499:, allowing protons to attack the central carbon. After attacking the central carbon, one proton attaching to an oxygen results in the creation of formate. Indium catalysts promote formate production because the Indium-Oxygen binding energy is stronger than the Indium-Carbon binding energy. This promotes the production of formate instead of Carbon Monoxide.
351:
can produce value-added chemicals such methane, ethylene, ethanol, etc., and the products are mainly dependent on the selected catalysts and operating potentials (applying reduction voltage). A variety of
1942:
Guo, Weiwei; Tan, Xingxing; Bi, Jiahui; Xu, Liang; Yang, Dexin; Chen, Chunjun; Zhu, Qinggong; Ma, Jun; Tayal, Akhil; Ma, Jingyuan; Huang, Yuying; Sun, Xiaofu; Liu, Shoujie; Han, Buxing (2021-05-12).
706:
141:. The techno-economic analysis was recently conducted to assess the key technical gaps and commercial potentials of the carbon dioxide electrolysis technology at near ambient conditions.
1852:
Feaster, Jeremy T.; Shi, Chuan; Cave, Etosha R.; Hatsukade, Toru; Abram, David N.; Kuhl, Kendra P.; Hahn, Christopher; Nørskov, Jens K.; Jaramillo, Thomas F. (2017-07-07).
2090:
932:
Fontecilla-Camps JC, Amara P, Cavazza C, Nicolet Y, Volbeda A (August 2009). "Structure-function relationships of anaerobic gas-processing metalloenzymes".
759:
Masel, Richard I.; Liu, Zengcai; Yang, Hongzhou; Kaczur, Jerry J.; Carrillo, Daniel; Ren, Shaoxuan; Salvatore, Danielle; Berlinguette, Curtis P. (2021).
2105:
714:
564:
19:
1070:
Lee S, Lee J (February 2016). "Electrode Build-Up of
Reducible Metal Composites toward Achievable Electrochemical Conversion of Carbon Dioxide".
318:
The redox potentials for these reactions are similar to that for hydrogen evolution in aqueous electrolytes, thus electrochemical reduction of CO
1176:
Benson EE, Kubiak CP, Sathrum AJ, Smieja JM (January 2009). "Electrocatalytic and homogeneous approaches to conversion of CO2 to liquid fuels".
1528:
Qiao J, Liu Y, Hong F, Zhang J (January 2014). "A review of catalysts for the electroreduction of carbon dioxide to produce low-carbon fuels".
153:, plants convert carbon dioxide into sugars, from which many biosynthetic pathways originate. The catalyst responsible for this conversion,
2036:
Kong, Qingquan; An, Xuguang; Liu, Qian; Xie, Lisi; Zhang, Jing; Li, Qinye; Yao, Weitang; Yu, Aimin; Jiao, Yan; Sun, Chenghua (2023-03-06).
1854:"Understanding Selectivity for the Electrochemical Reduction of Carbon Dioxide to Formic Acid and Carbon Monoxide on Metal Electrodes"
1424:
Lv JJ, Jouny M, Luc W, Zhu W, Zhu JJ, Jiao F (December 2018). "A Highly Porous Copper
Electrocatalyst for Carbon Dioxide Reduction".
569:
23:
2362:
125:
of the 1970s. As of 2021, pilot-scale carbon dioxide electrochemical reduction is being developed by several companies, including
2149:
628:
2096:
1007:
1582:
1130:
535:
products (propanol, acetone, etc.) These products are more valuable than C1 products, but the current efficiencies are low.
2403:
1901:"Water-Mediated ElectroHydrogenation of CO2 at Near-Equilibrium Potential by Carbon Nanotubes/Cerium Dioxide Nanohybrids"
1349:
1228:
604:
579:
1804:
2127:
1825:
1149:
Centi G, Perathoner S (2009). "Opportunities and prospects in the chemical recycling of carbon dioxide to fuels".
