1153:) suggests that the caliphate of Ali would have endangered certain well-established interests because he did not view Abu Bakr and Umar as entirely aligned with the Quran and the Sunna. Aslan has a similar opinion, while McHugo adds that Ali would have opened the leadership to the Ansar and others, thus ending the privileged status of the Quraysh. Along these lines, Anthony views Ali's refusal to follow the first two caliphs as evidence of his censure of their rule. Shaban notes that Ali's refusal made him a rallying point for the opposition movement, adding that the wealthy Uthman was possibly selected to guard the Meccan interests. Likewise, Kennedy suggests that Ali refused to follow the precedent of Abu Bakr and Umar because he might have realized that the Quraysh's domination was dividing the community and wished to open the leadership for other groups, especially the Ansar, with whom he had links. Uthman, in contrast, was a wealthy Meccan merchant with good ties with the Quraysh elite. Some contemporary authors go further, suggesting that Ibn Awf's question was designed to weed out Ali, as he was well aware of Ali's disagreements with the past two caliphs and that he would have inevitably rejected the second condition. For Afsaruddin, however, the (Sunni) accounts of Uthman's appointment convey that the third caliph was expected at the time to follow Abu Bakr and Umar.
429:
163:
1019:
Awf swore to be impartial. Ibn Awf then reportedly asked each candidate privately whom they would vote for if they were out of the race. In that case, Uthman said he would support Ali, while Ali, Sa'd, and Zubayr supported Uthman. Keaney finds it odd that Ali supported Uthman in this report, noting that the former thought the committee was stacked against him. Some reports by al-Tabari suggest that Sa'd and Zubayr did not press their own or Talha's claims and thus the choice soon narrowed down to Uthman and Ali. Alternatively,
35:
719:, a companion of Muhammad, while a report by al-Tabari says Ibn Zayd was excluded because of his kinship with Umar, who reputedly did not want hereditary succession. On the other hand, some sources do not include Sa'd in the committee. Most sources also say that Talha arrived in Medina after the committee had reached its final decision and was absent from the proceedings. Sa'd formally acted as his proxy by some accounts. The Sunni historian
1111:
ninth-century sources of Keaney are thus willing to include the disagreements between the companions but present them and the community united behind the new caliph in the end. As the reverence for companions gradually became a Sunni dogma, such reports were later dismissed as pro-Alid and largely censored by Sunni authors, even though the authors of these accounts reject the Shia claims and support their
Abbasid caliphs.
378:
103:
1072:(Muhammad's precedent), and second, he should follow the example of the first two caliphs, namely, Abu Bakr and Umar. Ali accepted the first condition but declined the second one, adding that he would rely only on his judgment in the absence of any precedent from the Quran and the Sunna. Ibn Awf then presented the same conditions to Uthman who readily accepted them. This is also the version preferred by Mavani,
1004:) is reported to have responded, "The same thing which forced my grandfather the Commander of the Faithful to join the arbitration council ." This "same thing" might have been coercion based on another statement by al-Rida, "I was also forced to accept (the succession to the throne) even though I did not like to. I unwillingly accepted it when I was about to be killed," as reported in the Shia source
1039:"Ali had virtually no support" in the committee. Madelung and Jafri also believe that Zubayr supported Uthman, even though the former had earlier advocated for Ali against Abu Bakr after Muhammad's death. Despite his family ties with Ali, Jafri suggests, Zubayr this time withheld his support from the pious Ali with an eye on the financial opportunities that had opened up after the conquests of the
944:
bloc would have therefore dictated the outcome even if Talha was present during the deliberations. That the arrangement of the committee blocked the chances of Ali is also the view of Ayoub, who adds that Umar might have done so unknowingly. Jafri disagrees, saying that Umar meant to block Ali but could have not simply excluded him from the proceedings.
807:
serious contenders for the caliphate in the committee. Among these three, Madelung suggests that Ibn Awf and Ali were Umar's most and least preferred candidates, respectively. Alternatively, Jafri and Ayoub consider it likely that Umar saw Ali and Uthman as the strongest candidates. Umar also remarked elsewhere about the "foolishness" (
1088:. Alternatively, Crone and Keaney present another (Sunni) version in which Ali replies that he would follow Abu Bakr and Umar to the best of his ability, whereas Uthman simply answered affirmatively and received the mandate from Ibn Awf. This second account suggests a clear preference for Uthman by Ibn Awf.
1055:
leader Abd Allah ibn Abi Rabi'a of the
Quraysh reportedly warned Ibn Awf, "If you pledge allegiance to Ali, we shall hear and disobey, but if you pledge allegiance to Uthman, we shall hear and obey. So fear God, Ibn Awf." Ali was vocal about the divine and exclusive right of Muhammad's descendants to
1018:
The candidates could not reach an agreement and the decision was soon in the hands of Ibn Awf, who had the deciding vote, and ultimately played a key role in the accession of his brother-in-law, Uthman. A report by al-Tabari reads that Ali initially objected to this arrangement but relented when Ibn
1038:
By some accounts, Ali successfully appealed to Zubayr and Sa'd, and the two reportedly changed sides to Ali, but this would have given Ali the majority if Talha was still away and Sa'd thus had two votes. Madelung mentions this account about Sa'd but calls it "soft support at best," suggesting that
981:
Perhaps aware of his minority position within the committee, a reluctant Ali was compelled to participate in the committee, threatened by fear of arms, according to some reports by al-Baladhuri and al-Tabari. Alternatively, Ayoub surmises that Ali participated in the committee to save the community
943:
Sa'd was inclined to support his cousin Ibn Awf, who was in turn likely to align himself with his brother-in-law, Uthman. This voting bloc of three would have formed the majority within the committee if Talha was absent and Sa'd thus cast two votes. Ibn Awf was given the tie-breaker and this voting
900:
favor this account. In other reports, Ibn Awf took himself out of the competition in return for being recognized as the arbitrator. Madelung, Crone, and Keshk prefer this account, while Keaney is undecided, commenting that Umar probably avoided stacking the committee so obviously against Ali. Jafri
824:
believes that Ali was deliberately excluded from any position of importance during the caliphates of Umar and his predecessor, while
Anthony regards Ali's disenfranchisement as self-imposed and a sign of his disapproval of the first two caliphs, even though he offered his (at times critical) advice
806:
Umar is shown in early Sunni sources as concerned that the disagreements in the committee would split the community, and he reportedly warned Ali, Uthman, and possibly also Ibn Awf about favoring their kin if they are elected. On this basis, Madelung suggests that Umar considered these three as the
934:
after
Muhammad's death in 632, as suggested by Jafri and Abbas, or to keep the caliphate within the Quraysh, as implied by others. Whatever the reason, the absence of the Ansar is believed to have helped Uthman defeat Ali. Some contemporary authors have criticized Umar's exclusion of the Ansar and
865:
The committee was reportedly threatened with death to reach an agreement in three days, possibly reflecting an anxiety to avoid civil unrest and discord, something that later became the anathema to Sunni Islam. Umar also stipulated some rules for the committee, who were to meet in closed caucus to
1161:
According to Jafri, Uthman is often portrayed as a weak-minded man, and he suggests that Ibn Awf and the committee (except Ali) hoped that he would serve their interests, as representatives of the
Quraysh aristocracy. Keaney and Ayoub include a report by al-Tabari that quotes Ali as saying, "You
1110:
Ali opposed the decision of the committee, and objected to what he viewed as Ibn Awf's partiality, but reportedly did not challenge the outcome. There are contradictory Sunni accounts about the reaction of Ali to the appointment of Uthman though they all end with his pledge to the new caliph. The
1118:
reports that Ali agreed to go along with the committee's decision "so long as the affairs of
Muslims remain intact and there is no oppression in it save on myself." Reza Shah-Kazemi interprets this statement as Ali's tacit approval of the rules of Abu Bakr and Umar, adding that he nevertheless
968:
Jafri suggests that Umar deliberately blocked the chances of Ali by granting the chairmanship of the committee to Ibn Awf, possibly fearing discord and civil unrest. In Jafri's view, the inclusion of Ali in the committee simultaneously recognized his claims, blocked his chances, and removed his
952:
Possibly with the same calculations, Ali is shown as reluctant in the version of the events in which Ibn Awf proposed to cast the deciding vote in return for giving up his claims to the caliphate. Ali later referred to this voting bloc, complaining that the committee was stacked against him, as
825:
to the caliphs. Considering all this, Jafri suggests that Umar nevertheless included Ali in the committee because of his high political standing, which made it impossible for Umar to exclude Ali. Ayoub extends this attitude of Umar to other government posts, basing his conclusion on a report by
1091:
At any rate, Ibn Awf then pledged his allegiance to Uthman as the next caliph and everyone else reportedly followed suit. Even though Ali did not seriously challenged it, the appointment of Uthman was not received well by some quarters of the Muslim community and likely contributed toward the
1213:). Nevertheless, he admits that it is difficult to ascertain the committee's deliberations. Alternatively, Madelung believes that the related historical accounts are partly contradictory and fictional, though he contends that some conclusions can be made from them with reasonable certainty.
