Emergency childbirth

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multiple ways the baby can get stuck during delivery. If a breech delivery is occurring, the provider will guide the hips out by giving light, downward traction holding the pelvis until the scapula is present. Then at the level of the armpits, each shoulder is delivered by rotating the baby as required, then subsequently rotating 180 degrees to deliver the other shoulder. The head is delivered with careful attention to the baby's arms. The arms will be delivered downwards through the vulva and may have to be gently held downwards by the provider's fingers. It is important to note that when the infant in breech position has been delivered to the point in which the umbilical cord is seen but not the baby's head, the head has to be delivered within 8 to 10 minutes, or the baby will suffocate. This is because the umbilical cord provides oxygen to the baby from the mother, and if it is pressed in the birth canal, blood cannot pass to the baby to deliver oxygen.

720:. Risk for breech presentation may increase with multiple pregnancies (more than one baby), when there is too little or too much fluid in the uterus, or if the uterus is abnormally shaped. Babies in breech presentation can be delivered vaginally depending on the experience of the provider and if the fetus meets specific low risk criteria, however C-section is recommended if available. Ideally, the fetus can be turned to the right position with maneuvers on the abdomen of the mother. This is called 849: 806:

delivers before the baby, the cord should not be placed back into the uterus through the cervix since this increases risk of infection. Emergent obstetric care for C-section would be indicated, and in the meantime, one should elevate the foot of the bed if possible to attempt to keep the baby above the level of the cord. If no specialized care is available, one may attempt to reduce pressure of the cord manually and continue delivery, but this is often difficult to do.

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infant-rescue breathing. A bed may be prepared for the baby with a basket or box lined with a blanket or sheets. Items are needed to clamp or tie the umbilical cord in two places. Shoestrings or strips of a sheet folded into narrow bands may be used. These items can be sterilized by boiling (20 minutes) or soaking in alcohol (up to 3 hours). Scissors or a knife are needed to cut the umbilical cord and may be sterilized with the same procedure.

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not pulled during delivery. If the wrap is not removed, it can choke the baby or can cause the placenta to detach suddenly which can cause severe uterine bleeding and loss of blood and oxygen supply to the baby. The cord may also be wrapped around a limb in breech presentation, and should similarly be reduced in these cases.

593:) increases contraction of the uterus and can be used preventatively to manage postpartum bleeding. Uterine bleeding can also occur if parts of the placenta or fetal tissue remain stuck in the uterus after delivery. While waiting to transfer, the placenta can be delivered with gentle massages of the uterus through the lower 361:

regular contractions, can last as long as 20 hours without being considered prolonged. The active stage, when regular contractions are accompanied with dilation greater than 3–5 cm, can also be significantly long, with anything less than 11.7 hours being considered normal. Further care may be sought during this time.

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positive airway pressure ventilator (which gives oxygen while keeping the airway open) or intubation. If the heart rate is below 60 beats per minute, CPR is started at 3:1 compression to ventilation ratio, with compressions given at the lower breastbone. If this fails to revive the newborn, epinephrine will be given.

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structural abnormalities of the cervix or uterus, urinary tract, vaginal, or sexually transmitted infections, high blood pressure, drug use, diabetes, blood disorders, or pregnancy occurring less than 6 months after a prior pregnancy. The same principles of term emergency delivery apply to emergency delivery for a

251:(dilation and effacement). During the second stage of labor (pushing and birth), a vehicle is usually stopped unless imminently arriving at a medical facility. If a vehicle is taken, additional occupants can support the mother and baby should assist in delivery. The mother and baby are kept warm throughout. 781:), fracture of the collarbone, and low oxygen for the fetus (whether due to compression of the umbilical cord or due to inability of the baby to breathe). Shoulder dystocia is often signaled by retreat of the head between contractions when it has already been delivered ("turtle sign"). Treatment includes the 814:

After the baby crowns, the umbilical cord may be found to be wrapped around the neck or body of the baby, which is known as nuchal cord. This is common, occurring in up to 37% of term pregnancies, and most do not cause any long-term problems. This wrapped cord should be slipped over the head so it is

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Vaginal bleeding early in pregnancy may also be a sign of a threatened abortion, which is when there is light to moderate vaginal bleeding but the cervix is still closed. Threatened abortion does not mean that miscarriage is inevitable; about 50% of women with bleeding before the third trimester will

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is fairly common (experienced by up to 25% of pregnant women) and may not always indicate a problem. However, bleeding can be a sign of a serious complication, including miscarriage or another condition that threatens the health of the mother or fetus. It is important to get medical attention for any

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Front shoulder. The front shoulder is delivered. This is the shoulder on the mother's front side, towards her belly. The assistant holds the baby's head with two hands and may need to apply slight downward pressure (towards the mother's anus) to help the front shoulder out. Firm pressure can injure

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Incidence of preterm delivery is approximately 12%, and preterm births are a significant contributing cause of unplanned emergency delivery. Pre-term labor is defined as occurring before 37 weeks, and risks for pre-term labor include pregnancy with multiple fetuses, prior history of premature labor,

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score, which assigns points based on appearance (color), pulse, grimace (cry), activity (muscle tone), and respiration (breathing effort), with each component scored from 0 to 2. A healthy baby at birth usually has an Apgar score of 8 or 9. This means they look pink (indicating good oxygen flow) and

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Postpartum hemorrhage is defined by “cumulative blood loss ≥1000 mL, or bleeding associated with signs/symptoms of hypovolemia within 24 hours of the birth process”. It is difficult to predict and has few known risk factors. Once uncontrolled bleeding occurs, management can be manual (fundal massage

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When a woman is in shock she may have cold clammy skin, pale skin (especially around eyes, mouth, and hands), sweating, anxiousness, and loss of consciousness. She may have a fast heartbeat (110 beats per minute or more), low blood pressure (90mmHg systolic or less), and decreased urine output. The

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A background obstetric history should be obtained: how many prior births has the patient had (if this is not her first birth, the patient's labor could be short), how many weeks along is she or what is her estimated date of delivery, any special concerns related to this pregnancy such as being told

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If the baby is not doing well on its own, further care may be necessary. Resuscitation typically starts with warming, drying, and stimulating the newborn. If breathing difficulty is noted, the airway is opened and cleared with suction and oxygen is monitored; if necessary, one may consider using a

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A prolapsed cord refers to an umbilical cord that is delivered from the uterus while the baby is still in the uterus and is life-threatening to the baby. Cord prolapse creates a risk of decreased blood flow (and oxygen flow) to the baby as delivery will cause cord compression. However, if the cord

402:. One hand is placed on the perineum while the other applies gentle pressure to the baby's head as it comes out. Soft pressure can be applied to the baby's chin through the perineum to help expel the head. Rapid expulsion is still prevented with soft head pressure to reduce vaginal lacerations. 360:

This stage of labor on average lasts from 2 to 18 hours, but can last even longer in normal pregnancies. This stage can be further broken up into the latent stage and active stage depending on how dilated the cervix is. The latent stage, when the cervix is dilated less than 3–5 cm along with

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In 2020, 1.34% of births took place outside of a hospital in California, USA, where 1 out of 8 births in the country happen. Most of the out-of-hospital births are planned, and thus, not considered an emergency childbirth. However, about 12% of attempted home deliveries need urgent transport to a

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Postpartum hemorrhage occurs in 3% of pregnant women, leading to ~150,000 annual deaths worldwide. Hemorrhages are an indication to seek care from a healthcare provider. The hemorrhages are usually slow and continuous and can last more than 90 minutes after delivery before they are fatal to the

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Supplies are collected for both the mother and the baby. Possible supplies may include blankets, pillows, towels, warm clean water, warm water bottles, soap, clean towels, baby clothes, sheets, sterile gloves, sanitary pads, diapers, identification tags for mother and baby, and instructions for

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Vaginal delivery of a baby in breech position should not be performed without the availability of nearby emergency C-section capabilities and extensive efforts should be made to bring a woman in labor with breech presentation to a hospital. There are many variations of breech presentations and

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is clamped and cut. The cord is clamped in two places about 6 cm to 8 cm from the baby. The clamps or ties are tight in order to stop the blood flow. The cord is cut between the two clamps or ties. Sterilized scissors or a sterilized knife is used. Another assistant may help with

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Many pregnant women seek medical care throughout pregnancy and plan for the birth of a baby with a healthcare team. Access to high quality care lowers the risk-averse events in pregnancy. In an emergency childbirth situation, it is recommended to seek further education and make a plan.

409:) is checked to determine if it is around the baby's neck. If it is present, an index finger is used to attempt to pull it over the baby's head. If this cannot be done, the cord is clamped/tied in two places. Then the cord is carefully cut, avoiding injury to the baby or mother. 597:. When the placenta is delivered, steady traction is applied to the cord as it is pulled out to prevent trauma, cord avulsion (tearing of the umbilical cord), uterine inversion, and retained placental products, all of which can increase blood loss and/or the risk of infection. 827:

Resuscitation is not indicated for newborns below 22 weeks of gestation and weighing below 400 grams. Resuscitation may also be discontinued if the baby's heart does not start after 10–15 minutes of full resuscitation (including breathing treatments, medications, and CPR).

