233:, the main character, a 16-year-old high school girl named Hiromi, goes on subsidized dates in order to purchase a ring she adores. Her parents do not pay much attention to her and Hiromi often hangs out with her three closest friends who have been going on subsidized dates. Hiromi follows her friends and begins doing the same. Throughout the movie, they meet with different kinds of men and accompany them in various activities. These activities include having dinner at a restaurant, tasting a man's cooking, singing at a karaoke bar and visiting in a video rental store. Although Hiromi nearly gives in and has sex for the remainder of money needed for the ring, her date gives her a lesson on why she should not do so.
246:), a female student named Miyabi, out of boredom and lack of adult supervision at home, pressures her friends, Chikako and Erika, to go on subsidized dates with older men, and to steal their money when the men are in the showers. Chikako accidentally meets their teacher Onizuka on one of these dates. In the hotel room, Chikako insists that Onizuka take a shower. Onizuka realizes the trap, stops Chikako's attempt to escape, and teaches her a lesson why her first sexual experience should come out of love and not have anything to do with money. Incidentally, Onizuka (himself a virgin) learns the same lesson from that very occasion.
2055:
429:(out past 11 p.m., under-age smoking, under-age drinking, etc.) and offer guidance against such behavior. When police consider it necessary, teens are taken to a juvenile center or police station for "formal guidance" and entered into a confidential police directory. Since enjo-kōsai is seen as a moral problem relating to Japanese youth, care is taken not to ostracize the girls but instead give them assistance and advice to steer them away from enjo-kōsai.
519:" candidates, using their college email addresses. Male clients, referred to as "sugar daddies", join these websites with paid subscriptions as proof of their financial means. The individuals are matched online, followed by in-person meetings at a public place, such as a coffee shop. Each candidate decides whether the other candidate is suitable, i.e. age, physique, personality etc. If the candidate is desirable, the next date may involve sex.
2031:
486:, published in 2004, asserts that 222 girls 18 and younger were arrested for participating in enjo-kōsai in the year 2000. South Korea, similar to Japan, passed a law in 2000 protecting children from exploitation and prostitution. Yet due to the nature of enjo-kōsai, specifically the decision of the girl to participate in the act, the girls who do enjo-kōsai are not protected under the law and are subject to punishment under the law.
495:
involve sexual intercourse and they can choose their clients, who range from teenage boys to married men. Some even think they are helping others. The internet allows girls more opportunities to offer to shop, eat out or go to a movie with men in return for payment to fulfill their material needs. However, due to the nature of this practice, sexual intercourse unavoidably happens in many cases. In April 2008, the brutal
2043:
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information in a press conference or report that even the source could not reveal. The UN Special
Rapporteur finally wrote to the Japanese government to report that she would no longer use the 13% figure and would not mention it in her report to the UN Human Rights Council because she concluded that there was no official or recent data to support the figure and that any reference to the data was misleading.
