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Fuhito. Fuhito was succeeded by four sons, Muchimaro, Umakai, Fusasaki, and Maro. They put
Emperor Shōmu, the prince by Fuhito's daughter, on the throne. In 729, they arrested Nagaya and regained control. However, as a major outbreak of smallpox spread from Kyūshū in 735, all four brothers died two years later, resulting in temporary reduction in the Fujiwara dominance. In 740, a member of the Fujiwara clan, Hirotsugu, launched a rebellion from his base in Fukuoka, Kyushu. Although defeated, it is without doubt that the Emperor was heavily shocked about these events, and he moved the palace three times in only five years from 740, until he eventually returned to Nara. In the late Nara period, financial burdens on the state increased, and the court began dismissing nonessential officials. In 792 universal conscription was abandoned, and district heads were allowed to establish private militia forces for local police work. Decentralization of authority became the rule despite the reforms of the Nara period. Eventually, to return control to imperial hands, the capital was moved in 784 to Nagaoka-kyō and in 794 to Heian-kyō (literally Capital of Peace and Tranquility), about twenty-six kilometers north of Nara. By the late eleventh century, the city was popularly called Kyoto (capital city), the name it has had ever since.
3305:), and an overall membership of more than 130 members representing universities, corporations, political parties, the bureaucracy, social workers, and labor." US assistance totaled about US$ 1.9 billion during the occupation, or about 15% of the nation's imports and 4% of GNP in that period. About 59% of this aid was in the form of food, 15% in industrial materials, and 12% in transportation equipment. US grant assistance, however, tapered off quickly in the mid-1950s. US military procurement from Japan peaked at a level equivalent to 7% of Japan's GNP in 1953 and fell below 1% after 1960. A variety of United States-sponsored measures during the occupation, such as land reform, contributed to the economy's later performance by increasing competition. In particular, the post-war purge of industrial leaders allowed new talent to rise in the management of the nation's rebuilt industries. Finally, the economy benefited from foreign trade because it was able to expand exports rapidly enough to pay for imports of equipment and technology without falling into debt, as had a number of developing nations in the 1980s.
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2524:, "Iron Duke", to Japan, which he demonstrated on an 8-mile track in the Ōura district of Nagasaki. However, after centuries of a culture of 'distrust of foreigners', construction of the premier railway built by non-Japanese was considered politically unacceptable to the new Japanese regime. Therefore, the government of Japan decided to build a railway from the major port of Yokohama to Tokyo using British financing and 300 British and European technical advisors: civil engineers, general managers, locomotive builders and drivers. In order to undertake its construction, foreign experts were contracted, with the specific intent that such experts would educate Japanese co-workers so that Japan could become self-sufficient in railway construction expertise, at which time the foreign contractors were expected to leave the country. In late 1872, the first railway, between
3364:"law on the expulsion of Zaibatsu-affiliated controls" of January 1948 enforced the resignation of Zaibatsu board members who were related closely to Zaibatsu families, while a measure was taken to ban on holding the concurrent board posts of their affiliated companies. In addition, a government employees law was enacted, the first group of Japanese Supreme Court justices was appointed, local government and the police were reorganised, the Ministries of Home Affairs, Navy, and War were abolished, extensive revisions were made to criminal law, and progress was made on land reform. Finally, the unionization of Japanese workers was encouraged by US occupying forces that forced companies to compete on technology and innovation.
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the old Shōtoku land reform systems declined. By the mid-eighth century, shōen (landed estates), one of the most important economic institutions in prehistoric Japan, began to rise as a result of the search for a more manageable form of landholding. Local administration gradually became more self-sufficient, while the breakdown of the old land distribution system and the rise of taxes led to the loss or abandonment of land by many people who became the "wave people" (furōsha). Some of these formerly "public people" were privately employed by large landholders, and "public lands" increasingly reverted to the shōen.
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3269:, the economies of Japan and its occupied territories all suffered severely. Inflation was rampant; Japanese heavy industry, forced to devote nearly all its production to meet military needs, was unable to meet the commercial requirements of Japan (which had previously relied on trade with Western countries for their manufactured goods). Local industries were unable to produce at high enough levels to avoid severe shortfalls. Furthermore, maritime trade, upon which the Empire depended greatly, was sharply curtailed by damage to the Japanese merchant fleet over the course of the war.
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1093:, the most commonly used method of housing at the time, with some even having paved stone floors. At the end of the Jōmon period the local population declined sharply. Scientists suggest that this was possibly caused by food shortages and other environmental problems. They concluded that not all Jōmon groups suffered under these circumstances but the overall population declined. Examining the remains of the people who lived throughout the Jōmon period, there is evidence that these deaths were not inflicted by warfare or violence on a large enough scale to cause these deaths.
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and of consumers to go on a buying spree. Japan's imports grew at a faster rate than exports. Japanese post-war technological research was carried out for the sake of economic growth rather than military development. The growth in high-technology industries in the 1980s resulted from heightened domestic demand for high-technology products such as electronics, and for higher living, housing, and environmental standards; better medical care and more welfare; expanded leisure-time facilities; and improved ways to accommodate a rapidly aging society.
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3329:, causing large-scale dejection and despondency. The term "gifts from Heaven" was coined by cartoonist Kato Etsuro in his first illustrations under US military occupation. These gifts referred to the bloodless democratic revolution from above ushered in by US forces that put an end to a socially debilitating war. Of the many aspects of the revolution from above, the reforms extending the right to vote to women, strengthening labor unionization, and liberalizing the economy were some of the most enduring changes that stand to this day.
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strike, and bargain collectively, which was passed by the Diet of Japan on 22 December 1945. While the law was created while Japan was under occupation, the law itself was largely a
Japanese work. It was put together by a large legal advisory commission headed by the legal scholar Suehiro Izutaro. The commission was quite large, consisting of "three Welfare ministry bureaucrats and two scholars, a steering committee of 30 members (including the communist firebrand
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1133:, lived in permanent farming villages, and constructed buildings with wood and stone. They also accumulated wealth through land ownership and the storage of grain. Such factors promoted the development of distinct social classes. Yayoi chiefs, in some parts of Kyūshū, appear to have sponsored, and politically manipulated, trade in bronze and other prestige objects. That was made possible by the introduction of an irrigated, wet-rice agriculture from the
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decision to collect on the collateral, hoping asset prices would improve. These delays were allowed by national banking regulators. Some banks make even more loans to these companies that are used to service the debt they already have. This continuing process is known as maintaining an "unrealized loss", and until the assets are completely revalued and/or sold off (and the loss realized), it will continue to be a deflationary force in the economy.
3355:. One of the first and most significant economic reforms was the division and distribution of rural land to Japanese tenant farmers. Previously, property belonged to landlords and farmers worked on it in a feudal type system. Modern capitalist theory held that this feudal practice did not incentivize growth and the rural landlord class was dissolved. In addition to the dissolution of the landlord class, the massive business conglomerates known as
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equipped with the best modern machines, giving Japan an initial competitive advantage over the victor states, who now had older factories. As Japan's second period of economic development began, millions of former soldiers joined a well-disciplined and highly educated work force to rebuild Japan. Japan's colonies were lost as a result of World War II, but since then the
Japanese had extended their economic influence throughout Asia and beyond.
1605:
710. The capital was moved shortly (for reasons described later in this section) to Kuni-kyō (present-day
Kizugawa) in 740–744, to Naniwa-kyō (present-day Osaka) in 744–745, to Shigarakinomiya (紫香楽宮, present-day Shigaraki) in 745, and moved back to Nara in 745. Nara was Japan's first truly urban center. It soon had a population of 200,000 (representing nearly 7% of the country's population) and some 10,000 people worked in government jobs.
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to invest in that would return a profit. Meanwhile, the extremely low interest rate offered for deposits, such as 0.1%, meant that ordinary
Japanese savers were just as inclined to put their money under their beds as they were to put it in savings accounts. Correcting the credit problem became even more difficult as the government began to subsidize failing banks and businesses, creating many so-called "zombie businesses". Eventually a
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average growth rate of 5% in the late 1980s, for example, was far higher than the 3.8% growth rate of the United States. Despite more petroleum price increases in 1979, the strength of the
Japanese economy was apparent. It expanded without the double-digit inflation that afflicted other industrial nations (and that had bothered Japan itself after the first oil crisis in 1973). Japan experienced slower growth in the mid-1980s, but its
1964:
86:
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1721:'s victory, the defense so depleted its finances that it was unable to provide compensation to its vassals for their role in the victory. This had permanent negative consequences for the shogunate's relations with the samurai class. Japan nevertheless entered a period of prosperity and population growth starting around 1250. In rural areas, the greater use of iron tools and fertilizer, improved irrigation techniques, and
4474:, which also forced a national state of emergency, gave the nation its worst economic crisis since the end of World War II. Jun Saito of the Japan Center for Economic Research stated that the pandemic delivered the "final blow" to Japan's long fledging economy, which also resumed slow growth in 2018. Two stimulus packages, in April and May 2020, injected 234 trillion yen (US$ 2.2 trillion), or almost 40% of Japan's GDP.
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4000:
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shippers were also competing with
European traders to carry these goods across Asia and even to Europe. As in the West, the textile mills employed mainly women, half of them under age twenty. They were sent there by their fathers, and they turned over their wages to their fathers. Japan largely skipped water power and moved straight to steam powered mills, which were more productive and created a demand for coal.