184:, and certain inorganic and organic carbonates. In the laboratory, carbon dioxide is sometimes used to prepare
53:
982:
Susan Topham, "Carbon
Dioxide" in Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, 2005, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim.
197:
2252:
2163:
2038:"Copper-based catalysts for the electrochemical reduction of carbon dioxide: progress and future prospects"
364:
1483:
Dinh CT, Burdyny T, Kibria MG, Seifitokaldani A, Gabardo CM, García de Arquer FP, et al. (May 2018).
2398:
2306:
2187:
387:
323:
2273:
2217:
1690:"Data-driven discovery of electrocatalysts for CO2 reduction using active motifs-based machine learning"
2177:
2142:
584:
2291:
196:
electrolyzer that operates at room temperature has not yet been commercialized. Elevated temperature
1998:
2116:
465:
RR over various precious metal catalysts. Steel has proven to be one such catalyst., or hydrogen.
2388:
2245:
1245:
1639:
Ting LR, García-Muelas R, Martín AJ, Veenstra FL, Chen ST, Peng Y, et al. (November 2020).
659:"Frontiers, opportunities, and challenges in biochemical and chemical catalysis of CO2 fixation"
1999:"New insights into the electrochemical reduction of carbon dioxide on metallic copper surfaces"
1688:
Mok, Dong Hyeon; Li, Hong; Zhang, Guiru; Lee, Chaehyeon; Jiang, Kun; Back, Seoin (2023-11-11).
473:
367:. Many processes suffer from high overpotential, low current efficiency, low selectivity, slow
357:
1747:
Marcandalli, Giulia; Monteiro, Mariana C. O.; Goyal, Akansha; Koper, Marc T. M. (2022-07-19).
1291:
Rosen BA, Salehi-Khojin A, Thorson MR, Zhu W, Whipple DT, Kenis PJ, Masel RI (November 2011).
2393:
2240:
2207:
2135:
1600:"CO2 electrolysis: Advances and challenges in electrocatalyst engineering and reactor design"
1023:"Recent Advances in Inorganic Heterogeneous Electrocatalysts for Reduction of Carbon Dioxide"
574:
544:
374:
The composition of the electrolyte can be decisive. Gas-diffusion electrodes are beneficial.
353:
216:
The electrochemical reduction of carbon dioxide to various products is usually described as:
49:
1489:
electroreduction to ethylene via hydroxide-mediated copper catalysis at an abrupt interface"
735:
657:
Appel AM, Bercaw JE, Bocarsly AB, Dobbek H, DuBois DL, Dupuis M, et al. (August 2013).
99:. The main challenges are the relatively high cost of electricity (vs petroleum) and that CO
1564:
1433:
1304:
1079:
1034:
941:
890:
772:
138:
204:
reduction to CO are commercially available. For example, Haldor Topsoe offers SOECs for CO
110:
The first examples of CO2RR are from the 19th century, when carbon dioxide was reduced to
8:
2192:
1944:"Atomic Indium Catalysts for Switching CO 2 Electroreduction Products from Formate to CO"
1724:
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683:
658:
1997:
Kuhl, Kendra P.; Cave, Etosha R.; Abram, David N.; Jaramillo, Thomas F. (2012-04-26).
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2018:
1983:
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1963:
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983:
969:
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898:
843:
780:
678:
670:
382:
Catalysts can be grouped by their primary products. Several metal are unfit for CO
157:, is the most common protein. Some anaerobic organisms employ enzymes to convert CO
134:
1641:"Electrochemical Reduction of Carbon Dioxide to 1-Butanol on Oxide-Derived Copper"
208:
reduction with a reported 6-8 kWh per Nm CO produced and purity up to 99.999% CO.
2182:
1899:
Valenti G, Melchionna M, Montini T, Boni A, Nasi L, Fonda E, et al. (2020).
1764:
1563:
Vayenas, Constantinos G.; White, Ralph E.; Gamboa-Aldeco, Maria E., eds. (2008).