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by the umbilical cord. After the cord is cut, the placenta is usually still inside the mother. The placenta usually comes out in 2–10 minutes, but it may take up to 60 minutes. This process is usually a spontaneous one, but may also require pushing from the mother.

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Complications of emergency childbirth include the complications that occur during normal childbirth. Potential complications for the gestational parent include perineal tearing (tearing of the vagina or surrounding tissue) during delivery, excessive bleeding

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If a pregnant woman begins to have seizures, additional help and assistance should be sought. One should not restrain the mother, but lie her down on her left side and check the airway (mouth, nose, throat). Turning the mother on her side decreases risk of

757:, trouble breathing, and infections. The newborn will need additional medical care and monitoring after delivery and should be taken to a hospital providing neonatal care, which may include antibiotics and breathing treatments. 142:

team ahead of time. Options range from delivering at home, at a hospital, a medical facility or a birthing center. Sometimes, birth can occur on the way to these facilities, without a healthcare team. The rates of unplanned

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After initial evaluation, babies with good Apgar scores are dried and rubbed, any obstruction of breathing is cleared, and they are warmed either with skin-to-skin contact with the mother or under a heat source.

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Many childbirth education classes cover emergency birth procedures. Parents are trained to learn the signs of early labor or other indications that may require assistance. Signs of early labor include regular

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she has twins, being told she has a complication, or even if she has received regular prenatal care. Any other relevant medical history, allergies, drugs, recent signs of infections (fever) should be asked.

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Dry baby. The baby is dried, wrapped, and kept warm. Appropriate neonatal care is provided or the baby is placed to the mother's breast on her bare skin. An identification band may be placed on the baby.

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Catch baby. The baby usually comes out right away after both shoulders. The baby is caught carefully, considering that newborn babies can be slippery. The assistant holds the baby at the level of the

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Emergency childbirth can follow the same steps as a planned childbirth. However, the birth can have increased risks for complications due to the prematurity of the baby or the less than ideal location.

769:, the shoulder is trapped after the head is delivered, preventing delivery of the rest of the baby. The major risk factor (other than prior history of shoulder dystocia) is the baby being too large ( 3674: 254:

If unable to reach a medical facility, a safe building with walls and a roof are sought that will provide protection from the environment. A warm and dry area with a bed is preferable.

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After delivery of the baby and placenta, the uterus should contract to close off blood vessels in the uterine wall that were attached to the placenta. If the uterus is not contracting (

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the baby. If the shoulder gets stuck this is called shoulder dystocia. There are certain risk factors for shoulder dystocia, including gestational diabetes. See procedure for relief of

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hospital. Some of the reasons for transferring to a hospital include failure of labor to progress, parental exhaustion, need for more pain medication, or parental/fetal complications.

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Frasure, Sarah Elisabeth (2016). "Emergency Delivery". In Tintinalli, Judith E.; Stapczynski, J. Stephan; Ma, O. John; Yealy, Donald M.; Meckler, Garth D.; Cline, David M. (eds.).

236:, sheets, clean scissors, clean clamps or ties, ID bands for mother and baby, pencil, soap, sterile gloves, sanitary pads, diapers, and instructions for infant-rescue breathing. 3667: 716:

Normally, the head is the first part of the body to present out of the birth canal. However, other parts such as the buttocks or feet can present first, which is referred to as

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Archie, Carol L.; Roman, Ashley S. (2013), DeCherney, Alan H.; Nathan, Lauren; Laufer, Neri; Roman, Ashley S. (eds.), "Chapter 7. Normal & Abnormal Labor & Delivery",

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Javaudin, François; Hamel, Valérie; Legrand, Arnaud; Goddet, Sybille; Templier, François; Potiron, Christine; Pes, Philippe; Bagou, Gilles; Montassier, Emmanuel (2019-03-02).

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mother should be laid on her left side, with legs and buttocks elevated to encourage blood flow back to the heart with gravity. Most importantly, seek medical attention.

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have a heart rate greater than 100 bpm, a strong cry, and good muscle tone (i.e. is not limp). Scores below 7 generally require further care (see resuscitation below).

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Holmer, H; Oyerinde, K; Meara, Jg; Gillies, R; Liljestrand, J; Hagander, L (2015-01-01). "The global met need for emergency obstetric care: a systematic review".

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and its possible risks. The maneuver cannot be performed on every woman. Contraindications to attempting to turn the baby with external cephalic version include

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Wash. The perineum is cleaned with antiseptic solution or soap and water. Any assistants will wash hands with soap and water and put on sterile or clean gloves.

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The patient's abdomen should be examined and felt for the presence of contractions, and the intensity, frequency, and length of contractions should be noted.

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If time permits and if trained: one should obtain vital signs to include maternal heart rate, respiratory rate, blood pressure, temperature, and oxygen rate.

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One common recommendation is the patient may be in active labor if contractions are 5 minutes apart for one hour (if rupture of membranes has not occurred).

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After the physical exam and if the patient is not crowning, the patient should be placed in the left lateral decubitus position (laying on her left side).

293:, a small amount of bloody discharge prior to labor, or if large amounts of bleeding occurred it could indicate potentially life-threatening complications. 1806:

Ed. Kenneth V. Iserson. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill, http://accessmedicine.mhmedical.com.ucsf.idm.oclc.org/content.aspx?bookid=1728&sectionid=115697898.

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Additional help may be found by calling 911 (in the United States) or an applicable number to get emergency medical services or nearby medical staff.

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If the baby's head is presenting out of the vagina (crowning), then delivery will be happening soon and preparation should begin to deliver the baby

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The reports of emergency childbirth are typically of general interest. They are frequently portrayed in dramatic scenes of movies and telenovelas.

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Certain conditions can increase the risk of complications during labor, including preeclampsia, gestational diabetes, parental obesity, and more.

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The placenta is delivered and is inspected for completeness. The placenta should be stored in a bag for inspection by trained medical personnel.

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Girsen, A. I.; Mayo, J. A.; Lyell, D. J.; Blumenfeld, Y. J.; Stevenson, D. K.; El-Sayed, Y. Y.; Shaw, G. M.; Druzin, M. L. (January 2018).

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MacDorman, Marian F.; Matthews, T. J.; Declercq, Eugene (March 2014). "Trends in out-of-hospital births in the United States, 1990-2012".

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In the United States, 0.61% of all births happen in an unplanned setting. The percent is even lower in countries like Finland and France.

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Neonatal complications can happen. In the United States home births, umbilical cord wrapped around the head happens 12-37% of the time (

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from the outside, packing the uterus, tamponading bleeding from the inside with balloon or condom catheter), and pharmacological (with

2404: 1784: 789:, where the deliverer inserts a hand into the vagina to rotate the fetus. If all maneuvers fail, then C-section would be indicated. 2567: 93: 785:, where the mother flexes her thighs up to her stomach with her knees wide apart as pressure is applied on her lower abdomen, and 2590: 2064: 65: 333:

Inspect to see if there is any presenting part of the baby. The baby's head will feel hard versus their buttocks will feel soft.

2602: 4759: 3912: 3879: 3452: 3382: 1684: 1605: 1550: 1425: 1095:"Emergency delivery: What to do when the baby's coming – right now | Your Pregnancy Matters | UT Southwestern Medical Center" 545:

Prior to and during delivery, bleeding can occur from tears in the cervix, vagina, or perineum, sudden placental detachment (

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Almost 10% of newborns require some resuscitative care. Common complications of childbirth that relate to the baby include

773:), which can result from the mother being obese or gaining too much weight, diabetes, and the pregnancy lasting too long ( 4786: 4698: 3556: 2724: 2440: 1622: 3927: 3422: 2607: 2057: 1840:

Rosman, Ageeth N.; Guijt, Aline; Vlemmix, Floortje; Rijnders, Marlies; Mol, Ben W. J.; Kok, Marjolein (February 2013).

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A mobile app was developed in Ethiopia that guides users through the procedures of assisting with an emergency birth.

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Back shoulder. The back shoulder is then delivered by providing slight upward pressure (away from the mother's anus).

51: 4357: 3561: 3261: 2786: 2582: 2271: 2256: 1037:"Unplanned out-of-hospital birth and risk factors of adverse perinatal outcome: findings from a prospective cohort" 777:). Shoulder dystocia can lead to further fetal complications such as nerve compression and injury at the shoulder ( 179: 582:). Alongside these treatments, shock should be addressed with IV fluids or blood transfusions as discussed below. 329:

With the patient's permission and privacy, an exam of the pelvic area should be performed; in general, one would:

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is imminent, emergency measures may be needed. Emergency services can be contacted for help in some countries.

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The mother will need to have a trained physician inspect for vaginal lacerations that will need suture repair.

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Kahana, B; Sheiner, E; Levy, A; Lazer, S; Mazor, M (2004). "Umbilical cord prolapse and perinatal outcomes".

630:, elevated liver enzymes from liver dysfunction, and possibly coagulation defects from platelet dysfunction. 525:(including inevitable, incomplete, or complete abortion), embryo implantation and growth outside the uterus ( 247:

A vehicle driven safely toward medical care may be considered an acceptable option during the first stage of

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has occurred releasing amniotic fluid and that labor will probably begin soon if the patient is near term.

