Air pollution - Knowledge

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billion per year. After air pollutants enter the agricultural environment, they not only directly affect agricultural production and quality, but also enter agricultural waters and soil. The COVID-19 induced lockdown served as a natural experiment to expose the close links between air quality and surface greenness. In India, the lockdown induced improvement in air quality, enhanced surface greenness and photosynthetic activity, with the positive response of vegetation to reduce air pollution was dominant in croplands. On the other hand, agriculture in its traditional form is one of the primary contributors to the emission of trace gases like atmospheric ammonia.

5629:, of which London is a member. The C40 is a public 'non-state' network of the world's leading cities that aims to curb their greenhouse emissions. The C40 has been identified as 'governance from the middle' and is an alternative to intergovernmental policy. It has the potential to improve urban air quality as participating cities "exchange information, learn from best practices and consequently mitigate carbon dioxide emissions independently from national government decisions". A criticism of the C40 network is that its exclusive nature limits influence to participating cities and risks drawing resources away from less powerful city and regional actors. 4419: 3306: 3643: 2963:, forest and grassland fires, living plants, and sea spray are all sources of particles. Aerosols are produced by human activities such as the combustion of fossil fuels in automobiles, power plants, and numerous industrial processes. Averaged worldwide, anthropogenic aerosols – those made by human activities – currently account for approximately 10% of the atmosphere. Increased levels of fine particles in the air are linked to health hazards such as heart disease, altered lung function and lung cancer. Particulates are related to respiratory infections and can be particularly harmful to those with conditions like 3217: 3541: 2001: 3510: 2009: 2465: 3523: 2606: 3269:

cooking, reading, working, spending time in traffic, etc. A little child's inhaling rate, for example, will be lower than that of an adult. A young person engaging in strenuous exercise will have a faster rate of breathing than a child engaged in sedentary activity. The daily exposure must therefore include the amount of time spent in each micro-environmental setting as well as the kind of activities performed there. The air pollutant concentration in each microactivity/microenvironmental setting is summed to indicate the exposure.

3314: 2699: 5887: 1739: 21738: 21221: 3139:: particles are formed from gaseous primary contaminants and chemicals. Smog is a type of pollution that occurs in the atmosphere. Smog is caused by a huge volume of coal being burned in a certain region, resulting in a mixture of smoke and sulfur dioxide. Modern smog is usually caused by automotive and industrial emissions, which are acted on in the atmosphere by UV light from the sun to produce secondary pollutants, which then combine with the primary emissions to generate photochemical smog. 1050: 2652: 48: 83: 5768: 4580: 5700: 2032: 4850: 2024: 24315: 23190: 21999: 21183: 2920:(CFCs): Emitted from goods that are now prohibited from use; harmful to the ozone layer. These are gases emitted by air conditioners, freezers, aerosol sprays, and other similar devices. CFCs reach the stratosphere after being released into the atmosphere. They interact with other gases here, causing harm to the ozone layer. UV rays are able to reach the Earth's surface as a result of this. This can result in skin cancer, eye problems, and even plant damage. 22030: 3265:

area's exposure to a dangerous air pollution, taking into account the various microenvironments and age groups. This can be calculated as an inhalation exposure. This would account for daily exposure in various settings, e.g. different indoor micro-environments and outdoor locations. The exposure needs to include different ages and other demographic groups, especially infants, children, pregnant women, and other sensitive subpopulations.

4481:. "Children under age 5 in lower-income countries are more than 60 times as likely to die from exposure to air pollution as children in high-income countries." The report states that additional economic losses caused by air pollution, including health costs and the adverse effect on agricultural and other productivity were not calculated in the report, and thus the actual costs to the world economy are far higher than $ 5 trillion. 5915: 21231: 4716: 1062: 4199:(ASD) diagnosis, although definitive causality has not yet been established. In Los Angeles, children living in areas with high levels of traffic-related air pollution were more likely to be diagnosed with autism between three–five years of age. A cohort study in Southern California linked in-utero exposure to near-roadway air pollution to an increased risk of ASD diagnosis and a study in Sweden concluded that exposure to PM 4878:: An electrostatic precipitator (ESP), or electrostatic air cleaner, is a particulate collection device that removes particles from a flowing gas (such as air), using the force of an induced electrostatic charge. Electrostatic precipitators are highly efficient filtration devices that minimally impede the flow of gases through the device, and can easily remove fine particulates such as dust and smoke from the air stream. 4838: 111: 23214: 22042: 21212: 21204: 5207: 23202: 22018: 21196: 5901: 3486:

person is exposed to, the degree of exposure, and the individual's health status and genetics. The most common sources of air pollution include particulates and ozone (often from burning fossil fuels), nitrogen dioxide, and sulfur dioxide. Children aged less than five years who live in developing countries are the most vulnerable population to death attributable to indoor and outdoor air pollution.

3240: 4890:: A wet scrubber is a form of pollution control technology. The term describes a variety of devices that use pollutants from a furnace flue gas or from other gas streams. In a wet scrubber, the polluted gas stream is brought into contact with the scrubbing liquid, by spraying it with the liquid, by forcing it through a pool of liquid, or by some other contact method, so as to remove the pollutants. 2755: 11105: 5642:

worse. Furthermore, traditional ecological knowledge and Indigenous knowledge systems provide insightful information about sustainable resource management and climate change adaptation techniques. To promote persistence and environmental justice, Indigenous viewpoints must be acknowledged and integrated into efforts to mitigate the effects of climate change and adapt to them.

3098:): Ozone is created when NOx and VOCs mix. It is a significant part of the troposphere. It's also an important part of the ozone layer, which can be found in different sections of the stratosphere. Photochemical and chemical reactions involving it fuel many of the chemical activities that occur in the atmosphere during the day and night. It is a pollutant and a component of 2621:

generating the pollutant is how these factors are commonly stated (e.g., kilograms of particulate emitted per tonne of coal burned). These criteria make estimating emissions from diverse sources of pollution easier. Most of the time, these components are just averages of all available data of acceptable quality, and they are thought to be typical of long-term averages.

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developing countries versus 10.2% in developed countries). In women, air pollution is not associated with hemorrhagic but with ischemic stroke. Air pollution was found to be associated with increased incidence and mortality from coronary stroke. Associations are believed to be causal and effects may be mediated by vasoconstriction, low-grade inflammation and

1952:, 43 percent of countries lack a legal definition of air pollution, 31 percent lack outdoor air quality standards, 49 percent restrict their definition to outdoor pollution only, and just 31 percent have laws for tackling pollution originating from outside their borders. National air quality laws have often been highly effective, notably the 1956 3287:) is 75% lower. Growing evidence that air pollution—even when experienced at very low levels—hurts human health, led the WHO to revise its guideline (from 10 μg/m to 5 μg/m) for what it considers a safe level of exposure of particulate pollution, bringing most of the world—97.3 percent of the global population—into the unsafe zone. 3554:

million, with 5.5 million of these premature deaths due to air pollution from anthropogenic sources. A 2022 review concluded that in 2019 air pollution was responsible for approximately million deaths. It concluded that since 2015 little real progress against pollution has been made. Causes of deaths include strokes, heart disease,

5687:, which contributes to more than 3.2 million premature deaths around the world each year, is a significant problem. It is very small and can lodge itself within the lungs and enter the bloodstream. Diesel soot is concentrated in densely populated areas, and one in six people in the U.S. live near a diesel pollution hot spot. 3242: 3247: 3245: 3241: 5743:

than affluent ones. Racial discrepancies are particularly distinct in suburban areas of the Southern United States and metropolitan areas of the Midwestern and Western United States. Residents in public housing, who are generally low-income and cannot move to healthier neighborhoods, are highly affected by nearby

1918:) pollution around another 2.1 million. The scope of the air pollution crisis is large: In 2018, WHO estimated that "9 out of 10 people breathe air containing high levels of pollutants." Although the health consequences are extensive, the way the problem is handled is considered largely haphazard or neglected. 3246: 2811:. It is normally encountered as a gas with a characteristic pungent odor. Ammonia contributes significantly to the nutritional needs of terrestrial organisms by serving as a precursor to foodstuffs and fertilizers. Ammonia, either directly or indirectly, is also a building block for the synthesis of many 5637:

Because Indigenous people frequently experience a disproportionate share of the effects of environmental degradation and climate change, even while they have made very little contribution to the processes causing these changes, environmental justice is especially important to them. Indigenous peoples

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As it is now known that even low levels of air pollution can trigger discomfort for the sensitive population, the index has been developed as a continuum: The higher the number, the greater the health risk and need to take precautions. The index describes the level of health risk associated with this

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and 6.9 g for each 100 μg/m increase in TSP. These associations were statistically significant in both summer and winter, although summer was greater. The proportion of low birth weight attributable to air pollution, was 13%. This is the largest attributable risk ever reported for the known risk

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In 2011, a large Danish epidemiological study found an increased risk of lung cancer for people who lived in areas with high nitrogen oxide concentrations. Another Danish study, likewise noted evidence of possible associations between air pollution and other forms of cancer, including cervical cancer

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and peak flow rate), and increased sputum production and purulence. The differences were more pronounced for subjects aged 50 to 59. The study controlled for age and smoking habits, so concluded that air pollution was the most likely cause of the observed differences. More studies have shown that air

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The US EPA has estimated that limiting ground-level ozone concentration to 65 parts per billion (ppb), would avert 1,700 to 5,100 premature deaths nationwide in 2020 compared with the 75 ppb standard. The agency projected the more protective standard would also prevent an additional 26,000 cases

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A lack of ventilation indoors concentrates air pollution where people often spend the majority of their time. Indoor air pollution can pose a significant health risk. According to EPA reports, the concentrations of many air pollutants can be two to five times higher in indoor air than in outdoor air.

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Air pollution hotspots are areas where air pollution emissions expose individuals to increased negative health effects. They are particularly common in highly populated, urban areas, where there may be a combination of stationary sources (e.g. industrial facilities) and mobile sources (e.g. cars and

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This can be interpreted as recognition that cities can transcend the traditional national government organisational hierarchy and develop solutions to air pollution using global governance networks, for example through transnational relations. Transnational relations include but are not exclusive to

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G20 nations causes two million premature deaths annually, suggesting that the average lifetime consumption of about ~28 people in these countries causes at least one premature death (average age ~67) while developing countries "cannot be expected" to implement or be able to implement countermeasures

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India and China have the highest death rate due to air pollution. India also has more deaths from asthma than any other nation according to the World Health Organization. In 2019, 1.6 million deaths in India were caused by air pollution. In 2013, air pollution was estimated to kill 500,000 people in

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The risk of air pollution is determined by the pollutant's hazard and the amount of exposure to that pollutant. Air pollution exposure can be measured for a person, a group, such as a neighborhood or a country's children, or an entire population. For example, one would want to determine a geographic

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Whereas in much of the USA and in a few other countries emissions from traffic and power generation are important, in eastern USA, Europe, Russia and East Asia agricultural emissions make the largest relative contribution to PM2.5, with the estimate of overall health impact depending on assumptions

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The connection between air pollution and neurodevelopmental disorders in children is thought to be related to epigenetic dysregulation of the primordial germ cells, embryo, and fetus during a critical period. Some PAHs are considered endocrine disruptors and are lipid soluble. When they build up in

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Air pollution has both acute and chronic effects on human health, affecting a number of different systems and organs but principally affect the body's respiratory system and the cardiovascular system. Afflictions include minor to chronic upper respiratory irritation such as difficulty in breathing,

8620:"... most furnaces, wood stoves, fireplaces, gas water heaters, and gas clothes dryers, usually vent (exhaust) the combustion pollutants directly to the outdoors. However, if the vent system is not properly designed, installed, and maintained, indoor pollutants can build up quickly inside the home. 5867:

In a 2019 projection, by 2030 half of the world's pollution emissions could be generated by Africa. Potential contributors to such an outcome include increased burning activities (such as the burning of open waste), traffic, agri-food and chemical industries, sand dust from the Sahara, and overall

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status and racial minorities can be more vulnerable to cumulative adverse health impacts resulting from elevated exposure to pollutants than more privileged communities. Blacks and Latinos generally face more pollution than Whites and Asians, and low-income communities bear a higher burden of risk

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and community engagement, local partners are responsible for the vast majority of work related to AQHI implementation. The AQHI provides a number from 1 to 10+ to indicate the level of health risk associated with local air quality. Occasionally, when the amount of air pollution is abnormally high,

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Global depletion of the surrounding air pollution will require valiant leadership, a surplus of combined resources from the international community, and extensive societal changes. Pollution prevention seeks to prevent pollution such as air pollution and could include adjustments to industrial and

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Children and infants are among the most vulnerable to air pollution. Polluted air leads to the poisoning of millions of children under the age of 15, resulting in the death of some 600,000 children annually (543,000 under 5 years of age and 52,000 aged 5-15 years). Children in low or middle income

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There is limited research about the effect that ozone pollution has on fertility. At present, there is no evidence to suggest that ozone exposure poses a deleterious effect on spontaneous fertility in either females or males. However, there have been studies which suggest that high levels of ozone

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Even at levels lower than those considered safe by United States regulators, exposure to three components of air pollution, fine particulate matter, nitrogen dioxide and ozone, correlates with cardiac and respiratory illness. Individual reactions to air pollutants depend on the type of pollutant a

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burning of traditional biomass such as wood, crop waste and dung. (In developing and poor countries, traditional biomass burning is the major source of air pollutants. It is also the main source of particulate pollution in many developed areas including the UK & New South Wales. Its pollutants

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Air pollution is the largest environmental risk factor for disease and premature death and the fourth largest risk factor overall for human health. Air pollution causes the premature deaths of around 7 million people worldwide each year, or a global mean loss of life expectancy (LLE) of 2.9 years,

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Combating climate change necessitates an all-encompassing strategy that recognizes the interdependence of social, economic, and environmental elements. This entails defending treaty rights, advancing Indigenous sovereignty and self-determination, and aiding Indigenous-led projects for sustainable

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Indigenous groups frequently lack the political and financial clout to influence policy decisions that impact their lands and means of subsistence or to lessen the effects of climate change. This makes the already-existing inequalities in these communities' social, economic, and health conditions

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is the contamination of air due to the presence of substances called pollutants in the atmosphere that are harmful to the health of humans and other living beings, or cause damage to the climate or to materials. It is also the contamination of the indoor or outdoor environment either by chemical,

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Overview of relevant case law and critical state of air pollution protection in the EU: Winfried Huck, Jennifer Maaß, Saparya Sood, Tahar Benmaghnia, Alexander Schulte, Sarah Heß and Marc-Anthony Walter, The Right to Breathe Clean Air and Access to Justice - Legal State of Play in International,

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In 2015, experimental studies reported the detection of significant episodic (situational) cognitive impairment from impurities in indoor air breathed by test subjects who were not informed about changes in the air quality. Significant deficits were observed in the performance scores achieved in

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has been described as "the worst climate pollutant". Statements such as this refer to its long-term atmospheric effects rather than shorter-term effects on such things as human health, food crops, and buildings. This question of terminology has practical consequences, for example, in determining

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Electricity generated from the combustion of fossil fuels can be replaced by nuclear and renewable energy. Heating and home stoves, which contribute significantly to regional air pollution, can be replaced with a much cleaner fossil fuel, such as natural gas, or, preferably, renewables, in poor

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in the United States would eliminate about 62,000 premature mortalities per year and about 42,000 in 2050, if no biomass were used. This would save about $ 600 billion in health costs a year due to reduced air pollution in 2050, or about 3.6% of the 2014 U.S. gross domestic product. Air quality

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Air pollution is a leading risk factor for stroke, particularly in developing countries where pollutant levels are highest. A systematic analysis of 17 different risk factors in 188 countries found air pollution is associated with nearly one in three strokes (29%) worldwide (33.7% of strokes in

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due to anthropogenic air pollution in fast-growing tropical cities. However, even populated areas in developed countries attain unhealthy levels of pollution, with Los Angeles and Rome being two examples. Between 2002 and 2011 the incidence of lung cancer in Beijing near doubled. While smoking

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Various studies have estimated the impacts of air pollution on agriculture, especially ozone. A 2020 study showed that ozone pollution in California may reduce yields of certain perennial crops such as table grapes by as much as 22% per year, translating into economic damages of more than $ 1

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Ozone is thought to act in a biphasic manner where a positive effect on live birth is observed when ozone exposure is limited to before IVF embryo implantation. Conversely, a negative effect is demonstrated upon exposure to ozone after embryo implantation. However, after adjusting for NO2, the

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of 1952 compared 293 London residents with 477 residents of Gloucester, Peterborough, and Norwich, three towns with low reported death rates from chronic bronchitis. All subjects were male postal truck drivers aged 40 to 59. Compared to the subjects from the outlying towns, the London subjects

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A 2008 economic study of the health impacts and associated costs of air pollution in the Los Angeles Basin and San Joaquin Valley of Southern California shows that more than 3,800 people die prematurely (approximately 14 years earlier than normal) each year because air pollution levels violate

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For each specific time that the subgroup is in the setting and engaged in particular activities, the exposure to an air pollutant must integrate the concentrations of the air pollutant with regard to the time spent in each setting and the respective inhalation rates for each subgroup, playing,

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is likely to involve zoning and transport infrastructure planning. In most developed countries, land-use planning is an important part of social policy, ensuring that land is used efficiently for the benefit of the wider economy and population, as well as to protect the environment. Stringent

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In terms of male fertility, ozone is reported to cause a significant decrease in the concentration and count of sperm in semen after exposure. Similarly, sperm vitality, the proportion of live spermatozoa in a sample, was demonstrated to be diminished as a result of exposure to air pollution.

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increases mortality from lung cancer, but the data was insufficient to provide solid conclusions. Another investigation showed that higher activity level increases deposition fraction of aerosol particles in human lung and recommended avoiding heavy activities like running in outdoor space at

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Estimates of deaths toll due to air pollution vary. In 2014 the World Health Organization estimated that every year air pollution causes the premature death of 7 million people worldwide, 1 in 8 deaths worldwide. A study published in 2019 indicated that in 2015 the number may be closer to 8.8

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monitoring of air quality may be necessary for improving air quality, and thereby the health and safety of the public, and assessing impacts of interventions. Such monitoring is done to different extents with different regulatory requirements with discrepant regional coverage by a variety of

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Motor vehicles driven by fossil fuels, a key factor in urban air pollution, can be replaced by electric vehicles. Though lithium supply and cost is a limitation, there are alternatives. Herding more people into clean public transit such as electric trains can also help. Nevertheless, even in

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Indoor air pollutants can be up to 100 times higher in some cases than they are inside. People can spend up to 90% of their time indoors, according to the american lung association (alp); the us consumer product safety commission (cpsc) 2012; and the us environmental protection agency 2012a.

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Air pollutant emission factors are reported representative values that aim to link the quantity of a pollutant released into the ambient air to an activity connected with that pollutant's release. The weight of the pollutant divided by a unit weight, volume, distance, or time of the activity

4463:$ 5 trillion per year as a result of productivity losses and degraded quality of life. These productivity losses are caused by deaths due to diseases caused by air pollution. One out of ten deaths in 2013 was caused by diseases associated with air pollution and the problem is getting worse. 4250:

was strongly associated with 18% of preterm births globally, which was approximately 2.7 million premature births. The countries with the highest air pollution associated preterm births were in South and East Asia, the Middle East, North Africa, and West sub-Saharan Africa. In 2019, ambient

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The review further noted that living close to busy traffic appears to be associated with elevated risks of these three outcomes – increase in lung cancer deaths, cardiovascular deaths, and overall non-accidental deaths. The reviewers also found suggestive evidence that exposure to

5184:) and different uses. These models can be used in forecast mode which can help policy makers to decide on appropriate actions when an air pollution episode is detected. They can also be used for climate modeling including evolution of air quality in the future, for example the IPCC ( 3244: 3576:

The WHO estimates that in 2016, ~58% of outdoor air pollution-related premature deaths were due to ischaemic heart disease and stroke. The mechanisms linking air pollution to increased cardiovascular mortality are uncertain, but probably include pulmonary and systemic inflammation.

3988:(PAHs) have been associated with reduced fertility. Benzo(a)pyrene (BaP) is a well-known PAH and carcinogen which is often found in exhaust fumes and cigarette smoke. PAHs have been reported to administer their toxic effects through oxidative stress by increasing the production of 18725: 3248: 4821:

Induced humidity and ventilation both can greatly dampen air pollution in enclosed spaces, which was found to be relatively high inside subway lines due to braking and friction and relatively less ironically inside transit buses than lower sitting passenger automobiles or

3568:) from air pollution in 2015 was 2.9 years, substantially more than, for example, 0.3 years from all forms of direct violence. Communities with persons that live beyond 85 years have low ambient air pollution, suggesting a link between air pollution levels and longevity. 3784:

The risk of lung disease from air pollution is greatest for infants and young children, whose normal breathing is faster than that of older children and adults; the elderly; those who work outside or spend a lot of time outside; and those who have heart or lung disease

3156:(including the Air "Framework" Directive, 96/62/EC, on ambient air quality assessment and management, Directive 98/24/EC, on risks related to chemical agents at work, and Directive 2004/107/EC covering heavy metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in ambient air). 5727:, including race, a lack of ability to influence regulation and a lack of ability to move to neighborhoods with less environmental pollution. These communities bear a disproportionate burden of environmental pollution and are more likely to face health risks such as 5598:

In March 2011, the Greater London Built-up Area remained the only UK region in breach of the EC's limit values, and was given three months to implement an emergency action plan aimed at meeting the EU Air Quality Directive. The City of London has dangerous levels of

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of fuel such as natural gas, coal or wood. Vehicular exhaust contributes to the majority of carbon monoxide let into the atmosphere. It creates a smog type formation in the air that has been linked to many lung diseases and disruptions to the natural environment and

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federal standards. The number of annual premature deaths is considerably higher than the fatalities related to auto collisions in the same area, which average fewer than 2,000 per year. A 2021 study found that outdoor air pollution is associated with substantially

2733:(solid particles or liquid droplets dispersed and carried by a gas). A pollutant can be of natural origin or man-made. Pollutants are classified as primary or secondary. Primary pollutants are usually produced by processes such as ash from a volcanic eruption. 2659:, Ghana, using open-burning of electronics to access valuable metals like copper. Open burning of plastics is common in many parts of the world without the capacity for processing. Especially without proper protections, heavy metals and other contaminates can 4753:; however, similar infrastructure and design decisions like electric vehicles may be associated with similar pollution for production as well as mining and resource exploitation for large numbers of needed batteries as well as the energy for their recharging 3078:. This effect varies depending on local air quality. The aromatic NMVOCs benzene, toluene and xylene are suspected carcinogens and may lead to leukemia with prolonged exposure. 1,3-butadiene is another dangerous compound often associated with industrial use. 4021:

refers to the collection of solids and liquids suspended in the air. These can be harmful to humans, and more research has shown that these effects may be more extensive than first thought; particularly on male fertility. PM can be different sizes, such as

4281:) and total suspended particulates (TSP) and preterm births and low birth weights in Beijing. A group of 74,671 pregnant women, in four separate regions of Beijing, were monitored from early pregnancy to delivery along with daily air pollution levels of SO 3415:. As clear explanations are not always stressed in non-technical literature, care should be taken to distinguish between several forms of relevant diseases. According to the World Health Organization, these may be defined as asbestosis, lung cancer, and 18999: 3687:(DE) is a major contributor to combustion-derived particulate matter air pollution. In several human experimental studies, using a well-validated exposure chamber setup, DE has been linked to acute vascular dysfunction and increased thrombus formation. 19768:, vol. LXVI, no. 14 (26 September 2019), pp. 64–66, 68. "Today, 91 percent of people worldwide live in areas where air pollution levels exceed the World Health Organization's recommended limits. ... here is no safe level of exposure to fine 4122:

While most research on this topic is focused on the direct human exposure of air pollution, other studies have analysed the impact of air pollution on gametes and embryos within IVF laboratories. Multiple studies have reported a marked improvement in

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and E.U. Air Quality Directive) set maximum atmospheric concentrations for specific pollutants. Environmental agencies enact regulations which are intended to result in attainment of these target levels. The second class (such as the North American

4884:: Designed to handle heavy dust loads, a dust collector consists of a blower, dust filter, a filter-cleaning system, and a dust receptacle or dust removal system (distinguished from air cleaners which utilize disposable filters to remove the dust). 11636: 4251:

particulate matter pollution in Africa resulted in at least 383,000 early deaths, according to new estimates of the cost of air pollution in the continent. This increased from 3.6% in 1990 to around 7.4% of all premature deaths in the area.

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Feigin VL, Roth GA, Naghavi M, Parmar P, Krishnamurthi R, Chugh S, et al. (August 2016). "Global burden of stroke and risk factors in 188 countries, during 1990–2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013".

3192: 18733: 7389: 4390:- neurotransmitters produced in response to infection and inflammation that are also associated with depression and suicide. Pollution has been associated with inflammation of the brain, which may disrupt mood regulation. Heightened PM 3742:, air pollution is responsible for 19% of all cardiovascular deaths. There is strong evidence linking both short- and long-term exposure to air pollution with cardiovascular disease mortality and morbidity, stroke, blood pressure, and 2736:

Other examples include carbon monoxide gas from motor vehicle exhausts or sulfur dioxide released from factories. Secondary pollutants are not emitted directly. Rather, they form in the air when primary pollutants react or interact.

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Even in areas with relatively low levels of air pollution, public health effects can be significant and costly, since a large number of people breathe in such pollutants. A study found that even in areas of the U.S. where ozone and

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and there has been no significant change in the number of deaths caused by all forms of pollution since at least 2015. Outdoor air pollution attributable to fossil fuel use alone causes ~3.61 million deaths annually, making it one

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gases (nitrogen oxides, especially from combustion) and volatile organic compounds in the presence of sunlight. Due to the influence of temperature and sunlight on this reaction, high ozone levels are most common on hot summer

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Since a large share of air pollution is caused by combustion of fossil fuels such as coal and oil, the reduction of these fuels can reduce air pollution drastically. Most effective is the switch to clean power sources such as

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and prevented that region of the brain from developing, and the ventricles simply expanded to fill the space. Our findings add to the growing body of evidence that air pollution may play a role in autism, as well as in other

8375:... it is estimated that 40 percent of all China's factories have been shut down at some point in order to be inspected... over 80,000 factories have been hit with fines and criminal offenses as a result of their emissions. 4296:

Brauer et al. studied the relationship between air pollution and proximity to a highway with pregnancy outcomes in a Vancouver cohort of pregnant women using addresses to estimate exposure during pregnancy. Exposure to NO,

5504:) with mortality, from an analysis of several Canadian cities. Significantly, all three of these pollutants can pose health risks, even at low levels of exposure, especially among those with pre-existing health problems. 4646:

which do not cause air pollution. Efforts to reduce pollution from mobile sources includes expanding regulation to new sources (such as cruise and transport ships, farm equipment, and small gas-powered equipment such as

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Annual premature European deaths caused by air pollution are estimated at 430,000 to 800,000. An important cause of these deaths is nitrogen dioxide and other nitrogen oxides (NOx) emitted by road vehicles. Across the

3365:, and other scented items. Controlled wood fires in cook stoves and fireplaces can add significant amounts of harmful smoke particulates into the air, inside and out. Indoor pollution fatalities may be caused by using 2959:/particles (PM), also known as particulates, atmospheric particulate matter (APM), or fine particles, are microscopic solid or liquid particles suspended in a gas. Aerosol is a mixture of particles and gas. Volcanoes, 2675:

has published a compilation of air pollutant emission factors for a wide range of industrial sources. The United Kingdom, Australia, Canada, and many other countries have published similar compilations, as well as the

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The following items are commonly used as pollution control devices in industry and transportation. They can either destroy contaminants or remove them from an exhaust stream before it is emitted into the atmosphere.

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is prevalent, turning a useless commodity into a source of income. The plants can be gathered and sold to a central authority that will break them down in a large modern biodigester, producing much needed energy to

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and pregnancy rates after IVF laboratories have implemented air filters in a concerted effort to reduce levels of air pollution. Therefore, ozone pollution is considered to have a negative impact on the success of

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Batool R, Zaman K, Khurshid MA, Sheikh SM, Aamir A, Shoukry AM, et al. (October 2019). "Economics of death and dying: a critical evaluation of environmental damages and healthcare reforms across the globe".

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scheme in Germany which allowed people to buy a monthly pass allowing use on all local and regional transport (trains, trams and busses) for 9 euro (€) for one month of unlimited travel saved 1.8 million tons of

16336:"Associations of Cognitive Function Scores with Carbon Dioxide, Ventilation, and Volatile Organic Compound Exposures in Office Workers: A Controlled Exposure Study of Green and Conventional Office Environments" 23000: 8582: 7104: 3243: 16059: 5756: 5714:

While air pollution hotspots affect a variety of populations, some groups are more likely to be located in hotspots. Previous studies have shown disparities in exposure to pollution by race and/or income.

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can use controlled fire as a tool because fire is a natural feature of both forest and grassland ecology. Controlled burning encourages the sprouting of some desirable forest trees, resulting in a forest

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and not classified as toxic or harmful in general. Workplace exposure limits exist in places like UK (5,000 ppm for long-term exposure and 15,000 ppm for short-term exposure). Natural disasters like the

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by almost nine months. In a 2015 consultation document the UK government disclosed that nitrogen dioxide is responsible for 23,500 premature UK deaths per annum. There is a positive correlation between

1820:. Air pollution can cause diseases, allergies, and even death to humans; it can also cause harm to other living organisms such as animals and crops, and may damage the natural environment (for example, 18123: 13452:

Andersen ZJ, Hvidberg M, Jensen SS, Ketzel M, Loft S, Sorensen M, et al. (2011). "Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and long-term exposure to traffic-related air pollution: a cohort study. ".

5226:) take the form of a scale with various thresholds, which is used to communicate to the public the relative risk of outdoor activity. The scale may or may not distinguish between different pollutants. 6627:

Dominski FH, Lorenzetti Branco JH, Buonanno G, Stabile L, Gameiro da Silva M, Andrade A (October 2021). "Effects of air pollution on health: A mapping review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses".

4535:

laboratory in the former USSR in 1979 near Yekaterinburg (formerly Sverdlovsk) is believed to have caused at least 64 deaths. The worst single incident of air pollution to occur in the US occurred in

19159: 11646: 7034: 5574:

ruled that under this directive citizens have the right to require national authorities to implement a short term action plan that aims to maintain or achieve compliance to air quality limit values.

4262:

fuels being used for cooking, which are responsible for more than 80% of regional pollution. In the Middle East, North Africa and West sub-Saharan Africa, fine PM comes from natural sources, such as

3973: 13415:

Gehring U, Wijga AH, Brauer M, Fischer P, de Jongste JC, Kerkhof M, et al. (2010). "Traffic-related air pollution and the development of asthma and allergies during the first 8 years of life".

5258:

the number may exceed 10. The AQHI provides a local air quality current value as well as a local air quality maximums forecast for today, tonight and tomorrow and provides associated health advice.

7978: 8497: 4235:

levels had statistically significant higher odds of pregnancy resulting in a low-birth weight infant even when adjusted for country-related variables. The effect is thought to be from stimulating

3661: 2516:. It is considered to be a health hazard. Radon gas from natural sources can accumulate in buildings, especially in confined areas such as the basement and it is the second most frequent cause of 5563:

can "set objectives for ambient air quality in order to avoid, prevent or reduce harmful effects on human health and the environment ... and improve air quality where it is unsatisfactory".

2729:

An air pollutant is a material in the air that can have many effects on humans and the ecosystem. The substance can be solid particles, liquid droplets, or gases, and often takes the form of an

5779:, especially in developing countries where cities are experiencing rapid growth and environmental regulations are relatively lax or nonexistent. Urbanization leads to a rapid rise in premature 4595:

environmental regulations, effective control technologies and shift towards the renewable source of energy also helping countries like China and India to reduce their sulfur dioxide pollution.

4058:

In Turkey, a study examined the fertility of men who work as toll collectors and are therefore exposed to high levels of traffic pollutants daily. Traffic pollution often has high levels of PM

14022:

Saber E, Heydari G (May 2012). "Flow patterns and deposition fraction of particles in the range of 0.1–10 μm at trachea and the first third generations under different breathing conditions".

6443: 3407:

medical condition affecting the tissue of the lungs. It occurs after long-term, heavy exposure to asbestos from asbestos-containing materials in structures. Those with asbestosis have severe

7683: 7454: 5738:

Studies show that patterns in race and income disparities not only indicate a higher exposure to pollution but also higher risk of adverse health outcomes. Communities characterized by low

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and other chemical sprays indoors without proper ventilation. Also the kitchen in a modern produce harmful particles and gases, with equipment like toasters being one of the worst sources.

18039: 4309:

were associated with infants born small for gestational age (SGA). Women living less than 50 meters away from an expressway or highway were 26% more likely to give birth to a SGA infant.

3167: 8024: 3681:, electricity production, and heating. There are estimated 4.5 million annual premature deaths worldwide due to pollutants released by high-emission power stations and vehicle exhausts. 18449: 10512:

Singh R, Kumar S, Karmakar S, Siddiqui AJ, Mathur A, Adnan M, et al. (2021). "2: Causes, Consequences, and Control of Persistent Organic Pollutants". In Kumar N, Shukla V (eds.).

4330:

Air pollution increases the risk of dementia in people over 50 years old. Indoor air pollution exposure during childhood may negatively affect cognitive function and neurodevelopment.

3606:

Eliminating energy-related fossil fuel emissions in the United States would prevent 46,900–59,400 premature deaths each year and provide $ 537–$ 678 billion in benefits from avoided PM

20932: 5618:, arguing that in future "A great city like London" should be permitted to bypass its government and deal directly with the European Commission regarding its air quality action plan. 3029:

is produced by volcanoes and in various industrial processes. Coal and petroleum often contain sulfur compounds, and their combustion generates sulfur dioxide. Further oxidation of SO

2572:

are some examples of vegetation that can produce abundant VOCs. The VOC production from these species result in ozone levels up to eight times higher than the low-impact tree species.

830: 17978:"Interseasonal Heat Transfer – Seasonal Heat Storage – GSHC – Renewable Heat & Renewable Cooling from ThermalBanks – Efficient Renewable Energy – Hybrid Renewable Energy Systems" 13158:

Miller KA, Siscovick DS, Sheppard L, Shepherd K, Sullivan JH, Anderson GL, et al. (2007). "Long-term exposure to air pollution and incidence of cardiovascular events in women".

3422:

Biological sources of air pollution are also found indoors, as gases and airborne particulates. Pets produce dander, people produce dust from minute skin flakes and decomposed hair,

21157: 7923: 5762: 1009: 5238:(AQHI). It is a health protection tool used to make decisions to reduce short-term exposure to air pollution by adjusting activity levels during increased levels of air pollution. 21152: 19663: 4227:. A 2014 WHO worldwide survey on maternal and perinatal health found a statistically significant association between low birth weights (LBW) and increased levels of exposure to PM 1004: 16941: 8830: 5603:

concentrations, estimated to cause 3000 deaths per year within the city. As well as the threat of EU fines, in 2010 it was threatened with legal action for scrapping the western

16130:"Early Postnatal Exposure to Ultrafine Particulate Matter Air Pollution: Persistent Ventriculomegaly, Neurochemical Disruption, and Glial Activation Preferentially in Male Mice" 12734:"EPA Strengthens Ozone Standards to Protect Public Health/Science-based standards to reduce sick days, asthma attacks, emergency room visits, greatly outweigh costs (10/1/2015)" 6506:"Association between air pollution exposure and mental health service use among individuals with first presentations of psychotic and mood disorders: retrospective cohort study" 3328:

Indoor contaminants that can cause pollution include asbestos, biologic agents, building materials, radon, tobacco smoke, and wood stoves, gas ranges, or other heating systems.