774:), according to whom Umar chose the committee members with help from early Muslims. Early Sunni sources defend the configuration of the committee, quoting Umar as saying that these were the best or the most entitled to the caliphate or those over whom the community would split.
790:. He nevertheless lacked leadership or military experience, unlike the rest of the committee. Not much is known about him during the reigns of Abu Bakr and Umar, and some have thus found it peculiar that Uthman was nominated. An early convert and Muhammad's son-in-law,
908:
and adding that Umar meant to block Ali but could have not simply excluded him from the proceedings. A report by al-Tabari reads that Ali objected to Ibn Awf's deciding vote to no avail. Alternatively, some sources give the arbitration role to Umar's son, Abd
1180:
accounts written more than a century after Uthman, all of which are polemical, written also with the benefit of hindsight. That is, the authors knew about Uthman's nepotism, Ali's caliphate, the civil war, and the
Umayyad and the Abbasid dynasties.
798:. If Uthman had not been nominated, observes Madelung, the Umayyads would have inevitably supported their distant relative Ali in the committee. While all nominees belonged to the Quraysh, the rest were from obscure clans, unlike Ali and Uthman.
614:
or electorate body by Sunni theologians. Early Sunni sources unanimously approve of Umar's committee, though they often regard it as the second-best solution because Umar reputedly did not know whom to appoint directly. For instance, the Sunni
569:, who appointed the former as the next caliph after the deliberations stalled. The choice of the wealthy Uthman is often explained as intended to guard the interests of the Quraysh and to follow the practices of the first two caliphs, namely,
1123:
suggest that Ali viewed the succession of Abu Bakr as a digression which turned into a full-blown deviation with the rebellion of Mu'awiya during his own caliphate. This is also the Shia view, as represented by the Shia jurist
3198:
866:
prevent outside influence, according to some reports by al-Tabari. Other reports, including one by al-Tabari, indicate that the Meccan and
Medinan leaders and the garrison commanders lobbied Ibn Awf. Another report by the
1030:) and al-Tabari include reports in which Talha was present and withdrew in favor of Uthman, Zubayr for Ali, and Sa'd for Ibn Awf. This account evidently contradicts the version in which Ibn Awf has the deciding vote.
891:
In case of a tie, Ibn Awf would elect the next caliph. This might be plausible because Ibn Awf was Umar's closest advisor after the death of Abu Ubayda in 639, and belonged to a small clan of the
Quraysh. Jafri,
1192:) thus rejects Umar's committee altogether as a later fabrication to justify the prevailing practice of the Abbasids, whereas Jafri, Madelung, and Keaney defend the credibility of the accounts in this regard.
813:) of Ali, but nevertheless considered him worthy of the caliphate and predicted the nepotism of Uthman. Madelung is confident that this Sunni account is fabricated, which is also what Ayoub suggests.
1051:
Ibn Awf also consulted the notable figures from Mecca, Medina, and the garrison towns, who were present in Medina. In particular, the
Quraysh elite strongly supported Uthman, writes Madelung. The
1166:
is similar. Still, Madelung disagrees with it, saying that Uthman was actually put forward because he was the only available strong counter-candidate to Ali. His view is echoed by McHugo.
1135:). Ali's refusal to follow the precedent of the first two caliphs also became the hallmark of Shia jurisprudence and led to the later development of their independent schools of law.
1102:). Uthman's reign as the third caliph was marked with nepotism and departure from Islamic piety. He was assassinated by discontented rebels in his residence in 656.
794:
and Sean Anthony suggest that Umar nominated Uthman as the only available strong counter-candidate to Ali, the much younger figurehead of Muhammad's clan, the
3177:
2960:
1195:
Jafri further argues that the accounts of Umar's committee are essentially authentic, adding that the accounts of the early historians al-Baladhuri,
1119:
viewed himself as the rightful successor to Muhammad, and gave up his claims to the caliphate for the unity of Islam. In contrast, Hamid Mavani and
608:
slave. On his deathbed, Umar tasked the committee with choosing the next caliph among themselves. This committee is also often referred to as a
661:) suggests that Umar also did not want to be directly involved with this appointment, fearing dissension afterward. This fear is also noted by
816:
Some early reports indicate that Umar vocally opposed the combination of the prophethood and the caliphate in the Banu Hashim, and he thus
969:
freedom to independently seek the caliphate. The last item is a reference to an exchange to this effect between Ali and Muhammad's uncle
428:
3293:
3056:
Veccia Vaglieri, Laura (1970). "THE PATRIARCHAL AND UMAYYAD CALIPHATES". In Holt, Peter M.; Lambton, Ann K.S.; Lewis, Bernard (eds.).
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1064:
The most common tradition here is that Ibn Awf publicly offered the caliphate to Ali on two conditions: First, he should follow the
912:
Those members who would not endorse the final decision (or those who would oppose Ibn Awf's pick in case of a tie) were to be slain.
982:
from dissension, even though he was aware that the committee was biased towards Uthman. When asked why he accepted the offer by
820:
from dictating his will on his deathbed, possibly fearing that he might expressly designate Ali as his successor. In this vein,
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67:
3307:
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and Persian empires. He observes that Zubayr, Talha, Sa'd, and Ibn Awf all accumulated tremendous wealth under Uthman.
3356:
3328:
3259:
3238:
3219:
3187:
3166:
3103:
3080:
3046:
3027:
3004:
2981:
2950:. In Bowering, Gerhard; Crone, Patricia; Kadi, Wadad; Mirza, Mahan; Stewart, Devin J.; Zaman, Muhammad Qasim (eds.).