1162:
468:
Mechanistically, carbon monoxide arises from the metal bonded to the carbon of CO
450:
415:
391:
237:
185:
162:
150:
111:
64:
52:
using electrical energy. It represents one potential step in the broad scheme of
2117:"Carbon Dioxide Reduction Technologies: A Synopsis of the Symposium at TMS 2008"
1943:
1616:
1599:
1122:
2232:
2212:
1706:
1293:"Ionic liquid-mediated selective conversion of CO₂ to CO at low overpotentials"
902:
784:
177:
42:
38:
1574:
1261:
761:"An industrial perspective on catalysts for low-temperature CO 2 electrolysis"
2382:
2276:
2063:
2022:
1967:
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987:
910:
855:
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1326:
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1099:
1091:
1056:
1047:
1022:
961:
879:"Techno-economic assessment of low-temperature carbon dioxide electrolysis"
831:
808:
692:
343:
competitive controllability, modularity and scale-up are relatively simple.
18:
This article is about the electrochemical system. For related systems, see
603:
Normal Cubic Meter - the quantity of gas that occupies one cubic meter at
2367:
2357:
1959:
1927:
554:
257:
122:
1393:
1376:
953:
2197:
2054:
2037:
2014:
1805:"How does coke and coal play into steel making? - Federal Steel Supply"
1541:
549:
337:
1885:
1453:
863:
800:
674:
629:"Dream or Reality? Electrification of the Chemical Process Industries"
2321:
2316:
1189:
443:
1113:
Hori Y (2008). "Electrochemical CO2 Reduction on Metal
Electrodes".
2301:
2286:
1377:"Effect of Cations on the Electrochemical Conversion of CO 2 to CO"
931:
520:
439:
435:
427:
363:
Many such processes are assumed to operate via the intermediacy of
181:
76:
1598:
Lin, Jiayi; Zhang, Yixiao; Xu, Pengtao; Chen, Liwei (2023-05-01).
453:, formate, or higher order carbon products (two or more carbons).
347:
The electrochemical reduction or electrocatalytic conversion of CO
2311:
2281:
528:
524:
431:
423:
403:
399:
272:
154:
126:
118:
88:
68:
60:
1221:
Greenhouse gas carbon dioxide mitigation: science and technology
121:. Research in this field intensified in the 1980s following the
2326:
1638:
1482:
419:
407:
295:
2095:. Online: Information for the Defense Industry. Archived from
832:"General Techno-Economic Analysis of CO2 Electrolysis Systems"
1749:"Electrolyte Effects on CO 2 Electrochemical Reduction to CO"
1746:
511:
Copper electrocatalysts produce multicarbon compounds from CO
2110:. Upton, NY (United States): Brookhaven National Lab. (BNL).
1898:
1290:
877:
Shin, Haeun; Hansen, Kentaro U.; Jiao, Feng (October 2021).
2336:
411:
329:
Electrochemical methods have gained significant attention:
173:
115:
1606:. CO2 Reductions to Fuels and Carbon Feedstocks (Part 2).
1000:"Produce Your Own Carbon Monoxide - on-site and on-demand"
1562:
1350:"Two new ways to turn 'garbage' carbon dioxide into fuel"
1175:
656:
395:
1851:
1996:
830:
Jouny, Matthew; Luc, Wesley; Jiao, Feng (2018-02-14).
495:
operate by strongly binding to both oxygen atoms of CO
394:
selective for one particular organic compound include
336:
in connection with renewable energy sources (see also
491:
Catalysts that promote Formic Acid production from CO
484:
Formic acid is produced as a primary product from CO
2088:
2121:The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society (TMS)
758:
2380:
1527:
1374:
1246:"Molecular tuning of CO2-to-ethylene conversion"
1218:
565:Photoelectrochemical reduction of carbon dioxide
479:
144:
20:Photoelectrochemical reduction of carbon dioxide
1148:
836:Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research
1597:
876:
446:have also been produced in minute quantities.