16395:"Associations between acute exposures to PM2.5 and carbon dioxide indoors and cognitive function in office workers: a multicountry longitudinal prospective observational study" 7709:"Protocol On Further Reduction Of Sulphur Emissions To The Convention On Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution | International Environmental Agreements (IEA) Database Project" 5622:

national governments and intergovernmental organisations, allowing sub-national actors including cities and regions to partake in air pollution control as independent actors.

3546:

Estimated annual number of deaths attributed to air pollution in 2019. This includes three categories of air pollution: indoor household, outdoor particulate matter and ozone.

2156:). Road vehicles make a significant amount of all air pollution (typically, for example, around a third to a half of all nitrogen dioxide emissions) and are a major driver of 3372:

Carbon monoxide poisoning and fatalities are often caused by faulty vents and chimneys, or by the burning of charcoal indoors or in a confined space, such as a tent. Chronic

5875:

In a 2012 study, by 2050 outdoor air pollution (particulate matter and ground-level ozone) is projected to become the top cause of environmentally related deaths worldwide.

2741:

is a prominent example of a secondary pollutant. Some pollutants may be both primary and secondary: they are both emitted directly and formed from other primary pollutants.

4156:

Health effects of air pollution on children include asthma, pneumonia and lower respiratory tract infections and low birth weight. A study in Europe found that exposure to

23345: 19646: 19480: 18415: 12617:

Törnqvist HK, Mills NL, Gonzalez M, Miller MR, Robinson SD, Megson IL, et al. (2007). "Persistent Endothelial Dysfunction in Humans after Diesel Exhaust Inhalation".

8387:

Huo H, Zhang Q, Guan D, Su X, Zhao H, He K (16 December 2014). "Examining Air Pollution in China Using Production- And Consumption-Based Emissions Accounting Approaches".

4203:

during pregnancy was associated with ASD. A Danish study linked exposure to air pollution during infancy, but not during pregnancy, to an increased risk of ASD diagnosis.

3586:

China each year. In 2012, 2.48% of China's total air pollution emissions were caused by exports due to US demand, causing an additional 27,963 deaths across 30 provinces.

13977:

Chen H, Goldberg M, Villeneuve P (October–December 2008). "A systematic review of the relation between long-term exposure to ambient air pollution and chronic diseases".

10398: 5638:

have been marginalized and their lands and resources have been exploited as a result of historical and continuing colonization, institutional injustices, and inequality.

15794: 19071: 8359: 4402:(VOCs) or carbon dioxide, while keeping other factors constant. The highest impurity levels reached are not uncommon in some classroom or office environments. Higher PM 19863: 13499: 13454: 13417: 12929:"Estimates and 25-year trends of the global burden of disease attributable to ambient air pollution: an analysis of data from the Global Burden of Diseases Study 2015" 12619: 9337:

Lelieveld J, Evans JS, Fnais M, Giannadaki D, Pozzer A (September 2015). "The contribution of outdoor air pollution sources to premature mortality on a global scale".

3766:(COPD) from increased exposure to traffic-related air pollution. Air pollution has been associated with increased hospitalization and mortality from asthma and COPD. 1890:. Growing evidence suggests that air pollution exposure may be associated with reduced IQ scores, impaired cognition, increased risk for psychiatric disorders such as 6568:"Ambient and household PM2.5 pollution and adverse perinatal outcomes: A meta-regression and analysis of attributable global burden for 204 countries and territories" 17382: 17324:"Zero air pollution and zero carbon from all energy at low cost and without blackouts in variable weather throughout the U.S. with 100% wind-water-solar and storage" 12074:(December 2013 issue) and reported in The Daily Telegraph 8 January 2014 p. 15 'Air pollution killing up to 500,000 Chinese each year, admits former health minister. 5719:

land uses (toxic storage and disposal facilities, manufacturing facilities, major roadways) tend to be located where property values and income levels are low. Low

4010:

and ovarian development by reducing the number of ovarian germ cells via triggering cell death pathways and inducing inflammation which can lead to ovarian damage.

4003:

and increasing the exposure worsens this effect. Research has demonstrated that more BaPs were found in men with reported fertility issues compared to men without.

3474:

Short and long term exposures have been linked with premature mortality and reduced life expectancy and can result in increased medication use, increased doctor or

19925: 17874: 11232: 10343:"Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) are heavier than air, so how do scientists suppose that these chemicals reach the altitude of the ozone layer to adversely affect it?" 9172: 7213: 2874:

currently forms about 410 parts per million (ppm) of Earth's atmosphere, compared to about 280 ppm in pre-industrial times, and billions of metric tons of CO

14675:

Frutos V, González-Comadrán M, Solà I, Jacquemin B, Carreras R, Checa Vizcaíno MA (2 January 2015). "Impact of air pollution on fertility: a systematic review".

11057: 5581:

legal obligation on the UK to protect its citizens from dangerous levels of air pollution, furthermore superseding national interests with those of the citizen.

3781:. COPD risk factors are both genetic and environmental. Elevated particle pollution contributes to the exacerbation of this disease and likely its pathogenesis. 7070: 3809:

pollution exposure from traffic reduces lung function development in children and lung function may be compromised by air pollution even at low concentrations.

3730:"even at low pollution levels below the current European and North American standards and WHO guideline values" shortly before the WHO adjusted its guidelines. 1902:. Individual reactions to air pollutants depend on the type of pollutant a person is exposed to, the degree of exposure, and the individual's health status and 19500: 17902: 12142: 6200: 6098: 5577:

This important case law appears to confirm the role of the EC as centralised regulator to European nation-states as regards air pollution control. It places a

19157:

Drury R, Belliveau M, Kuhn JS, Shipra B (Spring 1999). "Pollution Trading and Environmental Justice: Los Angeles' Failed Experiment in Air Pollution Policy".

18907: 18257: 7333: 19619:(2005). "Selections from the history of environmental pollution, with special attention to air pollution. Part 2*: From medieval times to the 19th century". 16277: 4484:

A study published in 2022 found "a strong and significant connection between air pollution and construction site accidents" and that "a 10-ppb increase in NO

2625: 1988:

There are many different sources of air pollution. Some air pollutants (such as nitrogen oxides) originate mainly from human activities, while some (notably

11767: 7045: 19118: 12733: 19704: 11905:"Cardiovascular Mortality and Long-Term Exposure to Particulate Air Pollution: Epidemiological Evidence of General Pathophysiological Pathways of Disease" 7982: 4803:

Reducing travel in vehicles can curb pollution. After Stockholm reduced vehicle traffic in the central city with a congestion tax, nitrogen dioxide and PM

1992:

gas) come mostly from natural sources. However, many air pollutants (including dust and sulfur dioxide) come from a mixture of natural and human sources.

11641: 9977: 8660: 4357:. In this study, air pollution had a larger negative impact on male mice than on females. Lead researcher on the study, Deborah Cory-Slechta, said that: 2600: 11739: 7304: 22995: 18828: 18197:

Singla S, Bansal D, Misra A, Raheja G (31 August 2018). "Towards an integrated framework for air quality monitoring and exposure estimation-a review".

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Data sources: Markandya & Wilkinson (2007); UNSCEAR (2008; 2018); Sovacool et al. (2016); IPCC AR5 (2014); Pehl et al. (2017); Ember Energy (2021).

9009: 4711:

Support for a ban on high-emission vehicles in city centres in Europe, China and the US from respondents to the European Investment Bank Climate Survey

2950:. It is one of several nitrogen oxides. One of the most prominent air pollutants, this reddish-brown toxic gas has a characteristic sharp, biting odor. 15459:"Outdoor air pollution, preterm birth, and low birth weight: analysis of the World Health Organization global survey on maternal and perinatal health" 3442:, dust, and mold. Indoors, the lack of air circulation allows these airborne pollutants to accumulate more than they would otherwise occur in nature. 3426:

in bedding, carpeting and furniture produce enzymes and micrometre-sized fecal droppings, inhabitants emit methane, mold forms on walls and generates

22985: 19919: 13595: 9685: 13497:

Committee of the Environmental and Occupational Health Assembly of the American Thoracic Society (1996). "Health effects of outdoor air pollution".

10974:

Dons E (2019). "Transport most likely to cause air pollution peak exposures in everyday life: Evidence from over 2000 days of personal monitoring".

4334:

may also affect neurodevelopment. Studies show that air pollution is associated with a variety of developmental disabilities, oxidative stress, and

3497:

sets limits on certain air pollutants, including setting limits on how much can be in the air anywhere in the United States. Mixed exposure to both

18629: 17380:

Gielen D, Boshell F, Saygin D, Bazilian MD, Wagner N, Gorini R (1 April 2019). "The role of renewable energy in the global energy transformation".

16302: 13881: 12654: 11030: 17550:

Fensterstock, Ketcham and Walsh, The Relationship of Land Use and Transportation Planning to Air Quality Management, Ed. George Hagevik, May 1972.

11267: 6170: 4520:), killed at least 3787 people and injured from 150,000 to 600,000. The United Kingdom suffered its worst air pollution event when the 4 December 21664: 21497: 16649:"Assessing the relationship between air pollution, agricultural insurance, and agricultural green total factor productivity: evidence from China" 12541: 9537: 9218:

Landfill gas (LFG) is a natural byproduct of the decomposition of organic material in landfills. LFG is composed of roughly 50 percent methane...

7549: 6864:

Fuller R, Landrigan PJ, Balakrishnan K, Bathan G, Bose-O'Reilly S, Brauer M, et al. (June 2022). "Pollution and health: a progress update".

6063: 17485: 15836: 3816:, serious health hazards become more apparent when living in a more urban environment. Studies have shown that in urban areas people experience 21170: 16186: 13238:"Carotid intima-media thickness, a marker of subclinical atherosclerosis, and particulate air pollution exposure: the meta-analytical evidence" 5954: 1014: 15592: 2088:-, and devices-manufacturing and construction sectors contributed more than 50% of air pollutant emissions. This high emission is due to high 18497:

Yu T, Wang W, Ciren P, Sun R (18 October 2018). "An assessment of air-quality monitoring station locations based on satellite observations".

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health outcomes that are often fatal in developing countries. A 2014 study found that PAHs might play a role in the development of childhood

3494: 2672: 8632: 5554: 4438:

Rural populations in India, like those in urban areas, are also exposed to high levels of air pollution. In 2020, scientists found that the

11795: 10448: 8802: 4504:

pollution levels and with telescopic technology close to today. It may also be possible to detect extraterrestrial civilizations this way.

4258:

differs greatly by region. In South and East Asia, pregnant women are frequently exposed to indoor air pollution because of wood and other

3300: 2978: 14726:

Checa Vizcaíno MA, González-Comadran M, Jacquemin B (September 2016). "Outdoor air pollution and human infertility: a systematic review".

2145: 23252: 20865: 19909: 17138: 12257: 10367: 8190: 6150: 4144:

However, findings on the effect of ozone exposure on male fertility are somewhat discordant, highlighting the need for further research.

1092: 780: 15299: 13307:"Particulate matter air pollution and cardiovascular disease: An update to the scientific statement from the American Heart Association" 23035: 16930: 16880: 16847: 15235:"Exposure to local, source-specific ambient air pollution during pregnancy and autism in children: a cohort study from southern Sweden" 14187:

Yacong Bo (2021). "Reduced Ambient PM2.5 Was Associated with a Decreased Risk of Chronic Kidney Disease: A Longitudinal Cohort Study".

6737:"Air Pollution Toxicology—A Brief Review of the Role of the Science in Shaping the Current Understanding of Air Pollution Health Risks" 6411: 5595:

limit values. The UK government has identified that if fines are imposed, they could cost the nation upwards of £300 million per year.

4112:

pollution, often a problem in the summer months, exert an effect on in vitro fertilisation (IVF) outcomes. Within an IVF population, NO

1678: 21943: 9302:

Sun F, Dai Y, Yu X (December 2017). "Air pollution, food production and food security: A review from the perspective of food system".

4707: 2216:

and other solvents. These can be substantial; emissions from these sources was estimated to account for almost half of pollution from

21948: 12253:"Nationwide and Regional PM2.5-Related Air Quality Health Benefits From the Removal of Energy-Related Emissions in the United States" 5531:(CO). The latter two pollutants provided little information in predicting health effects and were removed from the AQHI formulation. 5185: 2059: 18172: 12709: 11947: 7450:"Valuation of air pollution externalities: comparative assessment of economic damage and emission reduction under COVID-19 lockdown" 3001:(PAHs): a group of aromatic compounds formed from the incomplete combustion of organic compounds including coal and oil and tobacco. 1898:

health. The human health effects of poor air quality are far reaching, but principally affect the body's respiratory system and the

21266: 18648: 8722: 4189: 12870:"Long term exposure to low level air pollution and mortality in eight European cohorts within the ELAPSE project: pooled analysis" 12229: 9889: 7919:"Pollution from Fossil-Fuel Combustion is the Leading Environmental Threat to Global Pediatric Health and Equity: Solutions Exist" 5155: 4731:

Strategic substitution of air pollution sources in transport with lower-emission or, during the lifecycle, emission-free forms of

3718:

of aggravated asthma, and more than a million cases of missed work or school. Following this assessment, the EPA acted to protect

3074:. Other hydrocarbon VOCs are also significant greenhouse gases because of their role in creating ozone and prolonging the life of 23068: 23040: 22080: 22022: 21104: 19367: 18499: 17439: 12682: 11601: 11511: 10091:

is naturally present in the air we breathe at a concentration of about 0.037% and is not harmful to health at low concentrations.

6680:"Adverse health effects associated with household air pollution: a systematic review, meta-analysis, and burden estimation study" 6359:"Causes and Consequences of Air Pollution and Environmental Injustice as Critical Issues for Science and Environmental Education" 3419:(generally a very rare form of cancer, when more widespread it is almost always associated with prolonged exposure to asbestos). 2244: 18407: 13496: 11854:"Particulate Air Pollution, Exceptional Aging, and Rates of Centenarians: A Nationwide Analysis of the United States, 1980–2010" 7631: 5559:

In Europe, Council Directive 96/62/EC on ambient air quality assessment and management provides a common strategy against which

5507:

When developing the AQHI, Health Canada's original analysis of health effects included five major air pollutants: particulates,

23286: 23045: 22361: 21405: 19855:

Mosley, Stephen. The chimney of the world: a history of smoke pollution in Victorian and Edwardian Manchester. Routledge, 2013.

10477: 10118:

Some pollutants, and especially those associated with greenhouse warming effects (carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide and methane)...

5218: 5115: 4285:

and TSP (along with other particulates). The estimated reduction in birth weight was 7.3 g for every 100 μg/m increase in

4073:

In women, while overall effects on fertility do not appear significant there is an association between increased exposure to PM

3727: 1938: 1788:

that alters the natural features of the atmosphere. There are many different types of air pollutants, such as gases (including

15618: 14428:"A look beyond the priority: A systematic review of the genotoxic, mutagenic, and carcinogenic endpoints of non-priority PAHs" 9920: 4766:

mixed in with jetfuel at a 50/50 ratio can reduce jet derived cruise altitude particulate emissions by 50–70%, according to a

4762:

than other areas, even when factoring in areas with frequent ship calls, and heavy freeway and city traffic like Los Angeles.

4516:

in India. Leaked industrial vapours from the Union Carbide factory, belonging to Union Carbide, Inc., U.S.A. (later bought by

23103: 23010: 21147: 19841: 19753: 19594: 19572: 18880: 17211: 15602: 14189: 11374: 11302:. Proceedings of the 4th International Workshop on Biomonitoring of Atmospheric Pollution (With Emphasis on Trace Elements). 10785: 10705: 10527: 10418: 9960: 9277: 9029: 8926: 8446: 8389: 7559: 6841: 6378: 6341: 3763: 3561:

In 2021, the WHO reported that outdoor air pollution was estimated to cause 4.2 million premature deaths worldwide in 2019.

3555: 2981:

processes (POPs). As a result, they've been discovered to survive in the environment, be capable of long-range transmission,

1879: 999: 19882: 15925:"Effects of air pollution on the nervous system and its possible role in neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative disorders" 15357:. Prenatal Programming and Toxicity II (PPTOX II): Role of Environmental Stressors in the Developmental Origins of Disease. 12818: 11823: 10131: 4549: 23093: 21605: 20435: 20247: 19136: 10661: 7299: 5482:

or reschedule strenuous activities outdoors, especially if you experience symptoms such as coughing and throat irritation.

3828: 1944:

Many different technologies and strategies are available for reducing air pollution. Although a majority of countries have

273: 19419:

The Daily Telegraph 8 January 2014 'Air pollution killing up to 500,000 Chinese each year, admits former health minister'.

15855:"Early life multiple exposures and child cognitive function: A multi-centric birth cohort study in six European countries" 12759: 10897: 9781: 5249:. However, the AQHI program would not be possible without the commitment and support of the provinces, municipalities and 5188:) provides climate simulations including air quality assessments in their reports (latest report accessible through their 5150:

organizations and governance entities such as using a variety of technologies for use of the data and sensing such mobile

3478:

visits, more hospital admissions and premature death. Diseases that develop from persistent exposure to air pollution are

3049:

is formed. This is one of the causes for concern over the environmental impact of the use of these fuels as power sources.

2113:

as well as open and uncontrolled fires of mismanaged waste, making up about a fourth of municipal solid terrestrial waste)

23050: 22614: 22202: 21657: 20400: 20293: 19963: 17064: 13160: 12844:"Human health may be at risk from long-term exposure to air pollution below current air quality standards and guidelines" 10266: 5784:

remains the leading cause of lung cancer in China, the number of smokers is falling while lung cancer rates are rising .

5626: 2240: 1668: 400: 320: 17: 19695:

Grinder, Robert Dale. "The Battle for Clean Air: The Smoke Problem in Post-Civil War America" in Martin V. Melosi, ed.,

19296:"Rapid rise in premature mortality due to anthropogenic air pollution in fast-growing tropical cities from 2005 to 2018" 16963: 16848:"Health and air quality 2005 – Phase 2: Valuation of health impacts from air quality in the lower Fraser Valley airshed" 14948:"Blood Pressure and Same-Day Exposure to Air Pollution at School: Associations with Nano-Sized to Coarse PM in Children" 14061:"Lung cancer incidence and long-term exposure to air pollution from traffic. [Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't]" 11982:"Global estimation of mortality, disability-adjusted life years and welfare cost from exposure to ambient air pollution" 10862: 9803: 8604: 4524:

of 1952 formed over London. In six days more than 4,000 died and more recent estimates put the figure at nearer 12,000.

3279:

In 2021, the WHO halved its recommended guideline limit for tiny particles from burning fossil fuels. The new limit for

22118: 21622: 21575: 21552: 21305: 21165: 21142: 20321: 19981: 18471: 17514:

Fensterstock JC, Kurtzweg JA, Ozolins G (1971). "Reduction of Air Pollution Potential through Environmental Planning".

11246: 10321: 9928: 9776: 9204: 6165: 4293:

factors of low birth weight. Coal stoves, which are in 97% of homes, are a major source of air pollution in this area.

3528:

Deaths caused by accidents and air pollution from fossil fuel use in power plants exceed those caused by production of

3399:

in industrial and domestic environments in the past has left a potentially very dangerous material in many localities.

2833:. It is potentially lethal at very high concentrations (typically 100 times "normal" atmospheric levels). Although the 1867: 1725: 1673: 994: 908: 350: 17748:"Cost-effectiveness analysis of compressed natural gas implementation in the public bus transit fleet in Delhi, India" 11186: 10475:

Balmes J, Fine J, Sheppard D (1987). "Symptomatic bronchoconstriction after short-term inhalation of sulfur dioxide".

8301:"Annual exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in urban environments linked to wintertime wood-burning episodes" 4590:

Various pollution control technologies and strategies are available to reduce air pollution. At its most basic level,

3665:

A comparison of footprint-based and transboundary pollution-based relationships among G20 nations for the number of PM

3471:

in children and chronic bronchitis in adults, aggravating pre-existing heart and lung disease, or asthmatic attacks.

3338:, is exuded from the Earth in certain locations and trapped inside houses. Building materials including carpeting and 58: 24168: 23108: 22634: 22217: 22046: 22009: 21953: 21570: 21207: 20954: 20840: 20334: 20329: 19230: 18811:

European and National Law (2021) in 8(22) International Institutions: Transnational Networks eJournal, available at:

17929: 17084: 16583: 16340: 16262: 15859: 15735: 15531:"Preterm birth associated with maternal fine particulate matter exposure: A global, regional and national assessment" 15463: 15123: 15003: 14952: 14065: 14024: 13362: 12560: 11858: 10923: 10907: 10111: 9261: 8305: 7526: 6083: 5235: 5096: 4960: 4746: 4318: 3867:(fine particulates) increases the overall risk of non-accidental mortality by 6% per 10 μg/m increase. Exposure to PM 3174: 3153: 3148:

There are many other chemicals classed as hazardous air pollutants. Some of these are regulated in the USA under the

1767: 850: 755: 19683:

Grinder RD (1978). "From Insurgency to Efficiency: The Smoke Abatement Campaign in Pittsburgh before World War I.".

15984:"Prenatal air pollution exposure and neurodevelopment: A review and blueprint for a harmonized approach within ECHO" 15530: 13658:

Gauderman W (2007). "Effect of exposure to traffic on lung development from 10 to 18 years of age: a cohort study".

12377:"Consumption in the G20 nations causes particulate air pollution resulting in two million premature deaths annually" 11086: 10150: 9863: 9497: 5180:) can be used to simulate the levels of different pollutants in the atmosphere. These tools can have several types ( 4496:

Artificial air pollution may be detectable on Earth from distant vantage points such as other planetary systems via

4211:

effect, cauding DNA damange and mutations. Air pollution has been associated with the prevalence of preterm births.

23792: 21958: 21134: 18918: 17719: 17080:"A Retrospective Assessment of Mortality from the London Smog Episode of 1952: The Role of Influenza and Pollution" 15988: 12444:"Global mortality from outdoor fine particle pollution generated by fossil fuel combustion: Results from GEOS-Chem" 11986: 11428:"Global mortality from outdoor fine particle pollution generated by fossil fuel combustion: Results from GEOS-Chem" 9833: 8957: 8299:

Tsiodra I, Grivas G, Tavernaraki K, Bougiatioti A, Apostolaki M, Paraskevopoulou D, et al. (7 December 2021).

7169:"Global premature mortality due to anthropogenic outdoor air pollution and the contribution of past climate change" 6175: 4687: 4133: 1655: 19072:"Tribes do their part to keep air clean. Now, they want to make sure pollution from afar doesn't put that at risk" 12843: 11538:"Aerosol physicochemical determinants of carbon black and ozone inhalation co-exposure induced pulmonary toxicity" 8831:"Impact of air pollutants from surface transport sources on human health: A modeling and epidemiological approach" 6783:"Aerosol physicochemical determinants of carbon black and ozone inhalation co-exposure induced pulmonary toxicity" 5949: 3860:

exposure, such as from car exhausts, activates dormant mutations in lung cells, causing them to become cancerous.

23245: 22751: 22379: 22356: 21974: 20880: 20617: 20007: 19530: 18855: 16474: 13979: 9533:"Biogenic carbon and anthropogenic pollutants combine to form a cooling haze over the southeastern United States" 5450:

or rescheduling strenuous activities outdoors if you experience symptoms such as coughing and throat irritation.

4785: 4173: 3985: 2998: 2125: 2075: 1911: 1085: 795: 558: 140: 63: 19277:

Port Arthur, Texas: Public Housing Residents Breathe Contaminated Air from Nearby Refineries and Chemical Plants

19122: 11087:"Taking an Exposure History: What Are Possible Sources of Indoor Air Pollution | Environmental Medicine | ATSDR" 9061:"Fire control systems in forest reserves: An assessment of three forest districts in the Northern region, Ghana" 4108:), when in high concentrations, is regarded as an air pollutant and is often found in smog in industrial areas. 2829:): Carbon dioxide is a natural component of the atmosphere, essential for plant life and given off by the human 23206: 23025: 22975: 22787: 22684: 22445: 22346: 22259: 22003: 21650: 18973:

Bringing transnational relations back in: non-state actors, domestic structures, and international institutions

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Fleischer NL, Merialdi M, van Donkelaar A, Vadillo-Ortega F, Martin RV, Betran AP, et al. (1 April 2014).

14124: 13719: 12997:"Ambient air pollution and cardiovascular diseases: An umbrella review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses" 8608: 8525: 7173: 3739: 3102:

that is produced in large quantities as a result of human activities (mostly the combustion of fossil fuels). O

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of 2022, which specifically amended the Clean Air Act "to define the carbon dioxide produced by the burning of

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region in 2010. This finding is based on health valuation of lethal (death) and sub-lethal (illness) affects.

3875:(range: 15–21% per 10 μg/m increase) and total cardiovascular mortality (range: 12–14% per 10 μg/m increase). 2973:, which can attach to particulates. Persistent organic pollutants are organic compounds that are resistant to 23309: 23218: 22858: 22629: 21938: 21215: 21190: 20495: 17715:

100% clean and renewable wind, water, and sunlight (WWS) all-sector energy road maps for the 50 United States

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number as 'low', 'moderate', 'high' or 'very high', and suggests steps that can be taken to reduce exposure.

5250: 4954: 3490: 3149: 2992: 2855: 1973: 1957: 1553: 1030: 480: 18832: 15853:

Julvez J, López-Vicente M, Warembourg C, Maitre L, Philippat C, Gützkow KB, et al. (1 September 2021).

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da Silva Junior FC, Felipe MB, Castro DE, Araújo SC, Sisenando HC, Batistuzzo de Medeiros SR (1 June 2021).

8656:"Impact of Rocket Launch and Space Debris Air Pollutant Emissions on Stratospheric Ozone and Global Climate" 8551: 5614:

has criticised the current need for European cities to communicate with Europe through their nation state's

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hypersecretion, lower levels of lung function, and more self-diagnosis of chronic bronchitis and emphysema.

23861: 23696: 22723: 22450: 21580: 21332: 21259: 20666: 20415: 20395: 20147: 19764: 16303:"New Study Demonstrates Indoor Building Environment Has Significant, Positive Impact on Cognitive Function" 15619:"Silent Suffocation in Africa - Air Pollution is a Growing Menace, Affecting the Poorest Children the Most" 13788: 7793: 6736: 6026: 4379: 3836:

air pollution can be equivalent to smoking multiple cigarettes per day, potentially increasing the risk of

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Cedeño Laurent JG, MacNaughton P, Jones E, Young AS, Bliss M, Flanigan S, et al. (1 September 2021).

12443: 12085: 11427: 8442:"Examining Air Pollution in China Using Production- And Consumption-Based Emissions Accounting Approaches" 7788: 3070:) or non-methane (NMVOCs). Methane is an extremely efficient greenhouse gas which contributes to enhanced 24185: 22870: 22763: 22674: 22487: 22475: 22384: 22073: 21872: 20771: 20425: 19549: 14910: 13576: 10773: 10104:

Air Quality Guidelines Global Update 2005: Particulate matter, ozone, nitrogen dioxide and sulfur dioxide

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In general, there are two types of air quality standards. The first class of standards (such as the U.S.

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light will release free electrons from material, thereby creating free radicals, which break up VOCs and

4553: 4169: 3468: 2677: 2121: 1960:, introduced in 1963. Some of these efforts have been successful at the international level, such as the 679: 430: 18633: 13715:"Short-term air pollution exposure decreases lung function: a repeated measures study in healthy adults" 24318: 24202: 24146: 23238: 22940: 22865: 22770: 22306: 21794: 21727: 21627: 21430: 21199: 21099: 21022: 20430: 20260: 20090: 19183:"Understanding the Cumulative Impacts of Inequalities in Environmental Health: Implications for Policy" 18976: 18092: 17951: 17329: 16312: 15639: 10342: 10313: 9716: 7266: 6265: 6046: 4999: 4875: 4153:

countries are exposed to higher levels of fine particulate matter than those in high income countries.

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in human and animal tissue, biomagnify in food chains, and pose a major threat to human health and the

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Kaivonen S, Ngai EC (1 February 2020). "Real-time air pollution monitoring with sensors on city bus".

16784: 14427: 13358:"Retinal Microvascular Responses to Short-Term Changes in Particulate Air Pollution in Healthy Adults" 12515: 12086:"Air pollution-induced health impacts and health economic losses in China driven by US demand exports" 11981: 11295: 10605: 9230: 9060: 8952: 4497: 4043:

led to decreased sperm motility and increased abnormal morphology. Similarly, in Poland exposure to PM

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by lowering the National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) for ground-level ozone to 70 ppb.

2815:. Although in wide use, ammonia is both caustic and hazardous. In the atmosphere, ammonia reacts with 23733: 23062: 23057: 22925: 22624: 22331: 22289: 22253: 22160: 21892: 21784: 21544: 21507: 21445: 21397: 21387: 21382: 21377: 21372: 21362: 21357: 21352: 21347: 21342: 21327: 20902: 20860: 20822: 20387: 20181: 19275:

Lerner S (2010). "Sacrifice Zones: The Front Lines of Toxic Chemical Exposure in the United States".

18788: 18780: 16996: 15538: 11831: 11489: 11240: 10610: 8222: 8197: 8025:"Cracking down on methane 'ultra emitters' is a quick way to combat climate change, researchers find" 7767: 7217: 6036: 6031: 5959: 5571: 5426:

your usual outdoor activities unless you experience symptoms such as coughing and throat irritation.

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concentrations were shown to be associated with slower response times and reduced accuracy in tests.

4399: 4128: 3992:(ROS) which can result in inflammation and cell death. More long-term exposure to PAHs can result in 3373: 2834: 2552:(VOCs) on warmer days. These VOCs react with primary anthropogenic pollutants – specifically, NO 1977: 1720: 810: 775: 735: 388: 355: 205: 19096: 18699: 18673: 16528: 14308:

Conforti A, Mascia M, Cioffi G, De Angelis C, Coppola G, De Rosa P, et al. (30 December 2018).

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7841: 7658: 6979:"Loss of life expectancy from air pollution compared to other risk factors: a worldwide perspective" 3635:

from all sources." From 1999 to 2020, a total of 460,000 deaths in the US were attributed to coal PM

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which are unintentionally created by combustion of organics, like open burning of plastics, and are

24344: 23718: 22900: 22599: 22311: 22207: 21867: 21816: 21811: 21806: 21617: 21612: 21600: 21514: 20897: 20420: 20361: 20272: 17787: 10005:"The Effect of Changing Background Emissions on External Cost Estimates for Secondary Particulates" 8798: 8218: 7244: 6139: 5177: 5158:, and monitoring stations. Some websites attempt to map air pollution levels using available data. 5141: 5069: 4912: 4781: 4439: 4432: 4418: 4394:

levels are linked to more self-reported depressive symptoms, and increases in daily suicide rates.

3199: 2693: 1852: 805: 425: 360: 297: 14491:"Endocrine-Disrupting Air Pollutants and Their Effects on the Hypothalamus-Pituitary-Gonadal Axis" 14118:

Raaschou-Nielsen O, Andersen ZJ, Hvidberg M, Jensen SS, Ketzel M, Sorensen M, et al. (2011).

14059:

Raaschou-Nielsen O, Andersen ZJ, Hvidberg M, Jensen SS, Ketzel M, Sorensen M, et al. (2011).

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Strak M, Weinmayr G, Rodopoulou S, Chen J, Hoogh Kd, Andersen ZJ, et al. (2 September 2021).

10721: 8877:"NASA GISS: NASA News & Feature Releases:Road Transportation Emerges as Key Driver of Warming" 4881: 4070:

and motility in this study group compared to a control group with limited air pollution exposure.

3305: 3066:(VOC): VOCs are both indoor and outdoor air pollutants. They are categorized as either methane (CH 23893: 23782: 23171: 23098: 22930: 21779: 21702: 21450: 21252: 21109: 20875: 20405: 19956: 16211: 15353: 13536:"Long-term exposure to air pollution and asthma hospitalisations in older adults: a cohort study" 13063:

Mayor S (12 June 2016). "Air pollution is a leading risk factor for stroke, global study shows".

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led 2017 study (however, this should imply ground level benefits to urban air pollution as well).

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Burns J, Boogaard H, Polus S, Pfadenhauer LM, Rohwer AC, van-Erp AM, et al. (20 May 2019).

16712:"Improved air quality leads to enhanced vegetation growth during the COVID–19 lockdown in India" 13620: 9637: 9199: 8901: 8511: 7815: 5944: 24339: 24296: 24139: 24011: 23194: 23166: 22945: 22669: 22155: 22066: 21836: 21440: 21435: 21425: 21068: 20458: 19845: 19294:

Vohra K, Marais EA, Bloss WJ, Schwartz J, Mickley LJ, Van Damme M, et al. (8 April 2022).

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Andersen ZJ, Kristiansen LC, Andersen KK, Olsen TS, Hvidberg M, Jensen SS, et al. (2011).

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or reschedule strenuous activities outdoors. Children and the elderly should also take it easy.

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Researchers found that early exposure to air pollution causes the same changes in the brain as

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This video provides an overview of a NASA study on the human fingerprint on global air quality.

3011:, nuclear events, war explosives, and natural processes such as the radioactive decay of radon. 3004: 2934:, are expelled from high temperature combustion, and are also produced during thunderstorms by 2000: 1579: 973: 460: 19926:

The Mortality Effects of Long-Term Exposure to Particulate Air Pollution in the United Kingdom

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Perera FP, Chang Hw, Tang D, Roen EL, Herbstman J, Margolis A, et al. (5 November 2014).

13197:"Stroke and Long-Term Exposure to Outdoor Air Pollution From Nitrogen Dioxide: A Cohort Study" 11670:"Effects of fossil fuel and total anthropogenic emission removal on public health and climate" 11617: 10452: 10375: 9115: 7100:"Effects of fossil fuel and total anthropogenic emission removal on public health and climate" 4773:

Ship propulsion and idling can be switched to much cleaner fuels like natural gas. (Ideally a

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The politics of air pollution: Urban growth, ecological modernization, and symbolic inclusion

17435:"Interventions to Reduce Ambient Particulate Matter Air Pollution and Their Effect on Health" 17060: 14999:"Prenatal Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon (PAH) Exposure and Child Behavior at Age 6–7 Years" 13311: 12381: 11909: 11536:

Majumder N, Kodali V, Velayutham M, Goldsmith T, Amedro J, Khramtsov VV, et al. (2022).

10606:"A review of airborne polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and their human health effects" 8236:

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When Smoke Ran Like Water: Tales of Environmental Deception and the Battle Against Pollution

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Allen JL, Liu X, Pelkowski S, Palmer B, Conrad K, Oberdörster G, et al. (5 June 2014).

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11407:"Long-Term Exposure to Low Levels of Air Pollution Increases Risk of Heart and Lung Disease" 11058:"Most of the World Breathes Unsafe Air, Taking More Than 2 Years Off Global Life Expectancy" 10747: 10280: 7303:, Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation at University of Washington – Seattle (2016). 6437:

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1914:. Anthropogenic ozone causes around 470,000 premature deaths a year and fine particulate (PM 24287: 24259: 24224: 24151: 23951: 23888: 23706: 23527: 23126: 22910: 22775: 22741: 22689: 22514: 22509: 22455: 22411: 22301: 22239: 22128: 22123: 21789: 21774: 21769: 21481: 20845: 20500: 20196: 19844: ... There's ... evidence linking air pollution exposure to an increased risk of 19716: 19309: 19008: 18508: 18371: 18362: 18271: 18262: 18206: 18048: 17839: 17598: 17560: 17391: 17338: 17279: 17153: 17015: 16796: 16723: 16660: 16529:"Air quality trends in rural India: analysis of NO2 pollution using satellite measurements" 16408: 16068: 15997: 15868: 15547: 15362: 15246: 15181: 15063: 14787: 14561: 14439: 14198: 14133: 13922: 13728: 13251: 12940: 12457: 12390: 12328: 12266: 12097: 11995: 11681: 11439: 11307: 10985: 10948: 10619: 10298: 9603: 9546: 9445: 9348: 9311: 9129: 9072: 8966: 8842: 8669: 8455: 8398: 8314: 8143: 8078: 7598: 7463: 7398: 7182: 7113: 6922: 6636: 6452: 6180: 6108: 5724: 5167: 4536: 4517: 3900:

A study of 163,197 Taiwanese residents over the period of 2001–2016 estimated that every 5

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Demolition of the cooling towers of a power station, Athlone, Cape Town, South Africa, 2010

1692: 1290: 485: 218: 18829:"Air quality: Commission sends final warning to UK over levels of fine particle pollution" 17659: 17587:"Improvements in SO2 pollution in India: role of technology and environmental regulations" 15529:

Malley CS, Kuylenstierna JC, Vallack HW, Henze DK, Blencowe H, Ashmore MR (1 April 2017).