188:, much of which is what critics claim is the cause of enjo-kōsai. Critics worry that girls involved in enjo-kōsai will grow up to be unfit wives and mothers. This perception arises from suspicions that when these girls are adults, they will quickly abandon their loyalties and commitments to their family for offers of money and material benefits. However, certain
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and other industrialized nations, the Tokyo government updated its laws relating to child exploitation. The Law for
Punishing Acts Related to Child Prostitution and Child Pornography and for Protecting Children, which prohibited an adult from paying a person under the age of 18 for obscene acts, was
197:
point out that the accidental access of girls to this dating market was not a matter of ethics, but of probability. Sooner or later, these girls and young women would, in a desire for financial independence, tap into this market for their own empowerment. However, Ueno points out that while engaging
469:
were the main venues that facilitated enjo-kōsai in Japan, the
Internet facilitates meetings between girls and clients in Taiwan. Due to this, there have been attempts by several NGOs and the Taiwanese government to regulate Internet sites. Efforts at regulation are compounded by the fact that NGOs
461:
of the characters. Lam also points to the similarities between
Taiwanese and Japanese subcultures, and the notion that enjo-kōsai is not actually an occupation, writing, "Sex work is not recognized by the society as a form of work". Due to this recognition, teens in both cultures feel they will not
206:
Within Japan, the media tends to show enjo-kōsai in a rather negative light. The typical scenario involves a girl desperate for money, so she decides to partake in enjo-kōsai. Only later does she stop when a friend or individual intervenes and informs her of the potential risks and consequences of
494:
According to social workers, teenagers as young as 15 advertise themselves as available for "compensated dating". The practice is becoming more acceptable among Hong Kong teenage girls, who do not think compensated dating is a kind of prostitution. Some believe it is different because it does not
457:), in which a young woman engages in the activity and suffers social and physical costs. In the end, however, the heroine is able to turn her life around and seems to project a positive image for youth. According to scholar Oi-Wan Lam, Taiwanese teens identified with the love story's plot and the
192:
regard enjo-kōsai as an empowering way to "undermine patriarchal models of propriety used to evaluate and control women". Control over their bodies and means to support themselves is a new kind of independence for these girls. Good women in Japan are supposed to be sensible, modest, nurturing and
158:
insisted on disclosing the source and basis of the figure of 13%, and urged the
Special Rapporteur to retract her statement, arguing that it was unacceptable to quote unsubstantiated figures to emphasize that this was an urgent matter for the Special Rapporteur to address, or to quote unreliable
391:'s occupation of Japan, the Child Welfare Law was introduced into legislation as a means to protect children from "lewd behavior". Many have criticized the law as being too vague to protect Japanese children from sexual abuse and say it does not do enough to keep girls away from sex markets.
288:, but instead of going through them, she uses her "Child" creature named Julia to rob her patrons and beat them up. It is explained later that Nao does it out of revenge on men and especially thieves, since thieves killed her father and seriously injured Nao's mother leaving her in a coma.
1011:
219:
follows the story of a
Japanese schoolgirl in Tokyo who is convinced to try enjo-kōsai as a way to raise money quickly after being robbed. Harada uses the plot as a metaphor for and critique of Japanese consumerism, in which everything including people becomes a product.
374:
Although the greater part of
Japanese society discourages this type of behavior, that has not stopped teachers, monks, government officials, company executives, and others of high social status from being arrested for their involvement with enjo kōsai.
261:
2001 anime series. During the first episode of the series, straight A student Aya goes on subsidized dates because she wants to have money and fun like the other girls, but also because her strict parents and schedule do not allow her to have a job.
143:, researchers found that fewer than 10 percent of all high school girls engage in enjo-kōsai and over 90 percent of the girls interviewed attested to feeling uncomfortable with the exchange or purchase of sexual services for money.
125:, and can include just spending time together for compensation. Some women's centers in Japan, include "the exchange of a girl's company or time" as part of this equation and insist that these other activities define enjo-kōsai.
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1029:
151:
992:
Oi-Wan Lam, "Why Did Enjo Kōsai Anchor in Taiwan But Not in Hong Kong? Or the
Convergence of "Enjo" and "Kōsai" in Teenage Sex Work." Inter-Asia Cultural Studies; August 2003, Vol. 4 Issue 2, p353, 11p.
198:
in enjo-kōsai may appear beneficial for young women in the short term, it also reinforces patriarchal power structures by leaving the notion that women's bodies exist to serve male desire unchallenged.
507:
With the economy in recession and tuition costs rising, many students are heavily in debt. Faced with financial difficulties, a number of female college students or new grads are turning to a "
184:
showed that 70 percent of respondents opposed enjo-kōsai involving sexual interactions, while 30 percent approved of it. Typically, it is perceived as an extension of Japan's growing focus on
306:, first serialized as a manga in 2017, inverts the portrayal of enjo-kōsai by focusing on the main male character, Kazuya Kinoshita, who rents a girlfriend after being dumped by his
442:
The use of the term began to spread to other East Asian places in the late 1990s via media. The idea of compensated dating became popular in Taiwan after the airing of the
Japanese
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449:
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During the 1990s enjo-kōsai, as well as other forms of child exploitation, gained national attention in Japan leading to international awareness. Due to pressure from outside
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whereby participating girls sell their bodies in exchange for designer goods or money. However, some organizations and writers have argued that enjo-kōsai is distinct from
470:
and the
Taiwanese government sometimes apply the term enjo-kōsai to mean more than just teenage compensated dating, but also prostitution and Internet pornography sites.