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as the leading causes. Many of these deaths are preventable by emergency care, which include antibiotics,

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Frank Breech Presentation (buttocks first) is the most common type of breech presentation

700:) presents 9% of the time. 6% present with pulselessness and 3% have breech presentation. 8: 5080: 5070: 5022: 5007: 4340: 4284: 4178: 4107: 4092: 4073: 3922: 3736: 3551: 3462: 3417: 3317: 3176: 3094: 3077: 3042: 2897: 2818: 2778: 2384: 2324: 2241: 2088: 546: 225: 221: 175: 398:

Head. The head of the baby is delivered. Delivery of the head is controlled to prevent

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Trained physicians would conduct a manual cervical exam to determine the patient's

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Before the placenta is delivered there is a gush of blood as the cord gets longer.

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surrounding the baby), growth restrictions, or some abnormalities of the uterus.

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Each year more than 250,000 women around the world die from complications due to

1890:"Preterm Labor - Gynecology and Obstetrics - Merck Manuals Professional Edition" 1542: 385:, lying on her back, with her feet above or at the same level as the hips. The 5037: 4921: 4861: 4525: 4520: 4510: 4505: 4470: 4352: 4262: 4158: 4018: 4007: 3947: 3825: 3582: 3497: 3203: 3151: 2849: 1998: 1725: 940: 733: 594: 590: 428: 1530: 1053: 566:

mother. This time should be used to quickly transfer the woman to a hospital.

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The umbilical cord can be held taut, but must not be pulled with much force.

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is the precipitous birth of an infant in an unexpected setting. In planned

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Sharp, Brian; Sharp, Kristen; Wei, Eric (2017), Borhart, Joelle (ed.),

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Evaluation (above) is repeated, assessing for change in stage of labor.

248: 224:(4 or more within one hour) accompanied with cervical changes, such as 194:, and delivery of baby with assistance (vacuum or forceps delivery) or 183: 171: 148: 144: 135: 123: 50:

if you can. Unsourced or poorly sourced material may be challenged and

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MacDorman, Marian F.; Matthews, T. J.; Declercq, Eugene (March 2014).

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Inability to remove the entire placenta after the baby is delivered (

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Scandinavian Journal of Trauma, Resuscitation and Emergency Medicine

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CURRENT Diagnosis & Treatment: Obstetrics & Gynecology, 11e

753:, though the baby will be at higher risk of other problems such as 445: 386: 972:"Trends in out-of-hospital births in the United States, 1990-2012" 670:

The newborn is evaluated at 1 and 5 minutes after birth using the

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The mother is encouraged to walk or sit in a comfortable position.

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The patient should be draped with available blankets for privacy.

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Journal de Gynécologie Obstétrique et Biologie de la Reproduction

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Improvised Medicine: Providing Care in Extreme Environments, 2e'

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Improvised Medicine: Providing Care in Extreme Environments, 2e

797: 708: 1449:"Precipitous birth not occurring on a labor and delivery unit" 1327:

CURRENT Diagnosis & Treatment: Obstetrics & Gynecology

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BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology

1006:"Emergency Childbirth: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia Image" 4791: 3994: 3965: 3798: 3577: 3241: 3010: 3933:

Pruritic urticarial papules and plaques of pregnancy (PUPPP)

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Tintinalli's Emergency Medicine: A Comprehensive Study Guide

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Uncontrolled vaginal bleeding after the baby is delivered (

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First stage of labor: dilation and effacement of the cervix

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Emergency Department Management of Obstetric Complications

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Mouri, MIchelle; Hall, Heather; Rupp, Timothy J. (2022),

1373:"Emergencies and First Aid - Childbirth - Harvard Health" 1159: 969: 867: 1701:"Bleeding and spotting from the vagina during pregnancy" 626:. Associated symptoms include headaches, blurry vision, 202:

in the newborn because this is linked to poor outcomes.

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Nguyen, M. -L.; Lefèvre, P.; Dreyfus, M. (2016-01-01).

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Bleeding after the first trimester and during delivery

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Causes of vaginal bleeding early in pregnancy include

498:

Trauma (such as a fall or car accident) while pregnant

1531:"Precipitous Labor and Emergency Department Delivery" 1481:. United States Agency forvInternational Development. 658:, and umbilical cord wrapped around the baby's neck ( 600: 476:), hypertension (high blood pressure), and seizures. 303:

Does she feel the urge to push with her contractions?

922: 1120:"Home Births Gain Popularity in 'Baby Bust' Decade" 395:

Pushing. Pushing is encouraged during contractions.

