4284:
4281:
4279:
4276:
4274:
4271:
4269:
4266:
4264:
4261:
4259:
4256:
4254:
4251:
4249:
4246:
4244:
4241:
4239:
4236:
4234:
4231:
4229:
4226:
4224:
4221:
4219:
4216:
4214:
4211:
4209:
4206:
4204:
4201:
4199:
4196:
4194:
4191:
4190:
4188:
4184:
4178:
4175:
4173:
4170:
4169:
4167:
4165:
4161:
4155:
4152:
4150:
4147:
4145:
4142:
4140:
4137:
4136:
4134:
4130:
4122:
4119:
4117:
4114:
4113:
4111:
4107:
4104:
4102:
4099:
4097:
4094:
4093:
4091:
4088:
4086:
4083:
4082:
4080:
4078:
4074:
4071:
4069:neuropeptides
4065:
4055:
4052:
4050:
4047:
4045:
4042:
4040:
4037:
4033:
4030:
4029:
4028:
4025:
4023:
4020:
4018:
4015:
4014:
4012:
4008:
4002:
3999:
3997:
3994:
3993:
3991:
3989:
3985:
3979:
3976:
3974:
3971:
3969:
3966:
3965:
3963:
3961:
3957:
3951:
3950:Endomorphin-2
3948:
3946:
3945:Endomorphin-1
3943:
3942:
3940:
3938:
3934:
3928:
3925:
3923:
3920:
3918:
3915:
3913:
3912:Big dynorphin
3910:
3908:
3905:
3901:
3895:
3894:
3893:
3890:
3889:
3887:
3885:
3881:
3878:
3876:
3872:
3868:
3867:
3861:
3857:
3853:
3852:neuropeptides
3849:
3842:
3837:
3835:
3830:
3828:
3823:
3822:
3819:
3807:
3804:
3803:
3801:
3799:
3795:
3785:
3782:
3781:
3779:
3775:
3769:
3766:
3764:
3761:
3760:
3758:
3754:
3751:
3749:
3745:
3731:
3728:
3726:
3723:
3721:
3718:
3715:
3712:
3710:
3706:
3703:
3702:
3700:
3696:
3693:
3689:
3683:
3680:
3678:
3675:
3674:
3672:
3670:
3666:
3656:
3653:
3651:
3648:
3646:
3643:
3641:
3638:
3637:
3635:
3631:
3625:
3622:
3621:
3619:
3615:
3605:
3602:
3601:
3599:
3595:
3589:
3586:
3584:
3581:
3579:
3576:
3575:
3573:
3569:
3561:
3558:
3557:
3556:
3553:
3549:
3546:
3545:
3544:
3541:
3540:
3538:
3535:
3531:
3527:
3519:
3516:
3515:
3514:
3511:
3507:
3504:
3503:
3502:
3499:
3497:
3494:
3493:
3491:
3487:
3484:
3482:
3478:
3474:
3471:
3467:
3455:
3452:
3451:
3450:
3447:
3443:
3440:
3439:
3438:
3435:
3431:
3428:
3427:
3426:
3423:
3422:
3420:
3417:
3413:
3407:
3404:
3402:
3399:
3398:
3396:
3392:
3386:
3383:
3381:
3378:
3376:
3373:
3372:
3370:
3366:
3358:
3355:
3353:
3347:
3346:
3345:
3342:
3338:
3335:
3333:
3330:
3329:
3328:
3325:
3321:
3318:
3317:
3316:
3313:
3312:
3310:
3308:
3304:
3301:
3297:
3294:
3292:
3288:
3284:
3276:
3271:
3269:
3264:
3262:
3257:
3256:
3253:
3246:
3242:
3239:
3236:
3231:
3227:
3226:
3214:
3207:
3206:
3198:
3190:
3186:
3181:
3176:
3171:
3166:
3162:
3158:
3154:
3147:
3139:
3135:
3130:
3125:
3121:
3117:
3113:
3109:
3105:
3098:
3090:
3086:
3082:
3078:
3074:
3070:
3066:
3062:
3054:
3046:
3042:
3038:
3034:
3030:
3026:
3022:
3015:
3007:
3003:
2998:
2993:
2989:
2985:
2981:
2974:
2966:
2962:
2957:
2952:
2948:
2944:
2940:
2933:
2925:
2921:
2917:
2913:
2908:
2903:
2899:
2895:
2891:
2884:
2882:
2873:
2869:
2864:
2859:
2855:
2851:
2847:
2843:
2839:
2832:
2830:
2828:
2826:
2817:
2813:
2809:
2805:
2801:
2797:
2793:
2789:
2782:
2774:
2770:
2766:
2762:
2758:
2754:
2747:
2739:
2735:
2731:
2727:
2723:
2719:
2712:
2704:
2700:
2696:
2692:
2688:
2684:
2677:
2669:
2665:
2661:
2657:
2653:
2649:
2642:
2634:
2630:
2625:
2620:
2616:
2612:
2608:
2601:
2599:
2597:
2588:
2584:
2580:
2576:
2572:
2568:
2564:
2560:
2559:Pancreatology
2553:
2545:
2541:
2536:
2531:
2527:
2523:
2519:
2515:
2511:
2504:
2496:
2492:
2488:
2484:
2480:
2473:
2465:
2461:
2456:
2451:
2447:
2443:
2439:
2435:
2431:
2424:
2416:
2412:
2408:
2404:
2400:
2396:
2392:
2388:
2381:
2379:
2370:
2366:
2362:
2358:
2354:
2350:
2346:
2342:
2335:
2327:
2323:
2319:
2315:
2311:
2307:
2300:
2292:
2288:
2283:
2278:
2274:
2270:
2266:
2262:
2258:
2251:
2249:
2247:
2245:
2236:
2232:
2227:
2222:
2218:
2214:
2210:
2203:
2195:
2191:
2186:
2181:
2177:
2173:
2169:
2162:
2154:
2150:
2146:
2142:
2135:
2128:
2120:
2116:
2112:
2108:
2104:
2100:
2093:
2085:
2081:
2076:
2071:
2067:
2063:
2059:
2055:
2051:
2044:
2035:
2030:
2026:
2022:
2018:
2011:
2004:
1998:
1995:(in French).
1994:
1990:
1983:
1976:
1970:
1967:(in French).
1966:
1962:
1955:
1947:
1943:
1938:
1933:
1929:
1925:
1921:
1917:
1913:
1906:
1899:
1893:
1892:
1884:
1868:
1864:
1857:
1855:
1846:
1840:
1836:
1829:
1827:
1825:
1823:
1814:
1810:
1804:
1796:
1792:
1786:
1779:
1775:
1770:
1768:
1766:
1758:
1754:
1749:
1747:
1745:
1740:
1731:
1728:
1726:
1723:
1721:
1720:Antianalgesia
1718:
1717:
1711:
1709:
1705:
1700:
1698:
1694:
1690:
1686:
1682:
1678:
1670:
1666:
1656:
1654:
1650:
1640:
1638:
1634:
1630:
1626:
1622:
1618:
1614:
1610:
1609:panic attacks
1602:
1598:
1594:
1590:
1586:
1576:
1574:
1570:
1566:
1562:
1558:
1554:
1544:
1542:
1539:
1535:
1531:
1530:preprohormone
1527:
1526:limbic system
1523:
1513:
1511:
1506:
1504:
1500:
1496:
1492:
1488:
1487:CCK receptors
1473:
1469:
1467:
1463:
1459:
1456:
1452:
1448:
1444:
1440:
1435:
1433:
1429:
1425:
1421:
1417:
1407:
1404:
1402:
1398:
1394:
1393:acetylcholine
1390:
1386:
1382:
1378:
1374:
1370:
1366:
1362:
1359:entering the
1358:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1342:
1332:
1330:
1326:
1322:
1318:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1305:physiological
1296:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1265:
1262:depending on
1261:
1257:
1253:
1243:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1210:
1205:
1201:
1191:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1139:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1098:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1082:
1078:
1071:
1069:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1036:
1034:
1030:
1024:
1020:
1017:
1011:
1009:
1005:
999:
995:
992:
988:
981:
979:
975:
969:
965:
962:
956:
954:
950:
944:
940:
937:
935:RefSeq (mRNA)
933:
926:
925:
920:
916:
913:
907:
906:
901:
897:
894:
892:
888:
881:
880:
875:
871:
868:
862:
861:
856:
852:
849:
847:
843:
836:
835:
830:
826:
823:
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811:
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804:
802:
798:
795:
792:
790:
787:
783:
780:
776:
772:
765:
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747:
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742:
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727:
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560:
559:
553:
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548:
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532:
529:
528:
525:
524:Gene ontology
521:
517:
505:
500:
496:
491:
488:
486:
482:
474:
469:
458:
454:
450:
446:
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196:
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137:
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127:
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119:
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110:
105:
101:
97:
93:
89:
85:
81:
77:
73:
69:
65:
61:
53:
48:
41:
36:
31:
27:
22:
19:
4928:
4874:Thymopoietin
4810:Pineal gland
4795:Somatostatin
4758:Progesterone
4705:Progesterone
4672:Testosterone
4655:Gonadal axis
4627:Thyroid axis
4524:Adrenal axis
4379:Hypothalamus
4278:Neurophysins
4106:Neurokinin B
4101:Neurokinin A
3937:Endomorphins
3863:
3604:Goblet cells
3500:
3449:Somatostatin
3416:Gastric acid
3406:Gastric acid
3332:Gastric acid
3212:
3204:
3197:
3160:
3156:
3146:
3111:
3107:
3097:
3064:
3060:
3053:
3028:
3024:
3014:
2987:
2983:
2973:
2946:
2942:
2932:
2897:
2893:
2845:
2841:
2791:
2787:
2781:
2756:
2752:
2746:
2724:(1): G8-13.
2721:
2717:
2711:
2686:
2682:
2676:
2651:
2647:
2641:
2614:
2610:
2562:
2558:
2552:
2517:
2513:
2503:
2486:
2482:
2472:
2437:
2433:
2423:
2390:
2386:
2344:
2340:
2334:
2309:
2305:
2299:
2264:
2260:
2216:
2212:
2202:
2178:(1): 25–30.
2175:
2171:
2161:
2144:
2140:
2127:
2102:
2098:
2092:
2057:
2053:
2043:
2024:
2020:
2010:
2002:
1996:
1992:
1982:
1974:
1968:
1964:
1954:
1919:
1915:
1905:
1897:
1890:
1883:
1871:. Retrieved
1867:the original
1834:
1812:
1803:
1794:
1785:
1708:hypothalamus
1701:
1662:
1659:Interactions
1646:
1635:region, and
1582:
1565:hypothalamus
1550:
1519:
1516:Neurological
1507:
1484:
1439:gall bladder
1436:
1432:somatostatin
1428:pancreozymin
1427:
1416:acinar cells
1413:
1405:
1379:mediated by
1369:acinar cells
1338:
1309:neuropeptide
1302:
1249:
1197:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1107:
1029:NP_001271437
1026:
1008:NP_001167609
1001:
978:NM_001284508
971:
953:NM_001174138
946:
922:
903:
877:
858:
832:
813:
793:
788:
704:axonogenesis
593:axon hillock
361:frontal pole
335:
328:
294:121,324,760
281:121,318,890
55:External IDs
18:
5156:Anxiogenics
5058:Osteocalcin
5035:Adiponectin
4862:Thymosin α1
4637:Parathyroid
4537:Aldosterone
4440:Vasopressin
4283:Neurotensin
4193:Angiotensin
4132:Neuromedins
4121:Physalaemin
4096:Substance P
4090:Tachykinins
4085:Bradykinins
4032:Hemorphin-4
4017:Adrenorphin
3988:Enkephalins
3978:Îł-Endorphin
3973:β-Endorphin
3968:α-Endorphin
3907:Dynorphin B
3897:Dynorphin A
3892:Dynorphin A
3705:Peristalsis
3691:Either/both
3650:Borborygmus
3315:Chief cells
2489:(1): 1–28.
