318:¯" in the figure on the left. It requires at least an electron-volt of energy per molecule to form the species in the absence of the ionic liquid. That electron-volt of energy is largely wasted during the reaction. Rosen at al postulated that a new complex forms in presence of the ionic liquid so that 1 eV of energy is not wasted. The complex allows the reaction to follow the green pathway on the figure on the right. Recent work suggests that the new complex is a
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25:
84:
346:, Dioxide Materials switched from ionic liquid catalysts to catalytic anion exchange polymers. A number of polymers were tested and the imidazolium functionalized styrene polymer shown in the figure on the right showed the best performance. The membranes were tradenamed Sustainion. The use of Sustainion membranes raised the current and lifetime of the CO
350:
electrolyzer into the commercially useful range. Sustainion membranes have shown conductivities above 100 mS/cm under alkaline conditions at 60 °C, stability for thousands of hours in 1M KOH, and offer a physical mechanical stability that is useful for many different applications. The membranes
338:
Unfortunately, ionic liquids were found to be too corrosive to be used in practical carbon dioxide electrolyzers. Ionic liquids are strong solvents. They dissolve/corrode the seals, carbon electrodes and other parts in commercial electrolyzers. As a result, they were difficult to be used in
278:
conversion to carbon monoxide (CO) from about 1 volt to only 0.17 volts. Workers from other laboratories have subsequently reproduced the findings on many metals, and with several ionic liquids. Dioxide
Materials has shown that a similar enhancement occurs during
596:
Mark
Pellerite, Marina Kaplun, Claire Hartmann-Thompson, Krzysztof A. Lewinski, Nancy Kunz, Travis Gregar, John Baetzold, Dale Lutz, Matthew Quast, Zengcai Liu, Hongzhou Yang, Syed D. Sajjad, Yan Gao, and Rich Masel
617:
John A. Keith and Emily A. Carter, Theoretical
Insights into Electrochemical CO2 Reduction Mechanisms Catalyzed by Surface-Bound Nitrogen Heterocycles, J. Phys. Chem. Lett., 2013, 4 (23), pp 4058–4063
302:
At this point, there is still some question about how the imidazolium is able to lower the overpotential for the electrochemical reduction of carbon dioxide. The first step in the electrolysis of CO
355:
electrolyzers at high current densities. More recent research has noted that a cell membrane that has an optimized cathode has the capability of running for up to 158 days at 200 mA/cm .
654:
Arnau
Verdaguer-Casadevall, Christina W. Li‡, Tobias P. Johansson, Soren B. Scott, Joseph T. McKeown, Mukul Kumar, Ifan E. L. Stephens, Matthew W. Kanan*, and Ib Chorkendorff*
799:
520:
R. I. Masel, Z. Liu, and S. D. Sajjad Anion
Exchange Membrane Electrolyzers Showing 1 A/cm2 at Less Than 2 V, ECS Transactions, 75 (14) 1143-1146 (2016)
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recycling, sustainable fuels production and reducing curtailment of renewable energy(i.e. renewable energy that could not be used by the grid).
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solution containing equal volumes of 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate (EMIM-BF4) and water, reduced the overpotential for CO
263:
247:
816:
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Other possible pathways (i.e. non-zwitterions) are discussed in Keith et al. Rosen at al. Verdaguer-Casadevall et al. and Shi et al.
254:(i.e. wasted voltage) was too high, and the rate too low for practical applications. Workers at Dioxide Materials theorized that a
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Brian A. Rosen, Amin Salehi-Khojin, Michael R. Thorson, W. Zhu, Devin T. Whipple, Paul J. A. Kenis, Richard I Masel *,
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Carbon
Dioxide electrolyzers are a major part of Dioxide Materials' business. The work started in response to a
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Jonathan Rosen, Gregory S. Hutchings, Qi Lu, Sean Rivera, Yang Zhou, Dionisios G. Vlachos, and Feng Jiao,
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Sustainion
Alkaline Ionomers and Alkaline Ion Exchange Membranes, Carbon Dioxide and Water Electrolyzers
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Mechanistic
Insights into the Electrochemical Reduction of CO2 to CO on Nanostructured Ag Surfaces
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Robert Brian Kutz, Qingmei Chen, Hongzhou Yang, Syed Dawar Sajjad, Zengcai Liu, Richard Masel,
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45:
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Tunable-High
Performance Sustainion™ Anion Exchange Membranes for Electrochemical Applications
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Halmann and
Steinberg, "Greenhouse Gas Carbon Dioxide Mitigation," Lewis Publishers, 1999.