2937:. In Bowering, Gerhard; Crone, Patricia; Kadi, Wadad; Mirza, Mahan; Stewart, Devin J.; Zaman, Muhammad Qasim (eds.).
2923:
2902:
2881:
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2818:
2799:
2780:
2732:
2693:
731:
263:
133:
3391:
200:
162:
3376:
2829:
408:
930:(early Medinan converts) were absent from this committee, either because of their pro-Ali sympathies at the
3248:
Nasr, Seyyed Hossein; Dagli, Caner K.; Dakake, Maria Massi; Lumbard, Joseph E.B.; Rustom, Mohammed (2015).
2707:
3154:
3091:
3015:
2992:
2947:
3068:
2934:
2962:
The Prophet and the Age of the Caliphates: The Islamic Near East from the Sixth to the Eleventh Century
566:
752:
Jafri believes that Umar did not consult the Muslim community before appointing this committee, while
3057:
2871:
970:
573:
and Umar. The committee has been criticized for its bias towards Uthman and for its exclusion of the
215:
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leadership, which would have jeopardized the future ambitions of other Qurayshites for leadership.
627:
291:
1206:), al-Tabari, and al-Mas'udi are similar to each other and to that of the much earlier Ibn Ishaq (
3289:
817:
601:
72:
3318:
2913:
2892:
3299:
1227:
897:
490:
352:
296:
281:
3143:
884:
Abu Talha and his men were reportedly ordered by Umar to stand guard and enforce these rules:
634:, both of whom predeceased the second caliph. Elsewhere, Umar would have selected Abu Ubayda,
2850:
1143:
1005:
709:
697:
662:
643:
631:
500:
485:
225:
77:
57:
3249:
357:
210:
126:
8:
3348:
705:
639:
495:
2768:
3342:
3338:
3130:
2852:
Religious authority and political thought in Twelver Shi'ism: From Ali to post-Khomeini
2755:
1120:
880:) describes how Ibn Awf solicited advice from the public during the deliberations. The
870:
701:
463:
34:
3352:
3324:
3303:
3274:
3255:
3234:
3215:
3183:
3162:
3134:
3099:
3076:
3042:
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2977:
2919:
2898:
2877:
2856:
2835:
2814:
2795:
2776:
2728:
2689:
1232:
1163:
1125:
716:
689:
480:
401:
177:
3122:
2679:
1081:
1040:
791:
693:
651:
546:
526:
475:
329:
306:
300:
182:
888:
The new caliph must belong to the committee, elected by a majority of its members.
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2683:
1077:
1073:
903:
783:
635:
324:
258:
243:
119:
95:
3020:
Muhammad in History, Thought, and Culture: An Encyclopedia of the Prophet of God
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Muhammad in History, Thought, and Culture: An Encyclopedia of the Prophet of God
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857:, saying that Muhammad had not given the Banu Hashim any share in the power.
821:
753:
605:
561:
second cousin and son-in-law Uthman and Muhammad's first cousin and son-in-law
3126:
3370:
1182:
927:
881:
741:
574:
286:
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have appointed Uthman so that the rule will come back to you." The view of
1052:
983:
954:
893:
867:
394:
382:
370:
107:
1093:
994:
795:
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in the capacity of an advisor to the committee. Alternatively, the Sunni
720:
205:
2759:
2743:
1196:
1085:
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converts). The committee consisted of Muhammad's cousin and son-in-law
680:
Umar nominated six men to this committee in most sources, all from the
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439:
82:
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837:
826:
681:
616:
248:
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Islamic History: Volume 1, AD 600-750 (AH 132): A New Interpretation
763:) says that this matter is unclear in most sources except the Sunni
901:
disagrees, citing Ali's own account of the proceedings in the Shia
764:
570:
558:
347:
253:
49:
3320:
The Crisis of Muslim History: Religion and Politics in Early Islam
626:) quotes Umar as saying that he would have designated his advisor
931:
787:
554:
553:). The committee likely consisted of six early Muslims from the
1222:
1069:
586:
530:
512:
459:
434:
52:
22:
2561:
1065:
685:
534:
220:
2491:
2489:
2059:
2057:
3062:. Vol. 1. Cambridge University Press. pp. 57–103.
2873:
No god but God: The Origins, Evolution, and Future of Islam
2647:
2645:
2317:
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1512:
854:
590:
542:
3271:
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2685:
The Succession to Muhammad: A Study of the Early Caliphate
1977:
1975:
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1971:
1621:
1483:
782:
The aging Uthman was a wealthy merchant from the powerful
3113:
Hinds, Martin (1972). "The Murder of the Caliph'Uthman".
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1969:
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1955:
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1951:
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1563:
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1481:
1479:
1477:
1475:
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1471:
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1465:
1463:
836:) in which the caliph hesitated to install the Hashemite
565:. The deciding vote was given to Uthman's brother-in-law
562:
154:
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2312:
2302:
2300:
2287:
2285:
2272:
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1876:
1851:
1849:
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2952:
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The Princeton Encyclopedia of Islamic Political Thought
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The Princeton encyclopedia of Islamic political thought
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2004:
2002:
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1533:
1531:
1529:
1527:
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2605:
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2573:
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2373:
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2255:
2230:
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2194:
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2170:
2168:
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2160:
2133:
2109:
2029:
2027:
2025:
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2021:
2019:
1948:
1936:
1866:
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1794:
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1638:
1636:
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1498:
1496:
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1413:
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1409:
1407:
1405:
1308:
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2513:
2421:
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2240:
2213:
2145:
2080:
2078:
2076:
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2072:
1926:
1924:
1922:
1897:
1895:
1893:
1891:
1842:
1818:
1734:
1448:
1438:
1436:
1434:
1432:
1430:
1428:
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1318:
1306:
1304:
1302:
1300:
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1296:
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1292:
1290:
1288:
2630:
2588:
2525:
2457:
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1999:
1907:
1611:
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1605:
1587:
1575:
1543:
1524:
1366:
1356:
1354:
1352:
1350:
1175:
1097:
964:) and al-Tabari, among others, and also in the Shia
808:
735:
730:) and some other Sunni sources also list Umar's son
644:
609:
535:
3018:. In Fitzpatrick, Coeli; Walker, Adam Hani (eds.).
2995:. In Fitzpatrick, Coeli; Walker, Adam Hani (eds.).
2894:
Muhammad and the Believers: At the Origins of Islam
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1782:
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1758:
1710:
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2069:
1919:
1888:
1830:
1423:
1390:
1378:
1285:
1273:
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2409:
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1347:
1249:
696:, Uthman's brother-in-law and Umar's key advisor
3368:
3055:
2567:
2954:. Princeton University Press. pp. 584–5.
2775:. Princeton University Press. pp. 30–2.
402:
127:
3231:Imam 'Ali: Concise History, Timeless Mystery
3115:International Journal of Middle East Studies
2941:. Princeton University Press. pp. 30–2.
3228:
2671:Origins and Early Development of Shia Islam
2507:
2495:
2345:
541:), which was assembled by the dying caliph
3159:Encyclopedia of Islam and the Muslim World
2990:
2969:
2391:
2321:
973:, reported by al-Baladhuri and al-Tabari.