15170:"In utero exposure to near-roadway air pollution and autism spectrum disorder in children" 10807: 7098:

Lelieveld J, Klingmüller K, Pozzer A, Burnett RT, Haines A, Ramanathan V (25 March 2019).

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placed near a busy road were shown to absorb toxic emission from around 20 cars each day.

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10815: 10135: 10066: 9890:"Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories (reference manual)" 9594: 9141: 8029: 7214:"9 out of 10 people worldwide breathe polluted air, but more countries are taking action" 6325: 5672: 5585: 5014: 4976: 4869: 4810: 4740: 4615: 4266:. The United States had an estimated 50,000 preterm births associated with exposure to PM 3798: 3389: 3075: 2917: 2641: 2180: 2016: 1829: 1809: 1687: 1584: 1523: 1349: 820: 765: 730: 656: 583: 533: 528: 513: 170: 39: 19720: 19643:

Economic Growth versus the Environment: The Politics of Wealth, Health and Air Pollution

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Pieters N, Koppen G, Van Poppel M, De Prins S, Cox B, Dons E, et al. (March 2015).

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Andersen ZJ, Bonnelykke K, Hvidberg M, Jensen SS, Ketzel M, Loft S, et al. (2011).

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Newbury JB, Stewart R, Fisher HL, Beevers S, Dajnak D, Broadbent M, et al. (2021).

6456: 3754:. Other mechanisms such as autonomic nervous system imbalance have also been suggested. 3411:(shortness of breath) and are at an increased risk regarding several different types of 3346:(H-CHO) gas. Paint and solvents give off volatile organic compounds (VOCs) as they dry. 30:"Bad air quality" and "Air quality" redirect here. For the obsolete medical theory, see 24349: 24292: 24277: 24207: 24163: 24053: 23639: 23544: 23299: 22758: 22341: 22190: 22034: 21917: 21225: 21186: 21119: 21094: 21089: 20907: 20784: 20578: 20450: 20214: 20085: 20012: 19949: 19801: 19769: 19612: 19582: 19560: 19397: 19384: 19362: 19338: 19295: 19252: 19225: 19026: 18532: 18389: 18338: 18295: 18238: 18074: 17640: 17627: 17586: 17461: 17434: 17415: 17362: 17303: 17119: 17106: 17079: 17041: 17005: 16828: 16765: 16752: 16711: 16692: 16648: 16629: 16564: 16509: 16496: 16469: 16450: 16437: 16394: 16375: 16362: 16335: 16307: 16256: 16162: 16129: 16110: 16097: 16050: 16026: 15983: 15982:

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7430: 7363: 7334:"Making Case for Clean Air, World Bank Says Pollution Cost Global Economy $ 5 Trillion" 7239: 7195: 7168: 7167:

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is positively associated with mortality from coronary heart diseases and exposure to SO

3695: 3296: 3136: 3091: 3008: 2956: 2935: 2830: 2816: 2776: 2738: 2719: 2660: 2234: 2089: 2012: 1953: 1899: 1844: 1359: 1337: 1244: 1205: 1054: 815: 691: 453: 235: 175: 145: 94: 75: 19772:. ... Most of these fine particles are a by-product of ... burning ... 19499: 19429: 17800: 17242: 16990:

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14739: 13683: 13120: 12952: 11593: 10237: 9615: 9323: 8053: 6879: 6695: 6439:"Cognitive Effects of Air Pollution Exposures and Potential Mechanistic Underpinnings" 2605: 24264: 23728: 23634: 23607: 23454: 23404: 23340: 23294: 22920: 22915: 22843: 22792: 22566: 22546: 22534: 22494: 22465: 22433: 22351: 22244: 22212: 22108: 22029: 21877: 21466: 21114: 20974: 20794: 20703: 20671: 20588: 20541: 20468: 20440: 20209: 20204: 20002: 19749: 19732: 19616: 19600: 19590: 19568: 19402: 19343: 19325: 19257: 19206: 18536: 18524: 18393: 18330: 18299: 18230: 18222: 18066: 18015: 17855: 17851: 17812: 17804: 17767: 17644: 17632: 17614: 17533: 17466: 17419: 17407: 17366: 17354: 17307: 17295: 17246: 17207: 17196: 17169: 17111: 17045: 17033: 16832: 16820: 16812: 16785:"Record high levels of atmospheric ammonia over India: Spatial and temporal analyses" 16769: 16757: 16739: 16696: 16684: 16676: 16633: 16608:

Hong C, Mueller ND, Burney JA, Zhang Y, AghaKouchak A, Moore FC, et al. (2020).

16568: 16556: 16548: 16501: 16454: 16442: 16424: 16367: 16167: 16149: 16114: 16102: 16084: 16031: 16013: 15964: 15946: 15942: 15902: 15884: 15823: 15811: 15789: 15762: 15703: 15685: 15598: 15573: 15565: 15498: 15480: 15439: 15396: 15378: 15329: 15280: 15262: 15215: 15197: 15150: 15099: 15081: 15030: 14979: 14930: 14874: 14823: 14805: 14751: 14743: 14700: 14692: 14657: 14639: 14595: 14577: 14530: 14512: 14475: 14463: 14455: 14408: 14390: 14349: 14331: 14279: 14261: 14226: 14214: 14161: 14092: 14041: 14037: 13996: 13956: 13938: 13807: 13756: 13687: 13557: 13516: 13471: 13434: 13389: 13338: 13279: 13218: 13177: 13140: 13132: 13088: 13042: 13024: 12974: 12956: 12909: 12891: 12795: 12687: 12636: 12599: 12493: 12481: 12473: 12424: 12406: 12354: 12319: 12292: 12194: 12121: 12113: 12045: 12031: 12019: 12011: 11955: 11928: 11885: 11717: 11699: 11567: 11463: 11455: 11392: 11380: 11370: 11331: 11323: 11015: 10903: 10781: 10701: 10643: 10635: 10523: 10494: 10428: 10414: 10107: 10004: 9956: 9753: 9735: 9619: 9574: 9483: 9471: 9463: 9436: 9372: 9364: 9273: 9145: 9100: 9088: 9039: 9025: 8990: 8982: 8876: 8858: 8780: 8703: 8685: 8479: 8471: 8422: 8414: 8344: 8332: 8255: 8171: 8114: 8102: 8094: 8059: 7960: 7942: 7899: 7555: 7522: 7497: 7479: 7434: 7422: 7414: 7368: 7141: 7016: 6998: 6956: 6911:"Health impacts of air pollution exposure from 1990 to 2019 in 43 European countries" 6895: 6883: 6837: 6812: 6756: 6717: 6699: 6660: 6652: 6609: 6591: 6545: 6527: 6486: 6468: 6374: 6337: 6333: 6302: 6284: 6093: 6068: 5776: 5604: 5578: 5223: 5181: 5077: 4842: 4679: 4591: 4350: 4181: 3615: 3522: 3057: 2804: 2703: 2501: 2176: 2164: 2129: 2055: 1969: 1961: 1891: 1833: 1589: 703: 626: 619: 573: 440: 230: 225: 135: 35: 19544: 19030: 18342: 18242: 18078: 17123: 16808: 16609: 16513: 16379: 15233:

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15050:"Early-Life Exposure to Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and ADHD Behavior Problems" 14929:

Gordon B, Mackay R, Rehfuess E (2004). "Polluted Cities: The Air Children Breathe".

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Vohra K, Vodonos A, Schwartz J, Marais EA, Sulprizio MP, Mickley LJ (1 April 2021).

12007: 11637:"Air Pollution Accounts for 1 in 8 Deaths Worldwide, According to New WHO Estimates" 11426:

Vohra K, Vodonos A, Schwartz J, Marais EA, Sulprizio MP, Mickley LJ (1 April 2021).

11343: 10019: 9157: 8978: 8267: 7153: 6678:

Lee KK, Bing R, Kiang J, Bashir S, Spath N, Stelzle D, et al. (November 2020).

6363:

The Impact of Air Pollution on Health, Economy, Environment and Agricultural Sources

4470:

and ozone concentrations) would produce $ 29 million in annual savings in the lower

3972: 2564:

organic carbon compounds – to produce a seasonal haze of secondary pollutants.

24214: 24173: 24156: 24043: 23941: 23473: 23377: 23261: 23085: 22838: 22797: 22609: 22584: 22396: 22326: 22170: 21922: 21912: 21907: 21897: 21882: 21562: 21058: 20959: 20917: 20885: 20779: 20733: 20693: 20600: 20568: 20536: 20521: 20505: 20480: 20265: 20219: 19728: 19724: 19630: 19392: 19376: 19333: 19317: 19300: 19247: 19239: 19196: 19053: 19016: 18516: 18379: 18322: 18287: 18279: 18214: 18128: 18056: 17847: 17796: 17759: 17728: 17710: 17622: 17606: 17529: 17525: 17456: 17452: 17448: 17399: 17346: 17287: 17265: 17238: 17161: 17101: 17093: 17023: 16968: 16910: 16804: 16747: 16731: 16668: 16621: 16540: 16491: 16483: 16432: 16416: 16357: 16349: 16244: 16157: 16141: 16092: 16076: 16021: 16005: 15954: 15938: 15892: 15876: 15803: 15774: 15752: 15744: 15715: 15693: 15677: 15555: 15510: 15488: 15472: 15429: 15386: 15374: 15370: 15319: 15311: 15270: 15254: 15205: 15189: 15140: 15132: 15089: 15071: 15020: 15012: 14969: 14961: 14864: 14854: 14813: 14795: 14735: 14684: 14647: 14629: 14585: 14569: 14550:"The effects of polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs) on mammalian ovarian function" 14520: 14502: 14447: 14398: 14380: 14339: 14321: 14269: 14253: 14206: 14151: 14141: 14104: 14082: 14074: 14033: 13988: 13946: 13930: 13909:

Hill W, Lim EL, Weeden CE, Lee C, Augustine M, Chen K, et al. (5 April 2023).

13797: 13746: 13736: 13679: 13547: 13508: 13483: 13463: 13426: 13401: 13379: 13371: 13330: 13320: 13269: 13259: 13208: 13169: 13124: 13116: 13072: 13032: 13008: 12964: 12948: 12899: 12883: 12628: 12589: 12465: 12414: 12398: 12344: 12336: 12282: 12274: 12105: 12003: 11918: 11875: 11867: 11707: 11689: 11557: 11549: 11447: 11362: 11315: 11001: 10997: 10993: 10960: 10956: 10693: 10627: 10486: 10406: 9743: 9725: 9611: 9564: 9554: 9453: 9408: 9384: 9356: 9339: 9319: 9283: 9265: 9137: 9080: 9017: 8974: 8850: 8770: 8760: 8693: 8677: 8463: 8406: 8360:"China Shuts Down Tens Of Thousands Of Factories In Widespread Pollution Crackdown" 8322: 8247: 8161: 8151: 8086: 7950: 7932: 7889: 7879: 7759: 7606: 7487: 7471: 7406: 7190: 7131: 7121: 7006: 6990: 6946: 6930: 6875: 6802: 6794: 6748: 6707: 6691: 6644: 6599: 6581: 6535: 6517: 6476: 6460: 6366: 6292: 6274: 6190: 5989: 5512: 5489: 5009: 4995: 4797: 4763: 4732: 4720: 4683: 4668: 4598: 4478: 4240: 4224: 4177: 4007: 3904:/m decrease (from an approximate peak of 30μg/m) in the ambient concentration of PM 3529: 3431: 3385: 3318: 3280: 3222: 2931: 2505: 2469: 2093: 1785: 1753: 1467: 1354: 1266: 1109: 963: 860: 800: 686: 639: 588: 548: 523: 508: 490: 465: 405: 290: 240: 71: 19658:

Currie, Donya. "WHO: Air Pollution a Continuing Health Threat in World's Cities",

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Carter SA, Rahman MM, Lin JC, Shu YH, Chow T, Yu X, et al. (1 January 2022).

14242:"Particulate Matter and Albuminuria, Glomerular Filtration Rate, and Incident CKD" 14173: 13699: 13552: 13535: 12109: 10689:

Read "Rethinking the Ozone Problem in Urban and Regional Air Pollution" at NAP.edu

9710:

Manisalidis I, Stavropoulou E, Stavropoulos A, Bezirtzoglou E (20 February 2020).

9116:"Effects of forest fire ash on germination and early growth of four pinus species" 8723:"Microplastics in our air 'spiral the globe' in a cycle of pollution, study finds" 6231: 4422:

Share of the population exposed to air pollution levels above WHO guidelines, 2017

3848:

Around 300,000 lung cancer deaths were attributed globally in 2019 to exposure to

1738: 24231: 24197: 24083: 24063: 23973: 23622: 23588: 23522: 23319: 23304: 23146: 22848: 22651: 22644: 22579: 22519: 22401: 22391: 22321: 22294: 22279: 22234: 22224: 22175: 21841: 21762: 21692: 21528: 20922: 20832: 20798: 20683: 20637: 20563: 20490: 20410: 20313: 20255: 20110: 19813: 17875:"'False choice': is deep-sea mining required for an electric vehicle revolution?" 17350: 17321:

Jacobson MZ, von Krauland AK, Coughlin SJ, Palmer FC, Smith MM (1 January 2022).

16936: 16735: 16009: 15880: 15666:"Association between air pollution and low birth weight: a community-based study" 15560: 15315: 15193: 15076: 14688: 14451: 14241: 13802: 13783: 13512: 13325: 13306: 13264: 13213: 13196: 12469: 11451: 11319: 11204: 10631: 10513: 10399:"Industrial Air Emission Pollution: Potential Sources and Sustainable Mitigation" 10198: 9950: 9269: 9008:

George Neary D, McMichael Leonard J (8 April 2020), Missiakô Kindomihou V (ed.),

8854: 7516: 6977:

Lelieveld J, Pozzer A, Pöschl U, Fnais M, Haines A, Münzel T (1 September 2020).

6831: 6648: 6586: 6321: 6145: 6041: 5528: 5201: 5064: 4660: 4513: 4196: 4063: 3942: 3913: 3813: 3751: 3595: 3423: 3313: 3178: 2906: 2892: 2807:: Emitted mainly by agricultural waste. Ammonia is a compound with the formula NH 2723: 2698: 2664: 2528: 2330: 1945: 1934: 1825: 1793: 1660: 1435: 1138: 748: 708: 578: 543: 475: 415: 343: 280: 180: 21737: 16610:"Impacts of ozone and climate change on yields of perennial crops in California" 16334:

Allen JG, MacNaughton P, Satish U, Santanam S, Vallarino J, Spengler JD (2015).

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Regulating Air Quality: The First Global Assessment of Air Pollution Legislation

6566:

Ghosh R, Causey K, Burkart K, Wozniak S, Cohen A, Brauer M (28 September 2021).

6205: 5886: 5534:

The AQHI does not measure the effects of odour, pollen, dust, heat or humidity.

24272: 24219: 24129: 24048: 24033: 24028: 23980: 23868: 23664: 23612: 23595: 23429: 22833: 22619: 22556: 22541: 22524: 22482: 22284: 22165: 21984: 21979: 21502: 21235: 20969: 20855: 20812: 20806: 20802: 20647: 20632: 20583: 20573: 20485: 20339: 20095: 20066: 19187: 18326: 18003: 17610: 17028: 16991: 16672: 16420: 16080: 15416:"Air pollution and preterm birth: a recommendation for further study in Greece" 15258: 13934: 13467: 13430: 12767: 12763: 12594: 12575: 12402: 11585: 9771: 9709: 9404:"California's Farms Are an Even Larger Source of Air Pollution Than We Thought" 8156: 7865: 7475: 7410: 7313: 7105:

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

6934: 6258: 6160: 6123: 6058: 5934: 5780: 5684: 5520: 5420:

or rescheduling strenuous activities outdoors if you are experiencing symptoms.

5049: 5037: 4935: 4814: 4727:

There are now practical alternatives to the principal causes of air pollution:

4723:

that do not cause air pollution may be a critical key alternative to pollution.

4664: 4648: 4274: 4124: 4000: 3774: 3684: 3620: 3591: 3207: 3071: 2946:

downwind of cities. Nitrogen dioxide is a chemical compound with the formula NO

2923: 2887: 2846: 2822: 2480:

from natural sources, usually large areas of land with little or no vegetation.

2251: 2230: 2184: 2168: 2157: 2040: 1840:). Air pollution can be caused by both human activities and natural phenomena. 1821: 1797: 1743: 1650: 1484: 1066: 870: 770: 725: 718: 713: 470: 165: 19201: 19182: 19057: 19044:

Roman M (2010). "Governing from the middle: the C40 Cities Leadership Group".

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Ritz B, Liew Z, Yan Q, Cuia X, Virk J, Ketzel M, et al. (December 2018).

14859: 14800: 14634: 14326: 13741: 12632: 11384: 11205:"Bucknell tent death: Hannah Thomas-Jones died from carbon monoxide poisoning" 10285:

Gas Disaster: Impacts and The Displacement and Return of Affected Communities"

10037: 8327: 8300: 6464: 4435:

recipients who are exposed to more air pollution have higher mortality rates.

24333: 24236: 24073: 23963: 23920: 23701: 23578: 23464: 23414: 23141: 23020: 22828: 22802: 22679: 22639: 22604: 22594: 22574: 22316: 22249: 22197: 22185: 22180: 22089: 21846: 21707: 21476: 21220: 20989: 20890: 20676: 20605: 20377: 20125: 19903: 19825: 19793: 19736: 19670:

Don't Breathe the Air: Air Pollution and US Environmental Politics, 1945–1970

19634: 19329: 19243: 18528: 18334: 18226: 18070: 18019: 17859: 17808: 17771: 17618: 17561:"The Importance of Development Plans/Land Use Policy for Development Control" 17411: 17358: 17299: 17291: 17037: 16816: 16743: 16680: 16552: 16428: 16153: 16088: 16017: 15950: 15888: 15689: 15569: 15484: 15382: 15266: 15201: 15085: 14809: 14747: 14696: 14643: 14581: 14516: 14459: 14394: 14335: 14265: 13942: 13851: 13136: 13084: 13028: 13020: 12960: 12895: 12659: 12477: 12410: 12117: 12015: 11959: 11703: 11553: 11459: 11411: 11327: 11109: 10639: 10410: 10397:

Munsif R, Zubair M, Aziz A, Nadeem Zafar M (7 January 2021), Viskup R (ed.),

9811: 9739: 9730: 9528: 9467: 9368: 9149: 9092: 9021: 8986: 8689: 8475: 8441: 8418: 8336: 8098: 7946: 7884: 7483: 7418: 7372: 7337: 7002: 6942: 6798: 6703: 6656: 6595: 6572: 6531: 6472: 6288: 6279: 6088: 5969: 5906: 5757:

List of most polluted cities in the world by particulate matter concentration

5739: 5720: 5655: 5611: 5588:(EC) threatened the UK with legal action against the successive breaching of 5560: 5242: 4949: 4563: 4559:

Efforts to reduce particulate matter in the air may result in better health.

4471: 4460: 4346: 4220: 3719: 3699: 3435: 3358: 2982: 2213: 2172: 2153: 2066: 1926: 1875: 1606: 1506: 1455: 1342: 1049: 885: 375: 370: 365: 31: 19604: 17165: 15456: 14210: 14146: 12340: 11694: 10579:"Infant Inhalation Of Ultra-fine Air Pollution Linked To Adult Lung Disease" 9559: 9458: 9431: 8090: 7126: 6752: 4841:

Tarps and netting are often used to reduce the amount of dust released from

3603:-related deaths and air pollution from motor vehicle emissions in England. 82: 47: 24038: 23996: 23772: 23723: 23659: 23515: 23419: 23161: 22589: 22438: 22428: 22406: 22336: 22229: 22143: 21902: 21831: 21722: 21010: 20984: 20964: 20788: 20751: 20715: 20351: 20298: 20174: 20130: 20115: 20044: 19833: 19347: 19321: 19261: 19210: 18885: 18234: 18061: 18034: 17907: 17879: 17816: 17636: 17470: 17250: 17115: 16824: 16761: 16688: 16560: 16505: 16446: 16371: 16171: 16106: 16049:

Shang L, Yang L, Yang W, Huang L, Qi C, Yang Z, et al. (1 July 2020).

16035: 15968: 15906: 15840: 15815: 15766: 15731:"A Cohort Study of Traffic-Related Air Pollution Impacts on Birth Outcomes" 15729:

Brauer M, Lencar C, Tamburic L, Koehoorn M, Demers P, Karr C (1 May 2008).

15577: 15502: 15443: 15400: 15333: 15284: 15219: 15154: 15103: 15034: 14983: 14878: 14827: 14755: 14704: 14661: 14599: 14534: 14467: 14412: 14385: 14353: 14283: 14218: 14165: 14096: 14045: 14000: 13960: 13886: 13811: 13760: 13691: 13561: 13475: 13438: 13393: 13342: 13283: 13222: 13181: 13144: 13092: 13046: 12978: 12913: 12640: 12603: 12485: 12428: 12358: 12296: 12224: 12125: 12023: 11932: 11889: 11744: 11721: 11571: 11467: 11357:

Dovjak M, Kukec A (2019). "Health Outcomes Related to Built Environments".

11335: 11272: 11035: 11006: 10647: 10155:

Pollution and Global Warming: When does carbon dioxide become a pollutant?"

9982: 9757: 9623: 9578: 9475: 9376: 8994: 8862: 8784: 8707: 8483: 8426: 8259: 8175: 8106: 7964: 7937: 7903: 7708: 7501: 7426: 7145: 7020: 6960: 6887: 6816: 6760: 6721: 6664: 6613: 6549: 6490: 6306: 5920: 5767: 5661: 5607:

zone, which is claimed to have led to an increase in air pollution levels.

5234:

In Canada, air pollution and associated health risks are measured with the

5059: 5024: 4966: 4927: 4887: 4622: 4584: 4579: 4370: 4366: 4338:

and that it may contribute to Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease.

4236: 4208: 4029:

which are tiny particles of 2.5 microns in width or smaller, compared with

3498: 3404: 3395:

Though its use has now been banned in many countries, the extensive use of

3343: 3273: 3171: 3014: 2995:

connected to airborne fine particles are linked to cardiopulmonary disease.

2867: 2780: 2711: 2656: 2651: 2141: 2110: 1922: 1813: 1496: 1420: 1251: 918: 880: 865: 696: 661: 606: 325: 185: 19406: 18812: 18781:"PRESS RELEASE No 58/08 Judgment of the Court of Justice in Case C-237/07" 18384: 18357: 18258:"Drive-by Air Pollution Sensing Systems: Challenges and Future Directions" 17537: 17173: 16992:"Nitrogen Dioxide Pollution as a Signature of Extraterrestrial Technology" 16487: 15707: 13520: 11126: 10687: 10550: 10498: 10368:"What is Particulate Matter? | Urban Environmental Program in New England" 6994: 4571:

emissions during its three-month implementation from June to August 2022.

4140:

association between O3 and IVF live birth rate was no longer significant.

2031: 24134: 24078: 23900: 23878: 23873: 23740: 23617: 23583: 23571: 23459: 23382: 23156: 22853: 22551: 22460: 22423: 20947: 20942: 20627: 20622: 20593: 20558: 20531: 20061: 19898: 19805: 19781: 19380: 17203: 15681: 15594:

Finance in Africa - Navigating the financial landscape in turbulent times

14507: 14257: 13825: 13784:"Urban air pollution and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary disease: a review" 13334: 13173: 12278: 10551:"Newly detected air pollutant mimics damaging effects of cigarette smoke" 9505: 8681: 8577: 6522: 5859:

Tehran was declared the most polluted city in the world on May 24, 2022.

4922: 4695:

improvement is a near-term benefit among the many societal benefits from

4656: 4643: 4639: 4602: 4550:

designing sustainable manufacturing processes (and the products' designs)

4539:, in late October 1948, when 20 people died and over 7,000 were injured. 4374: 4354: 4067: 3950: 3949:

treatment. In the general population, there is a significant increase in

3917: 3872: 3797:

exhibited more severe respiratory symptoms (including cough, phlegm, and

3786: 3674: 3460: 3412: 3377: 2517: 2394: 2378: 2346: 2149: 2051: 1965: 1930: 1887: 1863: 1856: 1817: 1645: 1533: 1528: 1491: 1440: 1371: 1317: 1273: 1261: 1210: 840: 538: 518: 155: 52: 21642: 21244: 19565:

The Big Smoke: A History of Air Pollution in London Since Medieval Times

19388: 18600: 18291: 16353: 16145: 15476: 15136: 15016: 14965: 14932:

Inheriting the World: The Atlas of Children's Health and the Environment

14725: 14120:"Air pollution from traffic and cancer incidence: a Danish cohort study" 14078: 13826:"Education Data, Visualizations & Graphics on Air Quality and PM2.5" 13375: 9498:"Education Data, Visualizations & Graphics on particulate pollution" 9360: 6626: 4849: 3631:

was associated with 2.1 times greater mortality risk than exposure to PM

3513:

Estimates of the death toll from air pollution vary across publications.

2023: 1921:

The World Bank has estimated that welfare losses (premature deaths) and

1851:

globally. Many of the contributors of air pollution are also sources of

24241: 24058: 24016: 23958: 23927: 23566: 23498: 23436: 23409: 23372: 22782: 22504: 21471: 21297: 21124: 20741: 20056: 20049: 20032: 20017: 19705:"Nanoparticle emissions from 11 non-vehicle exhaust sources – A review" 19481:"En Afrique de l'Ouest, une pollution mortelle mais d'ampleur inconnue" 17732: 17229: 16544: 14310:"Air pollution and female fertility: a systematic review of literature" 13852:"Cancer is not just 'bad luck' but down to environment, study suggests" 13660: 13128: 13012: 12071: 11768:"Pollution killing 9 million people a year, Africa hardest hit - study" 9978:"Ammonia from farms behind 60% of UK particulate air pollution – study" 9432:"Reducing food's environmental impacts through producers and consumers" 8765: 7610: 7300: 6128: 5984: 5964: 5939: 5131: 4991: 4758:

Areas downwind (over 20 miles) of major airports have more than double

4635: 4521: 4263: 4207:

adipose tissue they can be transferred across the placenta can exert a

4195:

Researchers have found a correlation between air pollution and risk of

3993: 3966: 3793: 3778: 3558:, lung cancer, and lung infections. Children are particularly at risk. 3427: 3400: 3335: 3203: 3021:): particularly sulfur dioxide, a chemical compound with the formula SO 2960: 2910: 2812: 2545: 2539: 2205: 2197: 2104: 2036: 1937:

and most human activity, although they are sometimes recovered through

1640: 1623: 1565: 1513: 1376: 1312: 1307: 1300: 1227: 1222: 1180: 1168: 890: 646: 150: 16055:

on children's neurodevelopment: a systematic review and meta-analysis"

15923:

Costa LG, Cole TB, Dao K, Chang YC, Coburn J, Garrick JM (June 2020).

15748: 14117: 14058: 13236:

Provost E, Madhloum N, Int Panis L, De Boever P, Nawrot T (May 2015).

13076: 12887: 8467: 8410: 8251: 7866:

Manisalidis I, Stavropoulou E, Stavropoulos A, Bezirtzoglou E (2020).

7734: 6259:

Manisalidis I, Stavropoulou E, Stavropoulos A, Bezirtzoglou E (2020).

4780:

Combustion of fossil fuels for space heating can be replaced by using

24124: 24006: 23814: 23809: 23787: 23676: 23669: 23488: 23483: 23390: 23367: 22880: 22699: 22269: 22150: 21887: 21757: 21717: 21712: 21315: 21053: 21005: 20979: 20927: 20761: 20723: 20473: 20463: 20135: 19997: 19972: 19483:[In West Africa, deadly pollution but of unknown magnitude]. 19280: 18760:"Summaries of EU legislation – Management and quality of ambient air" 17097: 16989: 16906: 16238: 14843:"Air pollution from natural and anthropic sources and male fertility" 14776:"Does air pollution play a role in infertility?: a systematic review" 14618:"Air pollution from natural and anthropic sources and male fertility" 12143:"Car emissions: taking tests out of the lab and onto the road – News" 11589: 10519: 10174:"Democrats Designed the Climate Law to Be a Game Changer. Here's How" 9683: 8951:

Harper AR, Doerr SH, Santin C, Froyd CA, Sinnadurai P (15 May 2018).

7997:"Climate change: Satellites map huge methane plumes from oil and gas" 7586: 7306:

The Cost of Air Pollution: Strengthening the Economic Case for Action

6004: 5665: 5625:

Global city partnerships can be built into networks, for example the

5029: 5019: 5004: 4442:

over the Southern Ocean around Antarctica is 'unpolluted' by humans.

4369:

that normally surrounds them hadn't fully developed. It appears that

4185: 4052: 3901: 3770: 3600: 3482:

diseases, which develop when a health environment is not maintained.

3366: 3046: 2986: 2896: 2769: 2715: 2689: 2565: 2532: 2521: 2509: 2487: 2410: 2262: 1895: 1848: 1837: 1635: 1630: 1425: 1415: 1327: 1295: 1278: 1239: 1217: 1173: 958: 913: 875: 825: 760: 666: 130: 102: 23230: 18118: 15918: 15916: 15119:"Ambient Air Pollution and Autism in Los Angeles County, California" 14774:

Carré J, Gatimel N, Moreau J, Parinaud J, Léandri R (28 July 2017).

14674: 13882:"Cancer breakthrough is a 'wake-up' call on danger of air pollution" 12655:"Air pollution from G20 consumers caused two million deaths in 2010" 11740:"Air pollution deaths are double previous estimates, finds research" 10106:. Copenhagen, Denmark: World Health Organization. 2006. p. 12. 10087:

has been recognised as a workplace hazard at high concentrations. CO

8902:"Car Emissions & Global Warming | Union of Concerned Scientists" 8050: 6620: 5771:

Nitrogen dioxide concentrations as measured from satellite 2002–2004

5476:

should also avoid outdoor physical exertion and should stay indoors.

5172:

Numerical models either on a global scale using tools such as GCMs (

4512:

The world's worst short-term civilian pollution crisis was the 1984

4081:, appears to have an effect on conception rates in women undergoing 3438:

and mold, and houseplants, soil and surrounding gardens can produce

24251: 23819: 23745: 23686: 23681: 23629: 23539: 23510: 23503: 23493: 23424: 23398: 23394: 23386: 22746: 22499: 22133: 22103: 20698: 20642: 20303: 20152: 20120: 19870:

Inventing Pollution: Coal, Smoke, and Culture in Britain since 1800

19849: 19821: 19777: 19485: 19181:

Morello-Frosch R, Zuk M, Jerrett M, Shamasunder B, Kyle AD (2011).

19180: 19000:

International Environmental Agreements: Politics, Law and Economics

18949: 18358:"NOx Emission Reduction and Recovery during COVID-19 in East China" 18132: 17684: 17664: 17010: 16914: 16392: 16248: 15852: 15117:

Becerra TA, Wilhelm M, Olsen J, Cockburn M, Ritz B (1 March 2013).

15054: 13356:

Louwies T, Int Panis L, Kicinski M, De Boever P, Nawrot TS (2013).

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levels increases the likelihood of an accident by as much as 25%".

4387: 3396: 3381: 2858:(which is designed to improve air quality) is deemed to regulate CO 2765: 2583: 2508:. Radon is a colorless, odorless, naturally occurring, radioactive 2188: 1929:$ 5 trillion per year. The costs of air pollution are generally an 1903: 1430: 330: 19430:"World's Most Polluted Cities in 2020 - PM2.5 Ranking | AirVisual" 18881:"Britain fends off threat of £300m fine over London air pollution" 18472:"New monitoring technologies can help cities combat air pollution" 17320: 15232: 12990: 12988: 11361:. Switzerland: Springer International Publishing. pp. 43–82. 10697: 10449:"Evidence growing of air pollution's link to heart disease, death" 7684:"The Montreal Protocol on Substances That Deplete the Ozone Layer" 6370: 4715: 4323:

Data is accumulating that air pollution exposure also affects the

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Prenatal exposure to polluted air has been linked to a variety of

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Research has demonstrated increased risk of developing asthma and

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Pollutants emitted into the atmosphere by human activity include:

24119: 23915: 23910: 23856: 23762: 23691: 23534: 23335: 22418: 21826: 21821: 21752: 21697: 20659: 20162: 20140: 20027: 20022: 19906:

AQI to Concentration and Concentration to AQI for five pollutants

19789: 16931:"Pollution on other planets could help us find aliens, Nasa says" 15913: 14425: 14373:

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health

13355: 13235: 12994: 11772: 11667: 11535: 11108:

This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the

11031:"WHO slashes guideline limits on air pollution from fossil fuels" 10515:

Persistent Organic Pollutants in the Environment: Origin and Role

10044:. U.S. Department of Health & Human Services. 30 October 2019 10042:

The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH)

8953:"Prescribed fire and its impacts on ecosystem services in the UK" 7924:

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health

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List of least polluted cities by particulate matter concentration

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and ozone pollutants were linked with reduced rates of live birth

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and early miscarriage. Exposure to smaller particulate matter, PM

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without external support or internationally coordinated efforts.

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To display all pages, subcategories and images click on the "►":

2909:(CO): CO is a colorless, odorless, toxic gas. It is a product of 2730: 2645: 2609: 2575: 2536: 2483: 2362: 2224: 2209: 2085: 1805: 1789: 1596: 1474: 1462: 1410: 1393: 1364: 1322: 1285: 1232: 1161: 1117: 110: 22058: 19746:

The Hare and the Tortoise: Clean Air Policy in the US and Sweden

19360: 18575: 18035:"Energy and sustainable development in Nigeria: the way forward" 14616:

Jurewicz J, Dziewirska E, Radwan M, Hanke W (23 December 2018).

13533: 13194: 10778:

Biomass Gasification, Pyrolysis and Torrefaction (Third Edition)

9173:"Wall Paint, Perfumes and Cleaning Agents Are Polluting Our Air" 8747:

Wang J, Wu Q, Liu J, Yang H, Yin M, Chen S, et al. (2019).

6859: 6857: 6855: 6853: 6436: 6357:

Dimitriou A, Christidou V (26 September 2011), Khallaf M (ed.),

5914: 5206: 4055:(DNA that has not fully developed or has developed abnormally). 3501:

and ozone could result in significantly greater health affects.

2548:, in some regions, emits environmentally significant amounts of 23968: 23933: 23757: 23713: 23561: 23359: 22713: 21063: 21043: 20937: 20612: 20105: 19860:

Environmental Politics in Japan, Germany, and the United States

19837: 19829: 19226:"Racial and Socioeocnomic Disparities in Residential Proximity" 19119:"Global Toll of Air Pollution: Over 3 Million Deaths Each Year" 17903:"Nickel mining: the hidden environmental cost of electric cars" 16909:(Report). Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research. 16898: 15528: 14945: 14548:

Perono GA, Petrik JJ, Thomas PJ, Holloway AC (1 January 2022).