59:CO2RR can produce diverse compounds including
2143:
2089:LaConti AB, Molter TM, Zagaja JA (May 1986).
1687:
1423:
502:
2035:
1826:"Hydrogen Production: Natural Gas Reforming"
829:
456:
227:Reduction potential E (V) at pH = 7 vs SHE
168:In industry, a few products are made from CO
2092:Electrochemical Reduction of Carbon Dioxide
736:"CO2 Electrolyzers With Record Performance"
422:produces multiple reduced products such as
31:electrochemical reduction of carbon dioxide
2150:
2136:
1941:
1020:
2053:
1926:
1916:
1780:
1723:
1705:
1664:
1615:
1504:
1392:
1316:
1046:
682:
570:Photochemical reduction of carbon dioxide
333:at ambient pressure and room temperature;
24:Photochemical reduction of carbon dioxide
2363:Standard electrode potential (data page)
2114:
1948:Journal of the American Chemical Society
1144:
1142:
652:
650:
648:
1347:
461:Carbon monoxide can be produced from CO
107:and must be purified before reduction.
2381:
2103:
1381:Journal of the Electrochemical Society
1375:Thorson MR, Siil KI, Kenis PJ (2013).
1069:
1010:from the original on 28 February 2021.
165:, from which fatty acids can be made.
2131:
1847:
1845:
1139:
645:
1219:Halmann MM, Steinberg M (May 1998).
1112:
386:RR because they promote to perform
211:
13:
2267:Materials produced by electrolysis
2082:
2029:
2003:Energy & Environmental Science
1842:
1566:Modern Aspects of Electrochemistry
1244:Li, Fengwang; et al. (2020).
1243:
1115:Modern Aspects of Electrochemistry
371:, and/or poor catalyst stability.
14:
2415:
1212:
711:siemens-energy.com Global Website
605:standard temperature and pressure
580:Electrochemical energy conversion
1117:. Vol. 42. pp. 89–80.
1990:
1935:
1892:
1818:
1797:
1740:
1681:
1632:
1591:
1556:
1521:
1476:
1417:
1368:
1348:Service RF (1 September 2017).
1341:
1284:
1237:
1169:
1106:
1063:
1014:
992:
597:
2203:Electrolysis of carbon dioxide
976:
925:
870:
823:
752:
728:
707:"CO2 is turned into feedstock"
699:
621:
365:metal carbon dioxide complexes
198:solid oxide electrolyzer cells
54:carbon capture and utilization
1:
1753:Accounts of Chemical Research
1021:Zhu D, Liu J, Qiao S (2016).
614:
480:Formate/formic acid-producing
145:Chemicals from carbon dioxide
2253:Electrochemical fluorination
2164:Standard electrode potential
1765:10.1021/acs.accounts.2c00080
1163:10.1016/j.cattod.2009.07.075
476:). Oxygen is lost as water.
377:
322:is usually competitive with
103:is often contaminated with O
7:
2404:Electrochemical engineering
2307:Hydrogen evolution reaction
1617:10.1016/j.matre.2023.100194
1123:10.1007/978-0-387-49489-0_3
538:
488:RR over diverse catalysts.
449:Three common products are
324:hydrogen evolution reaction
10:
2420:
2178:Betts electrolytic process
2107:Carbon Dioxide (Reduction)
1707:10.1038/s41467-023-43118-0
903:10.1038/s41893-021-00739-x
785:10.1038/s41565-020-00823-x
585:Bioelectrochemical reactor
17:
2345:
2266:
2170:
2104:Fujita E (January 2000).