2079: 1218:(8 ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Education. 440:Third stage of labor: the delivery of the placenta 377:This stage may last from 5 minutes to 3 hours. 372: 4275:Childbirth-related post-traumatic stress disorder 1600:. The McGraw-Hill Companies. pp. chapter 7. 5062: 1344:"Information for Pregnant Women-What You Can Do" 870:"Out-of-hospital births in California 1991–2011" 533:), all of which can cause significant bleeding. 1817:"Mode of Term Singleton Breech Delivery - ACOG" 1732:, Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing, 1371:Publications, Harvard Health (September 2005). 687: 614:Seizures related to pregnancy may be caused by 561:Bleeding after delivery (postpartum hemorrhage) 405:Cord check. The presence of an umbilical cord ( 305:This is an indication delivery will occur soon. 1420:. McGraw-Hill Education. pp. Chapter 31. 184:drugs that stimulate contraction of the uterus 46:Please review the contents of the article and 4916:(American 'crib' and 'cradle', British 'cot') 4406: 3675: 2718: 2065: 1846:Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica 1723: 1528: 1030: 1028: 1026: 479: 2732: 1621:Cunningham, F. Gary (2018). "Normal Labor". 1505:"Williams Obstetrics, Twenty-Fourth Edition" 1370: 549:) and placental attachment over the cervix ( 2641:Timeline of reproductive rights legislation 2626:Birth control movement in the United States 1471: 1324: 516: 492:Vaginal bleeding early or late in pregnancy 4420: 4413: 4399: 3682: 3668: 2725: 2711: 2479:Reproductive endocrinology and infertility 2072: 2058: 1677:Williams Obstetrics, Twenty-Fourth Edition 1674: 1620: 1502: 1312:Special Operations Forces Medical Handbook 1023: 381:Position. The mother is positioned in the 198:. In addition, it is important to prevent 2015: 1997: 1857: 1070: 1052: 466: 796: 707: 351:Delivery of term baby in normal position 122: 1415: 1211: 5063: 1979: 1778: 1776: 1670: 1668: 1666: 1664: 1662: 1660: 1658: 1656: 1654: 1591: 1589: 1587: 1524: 1522: 1520: 1411: 1409: 1309: 1207: 703: 4394: 3913:Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy 3880:Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy 3663: 2706: 2053: 1782: 1652: 1650: 1648: 1646: 1644: 1642: 1640: 1638: 1636: 1634: 1595: 1585: 1583: 1581: 1579: 1577: 1575: 1573: 1571: 1569: 1567: 1498: 1496: 1494: 1492: 1490: 1488: 1472:Blouse, Ann; Gomez, Patricia (2003). 1443: 1441: 1439: 1437: 1407: 1405: 1403: 1401: 1399: 1397: 1395: 1393: 1391: 1389: 1366: 1364: 1338: 1336: 1305: 1303: 1227: 1225: 1205: 1203: 1201: 1199: 1197: 1195: 1193: 1191: 1189: 1187: 1117: 628:trouble breathing from fluid in lungs 270: 4531:Infant respiratory distress syndrome 3979:Pregnancy-induced hypercoagulability 760: 624:protein in urine from kidney failure 214: 15: 3557:Psychiatric disorders of childbirth 2030: 1773: 1675:Cunningham, F; et al. (2014). 1517: 1465: 1144:"Births: Provisional Data for 2020" 239: 13: 3928:Pruritic folliculitis of pregnancy 1918:Merck Manuals Professional Edition 1894:Merck Manuals Professional Edition 1631: 1564: 1485: 1434: 1386: 1361: 1333: 1300: 1222: 1184: 1153: 618:, which typically progresses from 601:Severe blood loss leading to shock 297:How frequent are her contractions? 138:, mothers choose the location and 14: 5092: 4186:Pain management during childbirth 4113:Twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome 2335:self-report sexual risk behaviors 792: 743: 4372: 4371: 4358:Sexual activity during pregnancy 3562:Postpartum physiological changes 3262:Postpartum physiological changes 2787:Assisted reproductive technology 2405:Precocious puberty and pregnancy 847: 818: 315: 112: 20: 4466:Breastfeeding and mental health 3614:Adaptation to extrauterine life 2525:Sexually transmitted infections 2024: 1982:"Cord around the neck syndrome" 1973: 1930: 1906: 1882: 1833: 1809: 1796: 1749: 1717: 1693: 1614: 1318: 1314:. US Government. pp. 3–87. 1276: 678: 665: 641: 510:retained products of conception 373:Second stage: cervix is dilated 309:Pregnancy and Prenatal History? 3860:Acute fatty liver of pregnancy 3257:Maternal physiological changes 2081:Sexual and reproductive health 2031:Kuo, Lily (12 November 2015). 1980:Peesay, Morarji (2012-08-28). 1786:Emergency Childbirth: A Manual 1136: 1111: 1087: 998: 963: 916: 861: 809: 205: 48:add the appropriate references 1: 4461:Breastfeeding and medications 4062:Prelabor rupture of membranes 2812:partner-assisted reproduction 1951:10.1016/S0020-7292(03)00333-3 1627:(25th ed.). McGraw Hill. 1118:Reese, Phillip (2021-09-22). 842: 831: 696:). Insufficient oxygenation ( 279:This would indicate that the 261: 158: 5023:Neonatal withdrawal syndrome 4644:Infant cognitive development 4541:Neonatal intensive care unit 4341:Systemic lupus erythematosus 3992:Maternal care related to the 3974:Gestational thrombocytopenia 2505:Disorders of sex development 1986:BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth 1503:Cunningham, F. Gary (2013). 854:Using Knowledge for Research 688:Complications in the newborn 444:The baby is attached to the 7: 4947:Supplemental nursing system 4142:Cephalopelvic disproportion 3048:Traditional birth attendant 2515:Reproductive system disease 1543:10.1007/978-3-319-54410-6_7 636:breathing in vomit and spit 609: 33:reliable medical references 10: 5097: 4699:Prenatal development table 4639:Irritant diaper dermatitis 4253:Breastfeeding difficulties 4052:Constriction ring syndrome 4026:Braxton Hicks contractions 3280:Brain health and pollution 2474:Obstetrics and gynaecology 1999:10.1186/1471-2393-12-S1-A6 1802:"Obstetrics/Gynecology." ' 941:10.1016/j.jgyn.2015.02.002 732:(when there is not enough 537:progress to a live birth. 480:Vaginal bleeding and shock 5018:Prenatal cocaine exposure 4975: 4806:Infant care and equipment 4805: 4723:Socialization and Culture 4722: 4634:Infant visual development 4586: 4501:Infant and toddler safety 4429: 4366: 4323: 4290:Peripartum cardiomyopathy 4280:Pubic symphysis diastasis 4243: 4127: 3991: 3964: 3946: 3888: 3850: 3841: 3797: 3715: 3706: 3641: 3606: 3570: 3524: 3515: 3493:Chorionic villus sampling 3475: 3270: 3227: 3196: 3189: 3056: 2981: 2950: 2941: 2875: 2845:Obstetric ultrasonography 2832: 2777: 2769:Pre-conception counseling 2744: 2649: 2618: 2545: 2497: 2449: 2413: 2390:Pregnant patients' rights 2345: 2305: 2255: 2212: 2163: 2155:Pre-conception counseling 2137: 2112:Abortion-rights movements 2087: 1679:. McGraw-Hill Education. 1416:Iserson, Kenneth (2016). 1054:10.1186/s13049-019-0600-z 724:and it is a way to avoid 722:external cephalic version 485:Bleeding during pregnancy 39:or relies too heavily on 5028:Parental child abduction 4551:Oral rehydration therapy 3816:Gestational hypertension 3383:Intrahepatic cholestasis 2276:Gamete Cryopreservation 2122:Circumcision controversy 2102:Compulsory sterilization 1475:Emergency Obstetric Care 517:First trimester bleeding 5033:Parental responsibility 4546:Newborn care and safety 4215:Umbilical cord prolapse 4137:Amniotic fluid embolism 3895:dermatoses of pregnancy 3453:Motor vehicle emissions 3314:Concomitant conditions 3288:environmental toxicants 3031:Auxiliary nurse midwife 2792:artificial insemination 2759:Natural family planning 2636:Social hygiene movement 2489:Transgender health care 1783:White, Gregory (2002). 