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Japanese
Government only funding routes not able to be privately constructed. By that year the privately owned network was ~2,124 km compared to the government owned sections totaling ~887 km. While this figure seemed to indicate the potential for further private funding of railway construction (notwithstanding the routes already targeted by private companies), subsequent events demonstrated otherwise.
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automobiles, electronics, ships, and machine tools assumed new importance. The value added to manufacturing and mining grew at the rate of 17% per year between 1965 and 1970. Growth rates moderated to about 8% and evened out between the industrial and service sectors between 1970 and 1973, as retail trade, finance, real estate, information technology, and other service industries streamlined their operations.
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1970s, however, the
Japanese economy began to move away from heavy manufacturing toward a more service-oriented (tertiary sector) base. During the 1980s, jobs in wholesaling, retailing, finance, insurance, real estate, transportation, communications, and government grew rapidly, while secondary-sector employment remained stable. The tertiary sector grew from 47% of the work force in 1970 to 59.2% in 1990.
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4466:'s record by more than US$ 5 billion (when not adjusted for inflation). In the resort town of Hakone, record rainfall of almost a meter (942.3 mm, 37.1 inches) fell in only 24 hours. This adds to the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on people's lives and the economy, the prime minister unveiling a "massive" stimulus amounting to 20% of GDP. In April 2020, Prime Minister
4494:, citing gave the nation its worst economic crisis since the end of World War II. Jun Saito of the Japan Center for Economic Research stated that the pandemic delivered the "final blow" to Japan's long fledging economy, which also resumed slow growth in 2018. Less than a quarter of Japanese people expect living conditions to improve in the coming decades.
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and power. The rise of an information-based economy was led by major research in highly sophisticated technology, such as advanced computers. The selling and use of information became very beneficial to the economy. Tokyo became a major financial center, home to some of the world's major banks, financial firms, insurance companies, and the world's largest
4539:
an exceptional debt to GDP level is only possible because
Japanese hold most of the debt: "“Japanese households hold most of their savings in bank accounts (48%) and these sums are used by commercial banks to buy Japanese government bonds. Thus, 85.7% of these bonds are held by Japanese investors.” However, an aging population could decrease savings.
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would become cheaper and foreign trade would grow. In a broader sense, modernized transportation would inspire the people and facilitate growth. The government made the final decision to build the system in 1870, using a million-pound sterling loan from Britain and British engineers. The Japanese Public Works Ministry handled the actual construction.
3636:, productive agriculture, a closely unified nation with highly developed financial and marketing systems, and a national infrastructure of roads. The buildup of industry during the Meiji period to the point where Japan could vie for world power was an important prelude to post-war growth from 1955 to 1973, and provided a pool of experienced labor.
2891:. From the mid-1880s until 1891 new railway companies had little difficulty in attracting funding, usually through issuing shares. However, in 1891 the failure of a company proposing to build a line from Gotenba to Matsumoto ended the 'mania', and the Government realized a more planned approach to the network expansion it desired was required.
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lost momentum but also surpassed the growth rates of earlier periods. Between 1953 and 1965, GDP expanded by more than 9% per year, manufacturing and mining by 13%, construction by 11%, and infrastructure by 12%. In 1965 these sectors employed more than 41% of the labor force, whereas only 26% remained in agriculture.
3644:, Japan was able to avoid some of the trial and error earlier needed by other nations to develop industrial processes. In the 1970s and 1980s, Japan improved its industrial base through licensing from the US, patent purchases, and imitation and improvement of foreign inventions. In the 1980s, industry stepped up its
3838:)—just behind the United States and Soviet Union—and ranked first among major industrial nations in 1990 in per capita GNP at US$ 23,801, up sharply from US$ 9,068 in 1980. After a mild economic slump in the mid-1980s, Japan's economy began a period of expansion in 1986 that continued until it again entered a
2604:), or because the first British agent, whose contract was later cancelled, ordered iron sleepers made for the narrower gauge. It seems most likely, however, that Morel's previous experience building Cape gauge railways in similar New Zealand terrain was a significant influence, and Cape gauge became the
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announced that the national debt reached precisely 1.017 million billion yen. The total public debt of the country, which includes debts contracted by local governments, represents 1.210 million billion yen (9,200 billion dollars) which is nearly 250% of Japan's GDP. Economist Kohei Iwahara said such
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to expand the country's money supply in order to raise expectations of inflation and spur economic growth. Initially, the policy failed to induce any growth, but it eventually began to affect inflationary expectations. By late 2005, the economy finally began what seems to be a sustained recovery. GDP
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With Japan's economy driven by its high rates of reinvestment, this crash hit particularly hard. Investments were increasingly directed out of the country, and Japanese manufacturing firms lost some degree of their technological edge. As Japanese products became less competitive overseas, some people
3723:
Japan's economic growth in the 1960s and 1970s was based on the rapid expansion of heavy manufacturing in such areas as automobiles, steel, shipbuilding, chemicals, and electronics. The secondary sector (manufacturing, construction, and mining) expanded to 35.6% of the work force by 1970. By the late
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Structural economic changes, however, were unable to check the slowing of economic growth as the economy matured in the late 1970s and 1980s, attaining annual growth rates at only 4–6%. But these rates were remarkable in a world of expensive petroleum and in a nation of few natural resources. Japan's
3001:
In 1887 the Japanese Army proposed building its own lines to ensure routes of military significance were given priority. The Railway Department deflected that proposal by commencing development of a policy for a comprehensive national network. The Japanese Government became increasingly interested in
1771:
In spite of the war, Japan's relative economic prosperity, which had begun in the Kamakura period, continued well into the Muromachi period. By 1450 Japan's population stood at ten million, compared to six million at the end of the thirteenth century. Commerce flourished, including considerable trade
1128:
The Yayoi period is generally accepted to date from 300 BCE to 300 CE. However, radio-carbon evidence suggests a date up to 500 years earlier, between 1,000 and 800 BCE. During this period Japan transitioned to a settled agricultural society. As the Yayoi population increased, the society became more
4118:
The easily obtainable credit that had helped create and engorge the real-estate bubble continued to be a problem for several years to come, and as late as 1997, banks were still making loans that had a low guarantee of being repaid. Loan officers and investment staff had a hard time finding anything
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During the 1980s, the Japanese economy shifted its emphasis from primary and secondary activities (notably agriculture, manufacturing, and mining) to processing, with telecommunications and computers becoming increasingly vital. Information became an important resource and product, central to wealth
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propelled the Japanese economy in the late 1980s. This development involved fundamental economic restructuring, moving from dependence on exports to reliance on domestic demand. The boom that started in 1986 was generated by the decisions of companies to increase private plant and equipment spending
3300:
on 15 August 1945, allied forces, mostly American, rapidly began arriving in Japan. Almost immediately, the occupiers began an intensive program of legal changes designed to democratize Japan. One action was to ensure the creation of a Trade Union law to allow for the first time workers to organize,
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The Chuo line, the route of which approximated the initial proposed inland line between Tokyo and Nagoya, was favored by the military as its inland alignment protected it from perceived risk of bombardment by enemy vessels. A privately built line from Shinjuku to the silk industry centre of Hachioji
1832:
accepted a relationship with the Chinese that was to last for half a century. In 1401 he restarted the tribute system, describing himself in a letter to the Chinese Emperor as "Your subject, the King of Japan". Japanese wood, sulfur, copper ore, swords, and folding fans were traded for Chinese silk,
1642:
Throughout the Heian period, the power of the imperial court declined. The court became so self-absorbed with power struggles, and with the artistic pursuits of court nobles, that it neglected the administration of government outside the capital. The nationalization of land undertaken as part of the
1627:
While on one hand, the Heian period was an unusually long period of prosperity, it can also be argued that the period weakened Japan economically and led to poverty for all but a tiny few of its inhabitants. The control of rice fields provided a key source of income for families such as the Fujiwara
981:
characteristic of the first phases of Jōmon culture was decorated by impressing cords into the surface of wet clay and is generally accepted to be among the oldest in the world. The Jōmon period was rich in tools and jewelry made from bone, stone, shell and antler; pottery figurines and vessels; and
4254:
By 1998, Japan's public works projects still could not stimulate demand enough to end the economy's stagnation. In desperation, the Japanese government undertook "structural reform" policies intended to wring speculative excesses from the stock and real estate markets. Unfortunately, these policies
4241:
Insolvent companies: Banks lent to companies and individuals that invested in real estate. When real estate values dropped, many loans went unpaid. The banks could try to collect on the collateral (land), but due to reduced real estate values, this would not pay off the loan. Banks have delayed the
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contributed significantly to economic growth, because of its availability and literacy, and also because of its reasonable wage demands. Before and immediately after World War II, the transfer of numerous agricultural workers to modern industry resulted in rising productivity and only moderate wage
3639:
Second, and more important, was the level and quality of investment that persisted through the 1980s. Investment in capital equipment, which averaged more than 11% of GNP during the prewar period, rose to about 20% of GNP during the 1950s and to more than 30% in the late 1960s and 1970s. During the
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The early post-war years were devoted to rebuilding lost industrial capacity: major investments were made in electric power, coal, steel, and chemicals. By the mid-1950s, production matched prewar levels. Released from the demands of military-dominated government, the economy not only recovered its
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The Ou line from Fukushima to Yamagata, Akita and Aomori, serving the poorer northern Sea of Japan coastal prefectures, was seen as a priority for national development that was commercially unattractive. The government commenced construction from Aomori towards Hirosaki in 1894, and at the southern