409:
395:
134:
120:
3337:
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3022:. Vol. 2. ABC-CLIO. pp. 667–9.
2999:. Vol. 2. ABC-CLIO. pp. 565–8.
2688:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
1752:
1156:
993:) to be his heir apparent, the Shia Imam
3161:. Vol. 2. Macmillan Reference USA.
2945:
2932:
2915:Shi'a Islam: From Religion to Revolution
2725:'Uthman ibn 'Affan: Legend or Liability?
2678:
2651:
2403:
2115:
1882:
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1800:
1728:
1704:
1692:
1675:
1627:
1581:
1569:
1552:
1487:
1267:
16:Appointment of the third Rashidun caliph
3175:
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2958:
2766:
2451:
2306:
1824:
1740:
3369:
3351:. State University of New York Press.
3268:
3212:A Concise History of Sunnis and Shi'is
3209:
3196:
3152:
3141:
3036:
2890:
2848:
2827:
2722:
2702:
2636:
2594:
2582:
2543:
2531:
2519:
2480:
2427:
2364:
2333:
2291:
2276:
2219:
2207:
2188:
2139:
2127:
1993:
1981:
1913:
1836:
1341:
1255:
744:served as a witness in the committee.
3316:
3112:
3013:
2973:The First Muslims: History and Memory
2869:
2808:
2789:
2741:
2667:
2624:
2609:
2555:
2463:
2439:
2415:
2379:
2261:
2246:
2234:
2176:
2151:
2103:
2084:
2063:
2048:
2033:
2010:
1942:
1930:
1901:
1870:
1855:
1788:
1776:
1764:
1716:
1654:
1642:
1596:
1537:
1506:
1454:
1442:
1417:
1396:
1384:
1372:
1360:
1312:
1279:
1046:
2911:
1615:
600:) after he was stabbed in 23/644 by
3145:The messenger; the life of Mohammed
947:
13:
3288:Haj-Manouchehri, Faramarz (2013).
3098:. AltaMira Press. pp. 422–8.
3075:. AltaMira Press. pp. 39–41.
2744:"Shura as an Elective Institution"
1105:
14:
3403:
3339:Tabatabai, Sayyid Mohammad Hosayn
3290:Mousavi-Bojnourdi, Mohammad-Kazem
3155:"'Uthman ibn 'Affan (R. 644-656)"
2948:"'Uthman b. 'Affan (ca. 579-656)"
2935:"'Ali b. Abi Talib (ca. 599-661)"
2769:"'Ali b. Abi Talib (ca. 599-661)"
264:Ghurar al-Hikam wa Durar al-Kalim
1013:
747:
427:
376:
161:
101:
33:
3214:. Georgetown University Press.
3157:. In Martin, Richard C. (ed.).
3148:. Doubleday & Company, inc.
988:
801:
715:A few sources add to this list
595:
3059:The Cambridge History of Islam
3016:"'UTHMAN IBN 'AFFAN (579-656)"
2834:. Cambridge University Press.
2811:An Introduction to Shi'i Islam
2771:. In Bowering, Gerhard (ed.).
1169:
938:
585:The committee was convened in
1:
3096:The new encyclopedia of Islam
3073:The new encyclopedia of Islam
1238:
1138:
935:others from decision making.
846:
557:tribe, including the prophet
525:refers to the appointment of
433:The election of Uthman, from
3269:Dakake, Maria Massi (2008).
3090:Glassé, Cyril, ed. (2003b).
3067:Glassé, Cyril, ed. (2003a).
2918:. Markus Wiener Publishers.
2897:. Harvard University Press.
1243:
1208:
1201:
1187:
1148:
1130:
1025:
999:
959:
916:
875:
842:
831:
769:
758:
725:
667:
656:
621:
580:
7:
3014:Keshk, Khaled M.G. (2014).
2723:Keaney, Heather N. (2021).
1216:
1176:
1098:
1059:
976:
809:
736:
645:
610:
536:
10:
3408:
3317:Ayoub, Mahmoud M. (2014).
3229:Shah-Kazemi, Reza (2022).
3197:Gleave, Robert M. (2022).
3037:Arnold, Thomas W. (2018).
2991:Demichelis, Marco (2014).
2946:Anthony, Sean W. (2013b).
2933:Anthony, Sean W. (2013a).
2660:
675:
3323:. Oneworld Publications.
3127:10.1017/S0020743800025216
2976:. Oneworld Publications.
2970:Afsaruddin, Asma (2013).
2813:. Yale University Press.
2794:. Yale University Press.
2767:Anthony, Sean W. (2013).
2727:. Oneworld Publications.
1174:The earliest sources are
777:
508:
469:
455:
447:
426:
3287:
3201:. In Fleet, Kate (ed.).
3179:A History of Shi'i Islam
3176:Daftary, Farhad (2014).
2891:Donner, Fred M. (2012).
2742:Crone, Patricia (2001).
1518:
921:
860:
692:, Muhammad's son-in-law
630:or Salim, the client of
628:Abu Ubayda ibn al-Jarrah
292:The Fourteen Infallibles
3182:. Bloomsbury Academic.
3142:Bodley, R.V.C. (1946).
2748:Quaderni di Studi Arabi
650:and also by al-Tabari.
27:The Generous (al-Ghani)
3392:Non-partisan elections
3300:Encyclopaedia Islamica
3298:(in Persian). Tehran:
3203:Encyclopaedia of Islam
3153:Faizer, Rizwi (2004).
2959:Kennedy, Hugh (2015).
2849:Mavani, Hamid (2013).
2809:Momen, Moojan (1985).
2790:Abbas, Hassan (2021).
1228:Succession to Muhammad
1157:Motivations of Ibn Awf
1033:
953:reported by the Sunni
353:Succession to Muhammad
282:Military career of Ali
216:Timeline of Ali's life
3377:7th-century elections
3210:McHugo, John (2018).
2828:Shaban, M.A. (1971).
2716:Encyclopaedia Iranica
2668:Jafri, S.H.M (1979).
1996:, pp. 51, 260n3.
1144:Laura Veccia Vaglieri
853:) as the governor of
737:al-Imama wa al-siyasa
698:Abd al-Rahman ibn Awf
646:al-Imama wa al-siyasa
632:Abu Hudhayfa ibn Utba
589:by the second caliph
567:Abd al-Rahman ibn Awf
486:Abd al-Rahman ibn Awf
226:Event of Ghadir Khumm
78:Samarkand Kufic Quran
3302:. pp. 532–565.
3069:"'Alī ibn Abī Tālib"
2912:Halm, Heinz (1997).
2870:Aslan, Reza (2011).
2568:Veccia Vaglieri 1970
2066:, pp. 52–3, 55.
1519:Haj-Manouchehri 2013
710:Talha ibn Ubaydullah
501:Talha ibn Ubaydallah
358:Great Mosque of Kufa
3349:Sayyid Hossein Nasr
3199:"ʿAlī B. Abī Ṭālib"
1007:Uyun akhbar al-Rida
706:Zubayr ibn al-Awwam
702:Sa'd ibn Abi Waqqas
700:, Ibn Awf's cousin
640:Khalid ibn al-Walld
496:Zubayr ibn al-Awwam
491:Sa'd ibn Abi Waqqas
423:
149:Part of a series on
3254:. Harper Collins.
2674:. London: Longman.
1630:, pp. 71, 80.