1604:Materials Reports: Energy
1575:10.1007/978-0-387-49489-0
1262:10.1038/s41586-019-1782-2
457:Carbon monoxide-producing
1870:10.1021/acscatal.7b00687
1530:Chemical Society Reviews
1178:Chemical Society Reviews
988:10.1002/14356007.a05_165
848:10.1021/acs.iecr.7b03514
590:
50:reduced chemical species
2188:Castner–Kellner process
1506:10.1126/science.aas9100
1362:10.1126/science.aap8497
1318:10.1126/science.1209786
358:heterogeneous catalysts
294:+ 12 H + 12 e →
192:. An electrochemical CO
37:, is the conversion of
2171:Electrolytic processes
1918:10.1021/acsaem.0c01145
1905:ACS Appl. Energy Mater
1657:10.1002/anie.202008289
1446:10.1002/adma.201803111
1092:10.1002/cssc.201501112
1048:10.1002/adma.201504766
474:metallacarboxylic acid
188:in a process known as
2208:Electrolysis of water
1694:Nature Communications
883:Nature Sustainability
765:Nature Nanotechnology
575:Electrolysis of water
545:Electromethanogenesis
360:have been evaluated.
271:+ 8 H + 8 e →
256:+ 2 H + 2 e →
236:+ 2 H + 2 e →
2218:Hall–Héroult process
2158:Articles related to
1960:10.1021/jacs.1c00151
507:-producing catalysts
65:carbon monoxide (CO)
2193:Chloralkali process
1651:(47): 21072–21079.
1438:2018AdM....3003111L
1394:10.1149/2.052301jes
1309:2011Sci...334..643R
1084:2016ChSCh...9..333L
1039:2016AdM....28.3423Z
954:10.1038/nature08299
946:2009Natur.460..814F
895:2021NatSu...4..911S
777:2021NatNa..16..118M
220:
2399:Energy engineering
2297:Electrolysed water
2228:Kolbe electrolysis
2223:Hofmann voltameter
2055:10.1039/D2MH01218A
2042:Materials Horizons
2015:10.1039/C2EE21234J
1542:10.1039/c3cs60323g
1426:Advanced Materials
1027:Advanced Materials
531:, etc.) and even C
388:hydrogen evolution
219:
2376:
2375:
2115:Neelameggham NR.
2099:on 27 March 2012.
1954:(18): 6877–6885.
1759:(14): 1900–1911.
1645:Angewandte Chemie
1584:978-0-387-49488-3
1499:(6390): 783–787.
1256:(7791): 509–513.
1132:978-0-387-49488-3
1033:(18): 3423–3452.
1006:. Haldor Topsoe.
740:Dioxide Materials
675:10.1021/cr300463y
633:www.aiche-cep.com
515:. These include C
316:
315:
131:Dioxide Materials
2411:
2353:Electrochemistry
2332:Sodium hydroxide
2258:Wohlwill process
2152:
2145:
2138:
2129:
2128:
2124:
2111:
2100:
2076:
2075:
2057:
2033:
2027:
2026:
2009:(5): 7050–7059.
1994:
1988:
1987:
1939:
1933:
1932:
1930:
1920:
1911:(9): 8509–8518.
1896:
1890:
1889:
1864:(7): 4822–4827.
1849:
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1801:
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1709:
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1679:
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1668:
1636:
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1595:
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1569:. Vol. 42.
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1554:
1553:
1525:
1519:
1518:
1508:
1480:
1474:
1473:
1432:(49): e1803111.
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1354:Science Magazine
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1234:
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1190:10.1039/b804323j
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1157:(3–4): 191–205.
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1103:
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1061:
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1018:
1012:
1011:
996:
990:
980:
974:
973:
940:(7257): 814–22.
929:
923:
922:
874:
868:
867:
842:(6): 2165–2177.
827:
821:
820:
756:
750:
749:
747:
746:
732:
726:
725:
723:
722:
713:. Archived from
703:
697:
696:
686:
663:Chemical Reviews
654:
643:
642:
640:
639:
625:
608:
601:
392:Electrocatalysts
221:
218:
212:Electrocatalysis
186:carboxylic acids
33:, also known as
2419:
2418:
2414:
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2412:
2410:
2409:
2408:
2379:
2378:
2377:
2372:
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2322:Potassium metal
2317:Magnesium metal
2262:
2183:Castner process
2166:
2156:
2085:
2083:Further reading
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1342:
1303:(6056): 643–4.