13157: 12985: 12576:"Diesel exhaust inhalation increases thrombus formation in man" 12315:"Mortality risk from United States coal electricity generation" 12312: 11268:"Air pollution linked to 'huge' rise in child asthma GP visits" 11233:"Chapter 6.2. Asbestos. Air quality guidelines, Second edition" 8440:

Huo H, Zhang Q, Guan D, Su X, Zhao H, He K (16 December 2014).

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Phase-out of fossil fuel vehicles § Cities and territories

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emissions. That issue was resolved in the United States by the

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European Commission > Environment > Air > Air Quality

19893: 16333: 16243:. Working Paper Series. National Bureau of Economic Research. 16187:"Air pollution link discovered to autism, schizophrenia risks" 14912:

Air pollution and child health: prescribing clean air. Summary

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Holland WW, Reid DD. "The urban factor in chronic bronchitis"

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Brook R, Rajagopalan S, Pope CI, Brook J, Bhatnagar A (2010).

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Juginović A, Vuković M, Aranza I, Biloš V (18 November 2021).

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A small improvement in air quality (1% reduction of ambient PM

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patients, higher PM 2.5 exposure is associated with increased

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Odors: Such as from garbage, sewage, and industrial processes.

2535:. During periods of active wildfires, smoke from uncontrolled 2171:

in forests like the Amazon cause large air pollution with the

86:

Deaths from air pollution per 100,000 inhabitants (IHME, 2019)

24001: 23841: 23767: 23554: 22875: 21073: 21015: 20356: 20288: 20186: 20078: 19928:, UK Committee on the Medical Effects of Air Pollution, 2010. 19817: 18604: 18356:

Zhang R, Zhang Y, Lin H, Feng X, Fu TM, Wang Y (April 2020).

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trucks) of pollution. Emissions from these sources can cause

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has been researched for its ability to reduce air pollution.

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COPD comprises a spectrum of clinical disorders that include

3392:, or other dry cleaning fluids, for days after dry cleaning. 3331: 2637: 2542:

can make up almost 75% of all air pollution by concentration.

2497: 1989: 1601: 1538: 1200: 1193: 978: 923: 315: 19941: 19931: 19808:

and spread throughout the body. They can travel through the

18847: 17584: 17227:

Landrigan P (25 November 2016). "Air pollution and health".

15787: 15728: 15349:"Prenatal environmental exposures, epigenetics, and disease" 13451: 12616: 12573: 12046:"Lancet study: Pollution killed 2.3 million Indians in 2019" 10396: 4176:(PAH) was associated with reduced IQ scores and symptoms of 4051:

led to an increase in the percentage of cells with immature

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is also associated with an increased risk of mortality from

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or set recommended targets for it. Because of its role as a

2702:

Schematic drawing, causes and effects of air pollution: (1)

23946: 23802: 23797: 23777: 23651: 23602: 23446: 23001:

Committee on the Environment, Public Health and Food Safety

22807: 21319: 21048: 20169: 20157: 20073: 19809: 19797: 19792: ... These particles can get past the defenses of our 19785: 19773: 19512: 18601:"Live Animated Air Quality Map (AQI, PM2.5...) | AirVisual" 17785:

Landrigan PJ (1 January 2017). "Air pollution and health".

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Air pollution is usually concentrated in densely populated

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themselves, ranking as 13th worst pollutant in Los Angeles.

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Exposure to fine particulate matter can increase levels of

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and nitrogen oxides. There were significant differences in

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as a climate pollutant, it does not include the gas in its

2613: 2477: 2442: 2426: 2314: 2282: 1949: 1618: 1518: 1501: 1479: 1405: 953: 200: 195: 160: 19702: 18856:"Environmental Audit Committee – Fifth Report Air Quality" 17930:"Los Angeles Airport Pollutes City Air For Miles Downwind" 16881:"Air pollution linked to "huge" reduction in intelligence" 16584:"Scientists say they have found the cleanest air on Earth" 14996: 14773: 14547: 13500:

American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine

13455:

American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine

13418:

American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine

12926: 12620:

American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine

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Nuclear Proliferation and Terrorism in the Post-9/11 World

8498:"EMEP/EEA air pollutant emission inventory guidebook 2019" 7390:

Environmental Science and Pollution Research International

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pollution declined, as did acute pediatric asthma attacks.

4675:

since 2000, to help eliminate the city's "pea-soup" smog.

4273:

A study between 1988 and 1991 found a correlation between

4219:

Ambient levels of air pollution have been associated with

3912:

development. According to a cohort study involving 10,997

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Mailloux NA, Abel DW, Holloway T, Patz JA (16 May 2022).

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The measurement is based on the observed relationship of

4798:

rubber tires produce significant amounts of air pollution

4552:

and related legal regulations as well as efforts towards

4349:

in mice. It also showed that air pollution also affected

4039:

A study in California found that increased exposure to PM

3678: 3564:

The global mean loss of life expectancy (LLE; similar to

3309:

The share of total deaths from indoor air pollution, 2017

2587: 2175:. Controlled or prescribed burning is a practice used in 1801: 1613: 19293: 19156: 16709: 16470:"Air Pollution and Mortality in the Medicare Population" 16278:"Suicide rates rise as air quality worsens, study finds" 15414:

Papamitsou T, Sirak S, Kavvadas D (January–March 2020).

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Stanek LW, Brown JS, Stanek J, Gift J, Costa DL (2011).

4036:

which are classified as 10 microns in diameter or less.

3357:

Intentional air pollution is introduced with the use of

2882:

increase in Earth's atmosphere has been accelerating. CO

2116:

furnaces and other types of fuel-burning heating devices

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Emissions & Generation Resource Integrated Database

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Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development

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Sciencenetlinks.com Science Updates – Science NetLinks

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Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology

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Regulation of greenhouse gases under the Clean Air Act

4719:

Support, use and infrastructure-expansion of forms of

4678:

A very effective means to reduce air pollution is the

4671:. For example, buses in New Delhi, India, have run on 3698:

by the contemporary free trade and consumption by the

3202:

was installed, the emissions from this power plant in

3106:

is largely produced by chemical reactions involving NO

2227:

and open burning of waste releases harmful substances.

1925:

losses (lost labour) caused by air pollution cost the

19890:

Guide by the Natural Resources Defense Council (NRDC)

19587:

Composition, chemistry, and climate of the atmosphere

18438:"Analysis: Coronavirus temporarily reduced China's CO 15837:

Air pollution linked to much greater risk of dementia

13593: 12303: 11948:"Beijing's Bad Air Would Be Step Up for Smoggy Delhi" 11594:"What are the safest and cleanest sources of energy?" 6734: 5241:

The AQHI is a federal program jointly coordinated by

3976:

Standard line-angle structure of benzo-a-pyrene (BaP)

2626:

Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants

2058:

power plants both have smoke stacks (see for example

1995: 19697:

Pollution & Reform in American Cities, 1870–1930

19171: 17829: 17585:

Kuttippurath J, Patel VK, Pathak M, Singh A (2022).

16904: 14928: 14841:

Jurewicz J, Dziewirska E, Radwan M, Hanke W (2018).

11728: 11124: 8927:"NASA's AIRS Maps Carbon Monoxide from Brazil Fires" 8810:. Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs 8282:"Wood burning heaters and your health - Fact sheets" 5882: 4583:

Burning of items polluting Jamestown environment in

4160:particles can increase blood pressure in children. 18624: 17660:"'Smog-Eating' Material Breaking into the Big Time" 15788:Bos I, De Boever P, Int Panis L, Meeusen R (2014). 15047: 14367:Canipari R, De Santis L, Cecconi S (January 2020). 12540:Farrow A, Miller KA, Myllyvirta L (February 2020). 12513: 12244: 12195:"Complete Guide To The 'Toxin Tax' For Diesel Cars" 12132: 11642:

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11512:"Regulatory and Guidance Information by Topic: Air" 11125:Duflo E, Greenstone M, Hanna R (26 November 2008). 11115: 9330: 9058: 7789:"Global Climate Agreements: Successes and Failures" 7327: 7325: 7323: 6967: 6356: 3980: 3677:combustion – mostly the production and use of 2899:

can result in a sudden release of huge amount of CO

2878:

are emitted annually by burning of fossil fuels. CO

2601:

AP 42 Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors

19703:Kumar P, Pirjola L, Ketzel M, Harrison RM (2013). 19622:International Journal of Environment and Pollution 19589:. New York: John Wiley & Sons. pp. 1–18. 19363:"Air Pollution and Daily Mortality in Rome, Italy" 17322: 17195: 16526: 16048: 15167: 12683:"EPA proposes nation's strictest smog limits ever" 10662:"Technical Overview of Volatile Organic Compounds" 10603: 10474: 8828: 8052: 7267:"Assessing the risks to health from air pollution" 7240:"Cheap air pollution monitors help plot your walk" 7160: 6677: 4667:), conversion to cleaner fuels, and conversion to 3792:A study conducted in 1960–1961 in the wake of the 3646:Air pollution deaths by nation due to fossil fuels 3033:, usually in the presence of a catalyst such as NO 2237:, and rocketry are examples of military resources. 2167:strategies using controlled burns. Practices like 27:Presence of dangerous substances in the atmosphere 19611: 18355: 17832:Atmospheric Environment. Part B. Urban Atmosphere 17544: 17507: 17077: 16178: 15922: 13911:"Lung adenocarcinoma promotion by air pollutants" 12760:"Human cost of valley's dirty air: $ 6.3 billion" 10967: 9952:Aerosols: An Industrial and Environmental Science 8605:"Combustion Pollutants in Your Home - Guidelines" 8127: 6829: 2196:There are also sources from processes other than 66:– darker colors indicate lower concentrations of 24331: 18992: 18874: 18872: 17517:Journal of the Air Pollution Control Association 15790:"Physical Activity, Air Pollution and the Brain" 13908: 10199:"Graphic: The relentless rise of carbon dioxide" 7320: 6671: 5548: 2027:Smoking of fish over an open fire in Ghana, 2018 21498:ASEAN Agreement on Transboundary Haze Pollution 19748:. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press. 19455:"World Air Quality Index (AQI) Ranking | IQAir" 18823: 18408:"Airborne Nitrogen Dioxide Plummets Over China" 18173:"Subway air pollution damages passenger health" 17263: 16845: 16236: 15346: 15297: 11674:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 10132:"The Worst Climate Pollution Is Carbon Dioxide" 9538:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 9423: 9059:Husseini R, Aboah DT, Issifu H (1 March 2020). 8633:"Overview of Air Pollution from Transportation" 8578:"Global Review on Safer End of Engineered Life" 6319: 6226: 6224: 6222: 6064:ASEAN Agreement on Transboundary Haze Pollution 5708:– realtime map of global wind and air pollution 4231:. Women in regions with greater than average PM 4096: 18753: 18751: 18496: 18001: 17745: 17078:Bell ML, Davis DL, Fletcher T (January 2004). 16878: 16533:Environmental Science: Processes & Impacts 15663: 14939: 14369:"Female Fertility and Environmental Pollution" 8439: 8386: 7575: 7521:(Third ed.). Elsevier. pp. 447–522. 7356: 7354: 5955:Flue-gas emissions from fossil-fuel combustion 5610:In response to these charges, mayor of London 23246: 22074: 21658: 21260: 19957: 18869: 18004:"Sustainable energy for developing countries" 17952:"NASA Confirms Biofuels Reduce Jet Emissions" 14488: 13843: 13058: 13056: 11979: 11794:World Health Organisation (29 October 2018). 11293: 10230: 8746: 8583:Global Review on Safer End of Engineered Life 7979:"Mapping methane emissions on a global scale" 6156:International Day of Clean Air for Blue Skies 3965:CO exposure is significantly associated with 2673:United States Environmental Protection Agency 2250:Fertilized farmland may be a major source of 2084:a 2014 study found that in China equipment-, 1761: 1086: 19836:. hey exacerbate respiratory illnesses like 19581: 19559: 18988: 18986: 18970: 18312: 18148:"Impact Of Air Pollution On The Environment" 18110: 17932:. 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For the measurement of air pollution, see 18773: 18748: 15664:Wang X, Ding H, Ryan L, Xu X (1 May 1997). 14495:International Journal of Molecular Sciences 13581:RT: For Decision Makers in Respiratory Care 12083: 11818: 11816: 11356: 10061: 10059: 9804:"United Kingdom's emission factor database" 9255: 8219:"Indoor air pollution and household energy" 8130:"Global air pollution exposure and poverty" 7656: 7351: 6823: 6151:International Agency for Research on Cancer 4542: 2245:emissions from meat production or livestock 1983: 23253: 23239: 23036:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 22081: 22067: 21665: 21651: 21267: 21253: 19964: 19950: 19888:Air Pollution: Everything You Need to Know 19820:. They can form deposits on the lining of 19804: ... From there, they cross into the 18878: 17071: 14015: 13651: 13053: 12819:"Bad air costing state's economy billions" 12680: 12514:Mackenzie J, Turrentine J (22 June 2021). 12084:Feng T, Chen H, Liu J (15 December 2022). 11980:Owusu PA, Sarkodie SA (10 November 2020). 11737: 11359:Creating Healthy and Sustainable Buildings 11265: 11028: 10772:Acharya B (1 January 2018), Basu P (ed.), 10465:// American Heart Association. 10 May 2010 10030: 9975: 9592:Fischetti M (2014). "Trees That Pollute". 9170: 9113: 7508: 7208: 7206: 5176:coupled with a pollution module) or CTMs ( 4413: 4092:Ozone structure showing three oxygen atoms 3908:was associated with a 25% reduced risk of 2247:contribute substantially to air pollution 2136:), marine vessels and aircraft as well as 1768: 1754: 1093: 1079: 109: 22996:Centre for Disease Prevention and Control 22986:Center for Disease Control and Prevention 21672: 21274: 19920:Database: outdoor air pollution in cities 19743: 19396: 19337: 19251: 19200: 19160:Duke Environmental Law & Policy Forum 19152: 19150: 19020: 18983: 18383: 18255: 18124:National Bureau of Environmental Research 18116: 18060: 17784: 17700: 17626: 17460: 17226: 17139:"The Sverdlovsk anthrax outbreak of 1979" 17105: 17027: 17009: 16751: 16495: 16461: 16436: 16361: 16161: 16096: 16025: 15958: 15896: 15756: 15697: 15559: 15492: 15433: 15390: 15323: 15274: 15209: 15144: 15093: 15075: 15024: 14973: 14868: 14858: 14817: 14799: 14651: 14633: 14589: 14524: 14506: 14402: 14384: 14343: 14325: 14273: 14186: 14155: 14145: 14086: 13967: 13950: 13849: 13801: 13750: 13740: 13712: 13706: 13673: 13657: 13551: 13383: 13324: 13273: 13263: 13212: 13036: 12968: 12903: 12593: 12418: 12348: 12286: 11922: 11879: 11711: 11693: 11561: 11005: 10203:Climate Change: Vital Signs of the Planet 10148: 10020:"How Carbon Dioxide Became a 'Pollutant'" 9747: 9729: 9591: 9568: 9558: 9457: 9287: 8774: 8764: 8697: 8575: 8326: 8165: 8155: 8072: 7954: 7936: 7893: 7883: 7491: 7194: 7135: 7125: 7010: 6950: 6836:. 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They can be seen as a brown 2768:format but may read better as 1010:Least polluted cities by PM2.5 13: 1: 22630:Social determinants of health 21398:Air radioactive contamination 20496:Electrical resistance heating 19971: 19936:What are hazardous pollutants 19479:Darame M (29 November 2019). 19117:Pettit D (14 December 2014). 18521:10.1080/01431161.2018.1460505 17801:10.1016/S2468-2667(16)30023-8 17764:10.1016/j.tranpol.2021.10.019 17658:Palmer J (12 November 2011). 17484:Connolly K (30 August 2022). 17271:Journal of Industrial Ecology 17243:10.1016/S2468-2667(16)30023-8 16276:Symons A (15 December 2022). 16261:: CS1 maint: date and year ( 13684:10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60037-3 13621:"Understanding Air Pollution" 13553:10.1136/thoraxjnl-2011-200711 13121:10.1016/S1474-4422(16)30073-4 12953:10.1016/S0140-6736(17)30505-6 12559:: CS1 maint: date and year ( 12228:. 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Vallero (2014). 6266:Frontiers in Public Health 6047:Particulate matter sampler 5760: 5754: 5659: 5653: 5566:In July 2008, in the case 5552: 5537: 5199: 5174:general circulation models 5165: 5135: 5129: 5000:Fluidized Bed Concentrator 4825: 4529:accidental leak of anthrax 4400:volatile organic compounds 4316: 4214: 3856:, suspended in the air. PM 3832:Unprotected exposure to PM 3801:), reduced lung function ( 3710: 3654: 3350:paint can degenerate into 3294: 3231:volatile organic compounds 3064:Volatile organic compounds 2870:as an 'air pollutant.'" CO 2687: 2632:of concern. These include 2598: 2550:volatile organic compounds 2273:Acidifying Emissions (g SO 2218:volatile organic compounds 1868:pollution-related diseases 29: 24309: 24250: 24115: 24108: 23989: 23850:Types / location 23849: 23840: 23650: 23445: 23358: 23328: 23277: 23268: 23184: 23119: 23078: 23063:World Toilet Organization 23058:World Health Organization 22965: 22954: 22891: 22816: 22732: 22660: 22625:Public health informatics 22565: 22370: 22332:Right to rest and leisure 22161:Globalization and disease 22096: 21993: 21967: 21931: 21855: 21785:Environmental engineering 21745: 21734: 21680: 21593: 21561: 21543: 21536: 21527: 21508:Pollutant Standards Index 21490: 21459: 21418: 21396: 21388:2019 Vietnam forest fires 21314: 21296: 21289: 21280: 21179: 21133: 21082: 21031: 20998: 20903:Nonpoint source pollution 20831: 20823:War and environmental law 20770: 20732: 20714: 20514: 20449: 20386: 20312: 20281: 20246: 20230: 20195: 20182:Volatile organic compound 19988: 19979: 19653:London Fog: The Biography 19545:Resources in your library 19202:10.1377/hlthaff.2011.0153 19058:10.1108/14720701011021120 19022:10.1007/s10784-008-9085-3 18789:European Court of Justice 18412:earthobservatory.nasa.gov 18284:10.1109/JSEN.2023.3305779 18219:10.1007/s10661-018-6940-8 17404:10.1016/j.esr.2019.01.006 16997:The Astrophysical Journal 16626:10.1038/s43016-020-0043-8 15808:10.1007/s40279-014-0222-6 15539:Environment International 15174:Environment International 14860:10.1186/s12958-018-0430-2 14801:10.1186/s12940-017-0291-8 14635:10.1186/s12958-018-0430-2 14327:10.1186/s12958-018-0433-z 13830:www.cleanairresources.com 13742:10.1186/s12940-017-0271-z 12633:10.1164/rccm.200606-872OC 11832:World Health Organization 11616:Roser M (18 March 2024). 11490:World Health Organization 11241:World Health Organization 10611:Environment International 10491:10.1164/ajrccm/136.5.1117 10281:"The Strange Lake Nyos CO 9864:"Environmental Pollution" 9686:"Air pollutant emissions" 9659:"Air Pollution Emissions" 9502:www.cleanairresources.com 8328:10.5194/acp-21-17865-2021 8198:World Health Organization 7846:World Health Organization 7768:World Health Organization 7659:"About Montreal Protocol" 7218:World Health Organization 6465:10.1007/s40572-017-0134-3 6037:Organic molecular tracers 6032:Air pollution measurement 5960:Health impacts of sawdust 5750: 5697: 5692: 5572:European Court of Justice 5369: 5366: 5363: 5229: 5138:Air pollution measurement 4972:Exhaust gas recirculation 4703:Alternatives to pollution 4697:climate change mitigation 3690:A study concluded that PM 3669:-related premature deaths 3374:carbon monoxide poisoning 3076:methane in the atmosphere 2975:environmental degradation 2835:World Health Organization 2708:particulate contamination 2578:activity, which produces 2441: 2425: 2409: 2393: 2377: 2361: 2345: 2329: 2313: 2297: 2281: 2272: 2269: 2152:and car tires (including 736:War and environmental law 356:Health effects from noise 206:Volatile organic compound 23109:Schools of public health 22901:Diffusion of innovations 22600:Health impact assessment 22312:Public health laboratory 22208:Management of depression 21868:Environmental technology 21817:Environmental toxicology 21812:Environmental statistics 21807:Environmental humanities 21515:Great Green Wall (China) 20362:Marine mammals and sonar 20273:Radio spectrum pollution 19932:Hazardous air pollutants 19715:. Elsevier BV: 252–277. 19699:(1980), pp. 83–103. 19635:10.1504/ijep.2005.007599 19244:10.2105/ajph.2007.131383 19097:"Air pollution hot spot" 18127:. Working Paper Series. 17788:The Lancet Public Health 17292:10.1162/jiec.1998.2.1.79 17029:10.3847/1538-4357/abd7f7 16846:RWDI Consulting (2005). 16421:10.1088/1748-9326/ac1bd8 12595:10.1093/eurheartj/ehn464 11766:Dickie G (18 May 2022). 11482:"Air quality and health" 10748:"Cars and Air Pollution" 10411:10.5772/intechopen.93104 10312:US EPA O (5 June 2017). 9868:Theenvironmentalblog.org 9731:10.3389/fpubh.2020.00014 9531:, Fung IY (5 May 2009). 9527:Goldstein AH, Koven CD, 9022:10.5772/intechopen.90747 8799:Air Quality Expert Group 7885:10.3389/fpubh.2020.00014 7245:European Investment Bank 6684:The Lancet Global Health 6280:10.3389/fpubh.2020.00014 6140:Health Effects Institute 5836:Bisrakh Jalalpur, India 5496:), ground-level ozone (O 5367:Air Quality Health Index 5236:Air Quality Health Index 5178:Chemical transport model 5142:Environmental monitoring 5112:Source capturing systems 5070:Flue-gas desulfurization 4913:Ejector venturi scrubber 4853:Air pollution from a car 4782:ground source heat pumps 4543:Reduction and regulation 4459:Air pollution costs the 4431:meet federal standards, 4365:, we could see that the 4353:, learning ability, and 4197:autism spectrum disorder 3863:Long-term exposure to PM 3317:Air quality monitoring, 3227:hazardous air pollutants 3200:flue-gas desulfurization 3175:Hazardous air pollutants 2993:Persistent free radicals 2694:Greenhouse gas emissions 2148:enters the air from the 1984:Sources of air pollution 1976:, while others, such as 361:Marine mammals and sonar 23172:Social hygiene movement 23099:Doctor of Public Health 22931:Social cognitive theory 22733:Infectious and epidemic 22515:Fecal–oral transmission 21780:Environmental economics 21703:Environmental chemistry 21208:WikiProject Environment 21166:Most polluted countries 21110:Polluter pays principle 20841:Agricultural wastewater 19709:Atmospheric Environment 19668:Dewey, Scott Hamilton. 18971:Risse-Kappen T (1995). 18943:BBC (6 December 2010). 18908:"Every Breath You Take" 18551:"Pollution is Personal" 18442:emissions by a quarter" 17383:Energy Strategy Reviews 17166:10.1126/science.7973702 17085:Environ Health Perspect 16468:Qian D (29 June 2017). 16240:Air Quality and Suicide 15860:Environmental Pollution 15354:Reproductive Toxicology 14728:Fertility and Sterility 14432:Environmental Pollution 14211:10.1021/acs.est.1c00552 14147:10.1186/1476-069X-10-67 13596:"Ambient air pollution" 12848:British Medical Journal 12823:San Francisco Chronicle 12341:10.1126/science.adf4915 11695:10.1073/pnas.1819989116 11300:Environmental Pollution 10977:Atmospheric Environment 10940:Atmospheric Environment 10863:"Air quality standards" 10403:Environmental Emissions 9955:. Elsevier. p. 1. 9560:10.1073/pnas.0904128106 9459:10.1126/science.aaq0216 8091:10.1126/science.abj4351 7367:: 15. 1 February 2018. 7127:10.1073/pnas.1819989116 6983:Cardiovascular Research 6196:Polluter pays principle 6119:Global Atmosphere Watch 6104:Environmental agreement 4908:Cyclonic spray scrubber 4868:Mechanical collectors ( 4019:Particulate matter (PM) 3990:Reactive Oxygen Species 3850:fine particulate matter 3417:peritoneal mesothelioma 2864:Inflation Reduction Act 2777:converting this section 2468:Dust storm approaching 2128:, trains (particularly 836:Freshwater salinization 756:Agricultural wastewater 68:fine particulate matter 23167:Germ theory of disease 22946:Transtheoretical model 21837:Sustainability science 21306:2010 China dust storms 21226:Environment portal 20459:Agricultural pollution 19322:10.1126/sciadv.abm4435 18062:10.1186/2192-0567-2-15 15989:Environmental Research 14386:10.3390/ijerph17238802 12581:European Heart Journal 12449:Environmental Research 11554:10.1093/toxsci/kfac113 11542:Toxicological Sciences 11432:Environmental Research 9638:"Volcanic Pollution |" 7938:10.3390/ijerph15010016 6799:10.1093/toxsci/kfac113 6787:Toxicological Sciences 6741:Toxicological Sciences 6629:Environmental Research 5772: 5500:) and particulates (PM 5214: 5038:Vapor recovery systems 5025:Absorption (scrubbing) 4979:(also for VOC control) 4854: 4846: 4777:but not practical yet) 4724: 4712: 4690:in 2015 the switch to 4673:compressed natural gas 4587: 4423: 4384: 4325:central nervous system 4313:Central nervous system 4093: 3977: 3910:chronic kidney disease 3845: 3734:Cardiovascular disease 3670: 3647: 3514: 3469:respiratory infections 3384:to keep sewer gas and 3321: 3310: 3052:Toxic metals, such as 3005:Radioactive pollutants 2843:Air Quality Guidelines 2726: 2668: 2655:E-waste processing in 2617: 2473: 2241:Agricultural emissions 2044: 2028: 2020: 2015:of a field outside of 2005: 1872:respiratory infections 1726:Tropical cyclone terms 1055:Environment portal 87: 79: 55: 23051:Public Health Service 22936:Social norms approach 22926:PRECEDE–PROCEED model 22372:Preventive healthcare 22265:Pharmaceutical policy 22114:Chief Medical Officer 21802:Environmental studies 21674:Environmental science 21275:Asia pollution topics 20881:Industrial wastewater 20747:Clutter (advertising) 20655:Municipal solid waste 20501:Soil guideline values 20345:Sustainable transport 20238:Information pollution 20038:Open burning of waste 19858:Schreurs, Miranda A. 19744:Lundqvist LJ (1980). 19662:(February 2012) 42#1 19651:Corton, Christine L. 19141:Science Magazine News 18580:Plume Labs Air Report 18385:10.3390/atmos11040433 17183:on 21 September 2006. 16488:10.1056/NEJMoa1702747 12382:Nature Communications 10083:For over a century CO 9894:Ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp 8286:www.health.nsw.gov.au 8135:Nature Communications 7981:. ESA. Archived from 6753:10.1093/toxsci/kfq367 6074:Atmospheric chemistry 5980:Non-exhaust emissions 5893:Global warming portal 5770: 5761:Further information: 5747:and chemical plants. 5553:Further information: 5209: 5136:Further information: 4903:Baffle spray scrubber 4888:Particulate scrubbers 4852: 4840: 4826:Further information: 4751:sustainable transport 4718: 4710: 4692:100% renewable energy 4582: 4421: 4359: 4091: 3975: 3842:environmental factors 3831: 3713:Air quality guideline 3664: 3655:Further information: 3645: 3512: 3436:Legionnaires' disease 3434:systems can incubate 3316: 3308: 2701: 2654: 2608: 2467: 2277:eq per 100g protein) 2034: 2026: 2011: 2003: 1900:cardiovascular system 1333:Extratropical cyclone 1257:Air-mass thunderstorm 796:Industrial wastewater 564:Municipal solid waste 486:Soil guideline values 85: 61: 51:Air pollution from a 50: 24225:remnant natural area 23862:storage and recovery 23528:habitat conservation 23346:Deforestation (REDD) 23127:Sara Josephine Baker 23026:Public Health Agency 22911:Health communication 22776:Disease surveillance 22742:Asymptomatic carrier 22724:Statistical software 22412:Preventive nutrition 22240:Medical anthropology 22129:Environmental health 21790:Environmental health 21775:Environmental design 21770:Ecological economics 21482:Southeast Asian haze 21153:Most polluted cities 20846:Biological pollution 20757:Overhead power lines 19675:Gonzalez, George A. 19381:10.1136/oem.55.9.605 19046:Corporate Governance 18476:World Economic Forum 18448:. 19 February 2020. 18414:. 28 February 2020. 18263:IEEE Sensors Journal 15682:10.1289/ehp.97105514 14780:Environmental Health 14508:10.3390/ijms21239191 14258:10.2215/CJN.08350719 14125:Environmental Health 13720:Environmental Health 13713:Int Panis L (2017). 13174:10.1056/NEJMoa054409 13109:The Lancet Neurology 12939:(10082): 1907–1918. 12279:10.1029/2022GH000603 12265:(5): e2022GH000603. 10752:www.adeq.state.ar.us 9264:, pp. 337–351, 9235:www.ccacoalition.org 8682:10.1029/2021EF002612 8668:(6): e2021EF002612. 8189:Pennise D, Smith K. 7312:. Washington, D.C.: 6523:10.1192/bjp.2021.119 6206:Silicosis#Prevention 6181:NASA Clean Air Study 6109:Environmental racism 5725:social vulnerability 5168:Air quality modeling 5162:Air quality modeling 5015:Catalytic converters 4537:Donora, Pennsylvania 4518:Dow Chemical Company 4508:Historical disasters 4500: – including NO 4446:Agricultural effects 3996:and reduced repair. 3961:Carbon monoxide (CO) 3945:in women undergoing 3929:Nitrogen dioxide (NO 3824:Cancer (lung cancer) 3480:environmental health 3476:emergency department 3451:wheezing, coughing, 3115:Peroxyacetyl nitrate 3083:Secondary pollutants 2642:endocrine disruptors 2263:acidifying emissions 2109:waste incineration ( 1933:to the contemporary 1818:biological molecules 1693:Weather modification 1291:Anticyclonic tornado 1005:Most polluted cities 657:Overhead power lines 74:, as well as better 24179:Earth Overshoot Day 23753:Marine conservation 23734:non-timber products 23137:Carl Rogers Darnall 23132:Samuel Jay Crumbine 22906:Health belief model 22759:Notifiable diseases 22695:Regression analysis 22530:Waterborne diseases 22119:Cultural competence 21959:Environment by year 21949:Research institutes 21863:Energy conservation 21688:Atmospheric science 21368:2016 Malaysian haze 21338:2005 Malaysian haze 21216:WikiProject Ecology 20913:Ocean acidification 20818:Unexploded ordnance 20689:Post-consumer waste 20549:Foam food container 20527:Biodegradable waste 20101:Global distillation 19848:and other forms of 19721:2013AtmEn..67..252K 19660:The Nation's Health 19314:2022SciA....8M4435V 19143:. 28 November 2016. 19013:2008IEAPL...8..367P 18924:on 22 February 2015 18825:European Commission 18680:. 10 September 2007 18626:European Commission 18513:2018IJRS...39.6463Y 18376:2020Atmos..11..433Z 18276:2023ISenJ..2323692Z 18270:(19): 23692–23703. 18211:2018EMnAs.190..562S 18053:2012ESusS...2...15O 17844:1990AtmEB..24...43L 17603:2022ESPR...2978637K 17597:(52): 78637–78649. 17396:2019EneSR..24...38G 17343:2022REne..184..430J 17284:1998JInEc...2...79C 17158:1994Sci...266.1202M 17020:2021ApJ...908..164K 16801:2020ScTEn.74039986K 16728:2023AppGe.15102869K 16665:2022ESPR...2978381L 16659:(52): 78381–78395. 16413:2021ERL....16i4047C 16354:10.1289/ehp.1510037 16146:10.1289/ehp.1307984 16073:2020ESPR...2724786S 16067:(20): 24786–24798. 16002:2021ER....19610320V 15873:2021EPoll.28417404J 15552:2017EnInt.101..173M 15477:10.1289/ehp.1306837 15367:2011RepTx..31..363P 15251:2023NatSR..13.3848F 15186:2022EnInt.15806898C 15137:10.1289/ehp.1205827 15068:2014PLoSO...9k1670P 15017:10.1289/ehp.1104315 14966:10.1289/ehp.1408121 14792:2017EnvHe..16...82C 14566:2022CRTox...300070P 14444:2021EPoll.27816838D 14203:2021EnST...55.6876B 14138:2011EnvHe..10...67R 14079:10.1289/ehp.1002353 13927:2023Natur.616..159H 13890:. 10 September 2022 13733:2017EnvHe..16...60I 13376:10.1289/ehp.1205721 13256:2015PLoSO..1027014P 12945:2017Lanc..389.1907C 12770:on 16 December 2008 12462:2021ER....19510754V 12395:2021NatCo..12.6286N 12333:2023Sci...382..941H 12271:2022GHeal...6..603M 12147:European Parliament 12102:2022JEnvM.32416355F 12000:2020ScTEn.74240636O 11686:2019PNAS..116.7192L 11444:2021ER....19510754V 11415:. 22 February 2021. 11312:2008EPoll.151..362K 10990:2019AtmEn.213..424D 10953:2011AtmEn..45.3594D 10816:National Geographic 10624:2013EnInt..60...71K 10347:Scientific American 10136:Scientific American 10024:Wall Street Journal 9608:2014SciAm.310f..14F 9595:Scientific American 9551:2009PNAS..106.8835G 9450:2018Sci...360..987P 9361:10.1038/nature15371 9353:2015Natur.525..367L 9316:2017JIAgr..16.2945S 9134:2004PlEco.175...81R 9077:2020SciAf...700245H 8971:2018ScTEn.624..691H 8847:2015EnInt..83..146A 8674:2022EaFut..1002612R 8532:. 16 September 2024 8460:2014EnST...4814139H 8454:(24): 14139–14147. 8403:2014EnST...4814139H 8397:(24): 14139–14147. 8319:2021ACP....2117865T 8313:(23): 17865–17883. 8148:2023NatCo..14.4432R 8083:2022Sci...375..557L 8030:The Washington Post 7985:on 3 February 2022. 7872:Front Public Health 7603:2006Wthr...61..311B 7468:2020AQAH...13..683B 7403:2019ESPR...2629799B 7397:(29): 29799–29809. 7187:2013ERL.....8c4005S 7118:2019PNAS..116.7192L 6995:10.1093/cvr/cvaa025 6927:2021NatSR..1122516J 6690:(11): e1427–e1434. 6641:2021ER....20111487D 6457:2017CEHR....4..180A 5825:Bulandshahr, India 5788: 5673:respiratory disease 5586:European Commission 5378:General population 4977:Catalytic converter 4864:Particulate control 4614:gases. One form is 3728:increased mortality 3390:tetrachloroethylene 2918:Chlorofluorocarbons 2266: 2181:prairie restoration 2017:Statesboro, Georgia 1956:in Britain and the 1853:greenhouse emission 1830:habitat degradation 1810:chlorofluorocarbons 1688:Weather forecasting 1524:Rain and snow mixed 1350:Subtropical cyclone 821:Ocean acidification 731:Unexploded ordnance 652:Advertising clutter 584:Post-consumer waste 529:Foam food container 514:Biodegradable waste 171:Global distillation 40:Atmosphere of Earth 18:Emissions reduction 24164:Ecosystem services 23287:Ambient standards 22735:disease prevention 22670:Case–control study 22342:Security of person 22191:Health care reform 22035:Environment portal 21918:Water purification 21236:Ecology portal 21120:Waste minimisation 21095:Industrial ecology 21090:Cleaner production 20908:Nutrient pollution 20785:Herbicidal warfare 20579:Construction waste 20215:Introduced species 20086:Indoor air quality 20013:Chlorofluorocarbon 19868:Thorsheim, Peter. 19770:particulate matter 19679:(SUNY Press, 2012) 19641:Cherni, Judith A. 18177:Chemistryworld.com 17733:10.1039/C5EE01283J 16545:10.1039/D2EM00293K 16315:on 9 November 2020 16308:The New York Times 15239:Scientific Reports 13575:Zoidis JD (1999). 13013:10.1111/joim.13467 12175:. 21 February 2005 12149:. 25 February 2016 11952:The New York Times 11649:on 4 November 2022 10522:. pp. 31–54. 10301:. 17 October 2017. 10238:"Full Mauna Loa CO 10178:The New York Times 9870:. 16 December 2011 9237:. 7 September 2023 9065:Scientific African 8766:10.7717/peerj.6932 8246:(may22 1): h2757. 7611:10.1256/wea.127.06 7076:The New York Times 7051:on 11 October 2019 6915:Scientific Reports 5787: 5777:metropolitan areas 5773: 5616:central government 5375:At risk population 5255:risk communication 5247:Environment Canada 5215: 4992:Adsorption systems 4855: 4847: 4843:construction sites 4725: 4713: 4588: 4533:biological warfare 4440:boundary layer air 4424: 4373:had damaged those 4336:neuro-inflammation 4102:Ground-level ozone 4094: 4014:Particulate matter 3978: 3892:and brain cancer. 3846: 3779:chronic bronchitis 3671: 3648: 3572:Primary mechanisms 3515: 3322: 3311: 3297:Indoor air quality 3291:Indoor air quality 3137:Photochemical smog 3092:Ground level ozone 3009:nuclear explosions 2957:Particulate matter 2936:electric discharge 2831:respiratory system 2817:oxides of nitrogen 2779:, if appropriate. 2745:Primary pollutants 2739:Ground level ozone 2727: 2720:ground-level ozone 2669: 2667:and air pollution. 2661:seep into the soil 2618: 2612:air in 2005 after 2568:, poplar, oak and 2474: 2347:Farmed crustaceans 2260: 2204:Fumes from paint, 2130:diesel locomotives 2090:emission intensity 2045: 2029: 2021: 2013:Controlled burning 2006: 1946:air pollution laws 1744:Weather portal 1360:Atlantic hurricane 1338:European windstorm 1245:Volcanic lightning 1206:Cumulonimbus cloud 1067:Ecology portal 692:Herbicidal warfare 236:Introduced species 176:Indoor air quality 146:Chlorofluorocarbon 88: 80: 76:indoor air quality 56: 24327: 24326: 24305: 24304: 24104: 24103: 23783:genetic resources 23719:genetic resources 23354: 23353: 23262:Natural resources 23228: 23227: 23180: 23179: 23090:Higher education 22921:Positive deviance 22916:Health psychology 22892:Health behavioral 22819:safety management 22793:Social distancing 22567:Population health 22547:Smoking cessation 22495:Pharmacovigilance 22466:Injury prevention 22434:Infection control 22352:Social psychology 22302:Prisoners' rights 22245:Medical sociology 22213:Public health law 22109:Biological hazard 22056: 22055: 21878:Pollution control 21640: 21639: 21636: 21635: 21589: 21588: 21537:Notable incidents 21523: 21522: 21467:Asian brown cloud 21414: 21413: 21290:Notable incidents 21242: 21241: 21115:Pollution control 20795:Nuclear holocaust 20704:Thermal treatment 20672:Plastic pollution 20589:Mercury poisoning 20542:Battery recycling 20441:Radioactive waste 20210:Genetic pollution 20205:Biological hazard 20003:Air quality index 19755:978-0-472-09310-6 19596:978-0-471-28514-4 19574:978-1-136-70329-4 19531:Library resources 18507:(20): 6463–6478. 17213:978-0-465-01521-4 17152:(5188): 1202–08. 16716:Applied Geography 16539:(12): 2437–2449. 16482:(26): 2513–2522. 15749:10.1289/ehp.10952 15604:978-92-861-5382-2 14734:(4): 897–904.e1. 14197:(10): 6876–6883. 13921:(7955): 159–167. 13782:Sunyer J (2001). 13077:10.1136/bmj.i3272 12888:10.1136/bmj.n1904 12796:Los Angeles Times 12688:Los Angeles Times 12327:(6673): 941–946. 11866:(11): 1744–1750. 11680:(15): 7192–7197. 11622:Our World in Data 11598:Our World in Data 11376:978-3-030-19411-6 11213:. 17 January 2013 11166:. 7 February 2020 11093:. 9 February 2021 11091:www.atsdr.cdc.gov 10947:(21): 3594–3602. 10843:. 9 February 2023 10787:978-0-12-812992-0 10707:978-0-309-04631-2 10529:978-1-003-05317-0 10420:978-1-83968-510-1 9962:978-0-323-14251-9 9772:"AP 42, Volume I" 9444:(6392): 987–992. 9347:(7569): 367–371. 9310:(12): 2945–2962. 9279:978-3-319-25365-7 9031:978-1-78984-949-3 8881:www.giss.nasa.gov 8468:10.1021/es503959t 8411:10.1021/es503959t 8252:10.1136/bmj.h2757 8067:(6580): 557–561. 8005:. 4 February 2022 7561:978-92-807-3872-8 7271:www.eea.europa.eu 7112:(15): 7192–7197. 6989:(11): 1910–1917. 6843:978-0-12-404602-3 6380:978-953-307-528-0 6343:978-1-292-12939-6 6094:Emission standard 6069:Asian brown cloud 5870:population growth 5857: 5856: 5814:Ghaziabad, India 5712: 5711: 5633:Indigenous people 5605:congestion charge 5486: 5485: 5448:Consider reducing 5424:No need to modify 5418:Consider reducing 5355: 5354: 5320: 5319: 5224:air quality index 5182:Atmospheric model 5010:Thermal oxidizers 4669:electric vehicles 4629:Energy transition 4621:Pollution-eating 4592:land-use planning 4575:Pollution control 4351:short-term memory 4332:Prenatal exposure 4164:Prenatal exposure 3937:An increase in NO 3738:According to the 3249: 3223:Thermal oxidisers 3187: 3186: 2854:whether the U.S. 2798: 2797: 2704:greenhouse effect 2502:radioactive decay 2486:, emitted by the 2457: 2456: 2177:forest management 2165:forest management 2054:power plants and 1970:Helsinki Protocol 1962:Montreal Protocol 1855:i.e., burning of 1834:built environment 1786:biological agents 1778: 1777: 1103: 1102: 1038: 1037: 704:Nuclear holocaust 627:Urban heat island 441:Radioactive waste 226:Biological hazard 136:Air quality index 36:Air quality index 16:(Redirected from 24357: 24317: 24316: 24268: 24215:Natural heritage 24174:overexploitation 24113: 24112: 23847: 23846: 23793:herbal medicines 23773:FAO Plant Treaty 23313: 23290: 23275: 23274: 23255: 23248: 23241: 23232: 23231: 23216: 23215: 23204: 23203: 23192: 23191: 23086:Health education 22963: 22962: 22817:Food hygiene and 22798:Tropical disease 22610:Infant mortality 22585:Community health 22461:Controlled Drugs 22397:Health promotion 22327:Right to housing 22171:Health economics 22083: 22076: 22069: 22060: 22059: 22044: 22043: 22032: 22020: 22019: 22001: 22000: 21923:Waste management 21913:Urban metabolism 21908:Sewage treatment 21898:Renewable energy 21740: 21667: 21660: 21653: 21644: 21643: 21563:Marine pollution 21541: 21540: 21534: 21533: 21491:Counter-measures 21460:Recurrent issues 21294: 21293: 21287: 21286: 21269: 21262: 21255: 21246: 21245: 21234: 21233: 21232: 21224: 21223: 21214: 21213: 21206: 21205: 21198: 21197: 21185: 21184: 21059:Legacy pollution 20918:Oil exploitation 20780:Chemical warfare 20694:Waste management 20601:Industrial waste 20569:Biomedical waste 20537:Electronic waste 20522:Advertising mail 20506:Phytoremediation 20481:Land degradation 20266:Overillumination 20220:Invasive species 19966: 19959: 19952: 19943: 19942: 19852:." (p. 64.) 19759: 19740: 19692: 19638: 19608: 19578: 19518: 19517: 19509: 19503:(1 March 2012). 19497: 19491: 19490: 19476: 19470: 19469: 19467: 19465: 19451: 19445: 19444: 19442: 19440: 19426: 19420: 19417: 19411: 19410: 19400: 19358: 19352: 19351: 19341: 19308:(14): eabm4435. 19301:Science Advances 19291: 19285: 19284: 19272: 19266: 19265: 19255: 19221: 19215: 19214: 19204: 19178: 19169: 19168: 19154: 19145: 19144: 19133: 19127: 19126: 19114: 19108: 19107: 19105: 19103: 19093: 19087: 19086: 19084: 19082: 19068: 19062: 19061: 19041: 19035: 19034: 19024: 18990: 18981: 18980: 18979:. pp. 3–34. 