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Despite this, Japanese citizens were given more opportunities for social mobility. Samurai and their descendants were allowed to work in any occupation. Admissions to universities were done on the basis of examination results. Nonetheless, samurai and their descendants were still overrepresented in
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and Besshi, which were only suppressed by the use of troops. None of these early unions were large (the metalworkers union had 3,000 members, only 5% of workers employed in the industry), or lasted longer than three or four years, largely due to strong opposition from employers and the government's
1638:
were able to take power was that the ruling nobility proved incompetent at managing Japan and its provinces. By the year 1000, the government no longer knew how to issue currency and money was gradually disappearing. Instead of a fully realized system of money circulation, rice was the primary unit
1608:
Economic and administrative activity increased during the Nara period. Roads linked Nara to provincial capitals, and taxes were collected more efficiently and routinely. Coins were minted, if not widely used. Outside the Nara area, however, there was little commercial activity, and in the provinces
4319:
2006, the zero-rate policy was ended. In 2008, the Japanese Central Bank still had the lowest interest rates in the developed world, but deflation had still not been eliminated and the Nikkei 225 has fallen over approximately 50% (between June 2007 and December 2008). However, on 5 April 2013, the
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district in 1989, with choice properties fetching over US$ 1.5 million per square meter ($ 139,000 per square foot). Prices were only slightly less in other areas of Tokyo. By 2004, prime "A" property in Tokyo's financial districts had slumped and Tokyo's residential homes were a fraction of their
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that had effectively controlled the Japanese economy for almost 100 years were also broken up and faced market competition. The Law for the Elimination of Excessive Economic Concentration (passed in December 1947) provided for the dissolution of any company considered to be monopolistic, while the
3287:
The war wiped out many of the gains which Japan had made since 1868. About 40% of the nation's industrial plants and infrastructure were destroyed, and production reverted to levels of about fifteen years earlier. The people were shocked by the devastation and swung into action. New factories were
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was approved, approximately paralleling the southern coastline (and Tokaido road) as far as Nagoya. Although ~238 km longer, it was projected to cost 13% less, this saving then being allocated to construct a line from Otsu along the eastern side of Lake Biwa to Nagahama to remove the need for
2512:
After 1868 the new Meiji regime strongly encouraged railroad construction. This modernizing move had multiple objectives. It would weaken feudalistic institutions. Railroads would enable rapid military responses to invasion threats, by Russia in particular. The movement and therefore price of rice
2259:
grew as well. Osaka and Kyoto became busy trading and handicraft production centers, while Edo was the center for the supply of food and essential urban consumer goods. Rice was the base of the economy, as the daimyō collected the taxes from the peasants in the form of rice. Taxes were high, about
2002:
The cargo of the first Portuguese ships (usually about four small ships every year) that arrived in Japan consisted almost entirely of Chinese goods (silk, porcelain). The Japanese were very much looking forward to acquiring such goods, but had been prohibited from any contacts with the Emperor of
1612:
Factional fighting at the imperial court continued throughout the Nara period. Imperial family members, leading court families, such as the Fujiwara, and Buddhist priests all contended for influence. Earlier during this period, Prince Nagaya seized power at the court after the death of Fujiwara no
1604:
Before the Taihō Code was established, the capital was customarily moved after the death of an emperor because of the ancient belief that a place of death was polluted. Reforms and bureaucratization of government led to the establishment of a permanent imperial capital at Heijō-kyō, or Nara, in AD
1067:
appeared very early at Jōmon sites in 6700–6400 BP (4700–4400 BC). This was already similar to modern cultivated forms. This domesticated type of peach was apparently brought into Japan from China. Nevertheless, in China, itself, this variety is currently attested only at a later date of
4318:
Despite having interest rates down near zero for a long period of time, the quantitative easing strategy did not succeed in stopping price deflation. This led some economists, such as Paul Krugman, and some Japanese politicians, to advocate the generation of higher inflation expectations. In July
4245:
Insolvent banks: Banks with a large percentage of their loans which are "non-performing" (loans for which payments are not being made), but have not yet written them off. These banks cannot lend more money until they increase their cash reserves to cover the bad loans. Thus the number of loans is
4086:
appreciated against foreign currencies. This allowed local companies to invest in capital resources more easily than their overseas competitors, which reduced the price of Japanese-made goods and widened the trade surplus further. And, with the yen appreciating, financial assets became lucrative.
3486:
The mid-1960s ushered in a new type of industrial development as the economy opened itself to international competition in some industries and developed heavy and chemical manufactures. Whereas textiles and light manufactures maintained their profitability internationally, other products, such as
3847:
GNP growth slowed to 1.7%. Even industries such as automobiles and electronics that had experienced phenomenal growth in the 1980s entered a recessionary period in 1992. The domestic market for Japanese automobiles shrank at the same time that Japan's share of the United States' market declined.
3598:
and computers, and to higher productivity in pre-established industries. In 1978, Japan's Ministry of International Trade and Industry provided subsidies, which was illegal under international law, to help Japanese semiconductor companies sell their chips at artificially low prices in the United
3556:
After the war the Occupation authorities initially encouraged the formation of independent unions. Legislation was passed that enshrined the right to organise, and membership rapidly rose to 5 million by February 1947. The organisation rate, however, peaked at 55.8% in 1949 and subsequently
3482:
contributed strongly to the modernizing process. The world's highest literacy rate and high education standards were major reasons for Japan's success in achieving a technologically advanced economy. Japanese schools also encouraged discipline, another benefit in forming an effective work force.
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in 1890 and the financial panic of 1891. The 1892 Railway Construction Act (RCA) listed a series of priority routes on Honshu, Kyushu and Shikoku (Hokkaido was covered separately in 1896 legislation), with the specific policy that private construction of such routes would be encouraged, with the
2875:
from Kobe west to Shimonoseki, a port providing a connection to the port of Moji on Kyushu, from which the Kyushu Railway Co (KRC) built its line to Hakata and Kumamoto opening between 1889 and 1891, extended to Yatsushiro in 1896. The SRC line reached Hiroshima in 1894, and Shimonoseki in 1901.
1000:
Archaeologist Junko Habu claims "he majority of Japanese scholars believed, and still believe, that pottery production was first invented in mainland Asia and subsequently introduced into the Japanese archipelago." This seems to be confirmed by recent archaeology. As of now, the earliest pottery
5871:
Surname. Influential immigrant clan in ancient times. Various theories about origins, but most likely descendants of Chinese immigrants who came to Japan in the fifth century, who are thought to have brought sericulture and weaving technologies and served in the imperial court, and to have been
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than most industrialized nations, its GDP expanding at a rapid rate of 5% per year. Manufacturing and mining came to account for more than 30% of GDP, more than twice the value for the agricultural sector. Most industrial growth, however, was geared toward expanding the nation's military power.
1993:
Early European visitors were amazed by the quality of Japanese craftsmanship and metalsmithing. This stems from the fact that Japan itself is rather poor in natural resources found commonly in Europe, especially iron. Thus, the Japanese were famously frugal with their consumable resources; what
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Nakao, Hisashi, Tamura, Kohei, Arimatsu, Yui, Nakagawa, Tomomi, Matsumoto, Naoko, & Matsugi, Takehiko. (2016). Violence in the prehistoric period of Japan: the spatio-temporal pattern of skeletal evidence for violence in the Jomon period. Biology letters (2005), 12(3), 20160028. Historical
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shocked an economy that had become dependent on imported petroleum. Japan experienced its first post-war decline in industrial production, together with severe price inflation. The recovery that followed the first oil crisis revived the optimism of most business leaders, but the maintenance of
3272:
By the end of the war, what remained of the Japanese Empire was wracked by shortages, inflation, and currency devaluation. Transport was nearly impossible, and industrial production in Japan's shattered cities ground to a halt. The destruction wrought by the war eventually brought the Japanese
2425:
Industrialization first appeared in the textile industries, especially cotton and silk production, which were based in home workshops in rural areas. By the 1890s, Japanese textiles dominated the home markets and competed successfully with British products in China and India, as well. Japanese
4323:
announced that it would be purchasing 60–70 trillion yen in bonds and securities in an attempt to eliminate deflation by doubling the money supply in Japan over the course of two years. Markets around the world have responded positively to the government's current proactive policies, with the
3253:
During the early stages of Japan's expansion, the Japanese economy expanded considerably. Steel production rose from 6,442,000 tons to 8,838,000 tons over the same time period. In 1941 Japanese aircraft industries had the capacity to manufacture 10,000 aircraft per year. Much of this economic
3014:
A two-phase approach was adopted in the RCA, with 40 routes totaling ~3,000 km included in the "phase one" 12-year program, with phase 2 covering another ~4,000 km of proposed lines, the priorities being set on the basis of economic development and/or military strategic importance.
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Economic development during the Edo period included urbanization, increased shipping of commodities, a significant expansion of domestic and, initially, foreign commerce, and a diffusion of trade and handicraft industries. The construction trades flourished, along with banking facilities and
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from Ueno to Aomori, with a branch line from Omiya to Takasaki. Construction of both lines was undertaken by the Government at the company's expense, with the government having running rights on the Takasaki-Ueno section. The line to Takasaki opened in 1884, as did the Tohoku line as far as
1367:, as the court now sought to assert its control over all of Japan and to make the people direct subjects of the throne. Land was no longer hereditary but reverted to the state at the death of the owner. Taxes were levied on harvests and on silk, cotton, cloth, thread, and other products. A
4098:
hit its all-time high on 29 December 1989 when it reached an intra-day high of 38,957.44 before closing at 38,915.87. The rates for housing, stocks, and bonds rose so much that at one point the government issued 100-year bonds. Additionally, banks granted increasingly risky loans.