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Probing the Active Surface Sites for CO Reduction on Oxide-Derived Copper Electrocatalysts
8:
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Trends in electrochemical CO2 reduction activity for open and close-packed metal surfaces
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Zengcai Liu, Syed Dawar Sajjad, Yan Gao, HongzhouYang. Jerry J.Kaczur. Richard I.Masel,
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It may require cleanup to comply with Knowledge's content policies, particularly
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Michael Foertsch, These methods turn CO2 into cheap energy, Wired, Sept 24, 2017
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Wind and Solar Energy Curtailment: Experience and Practices in the United States
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Zengcai Liu et al 2018 J. Electrochem. Soc. 165 J3371 DOI 10.1149/2.0501815jes
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Sustainion Imidazolium-functionalized Polymers for Carbon Dioxide Electrolysis
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Imidazolium-Functionalized Polymer Membranes for Fuel Cells and Electrolyzers
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electrolysis on silver in the presence (green) and absence (black) of EMIM
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A. Bell et al. Basic research needs catalysts for energy, DOE PNNL-17214
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207:. Its main business is to develop technology to lower the world's
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Syed D. Sajjad, Yan Gao, Zengcai Liu, Hongzhou Yang and Rich Masel
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Chuan Shi, Heine A. Hansen, Adam C. Lauscheb, and Jens K. Nørskov,
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Richard I. Masel, Zheng Richard Ni, Qingmei CHEN, Brian A. Rosen,
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266:. Indeed, it was found that the combination of two catalysts,
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779:, C&E News, Volume 93 Issue 13 | p. 30 . March 30, 2015
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211:. Dioxide Materials is developing technology to convert
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The effect of membrane on an alkaline water electrolyzer
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Two new ways to turn ‘garbage’ carbon dioxide into fuel
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Chemical company in Boca Raton - Florida, United States
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Electrocatalytic process for carbon dioxide conversion
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Process for the sustainable production of acrylic acid
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A major contributor to this article appears to have a
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R. I. Masel, Qingmei Chen, Zengcai liu, Robert Kutz,
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The entrepreneurs turning carbon dioxide into fuels
715:Richard I. Masel, Amin Salehi-Khojin, Robert Kutz,
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Dioxide Materials' proposed reaction pathway for CO
658:, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2015, 137 (31), pp 9808–9811
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503:Ionic Liquid-Mediated Selective Conversion of CO
478:Ionic Liquid-Mediated Selective Conversion of CO
484:, Science Vol. 334 no. 6056 pp. 643-644 (2011)
678:, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 2014,16, 4720-4727
400:, NREL Report NREL/TP-6A20-60983, March 2014
283:and the hydrocarboxylation of acetylene ("
846:ECS Transactions, 77(11): 1653-1656 (2017)
812:SAVVY: Turning Carbon Dioxide into products
264:electrochemical reduction of carbon dioxide
248:electrochemical reduction of carbon dioxide
737:, Energy Technology 5, (6) 929-936 (2017)
396:Lori Bird, Jaquelin Cochran, and Xi Wang,
306:is the addition of an electron into the CO
64:Learn how and when to remove this message
638:, ACS Catal., 2015, 5 (7), pp 4293–4299
578:Chemistry Views (Elsevier) Converting CO
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884:Chemical companies of the United States
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351:showed a lifetime over 3000 hours in CO
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314:. The resultant species is labeled "CO
246:challenge to find better catalysts for
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44:. Please discuss further on the
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507:to CO at Low Overpotentials
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281:alkaline water electrolysis
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230:. Applications include CO
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380:Into Fuels and Chemicals
699:Ion Conducting Polymers
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199:was founded in 2009 in
852:10.1149/07711.1653ecst
757:Science, Sept 1, 2017
743:10.1002/ente.201600636
607:10.1149/08008.0945ecst
526:10.1149/07514.1143ecst
342:In order to avoid the
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129:September 9, 2009
120:Ion-exchange membranes
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256:bifunctional catalyst
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42:neutral point of view
701:, US patent 9580824
664:10.1021/jacs.5b06227
567:, US Patent 9790161
326:Sustainion Membranes
268:silver nanoparticles
244:Department of Energy
719:, US Patent 981501
250:. At the time the
205:Boca Raton, Florida
201:Champaign, Illinois
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136:2009-09-09
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344:corrosion
142:Champaign
46:talk page
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224:gasoline
173:Products
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