215:
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A six horse chariot carried the divinity, the horses huge and flawlessly white, with expensive gold fittings and rich ornaments. No one held the reins, and no one rode in the chariot; the vehicle was escorted as if the god himself were the charioteer. Elagabalus ran backward in front of the chariot,
340:
This stone is worshipped as though it were sent from heaven; on it there are some small projecting pieces and markings that are pointed out, which the people would like to believe are a rough picture of the sun, because this is how they see
558:
Just as the pagan Arab cult of the sun-god of Emesa is a relevant feature of background for the interest of the Severi in religion and in the case of
Elagabalus for the installation of the Arab sun-god in Rome
309:, who, before his accession, was the hereditary high priest at Emesa and was commonly called Elagabalus after the deity. The Syrian deity was assimilated with the Roman sun god known as
424:, or some combination of the three, as wife. The most sacred relics from the Roman religion were transferred from their respective shrines to the Elagabalium, including "the emblem of
695:
377:
Herodian also related that
Elagabalus forced senators to watch while he danced around his deity's altar to the sound of drums and cymbals, and at each
678:
617:, volume 23, page 116: "und mit palmyrenischer Inschrift "Gott Berg" steht die umstrittene Etymologie des Namens "Elagabal" (ilah ha-gabal) fest"
459:
According to
Herodian, after the emperor was killed in 222, his religious edicts were reversed and the cult of Elagabalus returned to Emesa.
883:
259:" ("إله الجبل"), the Emesene manifestation of the deity, which is Arabic for "God of the Mountain." Elagabalus was the religious "lord", or
408:, the Emperor also tried to bring about a union of Roman and Syrian religion under the supremacy of his deity, which he placed even above
652:
390:
facing the god and holding the horses' reins. He made the whole journey in this reverse fashion, looking up into the face of his god.
903:
862:
381:
celebrated a great festival, popular with the masses because of food distributions, during which he placed the holy stone on a
796:
754:
844:
725:"De Cultus van Sol Invictus: Een vergelijkende studie tussen keizer Elagabalus (218–222) en keizer Aurelianus (270–275)"
662:
599:
551:
829:
691:
638:
English-Arabic dictionary translation for "mountain" with transliteration of the Arabic equivalent: "gabal":
456:
must transfer their rites to his temple so that it "might include the mysteries of every form of worship".
263:, of Emesa. The deity successfully preserved Arab characteristics, both in his names and representations.
939:
626:
English-Arabic dictionary translation for "God" with transliteration of the Arabic equivalent: "ilah":
229:
214:
173:
17:
924:
954:
929:
483:
433:
310:
252:
195:. Although there were many variations of the name, the god was consistently referred to as
8:
949:
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672:
639:
524:
724:
909:
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429:
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Herodian's description strongly suggests that the
Emesene cult was inspired by the
153:
98:
43:
627:
866:
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758:
345:
200:
177:
248:
918:
520:
409:
325:
303:
233:
572:
The Crimes of
Elagabalus: The Life and Legacy of Rome's Decadent Boy Emperor
587:
453:
314:
267:
654:
The
Cambridge Ancient History: Volume 12, The Crisis of Empire, AD 193-337
468:
444:, and all that the Romans held sacred". He reportedly also declared that
405:
321:
287:
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504:
449:
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by the Romans. For example, a dedication has been found as far away as
203:
31:
395:
199:
in Roman coins and inscriptions from AD 218 on, during the reign of
881:
378:
370:
333:
329:
260:
698:
on 2021-01-26; the inscription is in now in
Woerden's city museum.
445:
417:
413:
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adorned with gold and jewels, which he paraded through the city:
382:
358:
283:
236:
180:
898:
437:
425:
421:
350:
299:
224:
165:
107:
478:
441:
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244:
192:
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473:
373:, gold chariot carrying the holy stone of the Emesa temple.
219:
188:
137:
131:
116:
113:
76:
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55:
49:
125:
122:
64:
61:
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785:
783:
781:
743:
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172:, both literally meaning "God of the Mountain") was an
849:
140:
101:
79:
46:
778:
763:
738:
640:
https://en.bab.la/dictionary/english-arabic/mountain
270:
in the second century, where he would be revered as
134:
128:
110:
73:
67:
52:
819:
266:The cult of the deity spread to other parts of the
119:
104:
58:
722:
505:"Elaha Gabal d'Émèse dans son contexte historique"
592:Rome in the East: The Transformation of an Empire
916:
546:. Washington, D.C.: Dumbarton Oaks. p. 36.
628:https://en.bab.la/dictionary/english-arabic/god
328:to house the holy stone of the Emesa temple, a
243:Elagabalus was initially venerated at Emesa in
30:For the Roman emperor with the same name, see
677:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
657:. Cambridge University Press. p. 502.