1246:10.1111/1471-0528.13230 874:Journal of Perinatology 801:Umbilical cord prolapse 4777:Grandparent visitation 4331:Concomitant conditions 4310:Postpartum thyroiditis 4088:Circumvallate placenta 3908:Impetigo herpetiformis 3903:Gestational pemphigoid 3875:Hyperemesis gravidarum 3808:hypertensive disorders 3547:Postpartum confinement 2807:in vitro fertilisation 2464:Genitourinary medicine 2267:In vitro fertilization 2222:Hormonal contraception 2107:Contraceptive security 1596:Carol, Archie (2013). 1310:Yevich, Steve (2001). 802: 713: 467:Maternal complications 128: 127:Normal Stages of Labor 62:"Emergency childbirth" 4536:Infant sleep training 4300:Postpartum infections 4295:Postpartum depression 3542:Postpartum depression 3423:Pruritic folliculitis 3167:Unassisted childbirth 2127:Intersex human rights 1939:Int J Gynaecol Obstet 1792:. NAPSAC. p. 22. 1726:"Threatened Abortion" 800: 787:Wood's screw maneuver 711: 503:postpartum hemorrhage 495:Severe abdominal pain 474:postpartum hemorrhage 287:Any vaginal bleeding? 126: 4694:Prenatal development 4594:Attachment parenting 4568:Shaken baby syndrome 4305:Postpartum psychosis 4174:Obstetrical bleeding 4069:Obstetrical bleeding 3890:Integumentary system 3865:Gestational diabetes 3844:related to pregnancy 3842:Other, predominantly 3649:Gravidity and parity 3629:Congenital disorders 3588:Lactation consultant 3458:Pre-existing disease 3137:Childbirth positions 3127:Rupture of membranes 2824:Unintended pregnancy 2802:fertility medication 2685:tax on childlessness 2441:Genital modification 2365:Unintended pregnancy 2097:Reproductive Justice 1705:www.marchofdimes.org 1284:"Maternal mortality" 281:rupture of membranes 132:Emergency childbirth 5008:Infant ear piercing 4285:Postpartum bleeding 4108:Placental abruption 4093:Monochorionic twins 3923:Prurigo gestationis 3552:Sex after pregnancy 3359:Endocrine diseases 3305:Prenatal depression 3177:Placental expulsion 3095:Uterine contraction 3078:cervical effacement 2819:Fertility awareness 2385:Pregnancy from rape 2242:Intrauterine device 1624:Williams Obstetrics 886:10.1038/jp.2017.156 775:post-term pregnancy 718:breech presentation 704:Breech presentation 648:breech presentation 547:placental abruption 174:or pregnancy, with 4516:Infant food safety 4315:Puerperal mastitis 4270:Breast engorgement 4057:Monoamniotic twins 4047:Chorionic hematoma 3328:Hypercoagulability 3157:Natural childbirth 3006:Postterm pregnancy 2764:Male contraceptive 2631:History of condoms 2520:Sexual dysfunction 2426:Sexual orientation 2380:Options counseling 2227:Male contraception 2150:Genetic counseling 1859:10.1111/aogs.12011 1124:Kaiser Health News 803: 783:McRoberts maneuver 714: 488:of the following: 383:lithotomy position 277:Any gush of fluid? 271:Signs and symptoms 188:anti-seizure drugs 129: 5058: 5057: 4918: 4755:Children's rights 4669:Object permanence 4491:Failure to thrive 4388: 4387: 4346:Thyroid disorders 4336:Diabetes mellitus 4220:Uterine inversion 4152:Shoulder dystocia 4147:Obstructed labour 4123: 4122: 3987: 3986: 3956:Chorea gravidarum 3732:Ectopic pregnancy 3657: 3656: 3642:Obstetric history 3637: 3636: 3598:Confinement nanny 3511: 3510: 3378:Acute fatty liver 3185: 3184: 3073:cervical dilation 2700: 2699: 2400:Teenage pregnancy 2117:Genital integrity 1686:978-0-07-179893-8 1607:978-0-07-163856-2 1552:978-3-319-54410-6 1427:978-0-07-184762-9 1348:emergency.cdc.gov 856: 767:shoulder dystocia 761:Shoulder dystocia 652:shoulder dystocia 527:ectopic pregnancy 415:shoulder dystocia 341:cervical dilation 289:Could indicate a 234:receiving blanket 215:Early preparation 192:blood transfusion 121: 120: 97: 5088: 4914: 4599:Baby-led weaning 4415: 4408: 4401: 4392: 4391: 4375: 4374: 4210:Postmature birth 4198:Placenta accreta 4103:Placenta praevia 4098:Placenta accreta 4042:Chorioamnionitis 3852:Digestive system 3848: 3847: 3774:Fetal resorption 3762:Rudimentary horn 3719:abortive outcome 3713: 3712: 3684: 3677: 3670: 3661: 3660: 3522: 3521: 3488:Cardiotocography 3194: 3193: 3100:Vaginal delivery 2973:Nesting instinct 2948: 2947: 2933:Rudimentary horn 2862:Prenatal testing 2727: 2720: 2713: 2704: 2703: 2662:Two-child policy 2657:One-child policy 2537:Gender dysphoria 2074: 2067: 2060: 2051: 2050: 2044: 2043: 2041: 2039: 2028: 2022: 2021: 2019: 2001: 1977: 1971: 1970: 1934: 1928: 1927: 1925: 1924: 1910: 1904: 1903: 1901: 1900: 1886: 1880: 1879: 1861: 1837: 1831: 1830: 1828: 1827: 1813: 1807: 1800: 1794: 1793: 1791: 1780: 1771: 1770: 1768: 1767: 1761:www.uptodate.com 1753: 1747: 1746: 1745: 1744: 1721: 1715: 1714: 1712: 1711: 1697: 1691: 1690: 1672: 1629: 1628: 1618: 1612: 1611: 1593: 1562: 1561: 1560: 1559: 1526: 1515: 1514: 1512: 1511: 1500: 1483: 1482: 1480: 1469: 1463: 1462: 1460: 1459: 1445: 1432: 1431: 1413: 1384: 1383: 1381: 1379: 1368: 1359: 1358: 1356: 1354: 1340: 1331: 1330: 1322: 1316: 1315: 1307: 1298: 1297: 1295: 1294: 1280: 1274: 1273: 1229: 1220: 1219: 1209: 1182: 1181: 1157: 1151: 1150: 1148: 1140: 1134: 1133: 1131: 1130: 1115: 1109: 1108: 1106: 1105: 1091: 1085: 1084: 1074: 1056: 1032: 1021: 1020: 1018: 1016: 1002: 996: 995: 967: 961: 960: 920: 914: 913: 865: 852: 851: 755:low birth weight 726:Cesarean surgery 240:Late preparation 147:are low. If the 116: 115: 107: 104: 98: 96: 55: 24: 23: 16: 5096: 5095: 5091: 5090: 5089: 5087: 5086: 5085: 5061: 5060: 5059: 5054: 5048:Paternity fraud 4998:Closed adoption 4971: 4927:Infant clothing 4902:Haberman Feeder 4872:Car seat safety 4801: 4782:Infant swimming 4760:UN Child rights 4718: 4629:Gestational age 4582: 4425: 4419: 4389: 4384: 4362: 4319: 4263:Cracked nipples 4258:Low milk supply 4239: 4225:Uterine rupture 4119: 4014:Oligohydramnios 3999:amniotic cavity 3993: 3983: 3960: 3942: 3893: 3884: 3843: 3837: 3806: 3793: 3779:Molar pregnancy 3718: 3702: 3688: 3658: 3653: 3633: 3602: 3566: 3537:Postpartum care 3507: 3471: 3374:Liver diseases 3368:Thyroid disease 3266: 3252:Gestational age 3223: 3181: 3147:Labor induction 3052: 3043:Perinatal nurse 3016:Birth attendant 2977: 2937: 2871: 2867:Medical imaging 2828: 2797:fertility fraud 2773: 2740: 2731: 2701: 2696: 2645: 2614: 2587:United Kingdom 2541: 2493: 2484:Sexual medicine 2445: 2421:Gender identity 2409: 2355:Maternal health 2341: 2301: 2297:fertility fraud 2258: 2251: 2208: 2159: 2133: 2083: 2078: 2048: 2047: 2037: 2035: 2029: 2025: 1992:(Suppl 1): A6. 