1047:External influence
818:prevented Muhammad
523:Election of Uthman
464:Rashidun Caliphate
422:Election of Uthman
421:
3309:978-600-6326-19-1
3295:Hassan (AS), Imam
3280:978-0-7914-7033-6
2680:Madelung, Wilferd
2191:, pp. 113–4.
1233:Islamic democracy
1126:Ruhollah Khomeini
690:Ali ibn Abi Talib
642:, as reported in
602:Abu Lu'lu'a Firuz
563:Ali ibn Abi Talib
519:
518:
481:Ali ibn Abi Talib
419:
418:
178:Sunni view of Ali
144:
143:
3399:
3362:
3347:. Translated by
3334:
3313:
3284:
3265:
3244:
3225:
3206:
3193:
3172:
3149:
3138:
3109:
3086:
3063:
3052:
3033:
3010:
2987:
2966:
2955:
2942:
2929:
2908:
2887:
2876:. Random House.
2866:
2845:
2824:
2805:
2786:
2763:
2738:
2719:
2712:Yarshater, Ehsan
2699:
2675:
2655:
2654:, pp. 70–1.
2649:
2640:
2634:
2628:
2622:
2613:
2607:
2598:
2592:
2586:
2580:
2571:
2565:
2559:
2553:
2547:
2546:, p. 204n8.
2541:
2535:
2529:
2523:
2517:
2511:
2508:Shah-Kazemi 2022
2505:
2499:
2496:Shah-Kazemi 2022
2493:
2484:
2478:
2467:
2461:
2455:
2449:
2443:
2437:
2431:
2425:
2419:
2413:
2407:
2401:
2395:
2389:
2383:
2377:
2368:
2362:
2349:
2346:Shah-Kazemi 2022
2343:
2337:
2331:
2325:
2319:
2310:
2304:
2295:
2289:
2280:
2274:
2265:
2259:
2250:
2249:, pp. 55–6.
2244:
2238:
2232:
2223:
2217:
2211:
2205:
2192:
2186:
2180:
2174:
2155:
2154:, pp. 43–4.
2149:
2143:
2142:, pp. 62–3.
2137:
2131:
2125:
2119:
2113:
2107:
2101:
2088:
2082:
2067:
2061:
2052:
2046:
2037:
2031:
2014:
2008:
1997:
1991:
1985:
1979:
1946:
1945:, p. 48n18.
1940:
1934:
1928:
1917:
1911:
1905:
1899:
1886:
1885:, pp. 65–6.
1880:
1874:
1868:
1859:
1858:, pp. 52–3.
1853:
1840:
1834:
1828:
1822:
1816:
1815:, pp. 66–7.
1810:
1804:
1798:
1792:
1786:
1780:
1774:
1768:
1762:
1756:
1750:
1744:
1738:
1732:
1731:, pp. 67–8.
1726:
1720:
1714:
1708:
1707:, pp. 72–3.
1702:
1696:
1690:
1679:
1673:
1658:
1652:
1646:
1640:
1631:
1625:
1619:
1613:
1600:
1594:
1585:
1579:
1573:
1567:
1556:
1550:
1541:
1535:
1522:
1516:
1510:
1504:
1491:
1485:
1458:
1452:
1446:
1440:
1421:
1415:
1400:
1394:
1388:
1382:
1376:
1370:
1364:
1358:
1345:
1339:
1316:
1310:
1283:
1277:
1271:
1270:, p. 68-75.
1265:
1259:
1253:
1212:
1210:
1205:
1204: 284/897-8
1203:
1191:
1189:
1179:
1152:
1150:
1134:
1132:
1101:
1029:
1027:
1003:
1001:
992:
990:
966:Nahj al-balagha.
963:
961:
948:Ali's grievances
879:
877:
852:
851:
848:
844:
835:
833:
812:
792:Wilferd Madelung
773:
771:
762:
760:
739:
729:
728: 168/784-5
727:
694:Uthman ibn Affan
671:
669:
660:
658:
652:Mahmoud M. Ayoub
648:
636:Mu'adh ibn Jabal
625:
623:
613:
599:
597:
539:
533:by a committee (
527:Uthman ibn Affan
476:Uthman ibn Affan
431:
424:
420:
411:
404:
397:
383:Islam portal
381:
380:
379:
342:Related articles
330:Hazrat Ali Mazar
307:Ali in the Quran
301:The Twelve Imams
183:Shia view of Ali
165:
146:
145:
136:
129:
122:
108:Islam portal
106:
105:
104:
44:Related articles
37:
28:
19:
18:
3407:
3406:
3402:
3401:
3400:
3398:
3397:
3396:
3367:
3366:
3365:
3359:
3331:
3310:
3281:
3262:
3241:
3233:. I.B. Tauris.
3222:
3190:
3169:
3106:
3083:
3049:
3030:
3007:
2984:
2926:
2905:
2884:
2863:
2842:
2821:
2802:
2783:
2735:
2704:Pellat, Charles
2696:
2663:
2658:
2650:
2643:
2635:
2631:
2623:
2616:
2608:
2601:
2593:
2589:
2581:
2574:
2566:
2562:
2554:
2550:
2542:
2538:
2530:
2526:
2518:
2514:
2506:
2502:
2494:
2487:
2479:
2470:
2462:
2458:
2450:
2446:
2438:
2434:
2426:
2422:
2414:
2410:
2402:
2398:
2392:Demichelis 2014
2390:
2386:
2378:
2371:
2363:
2352:
2344:
2340:
2332:
2328:
2322:Afsaruddin 2013
2320:
2313:
2305:
2298:
2290:
2283:
2275:
2268:
2260:
2253:
2245:
2241:
2233:
2226:
2218:
2214:
2206:
2195:
2187:
2183:
2175:
2158:
2150:
2146:
2138:
2134:
2126:
2122:
2114:
2110:
2102:
2091:
2083:
2070:
2062:
2055:
2051:, pp. 6–7.
2047:
2040:
2032:
2017:
2009:
2000:
1992:
1988:
1980:
1949:
1941:
1937:
1929:
1920:
1912:
1908:
1900:
1889:
1881:
1877:
1869:
1862:
1854:
1843:
1835:
1831:
1823:
1819:
1811:
1807:
1799:
1795:
1787:
1783:
1775:
1771:
1763:
1759:
1751:
1747:
1739:
1735:
1727:
1723:
1715:
1711:
1703:
1699:
1691:
1682:
1674:
1661:
1653:
1649:
1641:
1634:
1626:
1622:
1614:
1603:
1595:
1588:
1580:
1576:
1568:
1559:
1551:
1544:
1536:
1525:
1517:
1513:
1505:
1494:
1486:
1461:
1457:, p. 42n6.
1453:
1449:
1441:
1424:
1416:
1403:
1395:
1391:
1383:
1379:
1375:, p. 41n2.