582:
580:
884:Aufstieg und Niedergang der römischen Welt
707:
317:("the unconquered Sun") among the Romans.
577:
502:
344:
213:
14:
917:
541:
251:acted as its priests. The name is the
586:
24:
875:
615:The Journal of Juristic Papyrology
412:, and to which he assigned either
324:was built on the east face of the
25:
966:
891:
651:Bowman, Cameron, Garnsey (2008).
897:
812:M. Geller, "The Last Wedge", in
97:
42:
834:
806:
727:(in Dutch). University of Ghent
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701:
692:An Early Dedication to Elagabal
708:Halsberghe, Gaston H. (1972).
685:
644:
632:
620:
608:
564:
535:
496:
13:
1:
489:
222:, containing the holy stone (
814:Zeitschrift für Assyriologie
712:. Leiden: Brill. p. 62.
367:To the Holy Sun God Elagabal
7:
723:Devlaminck, Pieter (2004).
462:
10:
971:
293:
228:), on the reverse of this
29:
594:. Routledge. p. 37.
503:Lipiński, Edward (2011).
361:mint). The reverse reads
302:was taken to Rome by the
183:, initially venerated in
710:The Cult of Sol Invictus
904:Elagabalus Sol Invictus
887:II 16.3 (1986) 806–1825
363:Sanct Deo Soli Elagabal
330:black conical meteorite
209:
542:Shahid, Irfan (1984).
392:
374:
343:
336:writes of that stone:
240:
230:provincial bronze coin
843:, Life of Elagabalus
816:87 (1997), pp. 43–95.
484:Royal family of Emesa
387:
348:
338:
217:
910:Livius.org: Elagabal
906:at Wikimedia Commons
357:(struck 218–219 AD,
320:A temple called the
313:and became known as
286:, in the modern-day
278:) by the Greeks and
255:form of the Arabic "
27:Near Eastern sun god
865:2007-08-20 at the
799:2015-11-04 at the
757:2015-11-04 at the
544:Rome and the Arabs
375:
298:The cult stone or
241:
160:or 𐡁𐡋𐡄𐡀𐡂𐡀𐡋
940:Religion in Syria
902:Media related to
369:), and depicts a
247:, where the Arab
16:(Redirected from
962:
901:
869:
853:
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841:Augustan History
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515:(4): 1081–1101.
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379:summer solstice
296:
212:
156:: 𐡁𐡋𐡄𐡂𐡀𐡋
100:
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45:
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28:
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404:According to
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326:Palatine Hill
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257:Ilah al-Jabal
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234:Roman usurper
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170:Ilah al-Jabal
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93:Heliogabalus,
90:
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39:
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19:
955:Sol Invictus
930:Arabian gods
882:
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836:
826:
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729:. Retrieved
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574:(2011) p. 48
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315:Sol Invictus
297:
279:
275:
274:(Ἐλαγάβαλος
271:
268:Roman Empire
265:
256:
242:
239:(253–254 AD)
223:
196:
187:(modern-day
169:
168:: إله الجبل
162:ʾĕlāhaʾgabāl
161:
157:
149:
148:) or simply
92:
88:
37:
36:
469:Black Stone
406:Cassius Dio
322:Elagabalium
288:Netherlands
89:Aelagabalus
950:Solar gods
945:Roman gods
935:Elagabalus
919:Categories
855:Herodian,
789:Herodian,
769:Herodian,
747:Herodian,
731:2007-08-07
490:References
454:Christians
450:Samaritans
396:Babylonian
371:four-horse
355:Elagabalus
307:Elagabalus
280:Elagabalus
276:Elagábalos
272:Elagabalos
204:Elagabalus
197:Elagabalus
158:ʾĕlāhgabāl
38:Elagabalus
32:Elagabalus
673:cite book
521:0023-8856
434:Palladium
253:Latinised
863:Archived
797:Archived
755:Archived
696:archived
590:(2016).
529:41547069
463:See also
353:showing
334:Herodian
150:Elagabal
18:El-Gabal
830:LXXX.11
509:Latomus
440:of the
438:shields
418:Minerva
414:Astarte
410:Jupiter
383:chariot
359:Antioch
304:Emperor
294:In Rome
284:Woerden
237:Uranius
201:emperor
181:sun god
154:Aramaic
661:
598:
559:itself
550:
527:
519:
436:, the
432:, the
422:Urania
351:aureus
349:Roman
300:baetyl
225:baetyl
166:Arabic
525:JSTOR
479:Hubal
442:Salii
430:Vesta
341:them.
261:Ba'al
245:Syria
220:Emesa
193:Syria
185:Emesa
178:Roman
860:VI.6
679:link
659:ISBN
596:ISBN
548:ISBN
517:ISSN
474:Homs
452:and
446:Jews
210:Cult
189:Homs
174:Arab
794:V.6
774:V.3
752:V.5
420:or
311:Sol
232:by
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