1685:hypertrophy
1677:calcineurin
1579:Panicogenic
1561:hippocampus
1541:octapeptide
1495:vagus nerve
1455:amphipathic
1401:vagus nerve
1381:enterocytes
1353:amino acids
1349:fatty acids
1260:amino acids
1207: [
1188:gallbladder
1138:gallbladder
193:42,266,185
180:42,257,825
33:Identifiers
5161:Hepatology
5140:Categories
5086:Calcitriol
4972:Peptide YY
4622:Calcitonin
4574:Adrenaline
4503:Lipotropin
4498:Endorphins
4112:amphibian
4049:Spinorphin
4039:Nociceptin
4022:Amidorphin
3960:Endorphins
3917:Leumorphin
3884:Dynorphins
3730:Enterocyte
3655:Defecation
3375:Swallowing
3320:Pepsinogen
2520:: 100024.
2440:: 100024.
1999:: 286–346.
1971:: 286–287.
1873:6 November
1780:, May 2017
1759:, May 2017
1736:References
1730:Proglumide
1613:anxiolytic
1547:Anxiogenic
1543:, CCK-8S.
1451:Bile salts
1254:, another
1126:, "bile";
568:perikaryon
339:(ortholog)
76:HomoloGene
4857:Thymosins
4818:Melatonin
4700:Estradiol
4547:Cortisone
4473:Prolactin
4370:pituitary
4357:Endocrine
4223:FMRFamide
4208:Carnosine
4092:: mammal
4054:Valorphin
4044:Opiorphin
4027:Hemorphin
3777:Processes
3748:Accessory
3725:Digestion
3698:Processes
3633:Processes
3588:APUD cell
3534:incretins
3481:paracrine
3477:Endocrine
3442:ECL cells
3437:Histamine
3418:secretion
3368:Processes
3045:219229095
2393:: 33–41.
2369:207421432
1625:claustrum
1499:capsaicin
1410:Digestion
1321:digestion
1315:and as a
1246:Structure
1182:from the
1152:digestion
1130:, "sac";
1033:NP_112438
1004:NP_000720
974:NM_031161
949:NM_000729
779:Orthologs
749:digestion
435:CA3 field
84:GeneCards
5050:Skeleton
5040:Resistin
4939:Secretin
4921:Duodenum
4879:Thymulin
4780:Glucagon
4772:Pancreas
4753:Estrogen
4735:Placenta
4542:Cortisol
4435:Oxytocin
4397:Dopamine
4349:Hormones
4198:Bombesin
4116:Kassinin
3866:hormones
3859:Hormones
3848:Peptides
3513:Secretin
3380:Vomiting
3307:Exocrine
3291:GI tract
3189:16093397
3138:17978097
3089:38395309
3081:12695525
3041:ProQuest
3037:15001692
3006:15520004
2924:24581213
2916:22553078
2872:22429904
2816:11251325
2773:15550621
2633:24091195
2587:22629842
2579:12120211
2544:35983578
2464:35983578
2415:31298855
2407:27084212
2361:24734780
2291:16815798
2194:13508336
2153:15075466
2084:16991584
1946:33640870
1776:–
1755:–
1714:See also
1665:interact
1633:amygdala
1538:sulfated
1534:isoforms
1466:emulsify
1462:micelles
1420:pancreas
1361:duodenum
1299:Function
1281:tyrosine
1216:secretin
1184:pancreas
1168:duodenum
1081:Wikidata
758:Sources:
588:dendrite
389:amygdala
4944:Motilin
4911:Ghrelin
4906:Gastrin
4898:Stomach
4785:Insulin
4720:Relaxin
4715:Inhibin
4710:Activin
4682:Inhibin
4591:Thyroid
4298:RVD-Hpα
4243:Ghrelin
4228:Galanin
4164:Orexins
3560:L cells
3548:K cells
3518:S cells
3506:I cells
3454:D cells
3430:G cells
3425:Gastrin
3180:6725310
3129:2174201
2965:8104032
2956:1188527
2863:3532931
2808:9835394
2738:9655678
2703:3812772
2668:7573441
2535:9380858
2495:8828002
2455:9380858
2326:8967499
2282:1642697
2235:5725809
2119:5935672
2075:1393423
1937:8052576
1778:Ensembl
1757:Ensembl
1629:insular
1615:drugs.