3670:. Although medium-sized and small enterprises generated much of the nation's employment, large facilities were the most productive. Many industrial enterprises consolidated to form larger, more efficient units. Before World War II, large holding companies formed wealth groups, or
1960:'s accounts of gilded temples and palaces, but also due to the relative abundance of surface ores characteristic of a volcanic country, before large-scale deep-mining became possible in Industrial times. Japan was to become a major exporter of copper and silver during the period.
3099:. By 1928, the GNP of Japan at current prices peaked at ¥16,506 million. In the mid-1930s, the Japanese nominal wage rates were a tenth of those in the United States (based on mid-1930s exchange rates), while the price level is estimated to have been about 44% that of the US.
2722:. A line was constructed from Tsuruga, on the Sea of Japan, to Ogaki (connecting to a canal to Nagoya) via Nagahama on the northern end of Lake Biwa, opening in 1884 and utilizing trans-shipment onto water-going vessels to connect the Sea of Japan to Osaka, Kyoto and Nagoya.
1187:
of the Kofun period demonstrates that Japan was in close political and economic contact with continental Asia (especially with the southern dynasties of China) via the Korean Peninsula; bronze mirrors cast from the same mould have been found on both sides of the
2497:
The Bank was formally on a bimetallic standard but due to a lack of gold, it was practically on the silver standard. It adopted the gold standard in 1897. The gold standard was suspended in 1917 and dropped in 1931. In 1973 flexible exchange rates were adopted.
3589:
and alternative sources of industrial energy. Although the investment costs were high, many energy-intensive industries successfully reduced their dependence on oil during the late 1970s and 1980s and enhanced their productivity. Advances in microcircuitry and
2351:. The main areas that were studied included geography, medicine, natural sciences, astronomy, art, languages, physical sciences such as the study of electrical phenomena, and mechanical sciences as exemplified by the development of Japanese clockwatches, or
3719:
As late as 1955, some 40% of the labor force still worked in agriculture, but this figure had declined to 17% by 1970 and to 7.2% by 1990 and under 5% in the 21st century as Japan imported more and more of its food and small family farms disappeared.
4462:, it was the strongest typhoon in decades to strike mainland Japan, and one of the largest typhoons ever recorded at a peak diameter of 825 nautical miles (949 mi; 1,528 km). It was also the costliest Pacific typhoon on record, surpassing
2737:
The NRC also financed a new line linking to the Yokohama line which was built from Akabane via Shinjuku to Shinagawa (with the NRC gaining track usage rights at the government station at Shinagawa). This was the first section of what has become the
2034:
in 1557, and their formal recognition as trade partners by the Chinese, the Portuguese started to regulate trade to Japan, by selling to the highest bidder the annual "Captaincy" to Japan, in effect conferring exclusive trading rights for a single
4164:
stock index eventually bottomed out at 7603.76 in April 2003, moved upward to a new peak of 18,138 in June 2007, before resuming a downward trend. The downward movement in the Nikkei is likely due to global as well as national economic problems.
4249:
Fear of insolvent banks: Japanese people are afraid that banks will collapse so they prefer to buy gold or (United States or Japanese) Treasury bonds instead of saving their money in a bank account. People also save by investing in real estate.
3656:
increases. As population growth slowed and the nation became increasingly industrialized in the mid-1960s, wages rose significantly. However, labor union cooperation generally kept salary increases within the range of gains in productivity.
3685:
Japanese corporations developed strategies that contributed to their immense growth. Growth-oriented corporations that took chances competed successfully. Product diversification became an essential ingredient of the growth patterns of many
2084:
by Tokugawa Ieyasu, to invite Dutch trade to Japan. The head of the Pattani Dutch trading post, Victor Sprinckel, refused on the ground that he was too busy dealing with Portuguese opposition in Southeast Asia. In 1609 however, the Dutch
3842:
in 1992. Economic growth averaging 5% between 1987 and 1989 revived industries, such as steel and construction, which had been relatively dormant in the mid-1980s, and brought record salaries and employment. In 1992, however, Japan's
2745:
The government funded line from Takasaki reached Yokokawa at the base of the Usui Pass in 1885, and initial surveys indicated a ruling grade of 10% (later improved to 6.67%) and extensive tunneling was required to reach Karuizawa.
2225:
1281:), they developed a system of trade roads and a central administration. By the mid-seventh century, the agricultural lands had grown to a substantial public domain, subject to central policy. The basic administrative unit of the
2485:
and their mints became private chartered banks. Initially they retained the right to print money. For a time both the central government and these so-called "national" banks issued money. That period ended when central bank—the
11613:
4821:
3222:, the Japanese government sought to acquire and develop critical natural resources in order to secure economic independence. Among the natural resources that Japan seized and developed were: coal in China, sugarcane in the
1818:(1368–1644) began when China was renewed during the Muromachi period after the Chinese sought support in suppressing Japanese pirates in coastal areas of China. Japanese pirates of this era and region were referred to as
1776:
and other groups within Japan were minting their own coins, Japan began to transition from a barter-based to a currency-based economy. During the period, some of Japan's most representative art forms developed, including
3312:
whereby Japan is compared to "synthetic Japan" (a combination of countries which are similar to Japan but without the US alliance), found that the US alliance allowed Japan's GDP to "grow much faster" from 1958 to 1968.
11623:
3603:
The net result of these adjustments was to increase the energy efficiency of manufacturing and to expand knowledge-intensive industries. The service industries expanded in an increasingly postindustrial economy.
2289:, during which intense interaction with European powers, on the economic and religious plane, took place. At the beginning of the Edo period, Japan built her first ocean-going Western-style warships, such as the
1673:
outside the capital. The central government began to use these two warrior clans to suppress rebellions and piracy. Japan's population stabilized during the late-Heian period after hundreds of years of decline.
2490:—was founded in 1882, after the Belgian model. It has since been partly privately owned (its stock is traded over the counter, hence the stock number). The national Bank was given a monopoly on controlling the
2092:
The Dutch also engaged in piracy and naval combat to weaken Portuguese and Spanish shipping in the Pacific, and ultimately became the only westerners to be allowed access to Japan from the small enclave of
8117:
3074:
end from Fukushima in 1899, the lines connecting in 1905. Most of the major routes proposed under the act for private construction were not so funded and were ultimately constructed by the government.
3070:
opened in 1931), Shiojiri and then via the Kiso River valley to Nagoya. Construction was undertaken from both ends, with sections opening sequentially from 1900 until the lines were connected in 1911.
3695:
Finally, circumstances beyond Japan's direct control contributed to its success. International conflicts tended to stimulate the Japanese economy until the devastation at the end of World War II. The
1956:
Europeans were quite admiring of Japan when they reached the country in the 16th century. Japan was considered a country immensely rich in precious metals, a view that owed its conception mainly to
1711:. Though outnumbered by an enemy equipped with superior weaponry, the Japanese fought the Mongols to a standstill in Kyushu on both occasions until the Mongol fleet was destroyed by typhoons called
8228:
1273:, bestowing titles, some hereditary, on clan chieftains. The Yamato name became synonymous with all of Japan as the Yamato rulers suppressed other clans and acquired agricultural lands. Based on
11618:
8198:
3557:
declined to 18.2% (2006). The labour movement went through a process of reorganisation from 1987 to 1991 from which emerged the present configuration of three major trade union federations,
11577:
4222:' policy). Despite having interest rates near zero for a long period, this strategy did not succeed. Once the near-zero interest rates failed to stop deflation, some economists, such as
11587:
11452:
8709:
1296:
system was the county, and society was organized into occupation groups. Most people were farmers; others were fishers, weavers, potters, artisans, armorers, and ritual specialists.
4107:
peak, but still managed to be listed as the most expensive real estate in the world. Trillions were wiped out with the combined collapse of the Tokyo stock and real estate markets.
11542:
11432:
11412:
8086:
8009:
11628:
10435:
2466:, in an array of incompatible denominations. The government sent observers to the United States, and at first copied the decentralized American system with no central bank. The
2338:
for export through the Chinese and Dutch. The trade dwindled under renewed Chinese competition by the 1740s, before resuming after the opening of Japan in the mid-19th century.
4515:
In the year ending of March 2021 despite COVID-19 spreading, SoftBank Group made a record net profit of 45.88 billion, which is largely due to the debut of e-commerce company
4347:
has suggested that improvements to bankruptcy law, land transfer law, and tax law will aid Japan's economy. In October 2009 the Japanese government announced plans to increase
3218:
Beginning in 1937 with significant land seizures in China, and to a greater extent after 1941, when annexations and invasions across Southeast Asia and the Pacific created the
3018:
A specific outcome of the RCA was that every prefecture would be served by railway communication. The major routes proposed under the act for government construction included;
2718:
The next line constructed was from another port, Kobe, to the major commercial city of Osaka (opening in 1874), and then to Kyoto (1877) and Otsu (1880) at the southern end of
11572:
8176:
1982:
with a high culture and advanced pre-industrial technology. It was densely populated and urbanized. Prominent European observers of the time seemed to agree that the Japanese
4226:, and some Japanese politicians spoke of deliberately causing (or at least creating the fear of) inflation. Systemic reasons for deflation in Japan can be said to include:
11327:
5169:
6526:
11427:
11407:
11357:
11342:
11337:
9708:
9626:
3640:
economic boom of the late 1980s, the rate still hovered around 20%. Japanese businesses imported the latest technologies to develop the industrial base. As a latecomer to
911:
behind the United States until 2010, when it was overtaken by China, followed by Germany in 2023. Scholars have evaluated the nation's unique economic position during the
1335:
among cultivators, and ordered the compilation of a household registry as the basis for a new system of taxation. What were once called "private lands and private people"
11552:
11487:
11467:
3711:(1954–1975) brought economic booms to Japan. In addition, benign treatment from the United States after World War II facilitated the nation's reconstruction and growth.