1289:
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1174:
1170:
1151:Catalysis Today
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981:
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889:(10): 911–919.
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451:carbon monoxide
416:carbon monoxide
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163:carbon monoxide
160:
151:carbon fixation
147:
112:carbon monoxide
106:
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96:
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84:
80:
72:
46:
27:
12:
11:
5:
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2389:Carbon dioxide
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2270:
2268:
2264:
2263:
2261:
2260:
2255:
2250:
2249:
2248:
2243:
2235:
2233:Hoopes process
2230:
2225:
2220:
2215:
2213:Electrowinning
2210:
2205:
2200:
2195:
2190:
2185:
2180:
2174:
2172:
2168:
2167:
2155:
2154:
2147:
2140:
2132:
2126:
2125:
2112:
2101:
2084:
2081:
2078:
2077:
2048:(3): 698–721.
2028:
1989:
1934:
1891:
1841:
1817:
1796:
1739:
1680:
1631:
1590:
1583:
1555:
1520:
1486:
1475:
1416:
1387:(1): F69–F74.
1367:
1340:
1283:
1236:
1229:
1211:
1168:
1138:
1131:
1105:
1062:
1013:
1004:www.topsoe.com
991:
975:
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869:
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751:
727:
698:
669:(8): 6621–58.
644:
619:
618:
616:
613:
610:
609:
595:
594:
592:
589:
588:
587:
582:
577:
572:
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210:
205:
201:
200:(SOECs) for CO
193:
178:salicylic acid
169:
158:
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143:
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100:
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61:formate (HCOO)
44:
39:carbon dioxide
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2402:
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2338:
2335:
2333:
2330:
2328:
2325:
2323:
2320:
2318:
2315:
2313:
2312:Lithium metal
2310:
2308:
2305:
2303:
2300:
2298:
2295:
2293:
2290:
2288:
2285:
2283:
2282:Calcium metal
2280:
2278:
2275:
2272:
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2269:
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2259:
2256:
2254:
2251:
2247:
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2169:
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2109:
2108:
2102:
2098:
2094:
2093:
2087:
2086:
2073:
2069:
2065:
2061:
2056:
2051:
2047:
2043:
2039:
2032:
2024:
2020:
2016:
2012:
2008:
2004:
2000:
1993:
1985:
1981:
1977:
1973:
1969:
1965:
1961:
1957:
1953:
1949:
1945:
1938:
1929:
1928:11368/2972442
1924:
1919:
1914:
1910:
1906:
1902:
1895:
1887:
1883:
1879:
1875:
1871:
1867:
1863:
1859:
1858:ACS Catalysis
1855:
1848:
1846:
1831:
1827:
1821:
1806:
1800:
1792:
1788:
1783:
1778:
1774:
1770:
1766:
1762:
1758:
1754:
1750:
1743:
1735:
1731:
1726:
1721:
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1713:
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1699:
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1081:
1078:(4): 333–44.
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717:on 2021-07-09
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586:
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560:Lemon battery
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217:
209:
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191:
190:carboxylation
187:
183:
179:
175:
166:
164:
156:
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142:
140:
136:
132:
128:
124:
123:oil embargoes
120:
117:
113:
108:
98:
86:
74:
66:
62:
57:
55:
51:
47:
40:
36:
32:
25:
21:
16:
2394:Electrolysis
2327:Sodium metal
2277:(extraction)
2237:Dow process
2202:
2160:electrolysis
2120:
2106:
2097:the original
2091:
2045:
2041:
2031:
2006:
2002:
1992:
1951:
1947:
1937:
1908:
1904:
1894:
1861:
1857:
1833:. Retrieved
1829:
1820:
1809:. Retrieved
1807:. 2016-06-22
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1214:
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1181:
1177:
1171:
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1030:
1026:
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715:the original
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172:, including
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2368:Electrology
2358:Gas cracker
1700:(1): 7303.