1553:anxiety
1503:ghrelin
1481:Satiety
1418:of the
1391:), and
1385:gastric
1383:in the
1355:in the
1341:I cells
1329:anxiety
1325:satiety
1311:in the
1277:sulfate
1252:gastrin
1194:History
1166:in the
1160:protein
1146:of the
1142:) is a
1119:; from
891:UniProt
846:Ensembl
785:Species
764:QuickGO
314:pattern
40:Aliases
5068:Kidney
5030:Leptin
4989:/other
4849:Thymus
4790:Amylin
4664:Testis
4557:DHEA-S
4359:glands
4077:Kinins
4010:Others
3756:Fluids
3617:Fluids
3401:Saliva
3394:Fluids
3247:(MeSH)
3187:
3177:
3136:
3126:
3087:
3079:
3043:
3035:
3004:
2963:
2953:
2922:
2914:
2870:
2860:
2814:
2806:
2771:
2736:
2701:
2666:
2631:
2585:
2577:
2542:
2532:
2493:
2462:
2452:
2413:
2405:
2367:
2359:
2324:
2289:
2279:
2233:
2192:
2151:
2117:
2082:
2072:
1944:
1934:
1841:
1693:orexin
1623:, the
1571:, and
1458:lipids
1232:enzyme
1117:CCK-PZ
1067:search
1065:PubMed
924:P09240
905:P06307
801:Entrez
719:memory
485:BioGPS
172:3p22.1
64:118440
5101:Heart
5076:Renin
5006:IGF-2
5001:IGF-1
4987:Liver
4977:GLP-1
4959:Ileum
4841:Other
4725:GnSAF
4692:Ovary
4186:Other
4067:Other
3555:GLP-1
3469:Lower
3357:Mucus
3299:Upper
3209:(PDF)
3085:S2CID
2920:S2CID
2812:S2CID
2583:S2CID
2411:S2CID
2365:S2CID
2137:(PDF)
1697:sleep
1585:CCK-4
1464:that
1453:form
1375:(via
1357:chyme
1269:CCK-8
1211:]
1132:kinin
1128:cysto
1124:chole
1121:Greek
834:12424
794:Mouse
789:Human
760:Amigo
337:Mouse
330:Human
277:Start
212:Mouse
176:Start
109:Human
72:88297
4552:DHEA
4488:ACTH
4483:CLIP
4478:POMC
4407:GHRH
4387:GnRH
3864:see
3763:Bile
3185:PMID
3134:PMID
3077:PMID
3033:PMID
3002:PMID
2961:PMID
2912:PMID
2868:PMID
2804:PMID
2769:PMID
2734:PMID
2699:PMID
2664:PMID
2629:PMID
2575:PMID
2540:PMID
2491:PMID
2460:PMID
2403:PMID
2357:PMID
2322:PMID
2287:PMID
2231:PMID
2190:PMID
2149:PMID
2115:PMID
2080:PMID
1942:PMID
1875:2015
1839:ISBN
1681:NFAT
1510:rats
1447:bile
1387:and
1327:and
1186:and
1180:bile
1178:and
1158:and
608:axon
320:Bgee
268:Band
229:Chr.
167:Band
126:Chr.