18968: 18962: 18961: 18959: 18957: 18940: 18934: 18933: 18931: 18929: 18923: 18912: 18904: 18898: 18897: 18895: 18893: 18876: 18867: 18866: 18864: 18862: 18851: 18845: 18844: 18842: 18840: 18831:. Archived from 18821: 18815: 18808: 18802: 18801: 18799: 18797: 18785: 18777: 18771: 18770: 18768: 18766: 18755: 18746: 18745: 18743: 18741: 18732:. Archived from 18722: 18716: 18715: 18713: 18711: 18696: 18690: 18689: 18687: 18685: 18670: 18664: 18663: 18661: 18659: 18644: 18638: 18637: 18632:. Archived from 18622: 18616: 18615: 18613: 18611: 18597: 18591: 18590: 18588: 18586: 18572: 18566: 18565: 18563: 18561: 18547: 18541: 18540: 18494: 18488: 18487: 18485: 18483: 18468: 18462: 18461: 18459: 18457: 18434: 18428: 18427: 18425: 18423: 18404: 18398: 18397: 18387: 18353: 18347: 18346: 18310: 18304: 18303: 18253: 18247: 18246: 18194: 18188: 18187: 18185: 18183: 18169: 18163: 18162: 18160: 18158: 18143: 18137: 18136: 18114: 18108: 18107: 18105: 18103: 18089: 18083: 18082: 18064: 18030: 18024: 18023: 17999: 17993: 17992: 17990: 17988: 17974: 17968: 17967: 17965: 17963: 17948: 17942: 17941: 17939: 17937: 17926: 17920: 17919: 17917: 17915: 17898: 17892: 17891: 17889: 17887: 17870: 17864: 17863: 17827: 17821: 17820: 17782: 17776: 17775: 17752:Transport Policy 17743: 17737: 17736: 17727:(7): 2093–2117. 17707: 17698: 17697: 17695: 17693: 17676: 17670: 17669: 17655: 17649: 17648: 17630: 17582: 17576: 17575: 17573: 17571: 17557: 17551: 17548: 17542: 17541: 17511: 17505: 17504: 17502: 17500: 17481: 17475: 17474: 17464: 17430: 17424: 17423: 17377: 17371: 17370: 17330:Renewable Energy 17326: 17318: 17312: 17311: 17261: 17255: 17254: 17224: 17218: 17217: 17201: 17194:Davis D (2002). 17191: 17185: 17184: 17182: 17176:. Archived from 17143: 17134: 17128: 17127: 17109: 17098:10.1289/ehp.6539 17075: 17069: 17068: 17056: 17050: 17049: 17031: 17013: 16987: 16981: 16980: 16978: 16976: 16960: 16954: 16953: 16951: 16949: 16933: 16925: 16919: 16918: 16902: 16896: 16895: 16893: 16891: 16876: 16870: 16869: 16867: 16865: 16859: 16853:. Archived from 16852: 16843: 16837: 16836: 16780: 16774: 16773: 16755: 16707: 16701: 16700: 16644: 16638: 16637: 16605: 16599: 16598: 16596: 16594: 16579: 16573: 16572: 16524: 16518: 16517: 16499: 16465: 16459: 16458: 16440: 16390: 16384: 16383: 16365: 16331: 16325: 16324: 16322: 16320: 16299: 16293: 16292: 16290: 16288: 16273: 16267: 16266: 16260: 16252: 16234: 16228: 16227: 16225: 16223: 16208: 16202: 16201: 16199: 16197: 16182: 16176: 16175: 16165: 16125: 16119: 16118: 16100: 16046: 16040: 16039: 16029: 15979: 15973: 15972: 15962: 15920: 15911: 15910: 15900: 15850: 15844: 15834: 15828: 15827: 15785: 15779: 15778: 15760: 15726: 15720: 15719: 15701: 15661: 15655: 15654: 15652: 15650: 15636: 15630: 15629: 15623: 15615: 15609: 15608: 15588: 15582: 15581: 15563: 15535: 15526: 15515: 15514: 15496: 15454: 15448: 15447: 15437: 15411: 15405: 15404: 15394: 15344: 15338: 15337: 15327: 15295: 15289: 15288: 15278: 15230: 15224: 15223: 15213: 15165: 15159: 15158: 15148: 15114: 15108: 15107: 15097: 15079: 15045: 15039: 15038: 15028: 14994: 14988: 14987: 14977: 14943: 14937: 14936: 14926: 14917: 14916: 14907: 14898: 14897: 14895: 14893: 14872: 14862: 14838: 14832: 14831: 14821: 14803: 14771: 14760: 14759: 14723: 14717: 14716: 14672: 14666: 14665: 14655: 14637: 14613: 14604: 14603: 14593: 14545: 14539: 14538: 14528: 14510: 14486: 14480: 14479: 14423: 14417: 14416: 14406: 14388: 14364: 14358: 14357: 14347: 14329: 14305: 14288: 14287: 14277: 14237: 14231: 14230: 14184: 14178: 14177: 14159: 14149: 14115: 14109: 14108: 14090: 14056: 14050: 14049: 14019: 14013: 14012: 13974: 13965: 13964: 13954: 13906: 13900: 13899: 13897: 13895: 13878: 13869: 13868: 13866: 13864: 13847: 13841: 13840: 13838: 13836: 13822: 13816: 13815: 13805: 13779: 13773: 13772: 13754: 13744: 13710: 13704: 13703: 13677: 13668:(9561): 571–77. 13655: 13649: 13642: 13636: 13635: 13633: 13631: 13617: 13611: 13610: 13608: 13606: 13591: 13585: 13584: 13572: 13566: 13565: 13555: 13531: 13525: 13524: 13494: 13488: 13487: 13449: 13443: 13442: 13412: 13406: 13405: 13387: 13353: 13347: 13346: 13328: 13302: 13296: 13295: 13277: 13267: 13233: 13227: 13226: 13216: 13192: 13186: 13185: 13155: 13149: 13148: 13103: 13097: 13096: 13060: 13051: 13050: 13040: 12992: 12983: 12982: 12972: 12924: 12918: 12917: 12907: 12865: 12859: 12858: 12856: 12854: 12840: 12834: 12833: 12831: 12829: 12814: 12808: 12807: 12805: 12803: 12786: 12780: 12779: 12777: 12775: 12766:. 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Archived from 11632: 11626: 11625: 11613: 11607: 11605: 11582: 11576: 11575: 11565: 11533: 11527: 11526: 11524: 11522: 11507: 11501: 11500: 11498: 11496: 11478: 11472: 11471: 11423: 11417: 11416: 11403: 11397: 11396: 11354: 11348: 11347: 11291: 11285: 11284: 11282: 11280: 11263: 11254: 11253: 11251: 11245:. Archived from 11237: 11229: 11223: 11222: 11220: 11218: 11201: 11195: 11194: 11182: 11176: 11175: 11173: 11171: 11164:Project Drawdown 11156: 11147: 11146: 11144: 11142: 11122: 11113: 11107: 11106: 11102: 11100: 11098: 11083: 11074: 11073: 11071: 11069: 11054: 11048: 11047: 11045: 11043: 11026: 11020: 11019: 11009: 10971: 10965: 10964: 10934: 10928: 10927: 10921: 10913: 10893: 10878: 10877: 10875: 10873: 10859: 10853: 10852: 10850: 10848: 10833: 10827: 10826: 10824: 10822: 10804: 10798: 10797: 10796: 10794: 10769: 10763: 10762: 10760: 10758: 10743: 10737: 10736: 10734: 10732: 10718: 10712: 10711: 10684: 10678: 10677: 10675: 10673: 10658: 10652: 10651: 10601: 10595: 10594: 10592: 10590: 10583:Sciencedaily.com 10575: 10569: 10568: 10566: 10564: 10555: 10547: 10541: 10540: 10538: 10536: 10509: 10503: 10502: 10472: 10466: 10464: 10462: 10460: 10451:. Archived from 10445: 10439: 10438: 10437: 10435: 10394: 10388: 10387: 10385: 10383: 10364: 10358: 10357: 10355: 10353: 10339: 10333: 10332: 10330: 10328: 10309: 10303: 10302: 10295: 10289: 10288: 10277: 10271: 10270: 10263: 10257: 10256: 10254: 10252: 10234: 10228: 10227: 10225: 10223: 10213: 10207: 10206: 10195: 10189: 10188: 10186: 10184: 10169: 10163: 10162: 10146: 10140: 10139: 10130:Vaidyanathan G. 10127: 10121: 10120: 10100: 10094: 10093: 10080: 10078: 10063: 10054: 10053: 10051: 10049: 10038:"Carbon dioxide" 10034: 10028: 10027: 10015: 10009: 10008: 10001: 9995: 9994: 9992: 9990: 9973: 9967: 9966: 9946: 9940: 9939: 9937: 9935: 9916: 9910: 9909: 9907: 9905: 9900:on 21 March 2008 9896:. Archived from 9886: 9880: 9879: 9877: 9875: 9860: 9854: 9853: 9851: 9849: 9830: 9824: 9823: 9821: 9819: 9810:. Archived from 9800: 9794: 9793: 9791: 9789: 9768: 9762: 9761: 9751: 9733: 9707: 9701: 9700: 9698: 9696: 9681: 9675: 9674: 9672: 9670: 9655: 9649: 9648: 9646: 9644: 9634: 9628: 9627: 9589: 9583: 9582: 9572: 9562: 9524: 9518: 9517: 9515: 9513: 9508:on 20 March 2019 9504:. Archived from 9494: 9488: 9487: 9461: 9427: 9421: 9420: 9418: 9416: 9409:Pacific Standard 9399: 9393: 9392: 9334: 9328: 9327: 9299: 9293: 9292: 9291: 9253: 9247: 9246: 9244: 9242: 9227: 9221: 9220: 9215: 9213: 9196: 9190: 9189: 9187: 9185: 9168: 9162: 9161: 9111: 9105: 9104: 9056: 9050: 9049: 9048: 9046: 9005: 8999: 8998: 8948: 8942: 8941: 8939: 8937: 8923: 8917: 8916: 8914: 8912: 8898: 8892: 8891: 8889: 8887: 8873: 8867: 8866: 8826: 8820: 8819: 8817: 8815: 8809: 8795: 8789: 8788: 8778: 8768: 8744: 8738: 8737: 8735: 8733: 8718: 8712: 8711: 8701: 8651: 8645: 8644: 8642: 8640: 8629: 8623: 8622: 8617: 8615: 8601: 8595: 8594: 8592: 8590: 8573: 8567: 8566: 8564: 8562: 8548: 8542: 8541: 8539: 8537: 8522: 8516: 8515: 8514:. 19 April 2016. 8508: 8502: 8501: 8494: 8488: 8487: 8437: 8431: 8430: 8384: 8378: 8377: 8372: 8370: 8355: 8349: 8348: 8330: 8296: 8290: 8289: 8278: 8272: 8271: 8233: 8227: 8226: 8215: 8209: 8208: 8206: 8200:. Archived from 8195: 8186: 8180: 8179: 8169: 8159: 8125: 8119: 8118: 8076: 8056: 8048: 8042: 8041: 8039: 8037: 8021: 8015: 8014: 8012: 8010: 7993: 7987: 7986: 7975: 7969: 7968: 7958: 7940: 7914: 7908: 7907: 7897: 7887: 7863: 7857: 7856: 7854: 7852: 7838: 7832: 7831: 7829: 7827: 7812: 7806: 7805: 7803: 7801: 7785: 7779: 7778: 7776: 7774: 7760:"Climate change" 7756: 7750: 7749: 7747: 7745: 7730: 7724: 7723: 7721: 7719: 7705: 7699: 7698: 7696: 7694: 7680: 7674: 7673: 7671: 7669: 7654: 7648: 7647: 7645: 7643: 7628: 7622: 7621: 7619: 7617: 7579: 7573: 7572: 7570: 7568: 7546: 7540: 7539: 7537: 7535: 7512: 7506: 7505: 7495: 7445: 7439: 7438: 7383: 7377: 7376: 7358: 7349: 7348: 7346: 7344: 7329: 7318: 7317: 7311: 7297: 7286: 7285: 7283: 7281: 7263: 7257: 7256: 7254: 7252: 7236: 7230: 7229: 7227: 7225: 7210: 7201: 7200: 7198: 7164: 7158: 7157: 7139: 7129: 7095: 7089: 7088: 7086: 7084: 7067: 7061: 7060: 7058: 7056: 7050: 7044:. Archived from 7039: 7031: 7025: 7024: 7014: 6974: 6965: 6964: 6954: 6906: 6900: 6899: 6874:(6): e535–e547. 6861: 6848: 6847: 6827: 6821: 6820: 6810: 6778: 6772: 6771: 6769: 6767: 6732: 6726: 6725: 6715: 6675: 6669: 6668: 6624: 6618: 6617: 6607: 6589: 6563: 6554: 6553: 6543: 6525: 6501: 6495: 6494: 6484: 6434: 6428: 6427: 6425: 6423: 6408: 6391: 6390: 6389: 6387: 6354: 6348: 6347: 6332:(5th ed.). 6317: 6311: 6310: 6300: 6282: 6256: 6247: 6246: 6244: 6242: 6228: 6191:Phytoremediation 5990:Rubber pollution 5923: 5918: 5917: 5909: 5904: 5903: 5895: 5890: 5889: 5789: 5786: 5702: 5701: 5690: 5689: 5513:nitrogen dioxide 5490:nitrogen dioxide 5370:Health messages 5361: 5360: 5322: 5321: 5261: 5260: 4996:activated carbon 4943: 4872:, multicyclones) 4775:renewable source 4764:Aviation biofuel 4733:public transport 4721:public transport 4684:renewable energy 4616:superhydrophilic 4613: 4599:Titanium dioxide 4498:atmospheric SETI 4479:developing world 4455:Economic effects 4291: 4254:The source of PM 4241:oxidative stress 4225:low birth weight 4008:folliculogenesis 3888:polluted areas. 3746:diseases (IHD). 3701: 3543: 3530:renewable energy 3525: 3432:air conditioning 3386:hydrogen sulfide 3354:and be inhaled. 3319:New Delhi, India 3281:nitrogen dioxide 3251: 3250: 3219: 3195: 3180: 3173: 3159: 3158: 3144:Other pollutants 2942:dome above or a 2932:nitrogen dioxide 2793: 2790: 2784: 2775:You can help by 2757: 2756: 2749: 2718:, (5) increased 2710:, (3) increased 2595:Emission factors 2470:Stratford, Texas 2452: 2451: 2436: 2435: 2420: 2419: 2404: 2403: 2388: 2387: 2372: 2371: 2356: 2355: 2340: 2339: 2324: 2323: 2308: 2307: 2292: 2291: 2267: 2259: 2163:Agriculture and 2094:emission factors 1974:sulfur emissions 1972:, which reduced 1958:US Clean Air Act 1894:and detrimental 1866:for a number of 1770: 1763: 1756: 1742: 1741: 1355:Tropical cyclone 1267:Dry thunderstorm 1162:Tropical seasons 1105: 1104: 1095: 1088: 1081: 1065: 1064: 1063: 1053: 1052: 984: 983: 687:Chemical warfare 589:Waste management 549:Industrial waste 524:Electronic waste 509:Advertising mail 491:Phytoremediation 466:Land degradation 406:Depleted uranium 291:Overillumination 241:Invasive species 113: 90: 89: 72:nitrogen dioxide 21: 24365: 24364: 24360: 24359: 24358: 24356: 24355: 24354: 24345:Climate forcing 24330: 24329: 24328: 24323: 24301: 24266: 24246: 24232:Systems ecology 24198:Natural capital 24100: 23985: 23974:reclaimed water 23836: 23798:UPOV Convention 23646: 23441: 23350: 23324: 23320:Ozone depletion 23311: 23288: 23264: 23259: 23229: 23224: 23176: 23147:Margaret Sanger 23115: 23074: 22958: 22956: 22950: 22893: 22887: 22859:Safety scandals 22818: 22812: 22734: 22728: 22662: 22656: 22652:Social medicine 22645:Race and health 22580:Child mortality 22561: 22520:Open defecation 22402:Human nutrition 22392:Family planning 22380:Behavior change 22366: 22322:Right to health 22235:Maternal health 22225:Health politics 22176:Health literacy 22092: 22087: 22057: 22052: 21989: 21963: 21927: 21851: 21842:Systems ecology 21741: 21732: 21693:Biogeochemistry 21676: 21671: 21641: 21632: 21585: 21557: 21529:Water pollution 21519: 21486: 21455: 21410: 21392: 21310: 21276: 21273: 21243: 21238: 21230: 21228: 21218: 21175: 21161: 21129: 21078: 21027: 20994: 20933:Pharmaceuticals 20923:Oil exploration 20827: 20799:Nuclear fallout 20766: 20728: 20710: 20684:Packaging waste 20638:Deep sea mining 20564:Hazardous waste 20510: 20491:Open defecation 20445: 20411:Nuclear fallout 20406:Nuclear fission 20382: 20308: 20277: 20248:Electromagnetic 20242: 20226: 20191: 20111:Ozone depletion 19984: 19975: 19970: 19879: 19824:, constricting 19814:olfactory nerve 19756: 19597: 19575: 19556: 19555: 19554: 19539: 19538: 19534: 19527: 19525:Further reading 19522: 19521: 19507: 19498: 19494: 19477: 19473: 19463: 19461: 19453: 19452: 19448: 19438: 19436: 19428: 19427: 19423: 19418: 19414: 19359: 19355: 19292: 19288: 19273: 19269: 19222: 19218: 19179: 19172: 19155: 19148: 19135: 19134: 19130: 19115: 19111: 19101: 19099: 19095: 19094: 19090: 19080: 19078: 19070: 19069: 19065: 19042: 19038: 18991: 18984: 18969: 18965: 18955: 18953: 18941: 18937: 18927: 18925: 18921: 18910: 18906: 18905: 18901: 18891: 18889: 18877: 18870: 18860: 18858: 18852: 18848: 18838: 18836: 18822: 18818: 18809: 18805: 18795: 18793: 18783: 18779: 18778: 18774: 18764: 18762: 18758:Europa (1996). 18756: 18749: 18739: 18737: 18736:on 29 June 2022 18724: 18723: 18719: 18709: 18707: 18706:. 16 April 2008 18698: 18697: 18693: 18683: 18681: 18672: 18671: 18667: 18657: 18655: 18645: 18641: 18636:on 11 May 2011. 18628:(11 May 2011). 18623: 18619: 18609: 18607: 18599: 18598: 18594: 18584: 18582: 18574: 18573: 18569: 18559: 18557: 18549: 18548: 18544: 18495: 18491: 18481: 18479: 18478:. 15 April 2021 18470: 18469: 18465: 18455: 18453: 18441: 18436: 18435: 18431: 18421: 18419: 18406: 18405: 18401: 18354: 18350: 18311: 18307: 18254: 18250: 18195: 18191: 18181: 18179: 18171: 18170: 18166: 18156: 18154: 18144: 18140: 18115: 18111: 18101: 18099: 18091: 18090: 18086: 18031: 18027: 18000: 17996: 17986: 17984: 17976: 17975: 17971: 17961: 17959: 17958:. 23 March 2017 17950: 17949: 17945: 17935: 17933: 17928: 17927: 17923: 17913: 17911: 17899: 17895: 17885: 17883: 17871: 17867: 17828: 17824: 17783: 17779: 17744: 17740: 17708: 17701: 17691: 17689: 17678: 17677: 17673: 17656: 17652: 17583: 17579: 17569: 17567: 17559: 17558: 17554: 17549: 17545: 17512: 17508: 17498: 17496: 17489: 17482: 17478: 17447:(5): CD010919. 17431: 17427: 17378: 17374: 17319: 17315: 17262: 17258: 17225: 17221: 17214: 17192: 17188: 17180: 17141: 17135: 17131: 17076: 17072: 17059:Chakrabarti S. 17057: 17053: 16988: 16984: 16974: 16972: 16962: 16961: 16957: 16947: 16945: 16937:The Independent 16926: 16922: 16903: 16899: 16889: 16887: 16877: 16873: 16863: 16861: 16857: 16850: 16844: 16840: 16781: 16777: 16708: 16704: 16645: 16641: 16606: 16602: 16592: 16590: 16580: 16576: 16525: 16521: 16466: 16462: 16391: 16387: 16332: 16328: 16318: 16316: 16301: 16300: 16296: 16286: 16284: 16274: 16270: 16254: 16253: 16235: 16231: 16221: 16219: 16210: 16209: 16205: 16195: 16193: 16183: 16179: 16126: 16122: 16054: 16047: 16043: 15980: 15976: 15921: 15914: 15851: 15847: 15835: 15831: 15802:(11): 1505–18. 15795:Sports Medicine 15786: 15782: 15727: 15723: 15662: 15658: 15648: 15646: 15638: 15637: 15633: 15621: 15617: 15616: 15612: 15605: 15589: 15585: 15533: 15527: 15518: 15455: 15451: 15412: 15408: 15345: 15341: 15296: 15292: 15231: 15227: 15166: 15162: 15115: 15111: 15062:(11): e111670. 15046: 15042: 14995: 14991: 14944: 14940: 14927: 14920: 14909: 14908: 14901: 14891: 14889: 14839: 14835: 14772: 14763: 14724: 14720: 14673: 14669: 14614: 14607: 14546: 14542: 14487: 14483: 14424: 14420: 14365: 14361: 14306: 14291: 14238: 14234: 14185: 14181: 14116: 14112: 14057: 14053: 14020: 14016: 13975: 13968: 13907: 13903: 13893: 13891: 13880: 13879: 13872: 13862: 13860: 13848: 13844: 13834: 13832: 13824: 13823: 13819: 13780: 13776: 13711: 13707: 13675:10.1.1.541.1258 13656: 13652: 13648:1965;I:445–448. 13643: 13639: 13629: 13627: 13619: 13618: 13614: 13604: 13602: 13592: 13588: 13573: 13569: 13532: 13528: 13495: 13491: 13450: 13446: 13413: 13409: 13354: 13350: 13319:(21): 2331–78. 13303: 13299: 13250:(5): e0127014. 13234: 13230: 13193: 13189: 13156: 13152: 13104: 13100: 13061: 13054: 12993: 12986: 12925: 12921: 12866: 12862: 12852: 12850: 12842: 12841: 12837: 12827: 12825: 12815: 12811: 12801: 12799: 12787: 12783: 12773: 12771: 12756: 12752: 12742: 12740: 12732: 12731: 12727: 12717: 12715: 12712: 12710:"EPA slideshow" 12708: 12707: 12703: 12693: 12691: 12679: 12675: 12665: 12663: 12653: 12652: 12648: 12615: 12611: 12588:(24): 3043–51. 12572: 12568: 12552: 12551: 12546: 12538: 12534: 12524: 12522: 12512: 12508: 12498: 12496: 12440: 12436: 12373: 12366: 12311: 12304: 12249: 12245: 12235: 12233: 12218: 12217: 12213: 12203: 12201: 12193: 12192: 12188: 12178: 12176: 12167: 12166: 12162: 12152: 12150: 12141: 12140: 12133: 12082: 12078: 12069: 12065: 12055: 12053: 12044: 12043: 12039: 11978: 11974: 11964: 11962: 11944: 11940: 11901: 11897: 11850: 11846: 11836: 11834: 11822: 11821: 11814: 11804: 11802: 11792: 11788: 11778: 11776: 11764: 11760: 11750: 11748: 11736: 11729: 11666: 11662: 11652: 11650: 11633: 11629: 11614: 11610: 11583: 11579: 11534: 11530: 11520: 11518: 11508: 11504: 11494: 11492: 11480: 11479: 11475: 11424: 11420: 11405: 11404: 11400: 11377: 11355: 11351: 11292: 11288: 11278: 11276: 11264: 11257: 11252:on 24 May 2011. 11249: 11235: 11231: 11230: 11226: 11216: 11214: 11203: 11202: 11198: 11183: 11179: 11169: 11167: 11158: 11157: 11150: 11140: 11138: 11123: 11116: 11104: 11096: 11094: 11085: 11084: 11077: 11067: 11065: 11056: 11055: 11051: 11041: 11039: 11027: 11023: 10972: 10968: 10935: 10931: 10915: 10914: 10910: 10894: 10881: 10871: 10869: 10861: 10860: 10856: 10846: 10844: 10835: 10834: 10830: 10820: 10818: 10806: 10805: 10801: 10792: 10790: 10788: 10770: 10766: 10756: 10754: 10744: 10740: 10730: 10728: 10720: 10719: 10715: 10708: 10686: 10685: 10681: 10671: 10669: 10668:. 14 March 2023 10660: 10659: 10655: 10602: 10598: 10588: 10586: 10577: 10576: 10572: 10562: 10560: 10553: 10549: 10548: 10544: 10534: 10532: 10530: 10510: 10506: 10473: 10469: 10458: 10456: 10447: 10446: 10442: 10433: 10431: 10421: 10395: 10391: 10381: 10379: 10366: 10365: 10361: 10351: 10349: 10341: 10340: 10336: 10326: 10324: 10310: 10306: 10297: 10296: 10292: 10284: 10279: 10278: 10274: 10265: 10264: 10260: 10250: 10248: 10241: 10236: 10235: 10231: 10221: 10219: 10215: 10214: 10210: 10197: 10196: 10192: 10182: 10180: 10170: 10166: 10154: 10147: 10143: 10128: 10124: 10114: 10102: 10101: 10097: 10090: 10086: 10076: 10074: 10073:. UK Government 10065: 10064: 10057: 10047: 10045: 10036: 10035: 10031: 10016: 10012: 10003: 10002: 9998: 9988: 9986: 9974: 9970: 9963: 9949:Hidy G (2012). 9947: 9943: 9933: 9931: 9917: 9913: 9903: 9901: 9888: 9887: 9883: 9873: 9871: 9862: 9861: 9857: 9847: 9845: 9832: 9831: 9827: 9817: 9815: 9802: 9801: 9797: 9787: 9785: 9770: 9769: 9765: 9708: 9704: 9694: 9692: 9682: 9678: 9668: 9666: 9657: 9656: 9652: 9642: 9640: 9636: 9635: 9631: 9590: 9586: 9545:(22): 8835–40. 9525: 9521: 9511: 9509: 9496: 9495: 9491: 9428: 9424: 9414: 9412: 9400: 9396: 9335: 9331: 9300: 9296: 9280: 9254: 9250: 9240: 9238: 9229: 9228: 9224: 9211: 9209: 9208:. 15 April 2016 9198: 9197: 9193: 9183: 9181: 9169: 9165: 9112: 9108: 9057: 9053: 9044: 9042: 9032: 9006: 9002: 8949: 8945: 8935: 8933: 8925: 8924: 8920: 8910: 8908: 8900: 8899: 8895: 8885: 8883: 8875: 8874: 8870: 8827: 8823: 8813: 8811: 8807: 8796: 8792: 8745: 8741: 8731: 8729: 8719: 8715: 8652: 8648: 8638: 8636: 8631: 8630: 8626: 8613: 8611: 8603: 8602: 8598: 8588: 8586: 8574: 8570: 8560: 8558: 8550: 8549: 8545: 8535: 8533: 8524: 8523: 8519: 8510: 8509: 8505: 8496: 8495: 8491: 8438: 8434: 8385: 8381: 8368: 8366: 8356: 8352: 8297: 8293: 8280: 8279: 8275: 8234: 8230: 8225:and UNEP. 2011. 8217: 8216: 8212: 8207:on 9 July 2012. 8204: 8193: 8187: 8183: 8126: 8122: 8049: 8045: 8035: 8033: 8023: 8022: 8018: 8008: 8006: 7995: 7994: 7990: 7977: 7976: 7972: 7915: 7911: 7864: 7860: 7850: 7848: 7840: 7839: 7835: 7825: 7823: 7814: 7813: 7809: 7799: 7797: 7787: 7786: 7782: 7772: 7770: 7758: 7757: 7753: 7743: 7741: 7735:"ClimateChange" 7731: 7727: 7717: 7715: 7713:iea.uoregon.edu 7707: 7706: 7702: 7692: 7690: 7682: 7681: 7677: 7667: 7665: 7655: 7651: 7641: 7639: 7630: 7629: 7625: 7615: 7613: 7597:(11): 311–314. 7580: 7576: 7566: 7564: 7562: 7548: 7547: 7543: 7533: 7531: 7529: 7513: 7509: 7446: 7442: 7384: 7380: 7360: 7359: 7352: 7342: 7340: 7330: 7321: 7309: 7298: 7289: 7279: 7277: 7265: 7264: 7260: 7250: 7248: 7238: 7237: 7233: 7223: 7221: 7212: 7211: 7204: 7165: 7161: 7096: 7092: 7082: 7080: 7069: 7068: 7064: 7054: 7052: 7048: 7037: 7033: 7032: 7028: 6975: 6968: 6907: 6903: 6862: 6851: 6844: 6828: 6824: 6779: 6775: 6765: 6763: 6733: 6729: 6676: 6672: 6625: 6621: 6580:(9): e1003718. 6564: 6557: 6502: 6498: 6435: 6431: 6421: 6419: 6418:. 25 March 2014 6410: 6409: 6394: 6385: 6383: 6381: 6355: 6351: 6344: 6336:. p. 134. 6318: 6314: 6257: 6250: 6240: 6238: 6232:"Air pollution" 6230: 6229: 6220: 6215: 6210: 6146:Indicator value 6042:Intake fraction 5919: 5912: 5905: 5898: 5891: 5884: 5881: 5865: 5847:Bhiwadi, India 5765: 5759: 5753: 5705:AirVisual Earth 5699: 5693:External videos 5668: 5658: 5652: 5635: 5602: 5593: 5557: 5551: 5540: 5529:carbon monoxide 5526: 5518: 5503: 5499: 5495: 5232: 5204: 5202:Air quality law 5198: 5170: 5164: 5144: 5134: 5128: 5123: 5053: 4942: 4936: 4835: 4833:Control devices 4830: 4806: 4705: 4665:hybrid vehicles 4661:fuel efficiency 4649:string trimmers 4631: 4612: 4606: 4577: 4570: 4545: 4514:Bhopal Disaster 4510: 4503: 4494: 4487: 4469: 4457: 4448: 4430: 4416: 4409: 4405: 4393: 4321: 4315: 4308: 4304: 4300: 4290: 4286: 4284: 4280: 4269: 4257: 4249: 4239:and increasing 4234: 4230: 4217: 4202: 4166: 4150: 4115: 4107: 4099: 4080: 4076: 4064:carbon monoxide 4061: 4050: 4046: 4042: 4034: 4027: 4016: 3983: 3963: 3956: 3943:live birth rate 3940: 3935: 3932: 3926: 3914:atherosclerosis 3907: 3898: 3886: 3882: 3870: 3866: 3859: 3855: 3835: 3826: 3814:cystic fibrosis 3806: 3760: 3752:atherosclerosis 3736: 3715: 3709: 3693: 3668: 3659: 3653: 3638: 3634: 3630: 3626: 3609: 3596:life expectancy 3583: 3574: 3551: 3550: 3549: 3548: 3547: 3544: 3535: 3534: 3533: 3526: 3507: 3448: 3303: 3295:Main articles: 3293: 3286: 3262: 3255: 3252: 3239: 3234: 3220: 3211: 3196: 3183: 3182: 3181: 3170: 3146: 3132: 3128: 3124: 3120: 3109: 3105: 3097: 3085: 3069: 3044: 3040: 3036: 3032: 3028: 3024: 3020: 2949: 2929: 2924:Nitrogen oxides 2907:Carbon monoxide 2902: 2893:limnic eruption 2885: 2881: 2877: 2873: 2861: 2852: 2840: 2828: 2813:pharmaceuticals 2810: 2794: 2788: 2785: 2774: 2758: 2754: 2747: 2724:nitrogen oxides 2696: 2688:Main articles: 2686: 2665:water pollution 2603: 2597: 2559: 2555: 2529:carbon monoxide 2462: 2460:Natural sources 2453: 2449: 2448: 2437: 2433: 2432: 2421: 2417: 2416: 2405: 2401: 2400: 2389: 2385: 2384: 2373: 2369: 2368: 2357: 2353: 2352: 2341: 2337: 2336: 2331:Lamb and mutton 2325: 2321: 2320: 2309: 2305: 2304: 2293: 2289: 2288: 2276: 2252:nitrogen oxides 2233:, toxic gases, 2231:Nuclear weapons 2179:, agriculture, 1998: 1986: 1948:, according to 1935:economic system 1917: 1845:Earth's climate 1826:ozone depletion 1794:carbon monoxide 1774: 1736: 1731: 1730: 1706: 1698: 1697: 1556: 1546: 1545: 1458: 1448: 1447: 1436:Ground blizzard 1196: 1186: 1185: 1164: 1154: 1153: 1129: 1099: 1061: 1059: 1047: 1040: 1039: 939: 931: 930: 904: 896: 895: 831:Pharmaceuticals 811:Nonpoint source 751: 741: 740: 709:Nuclear fallout 682: 672: 671: 642: 632: 631: 622: 612: 611: 602: 594: 593: 579:Packaging waste 544:Hazardous waste 504: 496: 495: 456: 446: 445: 416:Nuclear fallout 411:Nuclear fission 391: 381: 380: 346: 336: 335: 311: 303: 302: 276: 274:Electromagnetic 266: 265: 256: 248: 247: 221: 211: 210: 181:Ozone depletion 126: 116: 43: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 24363: 24353: 24352: 24347: 24342: 24325: 24324: 24322: 24321: 24310: 24307: 24306: 24303: 24302: 24300: 24299: 24290: 24285: 24280: 24275: 24270: 24267:(perpetuation) 24262: 24256: 24254: 24248: 24247: 24245: 24244: 24239: 24234: 24229: 24228: 24227: 24220:Nature reserve 24217: 24212: 24211: 24210: 24205: 24195: 24194: 24193: 24183: 24182: 24181: 24176: 24166: 24161: 24160: 24159: 24154: 24144: 24143: 24142: 24137: 24132: 24127: 24116: 24110: 24106: 24105: 24102: 24101: 24099: 24098: 24097: 24096: 24091: 24081: 24076: 24071: 24066: 24061: 24056: 24051: 24046: 24041: 24036: 24031: 24026: 24025: 24024: 24014: 24009: 24004: 23999: 23993: 23991: 23987: 23986: 23984: 23983: 23978: 23977: 23976: 23966: 23961: 23956: 23955: 23954: 23944: 23939: 23938: 23937: 23925: 23924: 23923: 23918: 23913: 23903: 23898: 23897: 23896: 23891: 23886: 23876: 23871: 23866: 23865: 23864: 23853: 23851: 23844: 23838: 23837: 23835: 23834: 23833: 23832: 23827: 23817: 23812: 23807: 23806: 23805: 23800: 23795: 23790: 23785: 23780: 23775: 23765: 23760: 23755: 23750: 23749: 23748: 23738: 23737: 23736: 23731: 23726: 23721: 23711: 23710: 23709: 23704: 23699: 23697:climate change 23689: 23684: 23679: 23674: 23673: 23672: 23665:Bioprospecting 23662: 23656: 23654: 23648: 23647: 23645: 23644: 23643: 23642: 23637: 23627: 23626: 23625: 23620: 23615: 23610: 23600: 23599: 23598: 23593: 23592: 23591: 23586: 23576: 23575: 23574: 23569: 23559: 23558: 23557: 23547: 23542: 23532: 23531: 23530: 23520: 23519: 23518: 23508: 23507: 23506: 23501: 23496: 23491: 23481: 23476: 23471: 23470: 23469: 23468: 23467: 23451: 23449: 23443: 23442: 23440: 23439: 23434: 23433: 23432: 23427: 23417: 23412: 23407: 23402: 23380: 23375: 23370: 23364: 23362: 23356: 23355: 23352: 23351: 23349: 23348: 23343: 23338: 23332: 23330: 23326: 23325: 23323: 23322: 23317: 23316: 23315: 23310:Clean Air Act 23302: 23297: 23292: 23283: 23281: 23272: 23266: 23265: 23258: 23257: 23250: 23243: 23235: 23226: 23225: 23223: 23222: 23210: 23198: 23185: 23182: 23181: 23178: 23177: 23175: 23174: 23169: 23164: 23159: 23154: 23149: 23144: 23139: 23134: 23129: 23123: 23121: 23117: 23116: 23114: 23113: 23112: 23111: 23106: 23101: 23096: 23088: 23082: 23080: 23076: 23075: 23073: 23072: 23065: 23060: 23055: 23054: 23053: 23048: 23043: 23038: 23030: 23029: 23028: 23023: 23015: 23014: 23013: 23005: 23004: 23003: 22998: 22990: 22989: 22988: 22980: 22979: 22978: 22969: 22967: 22960: 22955:Organizations, 22952: 22951: 22949: 22948: 22943: 22938: 22933: 22928: 22923: 22918: 22913: 22908: 22903: 22897: 22895: 22889: 22888: 22886: 22885: 22884: 22883: 22878: 22868: 22863: 22862: 22861: 22856: 22851: 22846: 22841: 22836: 22831: 22822: 22820: 22814: 22813: 22811: 22810: 22805: 22800: 22795: 22790: 22785: 22780: 22779: 22778: 22768: 22767: 22766: 22756: 22755: 22754: 22744: 22738: 22736: 22730: 22729: 22727: 22726: 22721: 22720: 22719: 22711: 22702: 22697: 22692: 22682: 22677: 22672: 22666: 22664: 22661:Biological and 22658: 22657: 22655: 22654: 22649: 22648: 22647: 22642: 22637: 22627: 22622: 22620:Multimorbidity 22617: 22612: 22607: 22602: 22597: 22592: 22587: 22582: 22577: 22571: 22569: 22563: 22562: 22560: 22559: 22557:Vector control 22554: 22549: 22544: 22542:School hygiene 22539: 22538: 22537: 22532: 22527: 22525:Sanitary sewer 22522: 22517: 22512: 22502: 22497: 22492: 22491: 22490: 22483:Patient safety 22480: 22479: 22478: 22473: 22468: 22463: 22458: 22453: 22443: 22442: 22441: 22436: 22431: 22426: 22416: 22415: 22414: 22409: 22399: 22394: 22389: 22388: 22387: 22376: 22374: 22368: 22367: 22365: 22364: 22359: 22354: 22349: 22344: 22339: 22334: 22329: 22324: 22319: 22314: 22309: 22304: 22299: 22298: 22297: 22292: 22287: 22282: 22277: 22267: 22262: 22257: 22247: 22242: 22237: 22232: 22227: 22222: 22221: 22220: 22215: 22205: 22200: 22195: 22194: 22193: 22188: 22178: 22173: 22168: 22166:Harm reduction 22163: 22158: 22153: 22148: 22147: 22146: 22141: 22131: 22126: 22121: 22116: 22111: 22106: 22100: 22098: 22094: 22093: 22086: 22085: 22078: 22071: 22063: 22054: 22053: 22051: 22050: 22038: 22026: 22014: 22013: 22012: 21994: 21991: 21990: 21988: 21987: 21985:Technogaianism 21982: 21980:Sustainability 21977: 21971: 21969: 21965: 21964: 21962: 21961: 21956: 21951: 21946: 21941: 21935: 21933: 21929: 21928: 21926: 21925: 21920: 21915: 21910: 21905: 21900: 21895: 21890: 21885: 21880: 21875: 21870: 21865: 21859: 21857: 21853: 21852: 21850: 21849: 21844: 21839: 21834: 21829: 21824: 21819: 21814: 21809: 21804: 21799: 21798: 21797: 21787: 21782: 21777: 21772: 21767: 21766: 21765: 21755: 21749: 21747: 21746:Related fields 21743: 21742: 21735: 21733: 21731: 21730: 21725: 21720: 21715: 21710: 21705: 21700: 21695: 21690: 21684: 21682: 21678: 21677: 21670: 21669: 21662: 21655: 21647: 21638: 21637: 21634: 21633: 21631: 21630: 21625: 21620: 21615: 21610: 21609: 21608: 21597: 21595: 21591: 21590: 21587: 21586: 21584: 21583: 21578: 21573: 21567: 21565: 21559: 21558: 21556: 21555: 21549: 21547: 21538: 21531: 21525: 21524: 21521: 21520: 21518: 21517: 21512: 21511: 21510: 21505: 21503:Operation Haze 21494: 21492: 21488: 21487: 21485: 21484: 21479: 21474: 21469: 21463: 21461: 21457: 21456: 21454: 21453: 21448: 21443: 21438: 21433: 21428: 21422: 21420: 21416: 21415: 21412: 21411: 21409: 21408: 21402: 21400: 21394: 21393: 21391: 21390: 21385: 21380: 21375: 21370: 21365: 21360: 21355: 21350: 21345: 21340: 21335: 21330: 21324: 21322: 21312: 21311: 21309: 21308: 21302: 21300: 21291: 21284: 21278: 21277: 21272: 21271: 21264: 21257: 21249: 21240: 21239: 21180: 21177: 21176: 21174: 21173: 21168: 21163: 21159: 21155: 21150: 21148:Law by country 21145: 21139: 21137: 21131: 21130: 21128: 21127: 21122: 21117: 21112: 21107: 21102: 21097: 21092: 21086: 21084: 21080: 21079: 21077: 21076: 21071: 21066: 21061: 21056: 21051: 21046: 21041: 21035: 21033: 21029: 21028: 21026: 21025: 21020: 21019: 21018: 21013: 21002: 21000: 20996: 20995: 20993: 20992: 20987: 20982: 20977: 20972: 20970:Surface runoff 20967: 20962: 20957: 20952: 20951: 20950: 20945: 20935: 20930: 20925: 20920: 20915: 20910: 20905: 20900: 20895: 20894: 20893: 20883: 20878: 20873: 20868: 20863: 20858: 20856:Eutrophication 20853: 20848: 20843: 20837: 20835: 20829: 20828: 20826: 20825: 20820: 20815: 20813:Scorched earth 20810: 20807:nuclear winter 20803:nuclear famine 20792: 20782: 20776: 20774: 20768: 20767: 20765: 20764: 20759: 20754: 20749: 20744: 20738: 20736: 20730: 20729: 20727: 20726: 20720: 20718: 20712: 20711: 20709: 20708: 20707: 20706: 20701: 20691: 20686: 20681: 20680: 20679: 20669: 20664: 20663: 20662: 20652: 20651: 20650: 20648:Uranium mining 20645: 20640: 20635: 20633:Surface mining 20630: 20625: 20615: 20610: 20609: 20608: 20598: 20597: 20596: 20591: 20586: 20584:Lead poisoning 20581: 20576: 20574:Chemical waste 20571: 20561: 20556: 20551: 20546: 20545: 20544: 20534: 20529: 20524: 20518: 20516: 20512: 20511: 20509: 20508: 20503: 20498: 20493: 20488: 20486:Bioremediation 20483: 20478: 20477: 20476: 20471: 20466: 20455: 20453: 20447: 20446: 20444: 20443: 20438: 20433: 20428: 20423: 20418: 20413: 20408: 20403: 20401:Bioremediation 20398: 20392: 20390: 20384: 20383: 20381: 20380: 20375: 20372: 20369: 20366: 20365: 20364: 20354: 20349: 20348: 20347: 20342: 20337: 20332: 20327: 20322:Transportation 20318: 20316: 20310: 20309: 20307: 20306: 20301: 20296: 20291: 20285: 20283: 20279: 20278: 20276: 20275: 20270: 20269: 20268: 20263: 20252: 20250: 20244: 20243: 20241: 20240: 20234: 20232: 20228: 20227: 20225: 20224: 20223: 20222: 20212: 20207: 20201: 20199: 20193: 20192: 20190: 20189: 20184: 20179: 20178: 20177: 20167: 20166: 20165: 20155: 20150: 20145: 20144: 20143: 20138: 20133: 20128: 20123: 20113: 20108: 20103: 20098: 20096:Global dimming 20093: 20088: 20083: 20082: 20081: 20071: 20070: 20069: 20067:Diesel exhaust 20059: 20054: 20053: 20052: 20042: 20041: 20040: 20035: 20030: 20025: 20015: 20010: 20005: 20000: 19994: 19992: 19986: 19985: 19980: 19977: 19976: 19969: 19968: 19961: 19954: 19946: 19940: 19939: 19929: 19923: 19917: 19912: 19907: 19904:AQI Calculator 19901: 19896: 19891: 19885: 19878: 19877:External links 19875: 19874: 19873: 19866: 19856: 19853: 19800:and reach the 19760: 19754: 19741: 19700: 19693: 19680: 19673: 19666: 19656: 19649: 19639: 19613:Brimblecombe P 19609: 19595: 19583:Brimblecombe P 19579: 19573: 19561:Brimblecombe P 19553: 19552: 19547: 19541: 19540: 19529: 19528: 19526: 19523: 19520: 19519: 19492: 19471: 19446: 19421: 19412: 19353: 19286: 19267: 19238:(3): S649–56. 