4508:
On 15 February 2021, the Nikkei average breached the 30k benchmark, the highest since November 1991. It is due to strong corporate earnings, GDP data and optimism over
11472:
2559:
beginning in 1887. All three trained Japanese engineers to undertake railway projects. Two men trained by Crowford later became presidents of Japan National Railways.
10430:
7849:
2247:
authorities oversaw the rising agricultural production and the spread of rural handicrafts. By the mid-18th century, Edo had a population of more than 1 million and
10548:
8604:
11133:
9831:
8989:
8969:
8250:
8151:
2442:
the new elite class. The government also recruited more than 3,000 Westerners to teach modern science, mathematics, technology, and foreign languages in Japan (
7467:
8236:
4652:
43:
6901:
5824:
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and policies to encourage the people to save their income. With more money in banks, loans and credit became easier to obtain, and with Japan running large
3624:
Complex economic and institutional factors affected Japan's post-war growth. First, the nation's prewar experience provided several important legacies. The
3077:
The Japanese National Railways was formed by the nationalization of 17 private railways in 1907. It actively promoted uniformity and scientific management.
1669:
warriors. Two powerful noble families that had descended from branches of the imperial family, the Taira and Minamoto clans, acquired large armies and many
1661:
owners than by the central government. The imperial court was thus deprived of the tax revenue to pay for its national army. In response, the owners of the
9861:
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4123:
developed in which money was borrowed from Japan, invested for returns elsewhere and then the Japanese were paid back, with a nice profit for the trader.
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10319:
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in 2008 followed by a severe 5.2% loss in 2009. In contrast, the data for world real GDP growth was a 3.1% hike in 2008 followed by a 0.7% loss in 2009.
2729:
to Karuizawa and the Kiso River valley. At this time the Nippon Railway Co. (NRC) became the first to be granted a concession to operate what became the
2725:
Linking Tokyo to Nagoya and Kyoto became the next priority. Initially the proposed route was inland, from Tokyo north to Takasaki, then west through the
1564:
1055:
was practiced by Jōmon people is debated. Currently, there is no scientific consensus to support a conceptualization of Jōmon period culture as only
7982:
7710:
7255:
Parker, Gavin; Amati, Marco (May 2009). "Institutional Setting, Politics and Planning: Private Property, Public Interest and Land Reform in Japan".
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of global gross domestic product. This reduces tariffs on Japanese cars by 10%, duties by 30% on cheese and 10% on wines and opens service markets.
3632:
in burgeoning urban centers, a relatively well-educated elite (although one with limited knowledge of European science), a sophisticated government
1559:
10465:
8206:
6074:
3692:. Japanese companies added plant and human capacity ahead of demand. Seeking market share rather than quick profit was another powerful strategy.
9395:
8329:
2213:
8063:
6668:"Institutions and ideologies: the modernization of monetary, legal and law enforcement 'regimes' in Japan in the early Meiji-period (1868–1889)"
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9117:
2540:) opened. A one-way trip took 53 minutes in comparison to 40 minutes for a modern electric train. Service started with nine round trips daily.
2068:
The Dutch, who, rather than "Nanban" were called "Kōmō" (Jp:紅毛, lit. "Red Hair") by the Japanese, first arrived in Japan in 1600, on board the
2050:
That trade continued with few interruptions until 1638, when it was prohibited on the ground that the ships were smuggling priests into Japan.
2039:
bound for Japan every year. The carracks were very large ships, usually between 1000 and 1500 tons, about double or triple the size of a large
915:, with exports going to both U.S.- and Soviet-aligned powers, and have taken keen interest in the situation of the post-Cold War period of the
8037:
3663:
and accompanying levels of investment, and the low growth of Japan's labor force were major factors in the high rate of productivity growth.
11118:
7819:
6529:
3872:
stock average began the year at 23,000 points, but fell to 14,000 points in mid-August before leveling off at 17,000 by the end of the year.
3678:—large, modern industrial enterprise groupings—emerged. The coordination of activities within these groupings and the integration of smaller
1597:
6572:
4666:'s programme to help the country's economic recovery: the economics side is one part of a more general programme, which was commented on by
11537:
11189:
10337:
8712:
4367:
8416:
Francks, Penelope. "Diet and the comparison of living standards across the Great Divergence: Japanese food history in an English mirror."
7382:
Araki, Takashi (7 October 2004). "Corporate Governance, Labour, and Employment Relations in Japan: The Future of the Stakeholder Model?".
1842:
10985:
10470:
9851:
9782:
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7909:
4420:, the 2019 4th quarter GDP shrank an annualized 7.1% from the previous quarter due to two main factors. One is the government's raise in
4328:
adding more than 42% since November 2012. In recent years, Japan has been the top export market for almost 15 trading nations worldwide.
299:
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1921:
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11017:
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9211:
8739:
7416:
6979:
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stock index bottomed out at 7603.76 in April 2003, moved upward to a new peak of 18,138 in June 2007, before resuming a downward trend.
3920:
3755:
3395:
2922:
2792:
2639:
2418:. The use of strike action also increased, and 1897, with the establishment of a union for metalworkers, the foundations of the modern
2128:
1874:
1443:
1239:
870:
810:
5771:
3939:
3848:
Foreign and domestic demand for Japanese electronics also declined, and Japan seemed on the way to losing its leadership in the world
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2811:
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2147:
1893:
1462:
30:
11182:
11103:
10185:
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9677:
9305:
9206:
573:
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As the costs of construction through the mountainous interior of Japan became apparent, in 1886 the construction of what became the
2749:
Construction also started on another line from the Sea of Japan, commencing at Naoetsu and opening to Karuizawa via Nagano in 1888.
9578:
9568:
9030:
7356:
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High productivity growth played a key role in post-war economic growth. The highly skilled and educated labor force, extraordinary
11562:
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3421:
2948:
2818:
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1900:
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1592:(In the center of the photograph: this is a modern version built for the 1300th anniversary of Nara becoming Japan's capital).
1532:
Gokishichidō system showing ancient regions and provinces during the Nara period after the introduction of the Yōrō Code (720)
1523:
6420:
Asia in the Making of Europe, Volume III: A Century of Advance. Book 3 ... – Donald F. Lach, Edwin J. Van Kley – Google Livros
4486:
as several countries reported a significant increase in cases by March 2020. However, in early April, Japanese Prime Minister
4260:
growth for that year was 2.8%, with an annualized fourth quarter expansion of 5.5%, surpassing the growth rates of the US and
3855:
Unlike the economic booms of the 1960s and 1970s, when increasing exports played the key role in economic expansion, domestic
11372:
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7109:
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6283:
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Ohashi, Jun; Tokunaga, Katsushi; Hitomi, Yuki; Sawai, Hiromi; Khor, Seik-Soon; Naka, Izumi; Watanabe, Yusuke (17 June 2019).
5092:
5039:
4999:
4914:
4402:' debate, with the government pursuing aggressive government infrastructure spending hikes and significant yen devaluations.
1265:
polity evolved greatly during the Asuka period, which was concentrated in the Asuka region and exercised power over clans in
820:
745:
6590:
1630:
645:
11287:
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1907:
1476:
7857:
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4522:
As of result, Japanese economic impact of COVID-19 was officially ended by early October 2021 as the country ahead of the
3066:
The newly determined route was via Kofu (through the 4,657 m Sasago tunnel, which was the longest in Japan until the
11482:
11098:
10852:
10842:
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legislation, management-organised factory councils, and political divisions between "cooperative" and radical unionists.
2757:
trans-shipment, which opened in 1889, as did the final section of the Tokaido Line via Gotemba. Until the opening of the
1725:
increased productivity and rural villages grew. Fewer famines and epidemics allowed cities to grow and commerce to boom.
266:
7882:
6837:
3321:
In the wake of WWII, the Japanese citizenry was suffering from widespread exhaustion and despair from the war, known as
2429:
1907 saw the greatest number of labor disputes in a decade, with large-scale riots at Japan's two leading copper mines,
2221:. Then time changed in the season because from sunrise to sunset made 12 hours and from sunset to sunrise made 12 hours.
1811:, was an ineffectual political and military leader, he played a critical role in promoting these cultural developments.
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10022:
10017:
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9856:
9647:
9637:
9328:
9107:
8772:
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6027:
5189:
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2507:
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state decayed as various noble families and religious orders succeeded in securing tax-exempt status for their private
908:
423:
398:
8448:
Hashino, Tomoko, and Osamu Saito. "Tradition and interaction: research trends in modern Japanese industrial history,"
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8147:
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during the same period. Unlike previous recovery trends, domestic consumption has been the dominant factor of growth.