58:
term for the practice of older men giving money and/or luxury gifts to attractive young women for sexual favors. The female participants range from school girls (or
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Aiko, for whatever reason, breaks that mold by wearing a few too many hats. She's a rent-a-girlfriend who's nice and innocent while on payroll yet distant when off
672:"Clarification of the Special Rapporteur on the sale of children, child prostitution and child pornography following her end-of-mission press conference in Japan"
671:
340:
drew public attention with its controversial music video, which is a literal visualization of the lyrics, somewhat hinting at the subject of enjo-kōsai. Even the
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announced that 30% of Japanese minors are involved in enjo-kōsai. On November 2, she revised that estimate to 13%, citing a translation error. In response, the
173:
1446:
704:
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746:
656:
Fukutomi Mamoru (March 1997). "An Analytical Study on the Causes of and Attitudes Toward 'Enjo Kōsai' among Female High School Students in Japan".
609:
1153:
589:
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Goodman, Roger. Family and Social Policy in Japan: Anthropological Approaches (Contemporary Japanese Society). Cambridge University Press. 2002.
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respectful, yet girls participating in enjo-kōsai clearly reject such virtues of female restraint and modesty in Japan. Feminists such as
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772:
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908:
Kingston, Jeff. Japan's Quiet Transformation: Social Change and Civil Society in the 21st Century. RoutledgeCurzon, New York: 2004.
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822:
Leheny, David. Think Global, Fear Local: Sex, Violence and Anxiety in Contemporary Japan. New York: Cornell University Press, 2006.
271:, highschool student Natsuki Mogi is into enjo-kōsai, going out with a rich older man ("Papa") who gives her gifts in exchange.
178:
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reported compensation of about $ 500 per night. Ideal "sugar babies" appear to be college students below the "mid twenties".
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argues in her research that the majority of enjo-kōsai dates consist of groups of girls going with a group of older men to a
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A key difference between enjo-kōsai in Japan and Taiwan is the way in which girls set up dates with clients. While
832:
Ueno, Chizuko (2003). "Self-determination on sexuality? Commercialization of sex among teenage girls in Japan".
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725:"Demarche to the Special Rapporteur on the sale of children, child prostitution and child pornography"
773:"Reply from the Special Rapporteur on the sale of children, child prostitution and child pornography"
616:" DawnCenter Official Web Site. 2003. Dawn Center- Osaka Women's Prefectural Center. 12 October 2007.
800:
105:
do exist. Fraudulent solicitations from fictive women offering to pay for sex is a common tactic in
26:
1975:
1398:
1059:
1034:
629:
Laura Miller (2004). "Those Naughty Teenage Girls: Japanese Kogals, Slang, and Media Assessments".
249:
Conversation over the controversy of enjo-kōsai even finds its way into shows geared toward girls (
1807:
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is into enjo-kōsai. She does use her computer to arrange dates over the internet, under the name
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1704:
321:
1970:
1887:
1503:
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1115:
499:, a 16-year-old girl who was taking part in compensated dating, drew attention to the issue.
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482:, where the South Korean government considers it a form of prostitution. An annual report by
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102:
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1960:
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are plain-clothed police officers who approach youths who appear to be participating in
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302:
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152:
Special Rapporteur on the sale of children, child prostitution and child pornography
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The most common connotation of the term enjo-kōsai in Japan is that it is a form of
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her behavior. Several examples from films and television series are listed below.