1371:
1367:
1359:
1348:
1340:
1319:
1311:
1286:
1278:
1274:
1266:
1262:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1241:
1219:
1207:
1200:
1186:
1172:
1159:
1147:
1141:
1129:
1121:Maria M. Dakake
1116:Nahj al-balagha
1108:
1106:Reaction of Ali
1094:first civil war
1062:
1049:
1036:
1024:
1016:
998:
987:
979:
958:
950:
941:
924:
919:
904:Nahj al-balagha
874:
871:Ibn Abi'l-Hadid
863:
849:
841:
830:
804:
780:
768:
757:
750:
724:
704:, Ali's cousin
678:
666:
663:Husain M. Jafri
655:
620:
594:
583:
443:
415:
377:
375:
363:
362:
348:Rashidun Caliph
343:
335:
334:
325:Imam Ali Shrine
320:
312:
311:
277:
269:
268:
259:Imam Ali Mosque
244:Nahj al-Balagha
239:
231:
230:
196:
188:
187:
173:
140:
102:
100:
88:
87:
45:
26:
25:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3405:
3395:
3394:
3389:
3384:
3379:
3364:
3363:
3357:
3335:
3329:
3314:
3308:
3285:
3279:
3273:. SUNY Press.
3266:
3260:
3245:
3239:
3226:
3220:
3207:
3194:
3188:
3173:
3167:
3150:
3139:
3110:
3104:
3087:
3081:
3064:
3053:
3047:
3034:
3028:
3011:
3005:
2988:
2982:
2967:
2956:
2943:
2930:
2924:
2909:
2903:
2888:
2882:
2867:
2861:
2846:
2840:
2825:
2819:
2806:
2800:
2787:
2781:
2764:
2739:
2733:
2720:
2700:
2694:
2676:
2664:
2662:
2659:
2657:
2656:
2641:
2629:
2614:
2599:
2587:
2572:
2560:
2548:
2536:
2524:
2522:, p. 114.
2512:
2500:
2485:
2468:
2466:, p. 119.
2456:
2454:, p. 423.
2444:
2432:
2430:, p. 152.
2420:
2408:
2396:
2394:, p. 567.
2384:
2369:
2350:
2338:
2326:
2311:
2296:
2294:, p. 113.
2281:
2279:, p. 348.
2266:
2251:
2239:
2224:
2222:, p. 112.
2212:
2193:
2181:
2156:
2144:
2132:
2120:
2108:
2106:, p. 116.
2089:
2068:
2053:
2038:
2015:
2013:, p. 115.
1998:
1986:
1947:
1935:
1918:
1906:
1887:
1875:
1860:
1841:
1829:
1817:
1805:
1793:
1781:
1769:
1757:
1755:, p. 158.
1753:Tabatabai 1977
1745:
1733:
1721:
1709:
1697:
1680:
1659:
1647:
1632:
1620:
1601:
1599:, p. 668.
1586:
1574:
1557:
1542:
1540:, p. 126.
1523:
1511:
1492:
1459:
1447:
1422:
1401:
1389:
1377:
1365:
1346:
1317:
1284:
1272:
1260:
1247:
1245:
1242:
1240:
1237:
1236:
1235:
1230:
1225:
1218:
1215:
1211: 150/767
1171:
1168:
1158:
1155:
1140:
1137:
1107:
1104:
1061:
1058:
1048:
1045:
1035:
1032:
1028: 150/767
1015:
1012:
991: 813–833
978:
975:
949:
946:
940:
937:
923:
920:
918:
915:
914:
913:
910:
889:
862:
859:
822:Farhad Daftary
803:
800:
779:
776:
754:Patricia Crone
749:
746:
717:Sa'id ibn Zayd
677:
674:
624: 310/923
598: 634–644
582:
579:
517:
516:
510:
506:
505:
504:
503:
498:
493:
488:
483:
478:
471:
467:
466:
457:
453:
452:
449:
445:
444:
432:
417:
416:
414:
413:
406:
399:
391:
388:
387:
386:
385:
373:
365:
364:
361:
360:
355:
350:
344:
341:
340:
337:
336:
333:
332:
327:
321:
318:
317:
314:
313:
310:
309:
304:
294:
289:
284:
278:
275:
274:
271:
270:
267:
266:
261:
256:
251:
246:
240:
237:
236:
233:
232:
229:
228:
223:
218:
213:
208:
203:
197:
194:
193:
190:
189:
186:
185:
180:
174:
171:
170:
167:
166:
158:
157:
151:
150:
142:
141:
139:
138:
131:
124:
116:
113:
112:
111:
110:
98:
90:
89:
86:
85:
80:
75:
70:
65:
60:
55:
46:
43:
42:
39:
38:
30:
29:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3404:
3393:
3390:
3388:
3385:
3383:
3380:
3378:
3375:
3374:
3372:
3360:
3358:0-87395-390-8
3354:
3350:
3346:
3345:
3344:Shi'ite Islam
3340:
3336:
3332:
3330:9781780746746
3326:
3322:
3321:
3315:
3311:
3305:
3301:
3297:
3296:
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3286:
3282:
3276:
3272:
3267:
3263:
3261:9780062227621
3257:
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3252:
3246:
3242:
3240:9781784539368
3236:
3232:
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3223:
3221:9781626165885
3217:
3213:
3208:
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3200:
3195:
3191:
3189:9781780768410
3185:
3181:
3180:
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3170:
3168:9780028656052
3164:
3160:
3156:
3151:
3147:
3146:
3140:
3136:
3132:
3128:
3124:
3121:(4): 450–69.
3120:
3116:
3111:
3107:
3105:9780759101890
3101:
3097:
3093:
3088:
3084:
3082:9780759101890
3078:
3074:
3070:
3065:
3061:
3060:
3054:
3050:
3048:9781138215740
3044:
3041:. Routledge.
3040:
3039:The Caliphate
3035:
3031:
3029:9781610691789
3025:
3021:
3017:
3012:
3008:
3006:9781610691789
3002:
2998:
2994:
2989:
2985:
2983:9781780744483
2979:
2975:
2974:
2968:
2964:
2963:
2957:
2953:
2949:
2944:
2940:
2936:
2931:
2927:
2925:9781558761346
2921:
2917:
2916:
2910:
2906:
2904:9780674064140
2900:
2896:
2895:
2889:
2885:
2883:9780812982442
2879:
2875:
2874:
2868:
2864:
2862:9780415624404
2858:
2855:. Routledge.
2854:
2853:
2847:
2843:
2841:9780521291316
2837:
2833:
2832:
2826:
2822:
2820:9780853982005
2816:
2812:
2807:
2803:
2801:9780300252057
2797:
2793:
2788:
2784:
2782:9780691134840
2778:
2774:
2770:
2765:
2761:
2757:
2753:
2749:
2745:
2740:
2736:
2734:9781786076984
2730:
2726:
2721:
2717:
2713:
2709:
2708:"Abū Loʾloʾa"
2705:
2701:
2697:
2695:0-521-56181-7
2691:
2687:
2686:
2681:
2677:
2673:
2672:
2666:
2665:
2653:
2652:Madelung 1997
2648:
2646:
2639:, p. 17.
2638:
2633:
2626:
2621:
2619:
2612:, p. 55.
2611:
2606:
2604:
2597:, p. 62.
2596:
2591:
2584:
2579:
2577:
2570:, p. 67.
2569:
2564:
2558:, p. 56.
2557:
2552:
2545:
2540:
2534:, p. 50.
2533:
2528:
2521:
2516:
2510:, p. 82.
2509:
2504:
2498:, p. 83.
2497:
2492:
2490:
2482:
2477:
2475:
2473:
2465:
2460:
2453:
2448:
2442:, p. 50.
2441:
2436:
2429:
2424:
2417:
2412:
2406:, p. 81.