19216: 19188:Health Affairs 19170: 19146: 19128: 19125:on 8 May 2014. 19109: 19088: 19063: 19036: 19007:(4): 367–388. 18982: 18963: 18935: 18899: 18868: 18846: 18835:on 11 May 2011 18816: 18803: 18772: 18747: 18717: 18691: 18665: 18639: 18617: 18592: 18567: 18542: 18489: 18463: 18439: 18429: 18399: 18348: 18305: 18248: 18189: 18164: 18138: 18133:10.3386/w24410 18109: 18084: 18025: 17994: 17969: 17943: 17921: 17893: 17865: 17822: 17777: 17738: 17699: 17671: 17650: 17577: 17552: 17543: 17524:(7): 395–399. 17506: 17487: 17476: 17425: 17372: 17313: 17256: 17219: 17212: 17186: 17129: 17070: 17051: 16982: 16955: 16920: 16915:10.3386/w30715 16897: 16885:UN Environment 16871: 16860:on 15 May 2011 16838: 16775: 16702: 16639: 16620:(3): 166–172. 16600: 16574: 16519: 16460: 16385: 16326: 16294: 16268: 16249:10.3386/w30626 16229: 16203: 16177: 16140:(9): 939–945. 16120: 16052: 16041: 15974: 15912: 15845: 15829: 15780: 15721: 15656: 15644:Africa Renewal 15631: 15610: 15603: 15583: 15516: 15449: 15406: 15361:(3): 363–373. 15339: 15290: 15225: 15160: 15131:(3): 380–386. 15109: 15040: 15011:(6): 921–926. 14989: 14938: 14918: 14899: 14833: 14761: 14718: 14667: 14605: 14540: 14481: 14418: 14359: 14289: 14252:(3): 311–319. 14232: 14179: 14110: 14051: 14014: 13966: 13901: 13870: 13842: 13817: 13796:(5): 1024–33. 13774: 13705: 13650: 13637: 13612: 13586: 13567: 13526: 13489: 13462:(4): 455–461. 13444: 13425:(6): 596–603. 13407: 13370:(9): 1011–16. 13348: 13297: 13228: 13187: 13150: 13115:(9): 913–924. 13098: 13052: 13007:(6): 779–800. 12984: 12919: 12860: 12835: 12809: 12781: 12764:Sacramento Bee 12750: 12725: 12701: 12673: 12646: 12627:(4): 395–400. 12609: 12566: 12532: 12506: 12434: 12364: 12302: 12243: 12211: 12186: 12160: 12131: 12076: 12063: 12037: 11972: 11938: 11895: 11872:10.1289/EHP197 11844: 11812: 11786: 11758: 11727: 11660: 11627: 11608: 11577: 11528: 11502: 11473: 11418: 11398: 11375: 11349: 11306:(2): 362–367. 11286: 11255: 11224: 11196: 11191:The New Yorker 11177: 11148: 11114: 11075: 11064:. 14 June 2022 11049: 11021: 10966: 10929: 10908: 10879: 10854: 10828: 10799: 10786: 10764: 10738: 10713: 10706: 10679: 10653: 10596: 10585:. 23 July 2009 10570: 10542: 10528: 10504: 10485:(5): 1117–21. 10467: 10455:on 3 June 2010 10440: 10419: 10405:, IntechOpen, 10389: 10378:on 7 June 2022 10359: 10334: 10304: 10290: 10282: 10272: 10258: 10239: 10229: 10208: 10190: 10164: 10152: 10141: 10122: 10112: 10095: 10088: 10084: 10055: 10029: 10010: 9996: 9968: 9961: 9941: 9911: 9881: 9855: 9844:. 19 June 2009 9825: 9814:on 7 July 2010 9795: 9763: 9702: 9676: 9650: 9629: 9584: 9519: 9489: 9422: 9394: 9329: 9294: 9278: 9248: 9222: 9191: 9163: 9106: 9051: 9030: 9016:, IntechOpen, 9000: 8943: 8918: 8906:www.ucsusa.org 8893: 8868: 8821: 8790: 8739: 8713: 8661:Earth's Future 8646: 8624: 8596: 8568: 8543: 8517: 8503: 8489: 8432: 8379: 8350: 8291: 8273: 8228: 8210: 8181: 8120: 8043: 8016: 7988: 7970: 7909: 7858: 7833: 7807: 7780: 7751: 7739:United Nations 7725: 7700: 7675: 7649: 7623: 7583:Brimblecombe P 7574: 7560: 7541: 7527: 7507: 7462:(6): 683–694. 7440: 7378: 7350: 7319: 7314:The World Bank 7287: 7258: 7231: 7202: 7159: 7090: 7079:. 26 June 2016 7062: 7026: 6966: 6901: 6849: 6842: 6822: 6773: 6727: 6670: 6619: 6555: 6496: 6451:(2): 180–191. 6429: 6392: 6379: 6349: 6342: 6312: 6248: 6217: 6216: 6214: 6211: 6209: 6208: 6203: 6198: 6193: 6188: 6183: 6178: 6173: 6168: 6163: 6161:Kyoto Protocol 6158: 6153: 6148: 6143: 6137: 6132: 6126: 6124:Global dimming 6121: 6116: 6111: 6106: 6101: 6096: 6091: 6086: 6081: 6076: 6071: 6066: 6061: 6059:Air stagnation 6050: 6049: 6044: 6039: 6034: 6029: 6018: 6017: 6012: 6007: 6002: 5997: 5992: 5987: 5982: 5977: 5972: 5967: 5962: 5957: 5952: 5947: 5942: 5937: 5935:Beehive burner 5926: 5925: 5924: 5910: 5896: 5880: 5877: 5864: 5861: 5855: 5854: 5851: 5848: 5844: 5843: 5840: 5837: 5833: 5832: 5829: 5826: 5822: 5821: 5818: 5815: 5811: 5810: 5807: 5804: 5800: 5799: 5796: 5793: 5752: 5749: 5710: 5709: 5695: 5694: 5654:Main article: 5651: 5648: 5634: 5631: 5600: 5591: 5550: 5547: 5539: 5536: 5524: 5521:sulfur dioxide 5519:), as well as 5516: 5501: 5497: 5493: 5484: 5483: 5477: 5463: 5458: 5452: 5451: 5445: 5439: 5434: 5428: 5427: 5421: 5415: 5410: 5404: 5403: 5397: 5391: 5386: 5380: 5379: 5376: 5372: 5371: 5368: 5365: 5353: 5352: 5346: 5340: 5334: 5328: 5318: 5317: 5312: 5307: 5302: 5297: 5292: 5287: 5282: 5277: 5272: 5267: 5231: 5228: 5200:Main article: 5197: 5194: 5166:Main article: 5163: 5160: 5147:Spatiotemporal 5127: 5124: 5122: 5121: 5120: 5119: 5113: 5105: 5093: 5092: 5091: 5088: 5085: 5074: 5073: 5072: 5067: 5062: 5051: 5042: 5041: 5040: 5035: 5027: 5022: 5017: 5012: 5007: 5002: 4982: 4981: 4980: 4974: 4969: 4964: 4958: 4952: 4950:LO-NOx burners 4938: 4932: 4931: 4930: 4925: 4920: 4915: 4910: 4905: 4893: 4892: 4891: 4885: 4879: 4873: 4860: 4834: 4831: 4828:§ Sources 4824: 4823: 4819: 4815:slash and burn 4808: 4804: 4801: 4793: 4789: 4778: 4771: 4756: 4755: 4754: 4704: 4701: 4630: 4627: 4608: 4576: 4573: 4568: 4544: 4541: 4531:spores from a 4509: 4506: 4501: 4493: 4490: 4485: 4467: 4456: 4453: 4447: 4444: 4428: 4415: 4412: 4407: 4403: 4391: 4314: 4311: 4306: 4302: 4298: 4288: 4282: 4278: 4275:sulfur dioxide 4267: 4255: 4247: 4232: 4228: 4216: 4213: 4200: 4165: 4162: 4149: 4146: 4125:embryo quality 4113: 4105: 4098: 4095: 4078: 4074: 4059: 4048: 4044: 4040: 4032: 4025: 4015: 4012: 4001:sperm motility 3982: 3979: 3962: 3959: 3954: 3938: 3934: 3930: 3927: 3925: 3922: 3905: 3897: 3896:Kidney disease 3894: 3884: 3880: 3868: 3864: 3857: 3853: 3833: 3825: 3822: 3804: 3775:bronchiectasis 3759: 3756: 3744:ischemic heart 3735: 3732: 3711:Main article: 3708: 3705: 3694:air pollution 3691: 3685:Diesel exhaust 3666: 3657:§ Sources 3652: 3649: 3636: 3632: 3628: 3624: 3621:sulfur dioxide 3607: 3592:European Union 3582: 3579: 3573: 3570: 3545: 3538: 3537: 3536: 3527: 3520: 3519: 3518: 3517: 3516: 3506: 3503: 3447: 3446:Health effects 3444: 3359:air fresheners 3292: 3289: 3284: 3261: 3258: 3257: 3256: 3253: 3237: 3235: 3221: 3214: 3212: 3208:sulfur dioxide 3197: 3190: 3185: 3184: 3169: 3168: 3164: 3163: 3145: 3142: 3141: 3140: 3134: 3130: 3126: 3122: 3118: 3112: 3107: 3103: 3095: 3084: 3081: 3080: 3079: 3072:global warming 3067: 3061: 3050: 3042: 3038: 3034: 3030: 3026: 3022: 3018: 3012: 3007:: Produced by 3002: 2996: 2990: 2968: 2954: 2951: 2947: 2927: 2921: 2915: 2904: 2900: 2888:asphyxiant gas 2883: 2879: 2875: 2871: 2859: 2850: 2847:greenhouse gas 2838: 2826: 2823:Carbon dioxide 2820: 2808: 2796: 2795: 2761: 2759: 2752: 2746: 2743: 2685: 2682: 2599:Main article: 2596: 2593: 2592: 2591: 2573: 2557: 2553: 2543: 2525: 2495: 2481: 2461: 2458: 2455: 2454: 2447: 2445: 2439: 2438: 2431: 2429: 2423: 2422: 2415: 2413: 2407: 2406: 2399: 2397: 2391: 2390: 2383: 2381: 2375: 2374: 2367: 2365: 2359: 2358: 2351: 2349: 2343: 2342: 2335: 2333: 2327: 2326: 2319: 2317: 2311: 2310: 2303: 2301: 2295: 2294: 2287: 2285: 2279: 2278: 2274: 2271: 2258: 2257: 2256: 2255: 2238: 2228: 2221: 2214:aerosol sprays 2194: 2193: 2185:greenhouse gas 2169:slash-and-burn 2161: 2158:climate change 2126:motor vehicles 2122:Mobile sources 2119: 2118: 2117: 2114: 2107: 2102: 2099: 2098: 2097: 2079: 2071: 2070: 2069: 2041:Chinese temple 1997: 1994: 1985: 1982: 1915: 1836:(for example, 1822:climate change 1802:nitrous oxides 1798:sulfur dioxide 1776: 1775: 1773: 1772: 1765: 1758: 1750: 1747: 1746: 1733: 1732: 1729: 1728: 1723: 1718: 1716:Climate change 1713: 1707: 1704: 1703: 1700: 1699: 1696: 1695: 1690: 1685: 1684: 1683: 1682: 1681: 1676: 1671: 1663: 1658: 1651:Severe weather 1648: 1643: 1638: 1633: 1628: 1627: 1626: 1621: 1611: 1610: 1609: 1599: 1594: 1593: 1592: 1587: 1582: 1577: 1569: 1568: 1563: 1557: 1552: 1551: 1548: 1547: 1544: 1543: 1542: 1541: 1536: 1531: 1526: 1516: 1511: 1510: 1509: 1499: 1494: 1489: 1488: 1487: 1485:Megacryometeor 1477: 1472: 1471: 1470: 1459: 1454: 1453: 1450: 1449: 1446: 1445: 1444: 1443: 1438: 1433: 1428: 1418: 1413: 1408: 1403: 1402: 1401: 1391: 1390: 1389: 1384: 1374: 1369: 1368: 1367: 1362: 1352: 1347: 1346: 1345: 1340: 1330: 1325: 1320: 1315: 1310: 1305: 1304: 1303: 1298: 1293: 1283: 1282: 1281: 1271: 1270: 1269: 1264: 1259: 1249: 1248: 1247: 1237: 1236: 1235: 1230: 1225: 1215: 1214: 1213: 1208: 1197: 1192: 1191: 1188: 1187: 1184: 1183: 1178: 1177: 1176: 1165: 1160: 1159: 1156: 1155: 1152: 1151: 1146: 1141: 1136: 1130: 1125: 1124: 1121: 1120: 1114: 1113: 1101: 1100: 1098: 1097: 1090: 1083: 1075: 1072: 1071: 1070: 1069: 1057: 1042: 1041: 1036: 1035: 1034: 1033: 1025: 1024: 1020: 1019: 1018: 1017: 1012: 1007: 1002: 1000:Law by country 997: 989: 988: 982: 981: 976: 971: 966: 961: 956: 951: 946: 940: 937: 936: 933: 932: 929: 928: 927: 926: 921: 911: 905: 902: 901: 898: 897: 894: 893: 888: 883: 878: 873: 871:Surface runoff 868: 863: 858: 853: 848: 843: 838: 833: 828: 823: 818: 813: 808: 803: 798: 793: 788: 783: 778: 773: 771:Eutrophication 768: 763: 758: 752: 747: 746: 743: 742: 739: 738: 733: 728: 726:Scorched earth 723: 722: 721: 719:Nuclear winter 716: 714:Nuclear famine 711: 701: 700: 699: 689: 683: 678: 677: 674: 673: 670: 669: 664: 659: 654: 649: 643: 638: 637: 634: 633: 630: 629: 623: 618: 617: 614: 613: 610: 609: 603: 600: 599: 596: 595: 592: 591: 586: 581: 576: 571: 566: 561: 556: 551: 546: 541: 536: 531: 526: 521: 516: 511: 505: 502: 501: 498: 497: 494: 493: 488: 483: 478: 473: 471:Bioremediation 468: 463: 457: 452: 451: 448: 447: 444: 443: 438: 433: 428: 423: 418: 413: 408: 403: 401:Bioremediation 398: 392: 387: 386: 383: 382: 379: 378: 373: 368: 363: 358: 353: 351:Transportation 347: 342: 341: 338: 337: 334: 333: 328: 323: 318: 312: 309: 308: 305: 304: 301: 300: 298:Radio spectrum 295: 294: 293: 288: 277: 272: 271: 268: 267: 264: 263: 257: 254: 253: 250: 249: 246: 245: 244: 243: 233: 228: 222: 217: 216: 213: 212: 209: 208: 203: 198: 193: 188: 183: 178: 173: 168: 166:Global dimming 163: 158: 153: 148: 143: 138: 133: 127: 122: 121: 118: 117: 114: 106: 105: 99: 98: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 24362: 24351: 24348: 24346: 24343: 24341: 24340:Air pollution 24338: 24337: 24335: 24320: 24312: 24311: 24308: 24298: 24297:Non-renewable 24294: 24291: 24289: 24286: 24284: 24281: 24279: 24276: 24274: 24271: 24269: 24263: 24261: 24258: 24257: 24255: 24253: 24249: 24243: 24240: 24238: 24237:Urban ecology 24235: 24233: 24230: 24226: 24223: 24222: 24221: 24218: 24216: 24213: 24209: 24206: 24204: 24201: 24200: 24199: 24196: 24192: 24189: 24188: 24187: 24184: 24180: 24177: 24175: 24172: 24171: 24170: 24167: 24165: 24162: 24158: 24155: 24153: 24150: 24149: 24148: 24145: 24141: 24138: 24136: 24133: 24131: 24128: 24126: 24123: 24122: 24121: 24118: 24117: 24114: 24111: 24107: 24095: 24092: 24090: 24087: 24086: 24085: 24082: 24080: 24077: 24075: 24072: 24070: 24069:Privatization 24067: 24065: 24062: 24060: 24057: 24055: 24052: 24050: 24047: 24045: 24042: 24040: 24037: 24035: 24032: 24030: 24027: 24023: 24020: 24019: 24018: 24015: 24013: 24010: 24008: 24005: 24003: 24000: 23998: 23995: 23994: 23992: 23988: 23982: 23979: 23975: 23972: 23971: 23970: 23967: 23965: 23964:Surface water 23962: 23960: 23957: 23953: 23950: 23949: 23948: 23945: 23943: 23940: 23936: 23935: 23931: 23930: 23929: 23926: 23922: 23919: 23917: 23914: 23912: 23909: 23908: 23907: 23904: 23902: 23899: 23895: 23892: 23890: 23887: 23885: 23882: 23881: 23880: 23877: 23875: 23872: 23870: 23867: 23863: 23860: 23859: 23858: 23855: 23854: 23852: 23848: 23845: 23843: 23839: 23831: 23828: 23826: 23823: 23822: 23821: 23818: 23816: 23813: 23811: 23808: 23804: 23801: 23799: 23796: 23794: 23791: 23789: 23786: 23784: 23781: 23779: 23776: 23774: 23771: 23770: 23769: 23766: 23764: 23761: 23759: 23756: 23754: 23751: 23747: 23744: 23743: 23742: 23739: 23735: 23732: 23730: 23727: 23725: 23722: 23720: 23717: 23716: 23715: 23712: 23708: 23705: 23703: 23700: 23698: 23695: 23694: 23693: 23690: 23688: 23685: 23683: 23680: 23678: 23675: 23671: 23668: 23667: 23666: 23663: 23661: 23658: 23657: 23655: 23653: 23649: 23641: 23638: 23636: 23633: 23632: 23631: 23628: 23624: 23621: 23619: 23616: 23614: 23611: 23609: 23606: 23605: 23604: 23601: 23597: 23594: 23590: 23587: 23585: 23582: 23581: 23580: 23577: 23573: 23570: 23568: 23565: 23564: 23563: 23560: 23556: 23553: 23552: 23551: 23548: 23546: 23543: 23541: 23538: 23537: 23536: 23533: 23529: 23526: 23525: 23524: 23521: 23517: 23514: 23513: 23512: 23509: 23505: 23502: 23500: 23497: 23495: 23492: 23490: 23487: 23486: 23485: 23482: 23480: 23477: 23475: 23472: 23466: 23465:peak farmland 23463: 23462: 23461: 23458: 23457: 23456: 23453: 23452: 23450: 23448: 23444: 23438: 23435: 23431: 23428: 23426: 23423: 23422: 23421: 23418: 23416: 23413: 23411: 23408: 23406: 23403: 23400: 23396: 23392: 23388: 23384: 23381: 23379: 23376: 23374: 23371: 23369: 23366: 23365: 23363: 23361: 23357: 23347: 23344: 23342: 23339: 23337: 23334: 23333: 23331: 23327: 23321: 23318: 23314: 23308: 23307: 23306: 23303: 23301: 23298: 23296: 23293: 23291: 23285: 23284: 23282: 23280: 23276: 23273: 23271: 23267: 23263: 23256: 23251: 23249: 23244: 23242: 23237: 23236: 23233: 23221: 23220: 23211: 23209: 23208: 23199: 23197: 23196: 23187: 23186: 23183: 23173: 23170: 23168: 23165: 23163: 23160: 23158: 23155: 23153: 23150: 23148: 23145: 23143: 23142:Joseph Lister 23140: 23138: 23135: 23133: 23130: 23128: 23125: 23124: 23122: 23118: 23110: 23107: 23105: 23102: 23100: 23097: 23095: 23092: 23091: 23089: 23087: 23084: 23083: 23081: 23077: 23070: 23066: 23064: 23061: 23059: 23056: 23052: 23049: 23047: 23044: 23042: 23039: 23037: 23034: 23033: 23031: 23027: 23024: 23022: 23021:Health Canada 23019: 23018: 23016: 23012: 23009: 23008: 23006: 23002: 22999: 22997: 22994: 22993: 22991: 22987: 22984: 22983: 22981: 22977: 22974: 22973: 22971: 22970: 22968: 22966:Organizations 22964: 22961: 22953: 22947: 22944: 22942: 22939: 22937: 22934: 22932: 22929: 22927: 22924: 22922: 22919: 22917: 22914: 22912: 22909: 22907: 22904: 22902: 22899: 22898: 22896: 22890: 22882: 22879: 22877: 22874: 22873: 22872: 22869: 22867: 22864: 22860: 22857: 22855: 22852: 22850: 22847: 22845: 22842: 22840: 22837: 22835: 22832: 22830: 22827: 22826: 22824: 22823: 22821: 22815: 22809: 22806: 22804: 22803:Vaccine trial 22801: 22799: 22796: 22794: 22791: 22789: 22786: 22784: 22781: 22777: 22774: 22773: 22772: 22769: 22765: 22762: 22761: 22760: 22757: 22753: 22750: 22749: 22748: 22745: 22743: 22740: 22739: 22737: 22731: 22725: 22722: 22718: 22716: 22712: 22710: 22708: 22703: 22701: 22698: 22696: 22693: 22691: 22688: 22687: 22686: 22683: 22681: 22680:Relative risk 22678: 22676: 22673: 22671: 22668: 22667: 22665: 22659: 22653: 22650: 22646: 22643: 22641: 22640:Health equity 22638: 22636: 22633: 22632: 22631: 22628: 22626: 22623: 22621: 22618: 22616: 22613: 22611: 22608: 22606: 22605:Health system 22603: 22601: 22598: 22596: 22595:Global health 22593: 22591: 22588: 22586: 22583: 22581: 22578: 22576: 22575:Biostatistics 22573: 22572: 22570: 22568: 22564: 22558: 22555: 22553: 22550: 22548: 22545: 22543: 22540: 22536: 22533: 22531: 22528: 22526: 22523: 22521: 22518: 22516: 22513: 22511: 22508: 22507: 22506: 22503: 22501: 22498: 22496: 22493: 22489: 22486: 22485: 22484: 22481: 22477: 22474: 22472: 22469: 22467: 22464: 22462: 22459: 22457: 22454: 22452: 22449: 22448: 22447: 22444: 22440: 22437: 22435: 22432: 22430: 22427: 22425: 22422: 22421: 22420: 22417: 22413: 22410: 22408: 22405: 22404: 22403: 22400: 22398: 22395: 22393: 22390: 22386: 22383: 22382: 22381: 22378: 22377: 22375: 22373: 22369: 22363: 22360: 22358: 22355: 22353: 22350: 22348: 22345: 22343: 22340: 22338: 22335: 22333: 22330: 22328: 22325: 22323: 22320: 22318: 22317:Right to food 22315: 22313: 22310: 22308: 22305: 22303: 22300: 22296: 22293: 22291: 22288: 22286: 22283: 22281: 22278: 22276: 22273: 22272: 22271: 22268: 22266: 22263: 22261: 22258: 22255: 22251: 22250:Mental health 22248: 22246: 22243: 22241: 22238: 22236: 22233: 22231: 22228: 22226: 22223: 22219: 22216: 22214: 22211: 22210: 22209: 22206: 22204: 22201: 22199: 22198:Housing First 22196: 22192: 22189: 22187: 22186:Health system 22184: 22183: 22182: 22181:Health policy 22179: 22177: 22174: 22172: 22169: 22167: 22164: 22162: 22159: 22157: 22154: 22152: 22149: 22145: 22142: 22140: 22137: 22136: 22135: 22132: 22130: 22127: 22125: 22122: 22120: 22117: 22115: 22112: 22110: 22107: 22105: 22102: 22101: 22099: 22095: 22091: 22090:Public health 22084: 22079: 22077: 22072: 22070: 22065: 22064: 22061: 22049: 22048: 22039: 22037: 22036: 22031: 22027: 22025: 22024: 22015: 22011: 22008: 22007: 22006: 22005: 21996: 21995: 21992: 21986: 21983: 21981: 21978: 21976: 21973: 21972: 21970: 21966: 21960: 21957: 21955: 21952: 21950: 21947: 21945: 21942: 21940: 21937: 21936: 21934: 21930: 21924: 21921: 21919: 21916: 21914: 21911: 21909: 21906: 21904: 21901: 21899: 21896: 21894: 21891: 21889: 21886: 21884: 21881: 21879: 21876: 21874: 21871: 21869: 21866: 21864: 21861: 21860: 21858: 21854: 21848: 21847:Urban ecology 21845: 21843: 21840: 21838: 21835: 21833: 21830: 21828: 21825: 21823: 21820: 21818: 21815: 21813: 21810: 21808: 21805: 21803: 21800: 21796: 21793: 21792: 21791: 21788: 21786: 21783: 21781: 21778: 21776: 21773: 21771: 21768: 21764: 21761: 21760: 21759: 21756: 21754: 21751: 21750: 21748: 21744: 21739: 21729: 21726: 21724: 21721: 21719: 21716: 21714: 21711: 21709: 21706: 21704: 21701: 21699: 21696: 21694: 21691: 21689: 21686: 21685: 21683: 21679: 21675: 21668: 21663: 21661: 21656: 21654: 21649: 21648: 21645: 21629: 21626: 21624: 21621: 21619: 21616: 21614: 21611: 21607: 21604: 21603: 21602: 21599: 21598: 21596: 21592: 21582: 21579: 21577: 21574: 21572: 21569: 21568: 21566: 21564: 21560: 21554: 21551: 21550: 21548: 21546: 21542: 21539: 21535: 21532: 21530: 21526: 21516: 21513: 21509: 21506: 21504: 21501: 21500: 21499: 21496: 21495: 21493: 21489: 21483: 21480: 21478: 21475: 21473: 21470: 21468: 21465: 21464: 21462: 21458: 21452: 21449: 21447: 21444: 21442: 21439: 21437: 21434: 21432: 21429: 21427: 21424: 21423: 21421: 21417: 21407: 21404: 21403: 21401: 21399: 21395: 21389: 21386: 21384: 21383:2019 SEA haze 21381: 21379: 21378:2017 SEA haze 21376: 21374: 21373:2016 SEA haze 21371: 21369: 21366: 21364: 21363:2015 SEA haze 21361: 21359: 21358:2013 SEA haze 21356: 21354: 21353:2010 SEA haze 21351: 21349: 21348:2009 SEA haze 21346: 21344: 21343:2006 SEA haze 21341: 21339: 21336: 21334: 21331: 21329: 21328:1997 SEA haze 21326: 21325: 21323: 21321: 21317: 21313: 21307: 21304: 21303: 21301: 21299: 21295: 21292: 21288: 21285: 21283: 21282:Air pollution 21279: 21270: 21265: 21263: 21258: 21256: 21251: 21250: 21247: 21237: 21227: 21222: 21217: 21209: 21201: 21192: 21188: 21178: 21172: 21169: 21167: 21164: 21162: 21156: 21154: 21151: 21149: 21146: 21144: 21141: 21140: 21138: 21136: 21132: 21126: 21123: 21121: 21118: 21116: 21113: 21111: 21108: 21106: 21103: 21101: 21098: 21096: 21093: 21091: 21088: 21087: 21085: 21081: 21075: 21072: 21070: 21067: 21065: 21062: 21060: 21057: 21055: 21052: 21050: 21047: 21045: 21042: 21040: 21037: 21036: 21034: 21030: 21024: 21021: 21017: 21014: 21012: 21009: 21008: 21007: 21004: 21003: 21001: 20997: 20991: 20990:Water quality 20988: 20986: 20983: 20981: 20978: 20976: 20973: 20971: 20968: 20966: 20963: 20961: 20958: 20956: 20953: 20949: 20946: 20944: 20941: 20940: 20939: 20936: 20934: 20931: 20929: 20926: 20924: 20921: 20919: 20916: 20914: 20911: 20909: 20906: 20904: 20901: 20899: 20896: 20892: 20889: 20888: 20887: 20884: 20882: 20879: 20877: 20874: 20872: 20869: 20867: 20864: 20862: 20859: 20857: 20854: 20852: 20849: 20847: 20844: 20842: 20839: 20838: 20836: 20834: 20830: 20824: 20821: 20819: 20816: 20814: 20811: 20808: 20804: 20800: 20796: 20793: 20790: 20786: 20783: 20781: 20778: 20777: 20775: 20773: 20769: 20763: 20760: 20758: 20755: 20753: 20752:Traffic signs 20750: 20748: 20745: 20743: 20740: 20739: 20737: 20735: 20731: 20725: 20722: 20721: 20719: 20717: 20713: 20705: 20702: 20700: 20697: 20696: 20695: 20692: 20690: 20687: 20685: 20682: 20678: 20677:Microplastics 20675: 20674: 20673: 20670: 20668: 20667:Nanomaterials 20665: 20661: 20658: 20657: 20656: 20653: 20649: 20646: 20644: 20641: 20639: 20636: 20634: 20631: 20629: 20626: 20624: 20621: 20620: 20619: 20616: 20614: 20611: 20607: 20606:Lead smelting 20604: 20603: 20602: 20599: 20595: 20592: 20590: 20587: 20585: 20582: 20580: 20577: 20575: 20572: 20570: 20567: 20566: 20565: 20562: 20560: 20557: 20555: 20552: 20550: 20547: 20543: 20540: 20539: 20538: 20535: 20533: 20530: 20528: 20525: 20523: 20520: 20519: 20517: 20513: 20507: 20504: 20502: 20499: 20497: 20494: 20492: 20489: 20487: 20484: 20482: 20479: 20475: 20472: 20470: 20467: 20465: 20462: 20461: 20460: 20457: 20456: 20454: 20452: 20448: 20442: 20439: 20437: 20434: 20432: 20429: 20427: 20426:Radioactivity 20424: 20422: 20419: 20417: 20414: 20412: 20409: 20407: 20404: 20402: 20399: 20397: 20394: 20393: 20391: 20389: 20385: 20379: 20378:Noise control 20376: 20373: 20370: 20367: 20363: 20360: 20359: 20358: 20355: 20353: 20350: 20346: 20343: 20341: 20338: 20336: 20333: 20331: 20328: 20325: 20324: 20323: 20320: 20319: 20317: 20315: 20311: 20305: 20302: 20300: 20297: 20295: 20292: 20290: 20287: 20286: 20284: 20280: 20274: 20271: 20267: 20264: 20262: 20259: 20258: 20257: 20254: 20253: 20251: 20249: 20245: 20239: 20236: 20235: 20233: 20229: 20221: 20218: 20217: 20216: 20213: 20211: 20208: 20206: 20203: 20202: 20200: 20198: 20194: 20188: 20185: 20183: 20180: 20176: 20173: 20172: 20171: 20168: 20164: 20161: 20160: 20159: 20156: 20154: 20151: 20149: 20146: 20142: 20139: 20137: 20134: 20132: 20129: 20127: 20126:Metal working 20124: 20122: 20119: 20118: 20117: 20114: 20112: 20109: 20107: 20104: 20102: 20099: 20097: 20094: 20092: 20089: 20087: 20084: 20080: 20077: 20076: 20075: 20072: 20068: 20065: 20064: 20063: 20060: 20058: 20055: 20051: 20048: 20047: 20046: 20043: 20039: 20036: 20034: 20031: 20029: 20026: 20024: 20021: 20020: 20019: 20016: 20014: 20011: 20009: 20006: 20004: 20001: 19999: 19996: 19995: 19993: 19991: 19987: 19983: 19978: 19974: 19967: 19962: 19960: 19955: 19953: 19948: 19947: 19944: 19937: 19933: 19930: 19927: 19924: 19921: 19918: 19916: 19913: 19911: 19908: 19905: 19902: 19900: 19897: 19895: 19892: 19889: 19886: 19884: 19881: 19880: 19871: 19867: 19865: 19861: 19857: 19854: 19851: 19847: 19843: 19839: 19835: 19834:heart attacks 19831: 19827: 19826:blood vessels 19823: 19819: 19815: 19811: 19807: 19803: 19799: 19795: 19794:upper airways 19791: 19787: 19783: 19779: 19775: 19771: 19767: 19766: 19761: 19757: 19751: 19747: 19742: 19738: 19734: 19730: 19726: 19722: 19718: 19714: 19710: 19706: 19701: 19698: 19694: 19691:(3): 187–202. 19690: 19686: 19681: 19678: 19674: 19671: 19667: 19665: 19661: 19657: 19654: 19650: 19648: 19644: 19640: 19636: 19632: 19629:(4): 351–67. 19628: 19624: 19623: 19618: 19614: 19610: 19606: 19602: 19598: 19592: 19588: 19584: 19580: 19576: 19570: 19567:. Routledge. 19566: 19562: 19558: 19557: 19551: 19548: 19546: 19543: 19542: 19537: 19536:Air pollution 19532: 19515: 19514: 19506: 19502: 19496: 19488: 19487: 19482: 19475: 19460: 19459:www.iqair.com 19456: 19450: 19435: 19434:www.iqair.com 19431: 19425: 19416: 19408: 19404: 19399: 19394: 19390: 19386: 19382: 19378: 19375:(9): 605–10. 19374: 19370: 19369: 19364: 19357: 19349: 19345: 19340: 19335: 19331: 19327: 19323: 19319: 19315: 19311: 19307: 19303: 19302: 19297: 19290: 19282: 19278: 19271: 19263: 19259: 19254: 19249: 19245: 19241: 19237: 19233: 19232: 19227: 19220: 19212: 19208: 19203: 19198: 19195:(5): 879–87. 19194: 19190: 19189: 19184: 19177: 19175: 19166: 19162: 19161: 19153: 19151: 19142: 19138: 19132: 19124: 19120: 19113: 19098: 19092: 19077: 19073: 19067: 19059: 19055: 19051: 19047: 19040: 19032: 19028: 19023: 19018: 19014: 19010: 19006: 19002: 19001: 18996: 18989: 18987: 18978: 18975:. Cambridge: 18974: 18967: 18952: 18951: 18946: 18939: 18920: 18916: 18909: 18903: 18888: 18887: 18882: 18875: 18873: 18857: 18850: 18834: 18830: 18826: 18820: 18814: 18807: 18791: 18790: 18782: 18776: 18761: 18754: 18752: 18735: 18731: 18727: 18721: 18705: 18701: 18695: 18679: 18675: 18669: 18654: 18650: 18643: 18635: 18631: 18627: 18621: 18606: 18602: 18596: 18581: 18577: 18571: 18556: 18552: 18546: 18538: 18534: 18530: 18526: 18522: 18518: 18514: 18510: 18506: 18502: 18501: 18493: 18477: 18473: 18467: 18451: 18447: 18443: 18433: 18417: 18413: 18409: 18403: 18395: 18391: 18386: 18381: 18377: 18373: 18369: 18365: 18364: 18359: 18352: 18344: 18340: 18336: 18332: 18328: 18324: 18320: 18316: 18309: 18301: 18297: 18293: 18289: 18285: 18281: 18277: 18273: 18269: 18265: 18264: 18259: 18252: 18244: 18240: 18236: 18232: 18228: 18224: 18220: 18216: 18212: 18208: 18204: 18200: 18193: 18178: 18174: 18168: 18153: 18149: 18142: 18134: 18130: 18126: 18125: 18120: 18113: 18098: 18094: 18093:"Road Rubber" 18088: 18080: 18076: 18072: 18068: 18063: 18058: 18054: 18050: 18046: 18042: 18041: 18036: 18029: 18021: 18017: 18013: 18010:(in French). 18009: 18005: 17998: 17983: 17979: 17973: 17957: 17956:Flyingmag.com 17953: 17947: 17931: 17925: 17910: 17909: 17904: 17897: 17882: 17881: 17876: 17869: 17861: 17857: 17853: 17849: 17845: 17841: 17837: 17833: 17826: 17818: 17814: 17810: 17806: 17802: 17798: 17794: 17790: 17789: 17781: 17773: 17769: 17765: 17761: 17757: 17753: 17749: 17742: 17734: 17730: 17726: 17722: 17721: 17716: 17712: 17706: 17704: 17688:. 15 May 2014 17687: 17686: 17681: 17675: 17667: 17666: 17661: 17654: 17646: 17642: 17638: 17634: 17629: 17624: 17620: 17616: 17612: 17608: 17604: 17600: 17596: 17592: 17588: 17581: 17566: 17562: 17556: 17547: 17539: 17535: 17531: 17527: 17523: 17519: 17518: 17510: 17495: 17491: 17480: 17472: 17468: 17463: 17458: 17454: 17450: 17446: 17442: 17441: 17436: 17429: 17421: 17417: 17413: 17409: 17405: 17401: 17397: 17393: 17389: 17385: 17384: 17376: 17368: 17364: 17360: 17356: 17352: 17348: 17344: 17340: 17336: 17332: 17331: 17325: 17317: 17309: 17305: 17301: 17297: 17293: 17289: 17285: 17281: 17277: 17273: 17272: 17267: 17260: 17252: 17248: 17244: 17240: 17236: 17232: 17231: 17223: 17215: 17209: 17205: 17200: 17199: 17190: 17179: 17175: 17171: 17167: 17163: 17159: 17155: 17151: 17147: 17140: 17133: 17125: 17121: 17117: 17113: 17108: 17103: 17099: 17095: 17091: 17087: 17086: 17081: 17074: 17066: 17062: 17055: 17047: 17043: 17039: 17035: 17030: 17025: 17021: 17017: 17012: 17007: 17003: 16999: 16998: 16993: 16986: 16971: 16970: 16965: 16959: 16943: 16939: 16938: 16932: 16924: 16916: 16912: 16908: 16901: 16886: 16882: 16875: 16856: 16849: 16842: 16834: 16830: 16826: 16822: 16818: 16814: 16810: 16806: 16802: 16798: 16794: 16790: 16786: 16779: 16771: 16767: 16763: 16759: 16754: 16749: 16745: 16741: 16737: 16733: 16729: 16725: 16721: 16717: 16713: 16706: 16698: 16694: 16690: 16686: 16682: 16678: 16674: 16670: 16666: 16662: 16658: 16654: 16650: 16643: 16635: 16631: 16627: 16623: 16619: 16615: 16611: 16604: 16589: 16585: 16578: 16570: 16566: 16562: 16558: 16554: 16550: 16546: 16542: 16538: 16534: 16530: 16523: 16515: 16511: 16507: 16503: 16498: 16493: 16489: 16485: 16481: 16477: 16476: 16471: 16464: 16456: 16452: 16448: 16444: 16439: 16434: 16430: 16426: 16422: 16418: 16414: 16410: 16407:(9): 094047. 16406: 16402: 16401: 16396: 16389: 16381: 16377: 16373: 16369: 16364: 16359: 16355: 16351: 16348:(6): 805–12. 16347: 16343: 16342: 16337: 16330: 16314: 16310: 16309: 16304: 16298: 16283: 16279: 16272: 16264: 16258: 16250: 16246: 16242: 16241: 16233: 16218:. 5 June 2014 16217: 16213: 16207: 16192: 16188: 16181: 16173: 16169: 16164: 16159: 16155: 16151: 16147: 16143: 16139: 16135: 16131: 16124: 16116: 16112: 16108: 16104: 16099: 16094: 16090: 16086: 16082: 16078: 16074: 16070: 16066: 16062: 16061: 16056: 16045: 16037: 16033: 16028: 16023: 16019: 16015: 16011: 16007: 16003: 15999: 15995: 15991: 15990: 15985: 15978: 15970: 15966: 15961: 15956: 15952: 15948: 15944: 15940: 15936: 15932: 15931: 15926: 15919: 15917: 15908: 15904: 15899: 15894: 15890: 15886: 15882: 15878: 15874: 15870: 15866: 15862: 15861: 15856: 15849: 15843: 15842: 15838: 15833: 15825: 15821: 15817: 15813: 15809: 15805: 15801: 15797: 15796: 15791: 15784: 15776: 15772: 15768: 15764: 15759: 15754: 15750: 15746: 15742: 15738: 15737: 15732: 15725: 15717: 15713: 15709: 15705: 15700: 15695: 15691: 15687: 15683: 15679: 15676:(5): 514–20. 15675: 15671: 15667: 15660: 15645: 15641: 15635: 15627: 15620: 15614: 15606: 15600: 15596: 15595: 15587: 15579: 15575: 15571: 15567: 15562: 15557: 15553: 15549: 15545: 15541: 15540: 15532: 15525: 15523: 15521: 15512: 15508: 15504: 15500: 15495: 15490: 15486: 15482: 15478: 15474: 15471:(4): 425–30. 15470: 15466: 15465: 15460: 15453: 15445: 15441: 15436: 15431: 15427: 15423: 15422: 15417: 15410: 15402: 15398: 15393: 15388: 15384: 15380: 15376: 15372: 15368: 15364: 15360: 15356: 15355: 15350: 15343: 15335: 15331: 15326: 15321: 15317: 15313: 15309: 15305: 15301: 15294: 15286: 15282: 15277: 15272: 15268: 15264: 15260: 15256: 15252: 15248: 15244: 15240: 15236: 15229: 15221: 15217: 15212: 15207: 15203: 15199: 15195: 15191: 15187: 15183: 15179: 15175: 15171: 15164: 15156: 15152: 15147: 15142: 15138: 15134: 15130: 15126: 15125: 15120: 15113: 15105: 15101: 15096: 15091: 15087: 15083: 15078: 15073: 15069: 15065: 15061: 15057: 15056: 15051: 15044: 15036: 15032: 15027: 15022: 15018: 15014: 15010: 15006: 15005: 15000: 14993: 14985: 14981: 14976: 14971: 14967: 14963: 14960:(7): 737–42. 14959: 14955: 14954: 14949: 14942: 14934: 14933: 14925: 14923: 14914: 14913: 14906: 14904: 14888: 14884: 14880: 14876: 14871: 14866: 14861: 14856: 14852: 14848: 14844: 14837: 14829: 14825: 14820: 14815: 14811: 14807: 14802: 14797: 14793: 14789: 14785: 14781: 14777: 14770: 14768: 14766: 14757: 14753: 14749: 14745: 14741: 14737: 14733: 14729: 14722: 14714: 14710: 14706: 14702: 14698: 14694: 14690: 14686: 14682: 14678: 14671: 14663: 14659: 14654: 14649: 14645: 14641: 14636: 14631: 14627: 14623: 14619: 14612: 14610: 14601: 14597: 14592: 14587: 14583: 14579: 14575: 14571: 14567: 14563: 14559: 14555: 14551: 14544: 14536: 14532: 14527: 14522: 14518: 14514: 14509: 14504: 14500: 14496: 14492: 14485: 14477: 14473: 14469: 14465: 14461: 14457: 14453: 14449: 14445: 14441: 14437: 14433: 14429: 14422: 14414: 14410: 14405: 14400: 14396: 14392: 14387: 14382: 14378: 14374: 14370: 14363: 14355: 14351: 14346: 14341: 14337: 14333: 14328: 14323: 14319: 14315: 14311: 14304: 14302: 14300: 14298: 14296: 14294: 14285: 14281: 14276: 14271: 14267: 14263: 14259: 14255: 14251: 14247: 14243: 14236: 14228: 14224: 14220: 14216: 14212: 14208: 14204: 14200: 14196: 14192: 14191: 14183: 14175: 14171: 14167: 14163: 14158: 14153: 14148: 14143: 14139: 14135: 14131: 14127: 14126: 14121: 14114: 14106: 14102: 14098: 14094: 14089: 14084: 14080: 14076: 14073:(6): 860–65. 14072: 14068: 14067: 14062: 14055: 14047: 14043: 14039: 14035: 14032:(5): 631–38. 14031: 14027: 14026: 14018: 14010: 14006: 14002: 13998: 13994: 13990: 13987:(4): 243–97. 13986: 13982: 13981: 13973: 13971: 13962: 13958: 13953: 13948: 13944: 13940: 13936: 13932: 13928: 13924: 13920: 13916: 13912: 13905: 13889: 13888: 13883: 13877: 13875: 13859: 13858: 13853: 13846: 13831: 13827: 13821: 13813: 13809: 13804: 13799: 13795: 13791: 13790: 13785: 13778: 13770: 13766: 13762: 13758: 13753: 13748: 13743: 13738: 13734: 13730: 13726: 13722: 13721: 13716: 13709: 13701: 13697: 13693: 13689: 13685: 13681: 13676: 13671: 13667: 13663: 13662: 13654: 13647: 13641: 13626: 13622: 13616: 13601: 13597: 13590: 13582: 13578: 13571: 13563: 13559: 13554: 13549: 13545: 13541: 13537: 13530: 13522: 13518: 13514: 13510: 13506: 13502: 13501: 13493: 13485: 13481: 13477: 13473: 13469: 13465: 13461: 13457: 13456: 13448: 13440: 13436: 13432: 13428: 13424: 13420: 13419: 13411: 13403: 13399: 13395: 13391: 13386: 13381: 13377: 13373: 13369: 13365: 13364: 13359: 13352: 13344: 13340: 13336: 13335:2027.42/78373 13332: 13327: 13322: 13318: 13314: 13313: 13308: 13301: 13293: 13289: 13285: 13281: 13276: 13271: 13266: 13261: 13257: 13253: 13249: 13245: 13244: 13239: 13232: 13224: 13220: 13215: 13210: 13207:(2): 320–25. 