1998:
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1787:
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897:
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313:
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in 2011, the arrangements involve women signing up for free on websites as "
383:
Prostitution has been illegal in Japan since 1958, but only prostitutes and
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1652:
1636:
1566:
1543:
1488:
1378:
1347:
1211:
553:
363:
224:
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122:
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2008:
1993:
1945:
1928:
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1576:
1373:
479:
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185:
133:
59:
1131:
775:. Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan. 11 November 2015. Archived from
31:, literally "aid or support" and "congress, intercourse, intermingling")
1955:
1882:
1711:
1662:
1591:
1483:
1201:
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563:
458:
63:
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were punished, with clients escaping any penalty from the law. During
1950:
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1321:
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1513:
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538:
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To combat enjo-kōsai and other forms of juvenile misbehavior, many
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168:
106:
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255:) between the ages of 11 and 14 in the form of the highly popular
251:
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1824:
1814:
1677:
1667:
1518:
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873:
709:(in Japanese). Yahoo Japan News. 17 November 2015. Archived from
276:
1797:
1672:
1631:
1403:
1342:
1296:
1281:
548:
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920:"Former child prostitutes cry out in pain at Tokyo exhibition"
1985:
1938:
1933:
1657:
1533:
1352:
1079:"College Students Using 'Sugar Daddies' To Pay Off Loan Debt"
543:
483:
384:
317:
257:
1902:
1523:
951:"Japan exhibition puts child prostitution in the limelight"
590:"Indecent proposals: the language of Japanese dating spam"
1126:
395:
869:"10 Things That Don't Make Sense About the FLCL Sequels"
462:
suffer consequences for participating in the activity.
89:
2019:
1103:
1123:Girls sell sex in Hong Kong to earn shopping money
162:
1240:Businesses Affecting Public Morals Regulation Act
136:for several hours and being paid for their time.
2067:
1001:
1454:
757:(in Japanese). 10 November 2015. Archived from
655:
587:
511:" for financial help. According to a report by
432:
353:
333:
977:Tokyo bill to outlaw sex with youths for money
412:
347:
344:on its TV commercial was "Otousan, gomennasai"
327:
94:
83:
39:
24:
1440:
1147:
831:
699:
697:
1027:
628:
1052:
366:, who played a key role on its video clip.
297:, Aiko is a girl-for-hire for Goro Mouri.
1447:
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1154:
1140:
818:
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814:
812:
810:
694:
1161:
961:
902:
236:In the Japanese live action drama series
866:
624:
622:
378:
280:, it's believed that a shady girl named
1023:
1021:
807:
77:The opposite case of women paying men,
2068:
1046:
1030:"Teen girls sell sex via the internet"
948:
748:「日本の女子学生13％が援助交際」国連報告者の発言に外務省が抗議「根拠は？」
335:(School) uniform is getting in the way
16:Japanese term for "compensated dating"
1428:
1414:Types of prostitution in modern Japan
1135:
1099:Compilation of articles on Enjo kōsai
917:
619:
588:Backhaus, Peter (24 September 2012),
534:Age disparity in sexual relationships
139:Furthermore, in a 1998 survey by the
1394:Recreation and Amusement Association
1018:
729:Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan
369:
156:Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan
50:relationship similar to the Western
867:Cubillas, Sean (14 December 2019).
658:Professor, Tokyo Gakugei University
478:Compensated dating also happens in
419:, "guidance", "protective custody")
148:United Nations Human Rights Council
66:. The term is often translated as "
13:
949:Sahara, Kento (2 September 2016).
799:. 12 November 2015. Archived from
631:Journal of Linguistic Anthropology
201:
14:
2112:
1092:
891:AKB48's "Seifuku ga jama wo suru"
731:. 9 November 2015. Archived from
2053:
2041:
2029:
1106:"She's Only a Little Schoolgirl"
1028:Nickkita Lau (15 October 2007).
502:
1071:
1002:Yoshimi Nagamine (5 May 2004).
995:
986:
970:
942:
911:
884:
860:
825:
783:
320:'s second major label single, "
163:Perceptions in Japanese society
1055:"Teen escorts risk sex fiends"
918:Okubo, Maki (12 August 2016).
765:
739:
717:
664:
649:
599:
581:
473:
1:
706:援助交際13％発言の「国連特別報告者」の役割は何だったのか
575:
450:God, Please Give Me More Time
406:have instituted a program of
112:
1053:Carol Chung (30 June 2008).