2405:
2404:Madelung 1997
2400:
2393:
2388:
2382:, p. 49.
2381:
2376:
2374:
2366:
2361:
2359:
2357:
2355:
2348:, p. 86.
2347:
2342:
2336:, p. 61.
2335:
2330:
2324:, p. 44.
2323:
2318:
2316:
2309:, p. 60.
2308:
2303:
2301:
2293:
2288:
2286:
2278:
2273:
2271:
2264:, p. 54.
2263:
2258:
2256:
2248:
2243:
2237:, p. 47.
2236:
2231:
2229:
2221:
2216:
2209:
2204:
2202:
2200:
2198:
2190:
2185:
2179:, p. 53.
2178:
2173:
2171:
2169:
2167:
2165:
2163:
2161:
2153:
2148:
2141:
2136:
2129:
2124:
2118:, p. 68.
2117:
2116:Madelung 1997
2112:
2105:
2100:
2098:
2096:
2094:
2086:
2081:
2079:
2077:
2075:
2073:
2065:
2060:
2058:
2050:
2045:
2043:
2036:, p. 21.
2035:
2030:
2028:
2026:
2024:
2022:
2020:
2012:
2007:
2005:
2003:
1995:
1990:
1983:
1978:
1976:
1974:
1972:
1970:
1968:
1966:
1964:
1962:
1960:
1958:
1956:
1954:
1952:
1944:
1939:
1932:
1927:
1925:
1923:
1916:, p. 51.
1915:
1910:
1903:
1898:
1896:
1894:
1892:
1884:
1883:Madelung 1997
1879:
1873:, p. 35.
1872:
1867:
1865:
1857:
1852:
1850:
1848:
1846:
1838:
1833:
1827:, p. 29.
1826:
1821:
1814:
1813:Madelung 1997
1809:
1803:, p. 22.
1802:
1801:Madelung 1997
1797:
1791:, p. 89.
1790:
1785:
1779:, p. 16.
1778:
1773:
1767:, p. 19.
1766:
1761:
1754:
1749:
1743:, p. 40.
1742:
1737:
1730:
1729:Madelung 1997
1725:
1719:, p. 36.
1718:
1713:
1706:
1705:Madelung 1997
1701:
1695:, p. 31.
1694:
1693:Anthony 2013a
1689:
1687:
1685:
1678:, p. 72.
1677:
1676:Madelung 1997
1672:
1670:
1668:
1666:
1664:
1657:, p. 43.
1656:
1651:
1645:, p. 44.
1644:
1639:
1637:
1629:
1628:Madelung 1997
1624:
1617:
1612:
1610:
1608:
1606:
1598:
1593:
1591:
1583:
1582:Anthony 2013a
1578:
1572:, p. 80.
1571:
1570:Madelung 1997
1566:
1564:
1562:
1554:
1553:Anthony 2013b
1549:
1547:
1539:
1534:
1532:
1530:
1528:
1520:
1515:
1509:, p. 46.
1508:
1503:
1501:
1499:
1497:
1490:, p. 71.
1489:
1488:Madelung 1997
1484:
1482:
1480:
1478:
1476:
1474:
1472:
1470:
1468:
1466:
1464:
1456:
1451:
1444:
1439:
1437:
1435:
1433:
1431:
1429:
1427:
1420:, p. 52.
1419:
1414:
1412:
1410:
1408:
1406:
1399:, p. 40.
1398:
1393:
1387:, p. 37.
1386:
1381:
1374:
1369:
1362:
1357:
1355:
1353:
1351:
1343:
1338:
1336:
1334:
1332:
1330:
1328:
1326:
1324:
1322:
1315:, p. 51.
1314:
1309:
1307:
1305:
1303:
1301:
1299:
1297:
1295:
1293:
1291:
1289:
1282:, p. 50.
1281:
1276:
1269:
1268:Madelung 1997
1264:
1257:
1252:
1248:
1234:
1231:
1229:
1226:
1224:
1221:
1220:
1214:
1198:
1193:
1184:
1178:
1167:
1165:
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1145:
1136:
1127:
1122:
1117:
1112:
1103:
1100:
1095:
1089:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1057:
1054:
1044:
1042:
1031:
1022:
1014:Deliberations
1011:
1009:
1008:
996:
985:
974:
972:
967:
956:
945:
936:
933:
929:
911:
907:
905:
899:
896:, Ayoub, and
895:
890:
887:
886:
885:
883:
872:
869:
858:
856:
839:
828:
823:
819:
814:
811:
799:
797:
793:
789:
785:
775:
766:
755:
748:Configuration
745:
743:
742:Hasan ibn Ali
740:reports that
738:
733:
722:
718:
713:
711:
707:
703:
699:
695:
691:
687:
683:
673:
664:
653:
649:
647:
641:
637:
633:
629:
618:
612:
607:
603:
592:
588:
578:
576:
572:
568:
564:
560:
556:
552:
548:
544:
540:
538:
532:
529:as the third
528:
524:
515:became caliph
514:
511:
507:
502:
499:
497:
494:
492:
489:
487:
484:
482:
479:
477:
474:
473:
472:
468:
465:
461:
458:
454:
450:
446:
442:
441:
436:
430:
425:
412:
407:
405:
400:
398:
393:
392:
390:
389:
384:
374:
372:
369:
368:
367:
366:
359:
356:
354:
351:
349:
346:
345:
339:
338:
331:
328:
326:
323:
322:
319:Burial places
316:
315:
308:
305:
302:
298:
295:
293:
290:
288:
287:Ali as Caliph
285:
283:
280:
279:
273:
272:
265:
262:
260:
257:
255:
252:
250:
247:
245:
242:
241:
235:
234:
227:
224:
222:
219:
217:
214:
212:
211:Assassination
209:
207:
204:
202:
199:
198:
192:
191:
184:
181:
179:
176:
175:
169:
168:
164:
160:
159:
156:
153:
152:
148:
147:
137:
132:
130:
125:
123:
118:
117:
115:
114:
109:
99:
97:
94:
93:
92:
91:
84:
81:
79:
76:
74:
73:Assassination
71:
69:
66:
64:
61:
59:
56:
54:
51:
48:
47:
41:
40:
36:
32:
31:
24:
21:
20:
3343:
3319:
3294:
3270:
3250:
3230:
3211:
3202:
3178:
3158:
3144:
3118:
3114:
3095:
3072:
3058:
3038:
3019:
2996:
2972:
2965:. Routledge.
2961:
2951:
2938:
2914:
2893:
2872:
2851:
2830:
2810:
2791:
2772:
2751:
2747:
2724:
2715:
2684:
2670:
2632:
2627:, p. 3.
2590:
2563:
2551:
2539:
2527:
2515:
2503:
2459:
2452:Glassé 2003b
2447:
2435:
2423:
2411:
2399:
2387:
2341:
2329:
2307:Kennedy 2015
2242:
2215:
2184:
2147:
2135:
2123:
2111:
2087:, p. 7.
1989:
1938:
1933:, p. 8.
1909:
1904:, p. 6.
1878:
1832:
1825:Daftary 2014
1820:
1808:
1796:
1784:
1772:
1760:
1748:
1741:Glassé 2003a
1736:
1724:
1712:
1700:
1650:
1623:
1618:, p. 4.