1978: 1974: 1935: 1931: 1922: 1920: 1912: 1911: 1907: 1898: 1896: 1888: 1887: 1883: 1838: 1834: 1825: 1823: 1815: 1814: 1810: 1801: 1797: 1789: 1781: 1774: 1765: 1763: 1755: 1754: 1750: 1742: 1740: 1722: 1718: 1709: 1707: 1699: 1698: 1694: 1687: 1673: 1632: 1619: 1615: 1608: 1594: 1565: 1557: 1555: 1553: 1527: 1518: 1509: 1507: 1501: 1486: 1478: 1470: 1466: 1457: 1455: 1447: 1446: 1435: 1428: 1414: 1387: 1377: 1375: 1369: 1362: 1352: 1350: 1342: 1341: 1334: 1323: 1319: 1308: 1301: 1292: 1290: 1282: 1281: 1277: 1230: 1223: 1210: 1185: 1162:NCHS Data Brief 1158: 1154: 1146: 1142: 1141: 1137: 1128: 1126: 1116: 1112: 1103: 1101: 1093: 1092: 1088: 1033: 1024: 1014: 1012: 1010:medlineplus.gov 1004: 1003: 999: 976:NCHS Data Brief 968: 964: 921: 917: 866: 862: 845: 834: 821: 812: 795: 779:brachial plexus 763: 746: 730:oligohydramnios 706: 690: 681: 668: 644: 612: 603: 563: 555:uterine rupture 551:placenta previa 543: 531:placenta previa 519: 482: 469: 442: 400:rapid expulsion 375: 358: 353: 318: 273: 264: 242: 217: 208: 161: 117: 113: 108: 102: 99: 56: 45: 41:primary sources 25: 21: 12: 11: 5: 5094: 5084: 5083: 5078: 5073: 5056: 5055: 5053: 5052: 5051: 5050: 5040: 5038:Parenting plan 5035: 5030: 5025: 5020: 5015: 5010: 5005: 5000: 4995: 4990: 4985: 4979: 4977: 4973: 4972: 4970: 4969: 4964: 4959: 4954: 4949: 4944: 4939: 4934: 4929: 4924: 4922:Infant carrier 4919: 4909: 4904: 4899: 4894: 4889: 4884: 4879: 4874: 4869: 4864: 4862:Baby transport 4859: 4854: 4849: 4844: 4839: 4834: 4829: 4820: 4815: 4809: 4807: 4803: 4802: 4800: 4799: 4794: 4789: 4784: 4779: 4774: 4769: 4764: 4763: 4762: 4752: 4747: 4742: 4737: 4732: 4726: 4724: 4720: 4719: 4717: 4716: 4711: 4706: 4701: 4696: 4691: 4686: 4681: 4676: 4671: 4666: 4661: 4656: 4651: 4646: 4641: 4636: 4631: 4626: 4621: 4616: 4611: 4606: 4601: 4596: 4590: 4588: 4584: 4583: 4581: 4580: 4575: 4570: 4565: 4560: 4559: 4558: 4548: 4543: 4538: 4533: 4528: 4526:Infant massage 4523: 4521:Infant formula 4518: 4513: 4511:Infant feeding 4508: 4506:Infant bathing 4503: 4498: 4493: 4488: 4483: 4478: 4473: 4471:Bottle feeding 4468: 4463: 4458: 4453: 4448: 4443: 4437: 4435: 4427: 4426: 4424:and their care 4418: 4417: 4410: 4403: 4395: 4386: 4385: 4383: 4382: 4367: 4364: 4363: 4361: 4360: 4355: 4353:Maternal death 4350: 4349: 4348: 4343: 4338: 4327: 4325: 4321: 4320: 4318: 4317: 4312: 4307: 4302: 4297: 4292: 4287: 4282: 4277: 4272: 4267: 4266: 4265: 4260: 4249: 4247: 4241: 4240: 4238: 4237: 4232: 4227: 4222: 4217: 4212: 4207: 4202: 4201: 4200: 4188: 4183: 4182: 4181: 4171: 4166: 4161: 4159:Fetal distress 4156: 4155: 4154: 4144: 4139: 4133: 4131: 4125: 4124: 4121: 4120: 4118: 4117: 4116: 4115: 4110: 4105: 4100: 4095: 4090: 4078: 4077: 4076: 4066: 4065: 4064: 4059: 4054: 4049: 4044: 4028: 4023: 4022: 4021: 4019:Polyhydramnios 4016: 4008:amniotic fluid 4003: 4001: 3989: 3988: 3985: 3984: 3982: 3981: 3976: 3970: 3968: 3962: 3961: 3959: 3958: 3952: 3950: 3948:Nervous system 3944: 3943: 3941: 3940: 3935: 3930: 3925: 3920: 3915: 3910: 3905: 3899: 3897: 3886: 3885: 3883: 3882: 3877: 3872: 3867: 3862: 3856: 3854: 3845: 3839: 3838: 3836: 3835: 3830: 3829: 3828: 3826:HELLP syndrome 3818: 3812: 3810: 3795: 3794: 3792: 3791: 3786: 3781: 3776: 3771: 3766: 3765: 3764: 3759: 3754: 3749: 3744: 3739: 3729: 3723: 3721: 3717:Pregnancy with 3710: 3704: 3703: 3687: 3686: 3679: 3672: 3664: 3655: 3654: 3652: 3651: 3645: 3643: 3639: 3638: 3635: 3634: 3632: 3631: 3626: 3621: 3616: 3610: 3608: 3604: 3603: 3601: 3600: 3595: 3590: 3585: 3583:Health visitor 3580: 3574: 3572: 3568: 3567: 3565: 3564: 3559: 3554: 3549: 3544: 3539: 3534: 3528: 3526: 3519: 3513: 3512: 3509: 3508: 3506: 3505: 3500: 3498:Nonstress test 3495: 3490: 3485: 3479: 3477: 3473: 3472: 3470: 3469: 3468: 3467: 3466: 3465: 3460: 3455: 3450: 3445: 3440: 3432: 3431: 3430: 3425: 3420: 3414:Skin diseases 3412: 3411: 3410: 3405: 3400: 3395: 3387: 3386: 3385: 3380: 3372: 3371: 3370: 3365: 3357: 3356: 3355: 3350: 3345: 3340: 3330: 3325: 3320: 3312: 3307: 3302: 3301: 3300: 3295: 3290: 3282: 3276: 3274: 3268: 3267: 3265: 3264: 3259: 3254: 3249: 3244: 3239: 3233: 3231: 3225: 3224: 3222: 3221: 3216: 3211: 3206: 3204:Amniotic fluid 3200: 3198: 3191: 3187: 3186: 3183: 3182: 3180: 3179: 3174: 3169: 3164: 3159: 3154: 3152:Multiple birth 3149: 3144: 3139: 3134: 3129: 3124: 3123: 3122: 3117: 3112: 3102: 3097: 3092: 3087: 3086: 3085: 3080: 3075: 3060: 3058: 3054: 3053: 3051: 3050: 3045: 3040: 3035: 3034: 3033: 3023: 3018: 3013: 3008: 3003: 3002: 3001: 2991: 2985: 2983: 2979: 2978: 2976: 2975: 2970: 2965: 2960: 2958:Bradley method 2954: 2952: 2945: 2939: 2938: 2936: 2935: 2930: 2925: 2920: 2915: 2910: 2905: 2900: 2895: 2890: 2885: 2879: 2877: 2873: 2872: 2870: 2869: 2864: 2859: 2858: 2857: 2850:Pregnancy test 2847: 2842: 2836: 2834: 2830: 2829: 2827: 2826: 2821: 2816: 2815: 2814: 2809: 2804: 2799: 2794: 2783: 2781: 2775: 2774: 2772: 2771: 2766: 2761: 2756: 2750: 2748: 2742: 2741: 2730: 2729: 2722: 2715: 2707: 2698: 2697: 2695: 2694: 2689: 2688: 2687: 2682: 2677: 2672: 2664: 2659: 2653: 2651: 2647: 2646: 2644: 2643: 2638: 2633: 2628: 2622: 2620: 2616: 2615: 2613: 2612: 2611: 2610: 2605: 2603:teen pregnancy 2595: 2594: 2593: 2585: 2580: 2575: 2570: 2565: 2560: 2555: 2549: 2547: 2543: 2542: 2540: 2539: 2534: 2533: 2532: 2522: 2517: 2512: 2507: 2501: 2499: 2495: 2494: 2492: 2491: 2486: 2481: 2476: 2471: 2466: 2461: 2455: 2453: 2447: 2446: 2444: 2443: 2438: 2433: 2428: 2423: 2417: 2415: 2411: 2410: 2408: 2407: 2402: 2397: 2392: 2387: 2382: 2377: 2372: 2367: 2362: 2357: 2351: 2349: 2343: 2342: 2340: 2339: 2338: 2337: 2329: 2328: 2327: 2317: 2311: 2309: 2303: 2302: 2300: 2299: 2294: 2289: 2288: 2287: 2282: 2274: 2269: 2263: 2261: 2253: 2252: 2250: 2249: 2244: 2239: 2234: 2229: 2224: 2218: 2216: 2210: 2209: 2207: 2206: 2201: 2200: 2199: 2194: 2184: 2179: 2169: 2167: 2161: 2160: 2158: 2157: 2152: 2147: 2141: 2139: 2135: 2134: 2132: 2131: 2130: 2129: 2124: 2114: 2109: 2104: 2099: 2093: 2091: 2085: 2084: 2077: 2076: 2069: 2062: 2054: 2046: 2045: 2023: 1972: 1929: 1905: 1881: 1852:(2): 137–142. 1832: 1808: 1795: 1772: 1748: 1716: 1692: 1685: 1630: 1613: 1606: 1563: 1551: 1516: 1484: 1464: 1433: 1426: 1385: 1360: 1332: 1317: 1299: 1275: 1240:(2): 183–189. 1221: 1183: 1152: 1135: 1110: 1086: 1022: 997: 962: 915: 859: 858: 844: 841: 833: 830: 820: 817: 811: 808: 794: 793:Prolapsed cord 791: 762: 759: 745: 744:Pre-term labor 742: 734:amniotic fluid 705: 702: 698:birth asphyxia 689: 686: 680: 677: 667: 664: 643: 640: 611: 608: 602: 599: 595:abdominal wall 591:fundal massage 562: 559: 542: 539: 518: 515: 514: 513: 506: 499: 496: 493: 481: 478: 468: 465: 464: 463: 460: 457: 454: 441: 438: 437: 436: 433: 429:umbilical cord 427:Cut cord. The 425: 421: 418: 410: 403: 396: 393: 390: 374: 371: 370: 369: 366: 357: 354: 352: 349: 345: 344: 337: 334: 317: 314: 313: 312: 306: 300: 294: 284: 272: 269: 263: 260: 241: 238: 216: 213: 207: 204: 160: 157: 119: 118: 111: 109: 28: 26: 19: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5093: 5082: 5079: 5077: 5074: 5072: 5069: 5068: 5066: 5049: 5046: 5045: 5044: 5041: 5039: 5036: 5034: 5031: 5029: 5026: 5024: 5021: 5019: 5016: 5014: 5013:Open adoption 5011: 5009: 5006: 5004: 5001: 4999: 4996: 4994: 4993:Child neglect 4991: 4989: 4986: 4984: 4981: 4980: 4978: 4974: 4968: 4965: 4963: 4960: 4958: 4955: 4953: 4950: 4948: 4945: 4943: 4940: 4938: 4935: 4933: 4930: 4928: 4925: 4923: 4920: 4917: 4913: 4910: 4908: 4905: 4903: 4900: 4898: 4895: 4893: 4890: 4888: 4885: 4883: 4880: 4878: 4875: 4873: 4870: 4868: 4865: 4863: 4860: 4858: 4855: 4853: 4850: 4848: 4845: 4843: 4840: 4838: 4835: 4833: 4830: 4828: 4827:Hidden camera 4824: 4821: 4819: 4816: 4814: 4811: 4810: 4808: 4804: 4798: 4795: 4793: 4790: 4788: 4785: 4783: 4780: 4778: 4775: 4773: 4770: 4768: 4765: 4761: 4758: 4757: 4756: 4753: 4751: 4750:Child custody 4748: 4746: 4743: 4741: 4738: 4736: 4733: 4731: 4728: 4727: 4725: 4721: 4715: 4712: 4710: 4707: 4705: 4702: 4700: 4697: 4695: 4692: 4690: 4687: 4685: 4682: 4680: 4677: 4675: 4672: 4670: 4667: 