489:
433:Other countries or districts
167:A 1997 poll in the Japanese
7:
1456:Interpersonal relationships
1245:Prostitution Prevention Law
846:10.1080/1464937032000113060
834:Inter-Asia Cultural Studies
526:
354:
334:
90:
10:
2117:
1690:Queerplatonic relationship
1104:Drake, Kate (as told to).
643:10.1525/jlin.2004.14.2.225
607:The Meaning of Enjo-Kousai
1984:
1921:
1865:
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1720:
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1335:
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983:; 4 April 1997, Vol. 146.
437:
413:
348:
328:
291:In the 2018 anime series
265:In the 1998 anime series
146:On October 26, 2015, the
95:
84:
40:
25:
792:「日本の女子高生援助交際13%」国連報告者が撤回
791:
747:
705:
322:Seifuku ga Jama o Suru
300:The 2020 anime series
2096:Sexuality and society
2086:Prostitution in Japan
1605:Friends with benefits
1504:Same-sex relationship
1163:Prostitution in Japan
497:murder of Wong Ka-mui
379:Government regulation
243:Great Teacher Onizuka
2081:Japanese sex workers
1961:Relationship anarchy
1499:Domestic partnership
1336:Types of prostitutes
803:on 12 November 2020.
779:on 18 February 2022.
761:on 23 November 2022.
612:3 March 2016 at the
427:juvenile delinquency
362:, a comment made by
274:In the anime series
174:Asa Made Nama Terebi
1768:Romantic friendship
1275:Red-light districts
754:The Huffington Post
735:on 6 February 2021.
521:The Huffington Post
513:The Huffington Post
484:ECPAT International
2101:Sexuality in Japan
2076:Japanese sex terms
1913:Unconditional love
1762:Maîtresse-en-titre
1745:à la façon du pays
1217:Men's beauty salon
682:on 18 October 2021
141:Asian Women's Fund
119:child prostitution
99:meaning "reverse")
68:compensated dating
2091:Sexuality and age
2017:
2016:
2004:Domestic violence
1776:
1775:
1552:Open relationship
1494:Significant other
1422:
1421:
1067:on 11 March 2009.
1042:on 11 March 2009.
1014:on 18 March 2009.
1008:The Daily Yomiuri
930:on 13 August 2016
924:The Asahi Shimbun
713:on 16 April 2021.
569:Treating (dating)
370:Societal backdrop
303:Rent-A-Girlfriend
72:subsidized dating
56:Japanese language
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1302:Shimabara, Kyoto
1292:Kabukichō, Tokyo
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1156:
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1119:
1114:. Archived from
1087:
1086:
1075:
1069:
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1063:. Archived from
1050:
1044:
1043:
1038:. Archived from
1025:
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1010:. Archived from
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361:
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351:
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294:FLCL Progressive
182:
101:, is rarer, but
100:
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79:gyaku enjo kōsai
45:
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2106:
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2060:Human sexuality
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1999:Dating violence
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1971:Sexual activity
1917:
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1620:One-night stand
1586:
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1399:Sex trafficking
1357:
1331:
1270:
1249:
1228:
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1177:Delivery health
1165:
1160:
1118:on 3 June 2001.
1095:
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1085:. 29 July 2011.
1083:Huffington Post
1077:
1076:
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795:(in Japanese).
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614:Wayback Machine
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467:telephone clubs
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981:New York Times
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840:(2): 317–324.
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230:Love & Pop
227:'s 1998 movie
216:Bounce Ko Gals
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127:Anthropologist
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1705:Consequential
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1557:Open marriage
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213:'s 1997 film
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211:Masato Harada
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48:transactional
36:
28:
21:
1946:Gold digging
1760:
1744:
1653:Acquaintance
1646:Non-romantic
1637:Sugar dating
1609:
1567:Polyfidelity
1544:Non-monogamy
1489:Cohabitation
1379:Karayuki-san
1368:
1348:Onsen geisha
1212:No-pan kissa
1116:the original
1109:
1082:
1073:
1065:the original
1060:The Standard
1058:
1048:
1040:the original
1035:The Standard
1033:
1012:the original
1007:
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944:
934:24 September
932:. Retrieved
928:the original
923:
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837:
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801:the original
785:
777:the original
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759:the original
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711:the original
684:. Retrieved
680:the original
675:
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554:Prostitution
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364:Atsuko Maeda
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225:Hideaki Anno
222:
214:
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195:Chizuko Ueno
172:
166:
145:
138:
130:Laura Miller
123:prostitution
116:
78:
76:
71:
67:
54:. It is the
52:sugar dating
34:
19:
18:
2009:Elder abuse
1994:Child abuse
1929:Bride price
1847:Meet market
1829:Separation
1577:Concubinage
1384:Mizu shōbai
1233:Legislation
1220: [
509:sugar daddy
480:South Korea
474:South Korea
404:prefectures
349:お父さん、ごめんなさい
258:Super Gals!