1577:
1514:
1450:
1445:, p. 5.
1392:
1380:
1368:
1363:, p. 4.
1275:
1263:
1251:
1194:
1173:
1160:
1142:
1115:
1113:
1109:
1090:
1063:
1050:
1037:
1017:
1006:
980:
965:
955:al-Baladhuri
951:
942:
925:
902:
864:
815:
805:
802:Umar's views
786:clan of the
784:Banu Umayyad
781:
751:
714:
679:
584:
522:
520:
470:Participants
451:November 644
438:
276:Perspectives
62:
2637:Arnold 2018
2595:Shaban 1971
2583:McHugo 2018
2544:Mavani 2013
2532:Dakake 2008
2520:Mavani 2013
2481:Keaney 2021
2428:Donner 2012
2365:Keaney 2021
2334:Shaban 1971
2292:Mavani 2013
2277:Bodley 1946
2220:Mavani 2013
2208:Keaney 2021
2189:Mavani 2013
2140:Shaban 1971
2128:Faizer 2004
1994:Dakake 2008
1982:Keaney 2021
1914:Dakake 2008
1837:Gleave 2022
1342:Keaney 2021
1256:Pellat 2011
1190: 1935
1170:Historicity
1151: 1989
1133: 1989
1082:Shah-Kazemi
995:Ali al-Rida
939:Voting bloc
878: 1258
868:Mu'tazilite
796:Banu Hashim
761: 2015
670: 2019
659: 2021
206:First Fitna
58:Family tree
3371:Categories
2625:Crone 2001
2610:Jafri 1979
2556:Jafri 1979
2464:Abbas 2021
2440:Ayoub 2014
2416:Hinds 1972
2380:Ayoub 2014
2262:Jafri 1979
2247:Jafri 1979
2235:Ayoub 2014
2177:Jafri 1979
2152:Ayoub 2014
2104:Abbas 2021
2085:Crone 2001
2064:Jafri 1979
2049:Crone 2001
2034:Momen 1985
2011:Abbas 2021
1943:Ayoub 2014
1931:Crone 2001
1902:Crone 2001
1871:Ayoub 2014
1856:Jafri 1979
1789:Abbas 2021
1777:Momen 1985
1765:Momen 1985
1717:Ayoub 2014
1655:Ayoub 2014
1643:Ayoub 2014
1597:Keshk 2014
1538:Aslan 2011
1507:Ayoub 2014
1455:Ayoub 2014
1443:Crone 2001
1418:Jafri 1979
1397:Ayoub 2014
1385:Ayoub 2014
1373:Ayoub 2014
1361:Crone 2001
1313:Jafri 1979
1280:Jafri 1979
1239:References
1197:al-Ya'qubi
1164:Wellhausen
1139:Status quo
1080:, Shaban,
1078:Afsaruddin
1053:Makhzumite
1002: 818
962: 892
850: 687
834: 956
827:al-Mas'udi
772: 869
559:Muhammad's
440:Tarikhnama
201:Birthplace
83:Uthmaniyya
3135:159763369
3092:"Shi'ism"
1616:Halm 1997
1244:Citations
1114:The Shia
1041:Byzantine
1021:Ibn Ishaq
984:al-Ma'mun
917:Criticism
838:Ibn Abbas
732:Abd Allah
682:Muhajirun
617:al-Tabari
581:Committee
249:Al-Ghadir
68:Campaigns
3341:(1977).
2760:25802929
2754:: 3–39.
2706:(2011).
2682:(1997).
1217:See also
1068:and the
1060:Decision
977:Coercion
765:al-Jahiz
721:Ibn Sa'd
571:Abu Bakr
456:Location
371:Category
254:Zulfiqar
96:Category
63:Election
50:Rashidun
3292:(ed.).
2993:"Shura"
2714:(ed.).
2661:Sources
2585:, §2.I.
2483:, §3.1.
2367:, §3.4.
2210:, §3.5.
1984:, §3.3.
1344:, §3.2.
1183:Cateani
1177:akhbari
1074:Kennedy
845:
788:Quraysh
684:(early
676:Members
606:Persian
555:Quraysh
549:(643-4
509:Outcome
3387:Uthman
3355:
3327:
3306:
3277:
3258:
3237:
3218:
3186:
3165:
3133:
3102:
3079:
3045:
3026:
3003:
2980:
2922:
2901:
2880:
2859:
2838:
2817:
2798:
2779:
2758:
2731:
2692:
1223:Caliph
1084:, and
932:Saqifa
909:Allah.
882:Ansari
810:du'aba
778:Uthman
708:, and
686:Meccan
587:Medina
545:in 23
531:caliph
513:Uthman
460:Medina
435:Balami
238:Legacy
53:Caliph
23:Uthman
3131:S2CID
2756:JSTOR
2710:. In
1099:fitna
1086:Aslan
1070:Sunna
1066:Quran
971:Abbas
928:Ansar
922:Ansar
898:Abbas
894:Momen
861:Rules
638:, or
611:shura
575:Ansar
537:shura
221:Alids
172:Views
3353:ISBN
3325:ISBN
3304:ISBN
3275:ISBN
3256:ISBN
3235:ISBN
3216:ISBN
3184:ISBN
3163:ISBN
3100:ISBN
3077:ISBN
3043:ISBN
3024:ISBN
3001:ISBN
2978:ISBN
2920:ISBN
2899:ISBN
2878:ISBN
2857:ISBN
2836:ISBN
2815:ISBN
2796:ISBN
2777:ISBN
2729:ISBN
2690:ISBN
1010:.
926:The
855:Homs
604:, a
591:Umar
543:Umar
521:The
448:Date
297:Imam
195:Life
3382:644
3123:doi
1034:Ali
672:).
437:'s
155:Ali
3373::
3129:.
3117:.
3094:.
3071:.
2752:19
2750:.
2746:.
2644:^
2617:^
2602:^
2575:^
2488:^
2471:^
2372:^
2353:^
2314:^
2299:^
2284:^
2269:^
2254:^
2227:^
2196:^
2159:^
2092:^
2071:^
2056:^
2041:^
2018:^
2001:^
1950:^
1921:^
1890:^
1863:^
1844:^
1683:^
1662:^
1635:^
1604:^
1589:^
1560:^
1545:^
1526:^
1495:^
1462:^
1425:^
1404:^
1349:^
1320:^
1287:^
1209:d.
1202:d.
1188:d.
1149:d.
1131:d.
1076:,
1026:d.
1000:d.
989:r.
960:d.
876:d.
847:c.
843:d.
832:d.
770:d.
759:d.
726:d.
712:.
668:d.
657:d.
622:d.
596:r.
577:.
551:CE
547:AH
462:,
3361:.
3333:.
3312:.
3283:.
3264:.
3243:.
3224:.
3192:.
3171:.
3137:.
3125::
3119:3
3108:.
3085:.
3051:.
3032:.
3009:.
2986:.
2928:.
2907:.
2886:.
2865:.
2844:.
2823:.
2804:.
2785:.
2762:.
2737:.
2718:.
2698:.
2418:.
2130:.
1839:.
1584:.
1555:.
1521:.
1258:.
1199:(
1185:(
1146:(
1128:(
1096:(
1023:(
997:(
986:(
957:(
906:,
873:(
840:(
829:(
767:(
756:(
723:(
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