60:OMIM
5119:BNP
5114:ANP
5081:EPO
4949:VIP
4934:GIP
4929:CCK
4748:HPL
4743:hCG
4677:AMH
4645:PTH
4493:MSH
4468:TSH
4458:FSH
4417:MCH
4402:CRH
4392:TRH
4303:VGF
3899:1–8
3543:GIP
3349:HCO
3175:PMC
3165:doi
3124:PMC
3116:doi
3069:doi
2992:doi
2988:280
2951:PMC
2902:doi
2858:PMC
2850:doi
2846:107
2796:doi
2792:123
2761:doi
2757:288
2726:doi
2722:275
2691:doi
2687:252
2656:doi
2652:269
2619:doi
2567:doi
2530:PMC
2522:doi
2450:PMC
2442:doi
2395:doi
2391:364
2349:doi
2314:doi
2310:270
2277:PMC
2269:doi
2265:361
2221:doi
2180:doi
2107:doi
2070:PMC
2062:doi
2058:102
2029:doi
1932:PMC
1924:doi
1651:in
1603:-NH
1601:Phe
1597:Asp
1593:Met
1589:Trp
1403:).
1371:),
1156:fat
1154:of
1115:or
1113:CCK
815:885
290:End
189:End
92:OMA
88:CCK
80:583
68:MGI
47:CCK
24:CCK
5142::
4510:GH
4463:LH
3850::
3211:.
3183:.
3173:.
3161:25
3159:.
3155:.
3132:.
3122:.
3112:19
3110:.
3106:.
3083:.
3075:.
3065:63
3063:.
3039:.
3029:45
3027:.
3023:.
3000:.
2986:.
2982:.
2959:.
2947:18
2945:.
2941:.
2918:.
2910:.
2898:29
2896:.
2892:.
2880:^
2866:.
2856:.
2844:.
2840:.
2824:^
2810:.
2802:.
2790:.
2767:.
2755:.
2732:.
2720:.
2697:.
2685:.
2662:.
2650:.
2627:.
2615:13
2613:.
2609:.
2595:^
2581:.
2573:.
2561:.
2538:.
2528:.
2516:.
2512:.
2485:.
2481:.
2458:.
2448:.
2436:.
2432:.
2409:.
2401:.
2389:.
2377:^
2363:.
2355:.
2345:74
2343:.
2320:.
2308:.
2285:.
2275:.
2263:.
2259:.
2243:^
2229:.
2215:.
2211:.
2188:.
2176:49
2174:.
2170:.
2145:54
2143:.
2139:.
2113:.
2103:66
2101:.
2078:.
2068:.
2056:.
2052:.
2025:86
2023:.
2019:.
1969:55
1940:.
1930:.
1920:10
1918:.
1914:.
1853:^
1821:^
1811:.
1793:.
1764:^
1743:^
1639:.
1575:.
1567:,
1563:,
1559:,
1460:,
1331:.
1323:,
1209:fr
762:/
296:bp
283:bp
195:bp
182:bp
90:;
86::
82:;
78::
74:;
70::
66:;
62::
4614:4
4612:T
4606:3
4604:T
4341:e
4334:t
4327:v
4177:B
4172:A
4154:U
4149:S
4144:N
4139:B
3840:e
3833:t
3826:v
3716:)
3707:(
3536:)
3532:(
3479:/
3351:3
3274:e
3267:t
3260:v
3191:.
3167::
3140:.
3118::
3091:.
3071::
3047:.
3008:.
2994::
2967:.
2926:.
2904::
2874:.
2852::
2818:.
2798::
2775:.
2763::
2740:.
2728::
2705:.
2693::
2670:.
2658::
2635:.
2621::
2589:.
2569::
2563:1
2546:.
2524::
2518:3
2497:.
2487:9
2466:.
2444::
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2417:.
2397::
2371:.
2351::
2328:.
2316::
2293:.
2271::
2237:.
2223::
2217:6
2196:.
2182::
2155:.
2121:.
2109::
2086:.
2064::
2037:.
2031::
1997:1
1948:.
1926::
1877:.
1847:.
1815:.
1797:.
1673:B
1631:-
1627:-
1605:2
1599:-
1595:-
1591:-
1587:(
1140:)
1111:(
214:)
111:)
94::
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