186:materialism
177: [
134:karaoke bar
60:JK business
2070:Categories
1966:Repression
1956:Infidelity
1883:Compersion
1878:Attachment
1721:Historical
1712:Sycophancy
1663:Friendship
1610:Enjo kōsai
1592:Casual sex
1484:Girlfriend
1369:Enjo kōsai
1202:Pink salon
1197:Love hotel
1192:Image club
686:15 January
576:References
564:Sugar baby
517:sugar baby
459:subculture
355:Sorry, dad
342:sales copy
113:Definition
103:host clubs
64:housewives
20:Enjo kōsai
1951:Hypergamy
1922:Practices
1898:Limerence
1820:Annulment
1793:Courtship
1743:Marriage
1627:Courtesan
1562:Polyamory
1534:Widowhood
1479:Boyfriend
1322:Yoshiwara
1307:Shinmachi
1111:Time Asia
1004:"article"
854:143133036
559:Salaryman
490:Hong Kong
282:Nao Yuuki
268:Initial D
190:feminists
1893:Jealousy
1888:Intimacy
1873:Affinity
1866:Emotions
1733:Seraglio
1728:Cicisbeo
1700:Familiar
1695:Stranger
1678:Siblings
1582:Mistress
1572:Polygamy
1529:Soulmate
1514:Marriage
1509:Monogamy
1471:Romantic
1409:Telekura
1312:Susukino
1266:Takao II
1261:Sada Abe
1207:Soapland
894:Archived
797:TV Asahi
660:: 75–76.
610:Archived
539:Burusera
527:See also
329:制服が邪魔をする
171:program
169:TV Asahi
109:emails.
107:phishing
2036:Society
2022:Portals
1908:Passion
1857:Wedding
1838:Marital
1825:Divorce
1815:Breakup
1803:Romance
1788:Bonding
1738:Plaçage
1668:Kinship
1519:Husband
1389:Mizuage
1127:CNN.com
955:Reuters
874:CBR.com
277:My-HiME
1808:Mating
1798:Dating
1781:Events
1673:Family
1632:Gigolo
1404:Sumata
1343:Kagema
1327:Yūkaku
1297:Nakasu
1282:Akasen
1254:People
852:
549:Geisha
445:dorama
438:Taiwan
423:Hodōin
316:group
286:Juliet
70:" or "
2048:Japan
1986:Abuse
1939:Dowry
1934:Dower
1833:Legal
1658:Enemy
1463:Types
1362:Other
1353:Oiran
1224:]
1125:from
850:S2CID
544:Kogal
385:pimps
318:AKB48
252:shōjo
181:]
91:gyaku
85:逆援助交際
62:) to
1903:Love
1524:Wife
1287:Jūsō
936:2018
688:2017
455:JOCX
408:hodō
396:NGOs
389:SCAP
35:enkō
27:援助交際
842:doi
639:doi
238:GTO
223:In
150:'s
74:".
2072::
1374:JK
1222:Ja
1108:.
1081:.
1057:.
1032:.
1020:^
1006:.
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953:.
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877:.
871:.
848:.
836:.
809:^
751:.
727:.
696:^
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635:14
633:.
621:^
592:,
421:.
415:補導
352:,
332:,
310:.
308:ex
179:ja
88:,
41:援交
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411:(
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346:(
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326:(
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240:(
96:逆
82:(
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38:(
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