4665: 4664:Nursery rhyme 4662: 4660: 4657: 4655: 4654:Kangaroo care 4652: 4650: 4649:Infant crying 4647: 4645: 4642: 4640: 4637: 4635: 4632: 4630: 4627: 4625: 4622: 4620: 4617: 4615: 4612: 4610: 4607: 4605: 4602: 4600: 4597: 4595: 4592: 4591: 4589: 4585: 4579: 4576: 4574: 4571: 4569: 4566: 4564: 4563:Preterm birth 4561: 4557: 4554: 4553: 4552: 4549: 4547: 4544: 4542: 4539: 4537: 4534: 4532: 4529: 4527: 4524: 4522: 4519: 4517: 4514: 4512: 4509: 4507: 4504: 4502: 4499: 4497: 4494: 4492: 4489: 4487: 4484: 4482: 4479: 4477: 4474: 4472: 4469: 4467: 4464: 4462: 4459: 4457: 4456:Breastfeeding 4454: 4452: 4449: 4447: 4444: 4442: 4439: 4438: 4436: 4433: 4428: 4423: 4416: 4411: 4409: 4404: 4402: 4397: 4396: 4393: 4381: 4380: 4376: 4369: 4368: 4365: 4359: 4356: 4354: 4351: 4347: 4344: 4342: 4339: 4337: 4334: 4333: 4332: 4329: 4328: 4326: 4322: 4316: 4313: 4311: 4308: 4306: 4303: 4301: 4298: 4296: 4293: 4291: 4288: 4286: 4283: 4281: 4278: 4276: 4273: 4271: 4268: 4264: 4261: 4259: 4256: 4255: 4254: 4251: 4250: 4248: 4246: 4242: 4236: 4235:Uterine atony 4233: 4231: 4228: 4226: 4223: 4221: 4218: 4216: 4213: 4211: 4208: 4206: 4205:Preterm birth 4203: 4199: 4196: 4195: 4194: 4193: 4189: 4187: 4184: 4180: 4177: 4176: 4175: 4172: 4170: 4167: 4165: 4162: 4160: 4157: 4153: 4150: 4149: 4148: 4145: 4143: 4140: 4138: 4135: 4134: 4132: 4130: 4126: 4114: 4111: 4109: 4106: 4104: 4101: 4099: 4096: 4094: 4091: 4089: 4086: 4085: 4084: 4083: 4079: 4075: 4072: 4071: 4070: 4067: 4063: 4060: 4058: 4055: 4053: 4050: 4048: 4045: 4043: 4040: 4039: 4038: 4037: 4033: 4029: 4027: 4024: 4020: 4017: 4015: 4012: 4011: 4010: 4009: 4005: 4004: 4002: 4000: 3996: 3990: 3980: 3977: 3975: 3972: 3971: 3969: 3967: 3963: 3957: 3954: 3953: 3951: 3949: 3945: 3939: 3938:Stretch marks 3936: 3934: 3931: 3929: 3926: 3924: 3921: 3919: 3916: 3914: 3911: 3909: 3906: 3904: 3901: 3900: 3898: 3896: 3891: 3887: 3881: 3878: 3876: 3873: 3871: 3868: 3866: 3863: 3861: 3858: 3857: 3855: 3853: 3849: 3846: 3840: 3834: 3831: 3827: 3824: 3823: 3822: 3821:Pre-eclampsia 3819: 3817: 3814: 3813: 3811: 3809: 3804: 3800: 3796: 3790: 3787: 3785: 3782: 3780: 3777: 3775: 3772: 3770: 3767: 3763: 3760: 3758: 3755: 3753: 3750: 3748: 3745: 3743: 3740: 3738: 3735: 3734: 3733: 3730: 3728: 3725: 3724: 3722: 3720: 3714: 3711: 3709: 3705: 3701: 3697: 3693: 3690:Pathology of 3685: 3680: 3678: 3673: 3671: 3666: 3665: 3662: 3650: 3647: 3646: 3644: 3640: 3630: 3627: 3625: 3622: 3620: 3617: 3615: 3612: 3611: 3609: 3605: 3599: 3596: 3594: 3593:Monthly nurse 3591: 3589: 3586: 3584: 3581: 3579: 3576: 3575: 3573: 3569: 3563: 3560: 3558: 3555: 3553: 3550: 3548: 3545: 3543: 3540: 3538: 3535: 3533: 3530: 3529: 3527: 3523: 3520: 3518: 3514: 3504: 3501: 3499: 3496: 3494: 3491: 3489: 3486: 3484: 3483:Amniocentesis 3481: 3480: 3478: 3474: 3464: 3461: 3459: 3456: 3454: 3451: 3449: 3446: 3444: 3443:Vaginal flora 3441: 3439: 3436: 3435: 3433: 3429: 3426: 3424: 3421: 3419: 3416: 3415: 3413: 3409: 3406: 3404: 3401: 3399: 3396: 3394: 3391: 3390: 3388: 3384: 3381: 3379: 3376: 3375: 3373: 3369: 3366: 3364: 3361: 3360: 3358: 3354: 3351: 3349: 3346: 3344: 3341: 3339: 3336: 3335: 3334: 3333:Substance use 3331: 3329: 3326: 3324: 3321: 3319: 3316: 3315: 3313: 3311: 3308: 3306: 3303: 3299: 3296: 3294: 3291: 3289: 3286: 3285: 3283: 3281: 3278: 3277: 3275: 3273: 3269: 3263: 3260: 3258: 3255: 3253: 3250: 3248: 3247:Fundal height 3245: 3243: 3240: 3238: 3235: 3234: 3232: 3230: 3226: 3220: 3217: 3215: 3212: 3210: 3207: 3205: 3202: 3201: 3199: 3195: 3192: 3188: 3178: 3175: 3173: 3170: 3168: 3165: 3163: 3160: 3158: 3155: 3153: 3150: 3148: 3145: 3143: 3140: 3138: 3135: 3133: 3130: 3128: 3125: 3121: 3118: 3116: 3113: 3111: 3108: 3107: 3106: 3103: 3101: 3098: 3096: 3093: 3091: 3088: 3084: 3081: 3079: 3076: 3074: 3071: 3070: 3069: 3065: 3062: 3061: 3059: 3055: 3049: 3046: 3044: 3041: 3039: 3036: 3032: 3029: 3028: 3027: 3024: 3022: 3019: 3017: 3014: 3012: 3009: 3007: 3004: 3000: 2999:Preterm birth 2997: 2996: 2995: 2992: 2990: 2987: 2986: 2984: 2980: 2974: 2971: 2969: 2966: 2964: 2963:Hypnobirthing 2961: 2959: 2956: 2955: 2953: 2949: 2946: 2944: 2940: 2934: 2931: 2929: 2926: 2924: 2921: 2919: 2916: 2914: 2911: 2909: 2906: 2904: 2901: 2899: 2896: 2894: 2891: 2889: 2886: 2884: 2881: 2880: 2878: 2874: 2868: 2865: 2863: 2860: 2856: 2853: 2852: 2851: 2848: 2846: 2843: 2841: 2840:3D ultrasound 2838: 2837: 2835: 2831: 2825: 2822: 2820: 2817: 2813: 2810: 2808: 2805: 2803: 2800: 2798: 2795: 2793: 2790: 2789: 2788: 2785: 2784: 2782: 2780: 2776: 2770: 2767: 2765: 2762: 2760: 2757: 2755: 2754:Birth control 2752: 2751: 2749: 2747: 2743: 2739: 2735: 2728: 2723: 2721: 2716: 2714: 2709: 2708: 2705: 2693: 2690: 2686: 2683: 2681: 2680:child benefit 2678: 2676: 2673: 2671: 2668: 2667: 2665: 2663: 2660: 2658: 2655: 2654: 2652: 2648: 2642: 2639: 2637: 2634: 2632: 2629: 2627: 2624: 2623: 2621: 2617: 2609: 2608:birth control 2606: 2604: 2601: 2600: 2599: 2598:United States 2596: 2592: 2589: 2588: 2586: 2584: 2581: 2579: 2576: 2574: 2571: 2569: 2566: 2564: 2561: 2559: 2556: 2554: 2551: 2550: 2548: 2544: 2538: 2535: 2531: 2528: 2527: 2526: 2523: 2521: 2518: 2516: 2513: 2511: 2508: 2506: 2503: 2502: 2500: 2496: 2490: 2487: 2485: 2482: 2480: 2477: 2475: 2472: 2470: 2467: 2465: 2462: 2460: 2457: 2456: 2454: 2452: 2448: 2442: 2439: 2437: 2434: 2432: 2429: 2427: 2424: 2422: 2419: 2418: 2416: 2412: 2406: 2403: 2401: 2398: 2396: 2395:Prenatal care 2393: 2391: 2388: 2386: 2383: 2381: 2378: 2376: 2373: 2371: 2368: 2366: 2363: 2361: 2358: 2356: 2353: 2352: 2350: 2348: 2344: 2336: 2333: 2332: 2330: 2326: 2323: 2322: 2321: 2318: 2316: 2313: 2312: 2310: 2308: 2304: 2298: 2295: 2293: 2290: 2286: 2283: 2281: 2278: 2277: 2275: 2273: 2270: 2268: 2265: 2264: 2262: 2260: 2254: 2248: 2247:Sterilization 2245: 2243: 2240: 2238: 2235: 2233: 2230: 2228: 2225: 2223: 2220: 2219: 2217: 2215: 2214:Contraception 2211: 2205: 2202: 2198: 2195: 2193: 2190: 2189: 2188: 2185: 2183: 2182:Birth spacing 2180: 2178: 2177:childlessness 2174: 2173:Childfreeness 2171: 2170: 2168: 2166: 2162: 2156: 2153: 2151: 2148: 2146: 2145:Sex education 2143: 2142: 2140: 2136: 2128: 2125: 2123: 2120: 2119: 2118: 2115: 2113: 2110: 2108: 2105: 2103: 2100: 2098: 2095: 2094: 2092: 2090: 2086: 2082: 2075: 2070: 2068: 2063: 2061: 2056: 2055: 2052: 2034: 2027: 2018: 2013: 2009: 2005: 2000: 1995: 1991: 1987: 1983: 1976: 1968: 1964: 1960: 1956: 1952: 1948: 1945:(2): 127–32. 1944: 1940: 1933: 1919: 1915: 1909: 1895: 1891: 1885: 1877: 1873: 1869: 1865: 1860: 1855: 1851: 1847: 1843: 1836: 1822: 1818: 1812: 1805: 1799: 1788: 1787: 1779: 1777: 1762: 1758: 1752: 1739: 1735: 1731: 1727: 1720: 1706: 1702: 1696: 1688: 1682: 1678: 1671: 1669: 1667: 1665: 1663: 1661: 1659: 1657: 1655: 1653: 1651: 1649: 1647: 1645: 1643: 1641: 1639: 1637: 1635: 1626: 1625: 1617: 1609: 1603: 1599: 1592: 1590: 1588: 1586: 1584: 1582: 1580: 1578: 1576: 1574: 1572: 1570: 1568: 1554: 1548: 1544: 1540: 1536: 1532: 1525: 1523: 1521: 1506: 1499: 1497: 1495: 1493: 1491: 1489: 1477: 1476: 1468: 1454: 1450: 1444: 1442: 1440: 1438: 1429: 1423: 1419: 1412: 1410: 1408: 1406: 1404: 1402: 1400: 1398: 1396: 1394: 1392: 1390: 1374: 1367: 1365: 1349: 1345: 1339: 1337: 1328: 1321: 1313: 1306: 1304: 1289: 1285: 1279: 1271: 1267: 1263: 1259: 1255: 1251: 1247: 1243: 1239: 1235: 1228: 1226: 1217: 1216: 1208: 1206: 1204: 1202: 1200: 1198: 1196: 1194: 1192: 1190: 1188: 1179: 1175: 1171: 1167: 1163: 1156: 1145: 1139: 1125: 1121: 1114: 1100: 1096: 1090: 1082: 1078: 1073: 1068: 1064: 1060: 1055: 1050: 1046: 1042: 1038: 1031: 1029: 1027: 1011: 1007: 1001: 993: 989: 985: 981: 977: 973: 966: 958: 954: 950: 946: 942: 938: 934: 931:(in French). 