1072:ChemSusChem
555:Electrofuel
354:homogeneous
77:ethylene (C
69:methane (CH
2383:Categories
2198:Downs cell
1835:2023-11-21
1830:Energy.gov
1811:2023-11-21
745:2021-07-04
721:2021-07-04
638:2021-08-22
615:References
550:Biobattery
519:products (
338:solar fuel
139:GIGKarasek
89:ethanol (C
48:) to more
2274:Aluminium
2246:Magnesium
2064:2051-6355
2023:1754-5706
1984:233257736
1968:0002-7863
1878:2155-5435
1773:0001-4842
1716:2041-1723
1626:2666-9358
1403:0013-4651
1278:208217415
919:235801320
911:2398-9629
856:0888-5885
817:231580446
793:1748-3395
444:1-butanol
390:instead.
378:Catalysts
224:Reaction
2346:See also
2302:Fluorine
2287:Chlorine
2072:36601800
1976:33856799
1791:35772054
1734:37952012
1725:10640609
1675:32706141
1550:24186433
1515:29773749
1470:53093014
1462:30368917
1411:95111100
1335:31774347
1327:21960532
1270:31747679
1206:20705539
1198:19088968
1100:26610065
1057:26996295
1008:Archived
962:19675641
809:33432206
693:23767781
539:See also
521:ethylene
440:propanol
436:methanol
434:, while
428:ethylene
369:kinetics
182:methanol
114:using a
2241:Bromine
1886:1390311
1782:9301915
1666:7693243
1493:Science
1454:1712663
1434:Bibcode
1305:Bibcode
1297:Science
1080:Bibcode
1035:Bibcode
970:4421420
942:Bibcode
891:Bibcode
864:1712664
801:1756565
773:Bibcode
684:3895110
529:acetate
525:ethanol
432:ethanol
424:methane
404:formate
400:bismuth
155:RuBisCO
127:Siemens
119:cathode
2292:Copper
2070:
2062:
2021:
1982:
1974:
1966:
1884:
1876:
1789:
1779:
1771:
1732:
1722:
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1250:Nature
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934:Nature
917:
909:
862:
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791:
691:
681:
420:Copper
408:silver
312:−0.34
285:−0.24
262:−0.61
247:−0.52
135:Twelve
87:, and
1980:S2CID
1466:S2CID
1407:S2CID
1331:S2CID
1274:S2CID
1202:S2CID
966:S2CID
915:S2CID
813:S2CID
591:Notes
505:>1
472:(see
305:+ 4 H
278:+ 2 H
258:HCOOH
35:CO2RR
2337:Zinc
2068:PMID
2060:ISSN
2019:ISSN
1972:PMID
1964:ISSN
1882:OSTI
1874:ISSN
1787:PMID
1769:ISSN
1730:PMID
1712:ISSN
1671:PMID
1622:ISSN
1579:ISBN
1546:PMID
1511:PMID
1458:PMID
1450:OSTI
1399:ISSN
1323:PMID
1266:PMID
1225:ISBN
1194:PMID
1127:ISBN
1096:PMID
1053:PMID
958:PMID
907:ISSN
860:OSTI
852:ISSN
805:PMID
797:OSTI
789:ISSN
689:PMID
442:and
414:for
412:gold
406:and
402:for
356:and
290:2 CO
174:urea
137:and
116:zinc
29:The
22:and
2050:doi
2011:doi
1956:doi
1952:143
1923:hdl
1913:doi
1866:doi
1777:PMC
1761:doi
1720:PMC
1702:doi
1661:PMC
1653:doi
1612:doi
1571:doi
1538:doi
1501:doi
1497:360
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