3935:
3770:
3506:. By 1962, it was estimated that 79.4% of all urban homes and 48.9% of rural homes in Japan had access to television.
3410:
2937:
2807:
2654:
2373:
2143:
2065:
from around 1600 (about one ship per year), the Dutch from 1609, and the English from 1613 (about one ship per year).
1889:
1766:
1458:
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9252:
8964:
8531:
8474:
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7399:
7366:
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6785:
6428:
5912:
5313:
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3986:
3821:
3461:
2988:
2858:
2705:
2194:
2073:
1940:
1509:
650:
2322:, during which its economy enjoyed stability and mild progress. But not long after, in the 1650s, the production of
1204:
were brought to Japan by Chinese immigrants, who are mentioned in ancient Japanese histories; the Chinese Hata clan
11532:
11497:
11254:
11214:
11123:
10847:
10623:
10362:
10347:
10342:
10052:
9811:
9744:
9533:
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8393:
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and the Japanese government tried to eliminate deflation in the economy by reducing interest rates (part of their '
3534:
973:
and early agriculturalist population united through a common Jōmon culture, which reached a considerable degree of
768:
481:
7794:
6684:
5820:
5515:
4505:, which will boost trade by approximately £15.2 billion. It enables tariff-free trade on 99% of exports to Japan.
11422:
11417:
11312:
11204:
11108:
11075:
11037:
10862:
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10045:
9257:
9102:
9086:
6396:
5372:
Matsui, A.; Kanehara, M. (2006). "The question of prehistoric plant husbandry during the Jomōn Period in Japan".
4144:, which occurred gradually rather than catastrophically, is known as the "lost decade or end of the 20th century"
2544:
710:
8648:
Technology and Industrial Development in Japan: Building Capabilities by Learning, Innovation, and Public Policy
7779:
5111:
Wu, X.; Zhang, C.; Goldberg, P.; Cohen, D.; Pan, Y.; Arpin, T.; Bar-Yosef, O. (29 June 2012). "Early pottery at
4195:
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in 1889 and was acquired by the NRC in 1892 which extended to Sendai via an east coastal route in 1905 and the
2796:
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2380:
2132:
1878:
1758:
1753:, or stylized signatures, of three Ming merchants; to be raised the following year upon arrival in what is now
1447:
863:
528:
448:
8372:
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7008:
3091:
From 1918 to 1921, a wave of major industrial disputes marked the peak of organized labour power. A prolonged
2884:, which built a 52 km line north from Himeji between 1894 and 1901, and was acquired by the SRC in 1903.
1833:
porcelain, books, and coins, in what the Chinese considered tribute but the Japanese saw as profitable trade.
486:
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735:
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The success of the Nippon Railway Co and other private companies led to a Japanese situation akin to the UK
11522:
11477:
11457:
11447:
11347:
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11022:
11012:
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834:
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720:
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Japanese consumerism continued to grow throughout the 1960s, giving rise to a well-known saying that the "
11547:
11462:
11442:
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10975:
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4677:, with Abe announcing that Japan had encountered its worst economic crisis since the end of World War II.
4615:
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4459:
4336:
3892:
3868:, the Tokyo Securities and Stock Exchange. Even here, however, the recession took its toll. In 1992, the
678:
608:
6649:
5407:
Crawford, G.W. (1992). "The transitions to agriculture in Japan". In Gebauer, A.B.; Price, T.D. (eds.).
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The Economic Development of Modern Japan, 1868–1945: From the Meiji Restoration to the Second World War
7957:"Widespread floods after extreme rainfall brought by Typhoon "Hagibis" – dozens dead or missing, Japan"
6275:
4483:
4471:
3960:
3795:
3435:
3352:
2962:
2832:
2679:
2318:
In order to eradicate the influence of Christianization, Japan entered in a period of isolation called
2168:
1914:
1746:
1483:
815:
673:
428:
287:
8199:"Softbank just shocked its critics by landing the biggest profit in the history of a Japanese company"
7956:
5550:"Analysis of whole Y-chromosome sequences reveals the Japanese population history in the Jomon period"
2582:) was supposed to be cheaper to build than the internationally more widely used "Stephenson gauge" of
1044:. However, this does not seem to have been the case with the first Jōmon people, who perhaps numbered
11633:
11512:
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10992:
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10792:
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10709:
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10628:
10583:
10568:
10553:
10489:
10253:
10248:
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9921:
9608:
9216:
9155:
9015:
8959:
8949:
8931:
8884:
8782:
8725:
8630:
The Economic History of Japan: 1600–1990: Volume 1: Emergence of Economic Society in Japan, 1600–1859
8323:
7807:
7780:"Economic survey of Japan 2008: Bringing an end to deflation under the new monetary policy framework"
5980:
5904:
4795:
4749:
4523:
4090:
With so much money readily available for investment, speculation was inevitable, particularly in the
4011:
3491:
3168:
2551:. American engineer Joseph U. Crowford (1842–1942) supervised construction of a coal mine railway on
2462:
2455:
2392:
2347:, literally "Dutch studies") through the information and books received through the Dutch traders in
2323:
2242:
2229:
2011:, lit. Southern Barbarians) therefore found the opportunity to act as intermediaries in Asian trade.
1700:
1683:
1584:
856:
790:
773:
603:
558:
453:
233:
195:
69:
10110:
9400:
8432:
Baumol, Engel, and beyond: accounting for a century of structural transformation in Japan, 1885–1985
8360:
Japanese Capitalism and Entrepreneurship: A History of Business from the Tokugawa Era to the Present
513:
11437:
11392:
11387:
11304:
11296:
11280:
10802:
10739:
10699:
10367:
10150:
10092:
10040:
9662:
9490:
9291:
9242:
9143:
8874:
8670:
Tiedemann, Arthur E. "Japan's Economic Foreign Policies, 1868–1893." in James William Morley, ed.,
8548:
5869:姓氏。古代の有力帰化系氏族。出自は諸説あるが、おそらく五世紀に渡来した中国人の子孫で、養蚕・機織の技術をもって朝廷に仕え、伴造(とものみやつこ)の一員として秦造(はたのみやつこ)を称したと思われる。
4985:
4102:
At the height of the bubble, real estate was extremely over-valued. Prices were highest in Tokyo's
3645:
3600:
3309:
1278:
1172:
635:
553:
518:
476:
7827:
7391:
7189:
5741:
4680:
2022, Japan's core consumer price inflation increased to 3.7%, the highest it has been since 1981.
1634:(良民 "Good People") numbered about five thousand in a land of perhaps five million. One reason the
11224:
10190:
10062:
9992:
9801:
9553:
9480:
7544:
6946:
Real GDP in Pre-War East Asia: A 1934–36 Benchmark Purchasing Power Parity Comparison with the US
6567:
5783:
3913:
3748:
3388:
3341:
2915:
2785:
2632:
2555:
in 1880, and German engineer Herrmann Rumschottel (1844–1918) supervised railway construction on
2121:
1867:
1628:
and was a fundamental base for their power. The aristocratic beneficiaries of Heian culture, the
1436:
1180:
1176:
1052:
755:
578:
408:
393:
35:
8125:
4335:
of the late 2000s significantly harmed the economy of Japan. The nation suffered a 0.7% loss in
3582:
industrial growth in the face of high energy costs required shifts in the industrial structure.
1408:
began being produced following the discovery of large copper deposits in Japan during the early
10140:
9902:
9866:
9842:
9739:
9724:
9573:
9485:
9247:
9165:
8921:
4950:
Kuzmin, Y.V. (2006). "Chronology of the Earliest Pottery in East Asia: Progress and Pitfalls".
4626:
2529:
2411:
1028:, and at present it appears that pottery emerged at roughly the same time in Japan, and in the
795:
563:
355:
7640:
5845:
5842:
2872:
2311:, three-masted and armed trade ships, for intra-Asian commerce. Japanese adventurers, such as
1990:, 1584, "Historia del Principo y Progresso de la Compania de Jesus en las Indias Orientales).
1071:
9926:
9388:
9025:
9020:
8833:
7667:
6418:
6099:
4904:
4770:
4255:
led Japan into deflation on numerous occasions between 1999 and 2004. The Bank of Japan used
3641:
3515:
3337:
2419:
2369:
2089:
arrived with two ships in Hirado, and through Adams obtained trading privileges from Ieyasu.
1542:
1017:
903:. It became the first non-Western great power, and expanded steadily until its defeat in the
413:
7181:
5733:
4519:. However, this is the largest annual profit by a Japanese company in the nation's history.
2208:
10057:
9881:
9871:
9383:
9066:
8916:
8777:
8064:"Japan's economy has been dealt the 'final blow' by the coronavirus pandemic, says analyst"
7203:
Baba, Kimihiko (4 August 2010). "Japan and East Asia: Shifting Images on an Imagined Map".
6985:
5968:
5779:
5561:
5442:
5263:
5224:
5126:
4586:
4374:
4332:
4091:
4006:
3595:
3549:. Until 1945, however, the labour movement remained weak, impeded by lack of legal rights,
3250:. According to a 2020 study, Japan used its imperial power to boost its industrialization.