930: 926: 919: 911: 907: 903: 899: 895: 891: 887: 883: 879: 875: 871: 864: 860: 857: 855: 850: 840: 837: 829: 825: 819:Resuscitation 816: 807: 799: 790: 788: 784: 780: 776: 772: 768: 758: 756: 752: 751:preterm fetus 741: 737: 735: 731: 727: 723: 719: 710: 701: 699: 695: 685: 676: 673: 663: 661: 657: 653: 649: 639: 637: 631: 629: 625: 621: 617: 607: 598: 596: 592: 588: 587:atonic uterus 583: 581: 577: 573: 567: 558: 556: 552: 548: 538: 534: 532: 528: 524: 511: 507: 504: 500: 497: 494: 491: 490: 489: 486: 477: 475: 461: 458: 455: 452: 451: 450: 447: 434: 430: 426: 422: 419: 416: 411: 408: 404: 401: 397: 394: 391: 388: 384: 380: 379: 378: 367: 364: 363: 362: 348: 342: 338: 335: 332: 331: 330: 327: 324: 321: 316:Physical exam 310: 307: 304: 301: 298: 295: 292: 288: 285: 282: 278: 275: 274: 268: 259: 255: 252: 250: 245: 237: 235: 231: 227: 223: 212: 203: 201: 197: 193: 189: 185: 181: 177: 173: 168: 165: 156: 152: 150: 146: 141: 137: 133: 125: 110: 106: 95: 92: 88: 85: 81: 78: 74: 71: 67: 64: – 63: 59: 58:Find sources: 53: 49: 43: 42: 38: 34: 29:This article 27: 18: 17: 4976:Other topics 4915: 4882:Cradle board 4877:Cloth diaper 4837:Baby shampoo 4823:Baby monitor 4813:Baby bouncer 4767:Circumcision 4614:Birth defect 4496:Immunization 4446:Birth weight 4377: 4370: 4230:Vasa praevia 4190: 4164:Locked twins 4080: 4030: 4006: 3752:Interstitial 3323:Hypertension 3310:Immunization 3293:in pregnancy 3209:Amniotic sac 3162:Silent birth 3105:Presentation 3068:Bishop score 3038:Obstetrician 2928:Interstitial 2855:home testing 2692:Abortion law 2675:bachelor tax 2325:vulvovaginal 2259:reproduction 2036:. 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Retrieved 1009: 1000: 978:(144): 1–8. 975: 965: 935:(1): 86–91. 932: 928: 918: 880:(1): 41–45. 877: 873: 863: 846: 838: 835: 826: 822: 813: 804: 764: 747: 738: 715: 691: 682: 679:Routine care 669: 645: 642:Newborn care 632: 620:preeclampsia 613: 604: 584: 568: 564: 544: 535: 520: 483: 470: 443: 376: 359: 346: 328: 325: 322: 319: 308: 302: 296: 286: 276: 265: 256: 253: 246: 243: 222:contractions 218: 209: 180:hypertension 169: 166: 162: 153: 131: 130: 103:October 2023 100: 90: 83: 76: 69: 57: 37:verification 30: 4988:Babywearing 4983:Baby shower 4957:Swim diaper 4847:Baby walker 4832:Baby powder 4772:Foster care 4740:Child abuse 4735:Babysitting 4587:Development 4573:Soy formula 4451:Breast pump 4169:Nuchal cord 3918:Linea nigra 3870:Hepatitis E 3803:proteinuria 3784:Miscarriage 3769:Embryo loss 3747:Heterotopic 3619:Apgar score 3403:Hepatitis C 3389:Infections 3229:Development 3214:Endometrium 3172:Water birth 3090:Bloody show 3021:Men's roles 2951:Preparation 2903:Heterotopic 2578:Philippines 2510:Infertility 2469:Gynaecology 2436:Transgender 2204:Sperm theft 2197:foster care 1288:www.who.int 1149:. May 2021. 1099:utswmed.org 810:Nuchal cord 694:nuchal cord 660:nuchal cord 580:misoprostol 523:miscarriage 407:nuchal cord 291:bloody show 206:Preparation 200:hypothermia 31:needs more 5081:Acute pain 5071:Childbirth 5065:Categories 4967:Travel cot 4912:Infant bed 4907:High chair 4897:Baby wipes 4892:Diaper bag 4857:Baby swing 4745:Child care 4730:Attachment 4619:Childbirth 4481:Cradle cap 4432:Pediatrics 4179:Postpartum 4074:Antepartum 3789:Stillbirth 3700:puerperium 3698:, and the 3696:childbirth 3624:Child care 3517:Postpartum 3476:Procedures 3428:Dermatoses 3284:Nutrition 3142:Home birth 3064:Pelvimetry 2943:Childbirth 2923:Unintended 2779:Conception 2738:childbirth 2670:baby bonus 2666:Financial 2546:By country 2370:childbirth 2360:Obstetrics 2292:Sperm bank 1923:2017-12-12 1899:2017-12-12 1826:2017-12-12 1766:2022-09-14 1757:"UpToDate" 1743:2022-09-14 1730:StatPearls 1710:2022-09-14 1558:2022-09-15 1510:2017-12-01 1458:2017-11-26 1293:2022-09-15 1129:2022-09-13 1104:2022-09-13 843:References 832:In culture 771:macrosomia 666:Evaluation 576:ergotamine 262:Evaluation 226:effacement 172:childbirth 159:Background 145:childbirth 136:childbirth 73:newspapers 5076:Midwifery 5043:Paternity 4952:Swaddling 4818:Baby gate 4797:Wet nurse 4787:Milk bank 4679:Parenting 4604:Baby talk 4556:Pedialyte 4486:Esotropia 4441:Baby food 4245:Puerperal 3833:Eclampsia 3737:Abdominal 3708:Pregnancy 3692:pregnancy 3132:Caesarean 2898:Abdominal 2734:Pregnancy 2583:Singapore 2498:Disorders 2459:Andrology 2347:Pregnancy 2331:Research 2187:Parenting 2138:Education 2008:1471-2393 1254:1471-0528 1170:1941-4927 1063:1757-7241 1047:(1): 26. 984:1941-4927 949:0368-2315 894:1476-5543 656:infection 616:eclampsia 196:C-section 140:obstetric 5003:Cry room 4942:Stroller 4932:Pacifier 4867:Bassinet 4842:Baby toy 4704:Teething 4684:Peekaboo 4624:Crawling 4609:Babbling 4430:Health ( 4379:Category 4192:placenta 4082:placenta 3742:Cervical 3727:Abortion 3525:Maternal 3503:Abortion 3448:Bleeding 3398:COVID-19 3363:Diabetes 3348:Cannabis 3298:prenatal 3219:Placenta 3190:Prenatal 3120:shoulder 3115:cephalic 3083:position 3057:Delivery 2918:Postterm 2883:Cervical 2746:Planning 2573:Pakistan 2451:Medicine 2431:Intersex 2414:Identity 2375:Abortion 2257:Assisted 2232:Safe sex 2192:adoption 2165:Planning 2038:3 August 1967:31686188 1959:14871514 1876:43311187 1868:22994660 1821:acog.org 1738:28613498 1378:3 August 1353:3 August 1270:25934089 1262:25546039 1178:24594003 1081:30825876 1015:3 August 992:24594003 957:25818113 910:39573399 902:29120453 610:Seizures 572:oxytocin 446:placenta 417:(below). 387:perineum 230:dilation 176:bleeding 4962:Teether 4937:Playpen 4714:Weaning 4709:Walking 4422:Infants 4032:chorion 3757:Ovarian 3434:Others 3408:Malaria 3353:Opioids 3343:Alcohol 3338:Smoking 3197:Anatomy 3026:Midwife 2994:Newborn 2913:Ovarian 2893:Ectopic 2888:Cryptic 2833:Testing 2619:History 2568:Ireland 2320:Women's 2017:3428673 1072:6397745 553:), and 424:vagina. 87:scholar 52:removed 4887:Diaper 4674:Parent 4659:Mother 4036:amnion 3607:Infant 3532:Lochia 3318:Anemia 3237:Embryo 3110:breech 2989:Mother 2968:Lamaze 2650:Policy 2530:clinic 2307:Health 2237:Condom 2089:Rights 2014: 2006: 1965: 1957: 1874: 1866: 1736: 1683: 1604: 1549: 1424: 1268: 1260: 1252: 1176: 1168: 1079: 1069: 1061: 990: 982: 955: 947: 908: 900: 892: 89: 82: 75: 68: 60: 4792:Nanny 4476:Colic 4324:Other 4129:Labor 3995:fetus 3966:Blood 3805:, and 3799:Edema 3578:Doula 3571:Roles 3463:Sleep 3438:Drugs 3418:Lupus 3242:Fetus 3011:Doula 2982:Roles 2908:Molar 2876:Types 2558:India 2553:China 2315:Men's 2285:Sperm 1963:S2CID 1872:S2CID 1790:(PDF) 1479:(PDF) 1266:S2CID 1147:(PDF) 906:S2CID 672:Apgar 432:this. 249:labor 149:birth 94:JSTOR 80:books 4689:Play 4578:SIDS 3997:and 3272:Care 2736:and 2591:teen 2563:Iran 2272:ICSI 2040:2017 2004:ISSN 1955:PMID 1864:PMID 1734:PMID 1681:ISBN 1602:ISBN 1547:ISBN 1422:ISBN 1380:2017 1355:2017 1258:PMID 1250:ISSN 1174:PMID 1166:ISSN 1077:PMID 1059:ISSN 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