13206: 13202: 13198: 13191: 13183: 13179: 13175: 13171: 13168:(5): 447–58. 13167: 13163: 13162: 13154: 13146: 13142: 13138: 13134: 13130: 13126: 13122: 13118: 13114: 13110: 13102: 13094: 13090: 13086: 13082: 13078: 13074: 13070: 13066: 13059: 13057: 13048: 13044: 13039: 13034: 13030: 13026: 13022: 13018: 13014: 13010: 13006: 13002: 12998: 12991: 12989: 12980: 12976: 12971: 12966: 12962: 12958: 12954: 12950: 12946: 12942: 12938: 12934: 12930: 12923: 12915: 12911: 12906: 12901: 12897: 12893: 12889: 12885: 12881: 12877: 12876: 12871: 12864: 12849: 12845: 12839: 12824: 12820: 12813: 12798: 12797: 12792: 12785: 12769: 12765: 12761: 12754: 12739: 12735: 12729: 12711: 12705: 12690: 12689: 12684: 12677: 12662: 12661: 12660:New Scientist 12656: 12650: 12642: 12638: 12634: 12630: 12626: 12622: 12621: 12613: 12605: 12601: 12596: 12591: 12587: 12583: 12582: 12577: 12570: 12562: 12556: 12545: 12544: 12536: 12521: 12517: 12510: 12495: 12491: 12487: 12483: 12479: 12475: 12471: 12467: 12463: 12459: 12455: 12451: 12450: 12445: 12438: 12430: 12426: 12421: 12416: 12412: 12408: 12404: 12400: 12396: 12392: 12388: 12384: 12383: 12378: 12371: 12369: 12360: 12356: 12351: 12346: 12342: 12338: 12334: 12330: 12326: 12322: 12321: 12316: 12309: 12307: 12298: 12294: 12289: 12284: 12280: 12276: 12272: 12268: 12264: 12260: 12259: 12254: 12247: 12231: 12227: 12226: 12221: 12215: 12200: 12196: 12190: 12174: 12170: 12164: 12148: 12144: 12138: 12136: 12127: 12123: 12119: 12115: 12111: 12107: 12103: 12099: 12095: 12091: 12087: 12080: 12073: 12067: 12052:. 18 May 2022 12051: 12047: 12041: 12033: 12029: 12025: 12021: 12017: 12013: 12009: 12005: 12001: 11997: 11993: 11989: 11988: 11983: 11976: 11961: 11957: 11953: 11949: 11942: 11934: 11930: 11925: 11920: 11916: 11912: 11911: 11906: 11899: 11891: 11887: 11882: 11877: 11873: 11869: 11865: 11861: 11860: 11855: 11848: 11833: 11829: 11825: 11819: 11817: 11801: 11797: 11790: 11775: 11774: 11769: 11762: 11747: 11746: 11741: 11734: 11732: 11723: 11719: 11714: 11709: 11705: 11701: 11696: 11691: 11687: 11683: 11679: 11675: 11671: 11664: 11648: 11644: 11643: 11638: 11631: 11623: 11619: 11612: 11603: 11599: 11595: 11591: 11587: 11581: 11573: 11569: 11564: 11559: 11555: 11551: 11547: 11543: 11539: 11532: 11517: 11513: 11506: 11491: 11487: 11483: 11477: 11469: 11465: 11461: 11457: 11453: 11449: 11445: 11441: 11437: 11433: 11429: 11422: 11414: 11413: 11412:Science Daily 11408: 11402: 11394: 11390: 11386: 11382: 11378: 11372: 11368: 11364: 11360: 11353: 11345: 11341: 11337: 11333: 11329: 11325: 11321: 11317: 11313: 11309: 11305: 11301: 11297: 11290: 11275: 11274: 11269: 11262: 11260: 11248: 11244: 11242: 11234: 11228: 11212: 11211: 11206: 11200: 11192: 11188: 11181: 11165: 11161: 11155: 11153: 11136: 11132: 11128: 11121: 11119: 11111: 11110:public domain 11092: 11088: 11082: 11080: 11063: 11059: 11053: 11038: 11037: 11032: 11025: 11017: 11013: 11008: 11007:10044/1/80194 11003: 10999: 10995: 10991: 10987: 10983: 10979: 10978: 10970: 10962: 10958: 10954: 10950: 10946: 10942: 10941: 10933: 10925: 10919: 10911: 10909:9780124054813 10905: 10901: 10900: 10892: 10890: 10888: 10886: 10884: 10868: 10864: 10858: 10842: 10838: 10832: 10817: 10813: 10809: 10803: 10789: 10783: 10779: 10775: 10768: 10753: 10749: 10742: 10727: 10723: 10717: 10709: 10703: 10699: 10698:10.17226/1889 10695: 10691: 10690: 10683: 10667: 10663: 10657: 10649: 10645: 10641: 10637: 10633: 10629: 10625: 10621: 10617: 10613: 10612: 10607: 10600: 10584: 10580: 10574: 10559: 10552: 10546: 10531: 10525: 10521: 10517: 10516: 10508: 10500: 10496: 10492: 10488: 10484: 10480: 10479: 10471: 10454: 10450: 10444: 10430: 10426: 10422: 10416: 10412: 10408: 10404: 10400: 10393: 10377: 10373: 10369: 10363: 10348: 10344: 10338: 10323: 10319: 10315: 10308: 10300: 10294: 10286: 10276: 10268: 10262: 10247: 10243: 10233: 10218: 10212: 10204: 10200: 10194: 10179: 10175: 10168: 10160: 10156: 10145: 10137: 10133: 10126: 10119: 10115: 10113:92-890-2192-6 10109: 10105: 10099: 10092: 10072: 10068: 10062: 10060: 10043: 10039: 10033: 10025: 10021: 10014: 10006: 10000: 9985: 9984: 9979: 9972: 9964: 9958: 9954: 9953: 9945: 9930: 9926: 9922: 9915: 9899: 9895: 9891: 9885: 9869: 9865: 9859: 9843: 9839: 9838:Eea.europa.eu 9835: 9829: 9813: 9809: 9805: 9799: 9783: 9779: 9778: 9773: 9767: 9759: 9755: 9750: 9745: 9741: 9737: 9732: 9727: 9723: 9719: 9718: 9713: 9706: 9691: 9687: 9680: 9664: 9660: 9654: 9639: 9633: 9625: 9621: 9617: 9613: 9609: 9605: 9601: 9597: 9596: 9588: 9580: 9576: 9571: 9566: 9561: 9556: 9552: 9548: 9544: 9540: 9539: 9534: 9530: 9523: 9507: 9503: 9499: 9493: 9485: 9481: 9477: 9473: 9469: 9465: 9460: 9455: 9451: 9447: 9443: 9439: 9438: 9433: 9426: 9411: 9410: 9405: 9398: 9391: 9386: 9382: 9378: 9374: 9370: 9366: 9362: 9358: 9354: 9350: 9346: 9342: 9341: 9333: 9325: 9321: 9317: 9313: 9309: 9305: 9298: 9290: 9285: 9281: 9275: 9271: 9267: 9263: 9259: 9252: 9236: 9232: 9226: 9219: 9207: 9206: 9201: 9195: 9180: 9179: 9174: 9167: 9159: 9155: 9151: 9147: 9143: 9139: 9135: 9131: 9127: 9123: 9122: 9121:Plant Ecology 9117: 9110: 9102: 9098: 9094: 9090: 9086: 9082: 9078: 9074: 9070: 9066: 9062: 9055: 9041: 9037: 9033: 9027: 9023: 9019: 9015: 9011: 9004: 8996: 8992: 8988: 8984: 8980: 8976: 8972: 8968: 8964: 8960: 8959: 8954: 8947: 8932: 8928: 8922: 8907: 8903: 8897: 8882: 8878: 8872: 8864: 8860: 8856: 8852: 8848: 8844: 8840: 8836: 8832: 8825: 8806: 8805: 8800: 8794: 8786: 8782: 8777: 8772: 8767: 8762: 8758: 8754: 8750: 8743: 8728: 8724: 8717: 8709: 8705: 8700: 8695: 8691: 8687: 8683: 8679: 8675: 8671: 8667: 8663: 8662: 8657: 8650: 8634: 8628: 8621: 8610: 8606: 8600: 8585: 8584: 8579: 8572: 8557: 8553: 8547: 8531: 8527: 8521: 8513: 8507: 8499: 8493: 8485: 8481: 8477: 8473: 8469: 8465: 8461: 8457: 8453: 8449: 8448: 8443: 8436: 8428: 8424: 8420: 8416: 8412: 8408: 8404: 8400: 8396: 8392: 8391: 8383: 8376: 8365: 8361: 8354: 8346: 8342: 8338: 8334: 8329: 8324: 8320: 8316: 8312: 8308: 8307: 8302: 8295: 8287: 8283: 8277: 8269: 8265: 8261: 8257: 8253: 8249: 8245: 8241: 8240: 8232: 8224: 8220: 8214: 8203: 8199: 8192: 8185: 8177: 8173: 8168: 8163: 8158: 8153: 8149: 8145: 8141: 8137: 8136: 8131: 8124: 8116: 8112: 8108: 8104: 8100: 8096: 8092: 8088: 8084: 8080: 8075: 8070: 8066: 8062: 8061: 8055: 8047: 8032: 8031: 8026: 8020: 8004: 8003: 7998: 7992: 7984: 7980: 7974: 7966: 7962: 7957: 7952: 7948: 7944: 7939: 7934: 7930: 7926: 7925: 7920: 7913: 7905: 7901: 7896: 7891: 7886: 7881: 7877: 7873: 7869: 7862: 7847: 7843: 7837: 7822:. 6 July 2016 7821: 7817: 7811: 7796: 7795: 7790: 7784: 7769: 7765: 7761: 7755: 7740: 7736: 7729: 7714: 7710: 7704: 7689: 7685: 7679: 7664: 7660: 7653: 7638:. 8 June 2015 7637: 7633: 7627: 7612: 7608: 7604: 7600: 7596: 7592: 7588: 7584: 7578: 7563: 7557: 7553: 7552: 7545: 7530: 7528:9780080507071 7524: 7520: 7519: 7511: 7503: 7499: 7494: 7489: 7485: 7481: 7477: 7473: 7469: 7465: 7461: 7457: 7456: 7451: 7444: 7436: 7432: 7428: 7424: 7420: 7416: 7412: 7408: 7404: 7400: 7396: 7392: 7391: 7382: 7374: 7370: 7366: 7365: 7357: 7355: 7339: 7338:Common Dreams 7335: 7328: 7326: 7324: 7315: 7308: 7307: 7302: 7296: 7294: 7292: 7276: 7272: 7268: 7262: 7247: 7246: 7241: 7235: 7219: 7215: 7209: 7207: 7197: 7192: 7188: 7184: 7181:(3): 034005. 7180: 7176: 7175: 7170: 7163: 7155: 7151: 7147: 7143: 7138: 7133: 7128: 7123: 7119: 7115: 7111: 7107: 7106: 7101: 7094: 7078: 7077: 7072: 7066: 7047: 7043: 7036: 7030: 7022: 7018: 7013: 7008: 7004: 7000: 6996: 6992: 6988: 6984: 6980: 6973: 6971: 6962: 6958: 6953: 6948: 6944: 6940: 6936: 6932: 6928: 6924: 6920: 6916: 6912: 6905: 6897: 6893: 6889: 6885: 6881: 6877: 6873: 6869: 6868: 6860: 6858: 6856: 6854: 6845: 6839: 6835: 6834: 6826: 6818: 6814: 6809: 6804: 6800: 6796: 6792: 6788: 6784: 6777: 6762: 6758: 6754: 6750: 6746: 6742: 6738: 6731: 6723: 6719: 6714: 6709: 6705: 6701: 6697: 6693: 6689: 6685: 6681: 6674: 6666: 6662: 6658: 6654: 6650: 6646: 6642: 6638: 6634: 6630: 6623: 6615: 6611: 6606: 6601: 6597: 6593: 6588: 6583: 6579: 6575: 6574: 6573:PLOS Medicine 6569: 6562: 6560: 6551: 6547: 6542: 6537: 6533: 6529: 6524: 6519: 6515: 6511: 6507: 6500: 6492: 6488: 6483: 6478: 6474: 6470: 6466: 6462: 6458: 6454: 6450: 6446: 6445: 6440: 6433: 6417: 6413: 6407: 6405: 6403: 6401: 6399: 6397: 6382: 6376: 6372: 6371:10.5772/17654 6368: 6364: 6360: 6353: 6345: 6339: 6335: 6331: 6327: 6323: 6316: 6308: 6304: 6299: 6294: 6290: 6286: 6281: 6276: 6272: 6268: 6267: 6262: 6255: 6253: 6237: 6233: 6227: 6225: 6223: 6218: 6207: 6204: 6202: 6199: 6197: 6194: 6192: 6189: 6187: 6184: 6182: 6179: 6177: 6174: 6172: 6169: 6167: 6164: 6162: 6159: 6157: 6154: 6152: 6149: 6147: 6144: 6141: 6138: 6136: 6133: 6130: 6127: 6125: 6122: 6120: 6117: 6115: 6112: 6110: 6107: 6105: 6102: 6100: 6097: 6095: 6092: 6090: 6089:Critical load 6087: 6085: 6082: 6080: 6077: 6075: 6072: 6070: 6067: 6065: 6062: 6060: 6057: 6056: 6055: 6054: 6048: 6045: 6043: 6040: 6038: 6035: 6033: 6030: 6028: 6025: 6024: 6023: 6022: 6016: 6013: 6011: 6008: 6006: 6003: 6001: 5998: 5996: 5993: 5991: 5988: 5986: 5983: 5981: 5978: 5976: 5973: 5971: 5970:Metal working 5968: 5966: 5963: 5961: 5958: 5956: 5953: 5951: 5948: 5946: 5943: 5941: 5938: 5936: 5933: 5932: 5931: 5930: 5922: 5916: 5911: 5908: 5907:Plants portal 5902: 5897: 5894: 5888: 5883: 5876: 5873: 5871: 5860: 5852: 5849: 5846: 5845: 5841: 5838: 5835: 5834: 5830: 5827: 5824: 5823: 5819: 5816: 5813: 5812: 5808: 5805: 5803:Hotan, China 5802: 5801: 5798:2019 Average 5797: 5795:2020 Average 5794: 5791: 5790: 5785: 5782: 5778: 5769: 5764: 5758: 5748: 5746: 5741: 5740:socioeconomic 5736: 5734: 5730: 5726: 5722: 5721:socioeconomic 5718: 5707: 5706: 5696: 5691: 5688: 5686: 5682: 5678: 5674: 5667: 5663: 5657: 5656:Toxic hotspot 5647: 5643: 5639: 5630: 5628: 5623: 5619: 5617: 5613: 5612:Boris Johnson 5608: 5606: 5596: 5594: 5587: 5584:In 2010, the 5582: 5580: 5579:supranational 5575: 5573: 5569: 5564: 5562: 5561:member states 5556: 5546: 5544: 5535: 5532: 5530: 5522: 5514: 5510: 5505: 5491: 5481: 5478: 5475: 5471: 5467: 5464: 5462: 5459: 5457: 5454: 5453: 5449: 5446: 5443: 5440: 5438: 5435: 5433: 5430: 5429: 5425: 5422: 5419: 5416: 5414: 5411: 5409: 5406: 5405: 5401: 5398: 5395: 5392: 5390: 5387: 5385: 5382: 5381: 5377: 5374: 5373: 5362: 5359: 5351: 5347: 5345: 5341: 5339: 5335: 5333: 5329: 5327: 5324: 5323: 5316: 5313: 5311: 5308: 5306: 5303: 5301: 5298: 5296: 5293: 5291: 5288: 5286: 5283: 5281: 5278: 5276: 5273: 5271: 5268: 5266: 5263: 5262: 5259: 5256: 5252: 5248: 5244: 5243:Health Canada 5239: 5237: 5227: 5225: 5220: 5213: 5208: 5203: 5193: 5191: 5187: 5183: 5179: 5175: 5169: 5159: 5157: 5153: 5148: 5143: 5139: 5133: 5117: 5114: 5111: 5110: 5109: 5106: 5104: 5102: 5098: 5094: 5089: 5086: 5083: 5082: 5081: 5079: 5075: 5071: 5068: 5066: 5065:Dry scrubbers 5063: 5061: 5060:Wet scrubbers 5058: 5057: 5056: 5054: 5047: 5043: 5039: 5036: 5034: 5031: 5028: 5026: 5023: 5021: 5018: 5016: 5013: 5011: 5008: 5006: 5003: 5001: 4997: 4993: 4990: 4989: 4988: 4987: 4986:VOC abatement 4983: 4978: 4975: 4973: 4970: 4968: 4967:NOx scrubbers 4965: 4962: 4959: 4956: 4953: 4951: 4948: 4947: 4946: 4945: 4941: 4933: 4929: 4926: 4924: 4921: 4919: 4916: 4914: 4911: 4909: 4906: 4904: 4901: 4900: 4899: 4898: 4894: 4889: 4886: 4883: 4880: 4877: 4874: 4871: 4870:dust cyclones 4867: 4866: 4865: 4862: 4861: 4859: 4851: 4844: 4839: 4829: 4820: 4816: 4812: 4809: 4802: 4799: 4794: 4790: 4787: 4783: 4779: 4776: 4772: 4769: 4765: 4761: 4757: 4752: 4748: 4745: 4744: 4742: 4741:localizations 4738: 4734: 4730: 4729: 4728: 4722: 4717: 4709: 4700: 4698: 4693: 4689: 4685: 4681: 4676: 4674: 4670: 4666: 4662: 4659:), increased 4658: 4654: 4650: 4645: 4641: 4637: 4626: 4624: 4623:nanoparticles 4619: 4617: 4611: 4604: 4600: 4596: 4593: 4586: 4581: 4572: 4565: 4564:9-Euro-Ticket 4560: 4557: 4555: 4551: 4540: 4538: 4534: 4530: 4525: 4523: 4519: 4515: 4505: 4499: 4492:Other effects 4489: 4482: 4480: 4475: 4473: 4472:Fraser Valley 4464: 4462: 4461:world economy 4452: 4443: 4441: 4436: 4434: 4420: 4414:"Clean" areas 4411: 4401: 4395: 4389: 4383: 4381: 4376: 4372: 4368: 4364: 4358: 4356: 4352: 4348: 4347:schizophrenia 4344: 4339: 4337: 4333: 4328: 4326: 4320: 4310: 4294: 4276: 4271: 4265: 4261: 4252: 4244: 4242: 4238: 4226: 4222: 4221:preterm birth 4212: 4210: 4204: 4198: 4193: 4191: 4187: 4183: 4179: 4175: 4171: 4161: 4159: 4154: 4145: 4141: 4137: 4135: 4130: 4126: 4120: 4119: 4109: 4103: 4090: 4086: 4084: 4071: 4069: 4065: 4056: 4054: 4037: 4035: 4028: 4020: 4011: 4009: 4004: 4002: 3997: 3995: 3991: 3987: 3974: 3970: 3968: 3958: 3952: 3948: 3944: 3921: 3919: 3915: 3911: 3903: 3893: 3889: 3876: 3874: 3861: 3851: 3843: 3839: 3830: 3821: 3819: 3815: 3810: 3807: 3800: 3795: 3790: 3788: 3787:comorbidities 3782: 3780: 3776: 3772: 3767: 3765: 3755: 3753: 3747: 3745: 3741: 3731: 3729: 3723: 3721: 3720:public health 3714: 3704: 3697: 3688: 3686: 3682: 3680: 3676: 3663: 3658: 3644: 3640: 3622: 3618: 3617: 3611: 3604: 3602: 3597: 3593: 3587: 3578: 3569: 3567: 3562: 3559: 3557: 3542: 3531: 3524: 3511: 3502: 3500: 3496: 3492: 3491:Clean Air Act 3487: 3483: 3481: 3477: 3472: 3470: 3466: 3462: 3458: 3457:heart disease 3454: 3443: 3441: 3437: 3433: 3429: 3425: 3420: 3418: 3414: 3410: 3406: 3403:is a chronic 3402: 3398: 3393: 3391: 3387: 3383: 3379: 3375: 3370: 3368: 3364: 3360: 3355: 3353: 3349: 3345: 3341: 3337: 3333: 3329: 3326: 3320: 3315: 3307: 3302: 3298: 3288: 3282: 3277: 3275: 3270: 3266: 3236: 3232: 3228: 3224: 3218: 3213: 3209: 3205: 3201: 3194: 3189: 3188: 3176: 3172: 3166: 3165: 3161: 3160: 3157: 3155: 3151: 3150:Clean Air Act 3138: 3135: 3116: 3113: 3101: 3093: 3090: 3089: 3088: 3077: 3073: 3065: 3062: 3059: 3055: 3051: 3048: 3016: 3015:Sulfur oxides 3013: 3010: 3006: 3003: 3000: 2997: 2994: 2991: 2988: 2984: 2983:bioaccumulate 2980: 2976: 2972: 2969: 2966: 2962: 2958: 2955: 2952: 2945: 2941: 2937: 2933: 2925: 2922: 2919: 2916: 2912: 2908: 2905: 2898: 2894: 2889: 2869: 2865: 2857: 2856:Clean Air Act 2848: 2844: 2837:recognizes CO 2836: 2832: 2824: 2821: 2818: 2814: 2806: 2803: 2802: 2801: 2792: 2783:is available. 2782: 2778: 2772: 2771: 2767: 2762:This section 2760: 2751: 2750: 2742: 2740: 2734: 2732: 2725: 2721: 2717: 2713: 2709: 2705: 2700: 2695: 2691: 2681: 2679: 2674: 2666: 2663:, and create 2662: 2658: 2653: 2649: 2647: 2643: 2639: 2635: 2631: 2627: 2622: 2615: 2611: 2607: 2602: 2590:particulates. 2589: 2585: 2581: 2577: 2574: 2571: 2567: 2563: 2562:anthropogenic 2551: 2547: 2544: 2541: 2538: 2534: 2530: 2526: 2523: 2519: 2515: 2511: 2507: 2506:Earth's crust 2503: 2499: 2496: 2493: 2489: 2485: 2482: 2479: 2476: 2475: 2471: 2466: 2446: 2444: 2440: 2430: 2428: 2424: 2414: 2412: 2408: 2398: 2396: 2392: 2382: 2380: 2376: 2366: 2364: 2360: 2350: 2348: 2344: 2334: 2332: 2328: 2318: 2316: 2312: 2302: 2300: 2296: 2286: 2284: 2280: 2268: 2264: 2253: 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11910:Circulation 11837:20 December 11828:www.who.int 11800:www.who.int 11653:18 February 11521:10 November 11516:www.epa.gov 11495:26 November 10984:: 424–432. 10558:Physorg.com 10318:www.epa.gov 10222:16 December 9934:27 February 9925:www.epa.gov 9874:11 December 9848:11 December 9808:Naei.org.uk 9643:27 February 9241:22 December 8965:: 691–703. 8835:Environ Int 8589:13 February 8561:13 February 8142:(1): 4432. 7764:www.who.int 7733:Nations U. 6322:Pickerill J 6236:www.who.int 6021:Measurement 5863:Projections 5685:diesel soot 5364:Health risk 5196:Regulations 4923:Spray tower 4657:snowmobiles 4644:hydro power 4640:solar power 4603:Ultraviolet 4375:brain cells 4355:impulsivity 4264:dust storms 4068:sperm count 3951:miscarriage 3918:albuminuria 3873:lung cancer 3675:fossil fuel 3619:focused on 3461:lung cancer 3413:lung cancer 3179:(4 C, 68 P) 3111:afternoons. 3045:, and thus 2961:dust storms 2518:lung cancer 2504:within the 2379:Farmed fish 2270:Food Types 2187:reduction. 2150:exhaust gas 2052:fossil-fuel 2035:Burning of 1931:externality 1888:lung cancer 1864:risk factor 1857:fossil fuel 1711:Meteorology 1646:Meteorology 1534:Snow roller 1529:Snow grains 1492:Ice pellets 1441:Snow squall 1372:Storm surge 1318:Anticyclone 1274:Mesocyclone 1262:Thundersnow 1211:Arcus cloud 944:Area source 786:Groundwater 539:Green waste 519:Brown waste 503:Solid waste 261:Information 156:Exhaust gas 53:coking oven 24334:Categories 24283:Extraction 24242:Wilderness 24203:accounting 24186:Management 24152:ecological 24140:tragedy of 24059:Peak water 24044:Efficiency 24017:Sanitation 23959:Stormwater 23952:harvesting 23928:Irrigation 23830:management 23788:gene banks 23729:management 23707:management 23623:resilience 23589:phosphorus 23545:industrial 23523:Management 23499:soundscape 23405:Geothermal 22972:Caribbean 22849:Processing 22783:Quarantine 22705:Student's 22505:Sanitation 22139:History of 22010:scientists 21472:Asian Dust 21298:Dust storm 21191:by country 21187:Categories 21125:Zero waste 21006:Pollutants 20960:Stagnation 20898:Monitoring 20866:Freshwater 20742:Air travel 20554:Food waste 20474:Pesticides 20464:Herbicides 20368:Industrial 20197:Biological 20057:Demolition 20050:Renovation 20033:Joss paper 20018:Combustion 19938:at EPA.gov 19439:1 February 18956:24 January 18892:24 January 18861:24 January 18796:24 January 18765:24 January 18610:27 January 18482:24 October 18370:(4): 433. 18363:Atmosphere 18205:(9): 562. 18182:11 January 18102:11 January 17987:11 January 17982:Icax.co.uk 17962:11 January 17914:24 October 17886:24 October 17692:29 October 17499:6 December 17092:(1): 6–8. 17011:2102.05027 17004:(2): 164. 16795:: 139986. 16722:: 102869. 16191:Tech Times 15996:: 110320. 15937:: 107523. 15867:: 117404. 15649:31 October 15546:: 173–82. 15180:: 106898. 14853:(1): 109. 14628:(1): 109. 14560:: 100070. 14438:: 116838. 14320:(1): 117. 13661:The Lancet 12933:The Lancet 12853:18 October 12743:11 January 12456:: 110754. 12153:11 January 12096:: 116355. 12072:The Lancet 11994:: 140636. 11438:: 110754. 11385:1285508857 11170:5 December 10251:10 January 9989:7 November 9415:2 February 9071:: e00245. 8841:: 146–57. 8074:2105.06387 7663:Ozonaction 7343:3 February 7301:World Bank 6766:7 November 6747:: S8–S27. 6635:: 111487. 6365:, InTech, 6326:Bradshaw M 6320:Howell R, 6241:14 January 6213:References 6129:Great Smog 5985:Power tool 5965:Joss paper 5940:Bottom ash 5755:See also: 5745:refineries 5660:See also: 5350:(above 10) 5348:Very high 5156:satellites 5132:Smart city 5130:See also: 5126:Monitoring 5033:condensers 5020:Biofilters 4998:, such as 4792:countries. 4680:transition 4636:wind power 4522:Great Smog 4363:ventricles 4317:See also: 4182:depression 4062:alongside 3994:DNA damage 3967:stillbirth 3794:Great Smog 3707:Guidelines 3489:Under the 3428:mycotoxins 3424:dust mites 3401:Asbestosis 3367:pesticides 3336:carcinogen 3204:New Mexico 3154:directives 2979:photolytic 2911:combustion 2789:April 2023 2684:Pollutants 2546:Vegetation 2540:combustion 2527:Smoke and 2411:Groundnuts 2206:hair spray 2198:combustion 2105:renovation 2037:joss paper 1892:depression 1849:ecosystems 1705:Glossaries 1641:Jet stream 1580:Convection 1566:Atmosphere 1514:Cloudburst 1377:Dust storm 1343:Nor'easter 1313:Fire whirl 1308:Dust devil 1301:Waterspout 1228:Heat burst 1223:Microburst 1181:Wet season 1169:Dry season 1031:By country 1023:Categories 914:Pollutants 891:Wastewater 861:Stagnation 806:Monitoring 781:Freshwater 647:Air travel 534:Food waste 476:Defecation 286:Ecological 219:Biological 151:Combustion 93:Part of a 24350:Pollution 24293:Renewable 24278:Depletion 24265:Conflict 24147:Economics 24125:enclosure 24084:Resources 24064:Pollution 23981:Watershed 23884:pollution 23815:Seed bank 23810:Rangeland 23692:Fisheries 23677:Biosphere 23670:biopiracy 23613:fertility 23489:cityscape 23484:Landscape 23391:peak coal 23378:Resources 23329:Emissions 23152:John Snow 23079:Education 23069:Full list 22957:education 22881:ISO 22000 22834:Chemistry 22747:Epidemics 22700:ROC curve 22510:Emergency 22290:Radiation 22270:Pollution 22254:Ministers 22151:Euthenics 21888:Recycling 21758:Chemistry 21718:Limnology 21713:Hydrology 21431:Hong Kong 21083:Responses 21054:Garbology 20980:Turbidity 20928:Oil spill 20861:Firewater 20762:Vandalism 20724:Satellite 20421:Poisoning 20416:Plutonium 20396:Actinides 20388:Radiation 20136:Wood dust 19998:Acid rain 19973:Pollution 19812:, up the 19737:1352-2310 19330:2375-2548 19281:MIT Press 19076:USA TODAY 18653:Canada.ca 18537:135457028 18529:0143-1161 18394:219002558 18335:2352-8648 18300:261152934 18227:1573-2959 18071:2192-0567 18047:(1): 15. 18020:1993-3800 17860:0957-1272 17809:2468-2667 17772:0967-070X 17758:: 49–61. 17713:(2015). " 17645:249613744 17619:1614-7499 17420:135283552 17412:2211-467X 17390:: 38–50. 17367:244820608 17359:0960-1481 17308:154730593 17300:1530-9290 17046:231855390 17038:1538-4357 16864:29 August 16833:221722300 16817:0048-9697 16770:255439854 16744:0143-6228 16697:249551277 16681:0944-1344 16634:216425480 16569:253261324 16553:2050-7887 16455:237462480 16429:1748-9326 16257:cite book 16222:28 August 16154:0091-6765 16115:216650267 16089:1614-7499 16018:0013-9351 15951:1879-016X 15889:0269-7491 15824:207493297 15690:0091-6765 15570:1873-6750 15485:1552-9924 15428:(1): 44. 15383:0890-6238 15267:2045-2322 15202:0160-4120 15086:1932-6203 14892:5 October 14810:1476-069X 14786:(1): 82. 14748:0015-0282 14697:0951-3590 14644:1477-7827 14582:2666-027X 14517:1422-0067 14476:232222865 14460:0269-7491 14395:1660-4601 14336:1477-7827 14266:1555-9041 14227:233408693 14132:(1): 67. 13943:1476-4687 13727:(1): 60. 13670:CiteSeerX 13630:15 August 13137:1474-4422 13085:1756-1833 13071:: i3272. 13029:0954-6820 13021:1365-2796 12961:0140-6736 12896:1756-1833 12882:: n1904. 12828:14 August 12802:14 August 12774:14 August 12694:14 August 12555:cite book 12494:231909881 12478:0013-9351 12411:2041-1723 12258:GeoHealth 12179:14 August 12118:0301-4797 12032:220848545 12016:0048-9697 11960:0362-4331 11805:13 August 11704:0027-8424 11586:Ritchie H 11460:0013-9351 11393:190160283 11328:0269-7491 11141:29 August 11016:197131423 10918:cite book 10757:24 August 10640:0160-4120 10618:: 71–80. 10589:29 August 10563:29 August 10520:CRC Press 10429:234150821 9904:29 August 9818:29 August 9788:29 August 9740:2296-2565 9690:Canada.ca 9602:(6): 14. 9484:206664954 9468:0036-8075 9369:1476-4687 9150:1385-0237 9101:213400214 9093:2468-2276 9040:213578405 8987:0048-9697 8759:: e6932. 8721:Yeung J. 8690:2328-4277 8476:0013-936X 8419:0013-936X 8345:245103794 8337:1680-7316 8115:246530897 8099:0036-8075 7947:1660-4601 7931:(1): 16. 7484:1873-9318 7435:199528114 7419:1614-7499 7373:0015-8259 7003:0008-6363 6943:2045-2322 6896:248905224 6704:2214-109X 6657:0013-9351 6596:1549-1676 6532:0007-1250 6473:2196-5412 6289:2296-2565 6131:of London 6005:Tire fire 5781:mortality 5717:Hazardous 5666:Superfund 5456:Very high 5336:Moderate 5154:sensors, 5030:Cryogenic 4897:Scrubbers 4882:Baghouses 4653:chainsaws 4388:cytokines 4270:in 2010. 4209:genotoxic 4186:perinatal 4158:ultrafine 4053:chromatin 3924:Fertility 3771:emphysema 3601:pneumonia 3581:By region 3505:Mortality 3133:and VOCs. 3047:acid rain 3037:, forms H 2987:ecosystem 2897:Lake Nyos 2716:acid rain 2690:Pollutant 2566:Black gum 2533:wildfires 2522:cigarette 2510:noble gas 2500:gas from 2488:digestion 2472:, in 1935 2189:Foresters 2092:and high 2086:machinery 1896:perinatal 1838:acid rain 1636:Heat wave 1631:Cold wave 1575:Chemistry 1426:Ice storm 1416:Firestorm 1328:Polar low 1296:Landspout 1279:Supercell 1240:Lightning 1218:Downburst 1174:Harmattan 1108:Part of 959:Garbology 876:Turbidity 826:Oil spill 776:Firewater 761:Biosolids 667:Vandalism 426:Poisoning 421:Plutonium 396:Actinides 389:Radiation 131:Acid rain 103:Pollution 24319:Category 24252:Resource 24191:adaptive 24089:improved 24049:Conflict 24034:Security 24029:Scarcity 24022:improved 24012:Leaching 23889:recharge 23869:Drinking 23820:Wildlife 23687:Bushmeat 23682:Bushfood 23635:planning 23540:gemstone 23535:Minerals 23516:property 23504:viewshed 23494:seascape 23425:sunlight 23399:peak oil 23395:peak gas 23195:Category 22894:sciences 22829:Additive 22500:Safe sex 22471:Medicine 22385:Theories 22156:Genomics 22134:Eugenics 22124:Deviance 22104:Auxology 22004:Category 21968:See also 21954:Glossary 21944:Journals 21446:Malaysia 21171:Treaties 21143:Diseases 20955:Shipping 20851:Diseases 20699:Landfill 20374:Abstract 20371:Military 20304:Wildfire 20153:Smelting 20121:Asbestos 19850:dementia 19822:arteries 19778:gasoline 19605:43084000 19563:(1987). 19486:Le Monde 19389:27730990 19348:35394832 19262:19890171 19211:21555471 19102:24 April 19081:16 April 19031:62890754 18950:BBC News 18704:Ec.gc.ca 18678:Ec.gc.ca 18450:Archived 18416:Archived 18343:88485659 18243:52135179 18235:30167891 18152:Samphina 18079:40436190 17817:29249479 17685:BBC News 17665:BBC News 17637:35696063 17471:31106396 17251:29249479 17124:13045119 17116:14698923 16942:Archived 16825:32927535 16762:36619606 16689:35689771 16561:36413251 16514:12038778 16506:28657878 16447:35330988 16380:12756582 16372:26502459 16282:euronews 16172:24901756 16107:32356052 16036:33098817 15969:32165138 15907:34077897 15816:25119155 15767:18470315 15578:28196630 15503:24508912 15444:33364740 15401:21256208 15334:31008439 15285:36890287 15220:34627014 15155:23249813 15104:25372862 15055:PLOS ONE 15035:22440811 14984:25756964 14887:57376088 14879:30579357 14828:28754128 14756:27513553 14713:41594539 14705:25212280 14662:30579357 14600:35492299 14535:33276521 14468:33714059 14413:33256215 14354:30594197 14284:32108020 14219:33904723 14166:21771295 14097:21227886 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March 9158:20388177 8995:29272838 8936:4 August 8911:4 August 8886:4 August 8863:26142107 8814:12 April 8801:(2004). 8785:31143547 8732:4 August 8708:35865359 8556:phys.org 8484:25401750 8427:25401750 8358:Nace T. 8268:40717317 8260:26001592 8176:37481598 8167:10363163 8107:35113691 8036:16 March 8009:16 March 8002:BBC News 7965:29295510 7904:32154200 7851:12 April 7826:12 April 7642:11 April 7616:11 April 7585:(2006). 7567:10 April 7534:10 April 7502:32837611 7427:31407261 7154:85515425 7146:30910976 7055:12 March 7021:32123898 6961:34795349 6888:35594895 6817:36303316 6761:21147959 6722:33069303 6665:34116013 6614:34582444 6550:35048872 6491:28435996 6422:25 March 6307:32154200 6114:Exposome 6015:Wood ash 6000:Smelting 5879:See also 5650:Hotspots 5472:and the 5470:Children 5461:Above 10 5408:Moderate 5210:Smog in 5046:Acid gas 4994:, using 4822:subways. 4433:Medicare 4301:, CO, PM 4192:(ADHD). 4148:Children 3495:U.S. EPA 3467:, acute 3397:asbestos 3382:plumbing 3260:Exposure 3229:(HAPs), 2914:animals. 2903:as well. 2646:mutagens 2584:chlorine 2576:Volcanic 2524:smoking. 2520:, after 2192:renewal. 2124:include 2074:include 1904:genetics 1882:(COPD), 1507:Freezing 1468:Freezing 1431:Blizzard 1110:a series 1015:Treaties 995:Diseases 851:Shipping 816:Nutrient 766:Diseases 331:Wildfire 24120:Commons 24109:Related 24074:Quality 23990:Aspects 23916:glacial 23857:Aquifer 23763:Pasture 23714:Forests 23640:reserve 23415:Nuclear 23385: ( 23341:Trading 23336:Airshed 23207:Commons 23120:History 23017:Canada 22992:Europe 22476:Nursing 22456:Hygiene 22419:Hygiene 22144:Liberal 22097:General 22023:Commons 21939:Degrees 21827:Physics 21822:Geodesy 21753:Biology 21698:Ecology 21628:Vietnam 21200:Commons 20975:Thermal 20876:Hypoxia 20660:Garbage 20431:Uranium 20282:Natural 20231:Digital 20163:Aerosol 20141:Welding 20028:Biomass 20023:Biofuel 19982:History 19830:strokes 19802:alveoli 19717:Bibcode 19645:(2002) 19617:Makra L 19407:9861182 19398:1757645 19339:8993110 19310:Bibcode 19253:2774179 19009:Bibcode 18839:7 April 18509:Bibcode 18456:6 April 18422:6 April 18372:Bibcode 18272:Bibcode 18207:Bibcode 18157:18 June 18049:Bibcode 17840:Bibcode 17628:9189448 17599:Bibcode 17570:17 June 17538:5148260 17462:6526394 17392:Bibcode 17339:Bibcode 17280:Bibcode 17174:7973702 17154:Bibcode 17146:Science 17107:1241789 17016:Bibcode 16975:6 March 16948:6 March 16797:Bibcode 16753:9805897 16724:Bibcode 16661:Bibcode 16497:5766848 16438:8942432 16409:Bibcode 16363:4892924 16163:4154219 16098:7329770 16069:Bibcode 16027:8060371 15998:Bibcode 15960:7245732 15898:8287594 15869:Bibcode 15775:7721551 15758:2367679 15716:2707126 15708:9222137 15699:1469882 15548:Bibcode 15511:3947454 15494:3984219 15435:7733367 15392:3171169 15363:Bibcode 15325:6474375 15276:9995328 15247:Bibcode 15211:8688235 15182:Bibcode 15146:3621187 15095:4221082 15064:Bibcode 15026:3385432 14975:4492263 14870:6304234 14819:5534122 14788:Bibcode 14653:6304234 14591:9043394 14562:Bibcode 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NASA. 9749:7044178 9604:Bibcode 9570:2690056 9547:Bibcode 9446:Bibcode 9437:Science 9385:4460927 9349:Bibcode 9312:Bibcode 9289:7123302 9130:Bibcode 9073:Bibcode 8967:Bibcode 8843:Bibcode 8776:6526014 8699:9287058 8670:Bibcode 8639:16 June 8614:16 June 8456:Bibcode 8399:Bibcode 8369:16 June 8315:Bibcode 8144:Bibcode 8079:Bibcode 8060:Science 7956:5800116 7895:7044178 7842:"Radon" 7599:Bibcode 7591:Weather 7493:7286556 7464:Bibcode 7399:Bibcode 7364:Fortune 7183:Bibcode 7137:6462052 7114:Bibcode 7083:27 June 7042:Iea.org 7012:7449554 6952:8602675 6923:Bibcode 6808:9887725 6713:7564377 6637:Bibcode 6605:8478226 6541:8636613 6482:5499513 6453:Bibcode 6334:Pearson 6298:7044178 6010:Welding 5543:TA Luft 5538:Germany 5527:), and 5474:elderly 5103:control 5080:control 5078:Mercury 5055:control 4944:control 4260:biomass 4215:Infants 4178:anxiety 3799:dyspnea 3696:induced 3616:Science 3409:dyspnea 3363:incense 3340:plywood 3198:Before 3058:mercury 2805:Ammonia 2731:aerosol 2634:dioxins 2610:Beijing 2537:biomass 2484:Methane 2363:Poultry 2225:methane 2210:varnish 2138:rockets 2056:biomass 1806:methane 1790:ammonia 1661:Extreme 1607:Physics 1597:Climate 1585:Physics 1475:Graupel 1463:Drizzle 1411:Sirocco 1394:Monsoon 1365:Typhoon 1323:Cyclone 1286:Tornado 1233:Derecho 1118:Weather 909:History 791:Hypoxia 620:Thermal 574:Plastic 436:Uranium 310:Natural 255:Digital 231:Genetic 24130:global 24094:policy 24039:Supply 24002:Floods 23969:Sewage 23942:Marine 23934:huerta 23768:Plants 23758:Meadow 23618:health 23596:rights 23584:copper 23562:mining 23460:arable 23360:Energy 23300:Indoor 23007:India 22982:China 22854:Safety 22535:Worker 21477:Shamal 21451:Taiwan 21064:Midden 21044:Debris 20999:Topics 20938:Sewage 20891:debris 20886:Marine 20734:Visual 20618:Mining 20613:Litter 20106:Mining 19872:(2009) 19864:online 19838:asthma 19782:diesel 19752: 19735: 19664:online 19655:(2015) 19647:online 19603: 19593: 19571: 19533:about 19464:24 May 19405: 19395: 19387: 19346: 19336: 19328: 19260: 19250: 19209: 19167:(231). 19029: 18792:. 2008 18535: 18527: 18392: 18341: 18333: 18298: 18241: 18233: 18225: 18077: 18069: 18018: 17858: 17815: 17807: 17770: 17643: 17635: 17625: 17617: 17536: 17469: 17459: 17418: 17410: 17365: 17357: 17306: 17298: 17249: 17230:Lancet 17210: 17172: 17122: 17114: 17104: 17044: 17036: 16890:1 July 16831: 16823: 16815: 16768: 16760: 16750: 16742: 16695: 16687: 16679: 16632: 16593:3 June 16567: 16559: 16551: 16512: 16504: 16494: 16453: 16445: 16435: 16427: 16378: 16370: 16360: 16196:8 June 16170: 16160: 16152: 16113: 16105: 16095: 16087: 16034: 16024: 16016: 15967: 15957: 15949: 15905: 15895: 15887: 15822: 15814: 15773: 15765: 15755: 15714: 15706: 15696: 15688: 15626:UNICEF 15601: 15576: 15568: 15509: 15501: 15491: 15483: 15442: 15432: 15399: 15389: 15381: 15332: 15322: 15283: 15273: 15265: 15218: 15208: 15200: 15153: 15143: 15102: 15092: 15084: 15033: 15023: 14982: 14972: 14885: 14877: 14867: 14826: 14816: 14808: 14754: 14746: 14711: 14703: 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