2482:
2327:
2238:
1987:
1308:
538:
443:
304:
200:
107:
5709:
The Archaeology of Japan: From the Earliest Rice Farming Villages to the Rise of the State
2574:) (also known as "Cape gauge") came to be selected remains uncertain. It could be because
8:
11602:
11273:
10289:
10236:
10209:
10199:
10145:
10135:
10120:
9997:
9821:
9500:
9495:
9378:
9005:
8984:
8695:
Yamamura, Kozo. "The Role of the Samurai in the Development of Modern Banking in Japan."
8229:"Japan Exceeds One Million Billion Yen in Debt — "Whatever It Takes" Has Become the Norm"
7592:
Nakamura Takafusa, "An economy in search of stable growth: Japan since the oil crisis".
7182:
6637:
5908:
5734:
4790:
4645:
4611:
4570:
4256:
4219:
4174:
3586:
3102:
Comparison of GDP per capita (US Dollars) between East-Asian Nations and the US in 1936:
2876:
Other private endeavors included the Mito Railway, which opened the first section of the
2537:
2517:
2286:
2232:
in the European shape of a barber's shaving basin bowl, with copulating cock, around 1700
1846:
1829:
916:
588:
543:
508:
418:
10072:
8570:
8425:
Early Japanese Railways 1853–1914: Engineering Triumphs That Transformed Meiji-Era Japan
6885:
6802:
Early Japanese Railways 1853–1914: Engineering Triumphs That Transformed Meiji-era Japan
5565:
5446:
5267:
5228:
5130:
10258:
10195:
10012:
9982:
9523:
9185:
8489:
7597:
7444:
7280:
7228:
7047:
6703:
6648:
Masato Shizume, "A History of the Bank of Japan, 1882–2016." (Waseda University, 2016)
6209:
6135:
5804:
5590:
5549:
5473:
5426:
5389:
5354:
5346:
5287:
5150:
4967:
4844:
4566:
4549:
4491:
4417:
3696:
3667:
3479:
3297:
3037:
2758:
2443:
2407:
2388:
2341:
During the period, Japan progressively studied Western sciences and techniques (called
2331:
2300:
2023:
1971:
1808:
1718:
1713:
1332:
1324:
1244:
750:
583:
438:
335:
330:
5516:"A Study of the Utilization of Wood to Build Pit Dwellings from the Epi-Jomon Culture"
2326:
increased greatly when civil war put the main Chinese center of porcelain production,
1157:
883:
11657:
11159:
10299:
9987:
9967:
9734:
9363:
9035:
8941:
8838:
8660:
Tang, John P. "Railroad Expansion and Industrialization: Evidence from Meiji Japan".
8552:
8527:
8520:
8470:
7673:
7646:
7562:
7436:
7395:
7362:
7311:
7284:
7272:
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7105:
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6723:
6660:
6497:
6424:
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6213:
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6139:
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5460:
5393:
5358:
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5142:
5117:
5088:
5035:
4995:
4933:
4910:
4885:
4848:
4674:
4556:
3546:
3227:
3026:, an inland connection from Tokyo to Nagoya favored by the military (detailed below);
3003:
2525:
2403:
1778:
1622:
1387:
1251:
1083:
989:
966:
900:
800:
783:
730:
715:
403:
365:
243:
9443:
5154:
4971:
4398:
Economic policy over the past several quarters in Japan has been influenced by the '
4054:
2053:
Portuguese trade was progressively more and more challenged by Chinese smugglers on
10440:
10160:
9876:
9548:
9190:
8879:
8748:
8619:
A History of Top Management in Japan: Managerial Enterprises and Family Enterprises
8515:
7428:
7387:
7303:
7264:
7212:
7152:
7031:
7023:
6715:
5585:
5569:
5530:
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5450:
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5338:
5291:
5271:
5254:
5232:
5197:
5134:
4959:
4875:
4836:
4780:
4775:
4759:
4754:
4739:
4698:
4463:
4079:
3211:
2730:
2533:
2271:
1984:"excel not only all the other Oriental peoples, they surpass the Europeans as well"
1699:
The samurai armies of the whole nation were mobilized in 1274 and 1281 to confront
1184:
1146:
1116:
1033:
904:
839:
350:
259:
77:
10415:
6944:
5329:
Crawford, Gary W. (2011). "Advances in understanding early agriculture in Japan".
4861:
3834:
Throughout the 1970s, Japan had the world's third largest gross national product (
3324:
1741:
1089:
The Middle Jōmon period (3520–2470 BCE) saw a rise in complexity in the design of
993:
978:
10460:
10165:
10082:
10002:
9475:
9314:
9170:
9061:
8542:
8464:
7514:
7009:"Trade in the shadow of power: Japanese industrial exports in the interwar years"
6576:
6533:
6269:
6243:
6237:
6203:
6169:
6163:
6129:
5944:
5938:
5455:
5082:
5029:
4667:
4425:
4421:
4382:
3578:
3499:
3063:
had opened 1889, and this became the starting point for government construction.
3051:
2312:
2275:
2081:
1828:). Wanting to improve relations with China and to rid Japan of the wokou threat,
1792:
1722:
1694:
1400:
1371:(labor) tax was established for military conscription and building public works.
1189:
1101:
1056:
1041:
970:
896:
740:
548:
533:
523:
433:
221:
10481:
10077:
7307:
6591:"Social Mobility in Japan, 1868-2012: The Surprising Persistence of the Samurai"
4864:"Human genetic diversity in the Japanese Archipelago: dual structure and beyond"
3674:, which dominated most industry. The zaibatsu were dissolved after the war, but
2274:
to sell rice that was not yet harvested. These contracts were similar to modern
1589:
1283:
1076:
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943:
933:
119:
11234:
10410:
10304:
10125:
10115:
9972:
9936:
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8911:
5573:
4712:
4576:
4498:
4378:
4363:
3881:
3865:
3503:
3344:
3302:
3239:
3137:
3096:
3092:
3067:
3023:
2430:
2396:
2308:
2058:
1979:
1391:
1300:
1142:
1021:
1004:
805:
340:
271:
228:
10445:
10420:
7268:
7245:
Studies on Japan’s social democratic parties, Volume 2 by George Oakley Totten
7216:
5385:
5350:
5237:
5212:
4963:
1374:
11676:
11651:
11244:
9931:
9652:
9642:
9470:
9435:
8854:
8431:
8312:
8277:
7440:
7276:
7224:
7166:
7043:
6848:
6727:
6233:
6159:
6079:
Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)
6013:
5934:
5581:
5464:
4734:
4641:
4592:
4343:
4320:
4215:
3849:
3679:
3613:
3591:
3044:
3007:
2888:
2739:
2487:
2364:
2086:
1708:
1312:
1304:
1262:
1134:
1108:
1060:
1040:
because pottery is heavy, bulky, and fragile and thus generally unusable for
598:
593:
10032:
7765:
7735:
7534:. Washington: GPO for the Library of Congress, 1994. Retrieved 12 June 2011.
6670:(abstract). FRIS/Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, 2007; retrieved 2012-10-17.
6004:
5627:
5496:
5138:
4663:
4111:
argue that the low consumption rate began to bear on the economy, causing a
3086:
2474:
as the new decimal currency. It had parity with the Mexican silver dollar.
2303:
to the Americas, and then continued to Europe. Also during that period, the
1552:
469:
11265:
9528:
9405:
9040:
8869:
8792:
6489:
5852:
5685:
5599:
5482:
5283:
5146:
4889:
4726:
4598:
4231:
4223:
4083:
3844:
3660:
3542:
3495:
3055:
3030:
2753:
2491:
2330:, out of action for several decades. For the rest of the 17th century most
1815:
1788:
1547:
1395:
1316:
1255:
1228:
1166:
1123:
1112:
1009:
630:
294:
188:
160:
146:
132:
10102:
9719:
6075:"Four Wadokaichin Coins Discovered Under East Pagoda of Yakushi-ji Temple"
5896:
5252:
Craig, O.E.; Saul, H. (2013). "Earliest evidence for the use of pottery".
4840:
3205:
501:
238:
11661:
10180:
9729:
7527:
5867:(in Japanese) (新装版 (Revised Edition) ed.), Tokyo: Shogakukan, 1988,
5807:
Chiefly Exchange Between Kyushu and Okinawa, Japan, in the Yayoi Period.
5056:
4381:
was cleared to commence in February 2019. It creates the world's largest
4348:
4120:
3708:
3700:
3652:
3633:
3266:
3247:
3223:
2881:
2478:
2415:
2256:
2054:
2044:
2014:
1953:
1754:
1704:
1409:
1266:
1197:
983:
568:
174:
8665:
8641:
Agricultural Production and the Economic Development of Japan, 1873–1922
7935:"Real-Time Northwest Pacific Ocean Statistics compared with climatology"
7479:
Weathers, C. (2009). "Business and Labor". In William M. Tsutsui (Ed.),
7157:
7140:
6778:
High Speed in Japan: Shinkansen – The World's Busiest High-speed Railway
6749:
Tokihiko Tanaka, "Meiji Government and the Introduction of Railroads."
5534:
5275:
4355:
while reducing rates for small and medium-sized companies, according to
4267:
4183:
2871:
In 1888 the San'yō Railway Co. (SRC) was granted a charter to build the
2552:
1645:
1593:
1574:
1569:
1524:
Nara period § Economic, livelihood, and administrative developments
9977:
9593:
8906:
8864:
8689:
7566:
7448:
7035:
4880:
4863:
4619:
4604:
4487:
4467:
4325:
4310:
4161:
4095:
3869:
3704:
3625:
3550:
2877:
2563:
2521:
2435:
2282:
1957:
1193:
1105:
1029:
640:
623:
370:
319:
205:
9886:
8584:
The Political Economy of Japan: Volume 1 – The Domestic Transformation
7910:"Japan's Economy Shrinks 6.3% as Sales-Tax Increase Cools Consumption"
7601:
7027:
4906:
Diachrony of Verb Morphology: Japanese and the Transeurasian Languages
10309:
10284:
10279:
10087:
9958:
9891:
9563:
9272:
9262:
9045:
8087:"Japan Declares Nationwide State Of Emergency As Coronavirus Spreads"
8010:"Japan Declares Nationwide State of Emergency As Coronavirus Spreads"
6926:
Weathers, C. (2009). Business and Labor. In William M. Tsutsui, ed.,
6913:
Eisuke Daito, "Railways and scientific management in Japan 1907–30."
5425:
Yang, Xiaoyan; Zheng, Yunfei; Crawford, Gary W.; Chen, Xugao (2014).
5213:"Radiocarbon chronology of the earliest Neolithic sites in east Asia"
5174:
4659:
4411:
4399:
4352:
4214:
Deflation in Japan started in the early 1990s. On 19 March 2001, the
4112:
3839:
3648:, and many firms became famous for their innovations and creativity.
3599:
States while keeping prices high in Japan, a trade practice known as
3043:
A connection from the Chuo line at Shiojiri to Matsuyama and Nagano (
2726:
2719:
2470:
of Meiji 4 (1871) did away with local currencies and established the
2438:
policies, notably the Public Order and Police Provisions Law (1900).
2262:
1655:
manors By the eleventh century, more land in Japan was controlled by
1320:
1090:
1079:
1037:
974:
666:
386:
360:
7432:
4482:
Since early January 2020, Japanese economy began to suffer from the
3902:
3737:
3520:
3377:
2904:
2774:
2621:
2520:, a Scottish merchant, was responsible for bringing the first steam
2494:
in 1884, and by 1904 the previously issued notes were all retired.
2110:
1856:
1733:
1425:
1368:
1270:
10388:
9816:
9507:
9451:
8807:
8802:
8717:
7342:
Allan B. Cole, George O. Totten, Cecil H. Uyehara, Ronald P. Dore,
7055:
6826:(1972) Kodansha International Ltd. pp.22–25,34–38,44–46&52–54.}
6719:
5342:
4764:
4235:
4074:
In the decades following World War II, Japan implemented stringent
3675:
3671:
3566:
3562:
3525:
3358:
3257:
3243:
1963:
912:
85:
9283:
8379:. The Sound of the Whistle: Railroads and the State in Meiji Japan
6367:
Harold Bolitho, "Book Review: Yoshimasa and the Silver Pavilion,"
1657:
1651:
9558:
8898:
8311:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
4516:
4246:
reduced sooner and less funds are available for economic growth.
3235:
2376:
2352:
2343:
2296:
2218:
2040:
2036:
2019:
1968:
1783:
1666:
1635:
1201:
1183:, and helped control trade routes across the region. Much of the
1130:
1013:
8684:
Wilkins, Mira. "Japanese multinational enterprise before 1914."
8038:"Japan Declares Emergency For Tokyo, Osaka as Hospitals Fill Up"
7139:
Beckley, Michael; Horiuchi, Yusaku; Miller, Jennifer M. (2018).
6898:
The sound of the whistle: railroads and the state in Meiji Japan
4458:. The 38th depression, 9th typhoon and 3rd super typhoon of the
2061:
from around 1592 (about ten ships per year), Spanish ships from
1843:
Azuchi–Momoyama period § Social and commercial developments
21:
10241:
9410:
8634:
Volume 3: Economic History of Japan 1914–1955: A Dual Structure
7883:"Japan's economy just got another $ 1 trillion shot in the arm"
6067:
5411:. Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press. pp. 117–132.
4862:
Timothy Jinam; Hideaki Kanzawa-Kiriyama; Naruya Saitou (2015).
4692:
4634:
4502:
4075:
3999:
3856:
3609:
3050:
The original inland line from Kagoshima to Yatsushiro (now the
2556:
2548:
2348:
2335:
2319:
2094:
2062:
1797:
1528:
1020:. Other early pottery vessels include those excavated from the
907:. When Japan recovered from devastation, it became the world's
345:
8496:
The Cambridge History of Japan, Vol. 5: The Nineteenth Century
8457:
The agricultural development of Japan: a century's perspective
6762:
Tanaka, "Meiji Government and the Introduction of Railroads."
5061:
Comprehensive Database of Archaeological Site Reports in Japan
4238:
and real estate in Japan in the 1980s (peaking in late 1989).
3577:
Japan faced a severe economic challenge in the mid-1970s. The
1750:
9603:
8577:
Meiji Japan: Political, Economic and Social History 1868–1912
8369:
The Cambridge History of Japan, Vol. 6: The Twentieth Century
8118:"Britain signs first major post-Brexit trade deal with Japan"
7983:"Abe unveils 'massive' coronavirus stimulus worth 20% of GDP"
4103:
3558:
3231:
2252:
2248:
2031:
2004:
1820:
1537:
1328:
1274:
1138:
1064:
6527:
The Ashio Riot of 1907: A Social History of Mining in Japan.
6116:
The World of the Shining Prince; Court Life in Ancient Japan
3594:
in the late 1970s and 1980s led to new growth industries in
2547:(1841–1871) supervised construction of the first railway on
1315:. Their government devised and implemented the far-reaching
1036:. The manufacture of pottery typically implies some form of
8894:
8544:
Japan at the Crossroads: Conflict and Compromise after Anpo
7298:
Castley, Robert (1997), "Japan's Relationship with Korea",
7128:. University of California Press. pp. 99–188, 259–292.
5031:
An Archaeological History of Japan, 30,000 B.C. to A.D. 700
3036:
Extension of the line from Tsuruga to Kanazawa and Toyama (
2076:, the first Englishman to reach Japan. In 1605, two of the
1390:, having been minted starting on 29 August 708 on order of
969:
and 300 BCE, during which Japan was inhabited by a diverse
8384:
Fairbank, John K., Edwin Reischauer, and Albert M. Craig.
8352:
The Modernization of Japan and Russia: A Comparative Study
8177:"Nikkei index hits 30,000 for first time in three decades"
7850:"Japan's Q4 GDP downgraded to annualized 7.1% contraction"
7141:"America's Role in the Making of Japan's Economic Miracle"
6397:"Wonders and Whoppers / People & Places / Smithsonian"
6003:
On the 10th day of the 8th month of the first year of the
4822:"Hunting dogs as environmental adaptations in Jōmon Japan"
3210:
In the 1930s, the Japanese economy suffered less from the
1767:
Muromachi period § Economic and cultural developments
7417:"The Japanese House of Councillors Election of July 1962"
5547:
5170:"Pottery found in China cave confirmed as world's oldest"
4356:
3569:, along with other smaller national union organisations.
2761:
in 1964, this was the most important main line in Japan.
2471:
2460:
Before 1868 the feudal fiefs all issued their own money,
2299:-type ship that transported a Japanese embassy headed by
2267:
1803:
1600:
and Wakakusayama can be seen in the rear (January, 2010).
6984:. OECD Development Center, Paris, France. Archived from
6452:"Dutch-Japanese relations / Netherlands Missions, Japan"
5757:
Prehistoric Japan: New Perspectives on Insular East Asia
5016:
Prehistoric Japan: New Perspectives on Insular East Asia
4994:. Birmingham, AL: Birmingham Museum of Art. p. 40.
4984:
4424:
from 8% to 10%. The other is the devastating effects of
3541:
Trade unions emerged in Japan in the second half of the
8990:
Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism
8612:
The Economic Development of Japan: A Quantitative Study
8278:"Cost of living: Japan's inflation hits a 41-year high"
7820:"EU-Japan free trade deal cleared for early 2019 start"
7006:
6550:
Factory Girls: Women in the Thread Mills of Meiji Japan
5673:. Boston: Wadsworth Cengage Learning. pp. 133–143.
4991:
Birmingham Museum of Art : Guide to the Collection
4767:– a distinctive Japanese way in which firms are related
3002:
the policy formulation following the completion of the
7711:"Did Quantitative Easing by the Bank of Japan 'Work'?"
7007:
Ayuso-Díaz, Alejandro; Tena-Junguito, Antonio (2020).
6579:(Translated by Terry Boardman). Retrieved 11 June 2011
5657:. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 154–155.
3714:
7138:
6965:
China's National Income 1931–36, An Exploratory Study
6610:
Hardy's Case, The Japan Weekly Mail, January 4, 1875.
5671:
A Brief History of Chinese and Japanese Civilizations
5424:
4989:
1836:
1214:
introduced sericulture and certain types of weaving.
1179:
rose to power in southwestern Japan, established the
1063:
was practiced. An apparently domesticated variety of
8768:
Foreign commerce and shipping of the Empire of Japan
8514:
7579:
Cyrus Bina (1994). "Oil, Japan, and globalization".
7545:"A study on Japan's reaction to the 1973 oil crisis"
6847:, no. 31, EJRCF, pp. 33–38, archived from
5662:
5110:
4688:
4501:
formally signed the first free-trade agreement post-
3616:
of the late 1980s revived many troubled industries.
3494:" which all Japanese families needed to have were a
7614:
Japanese Phoenix: the long road to economic revival
7184:
Embracing Defeat: Japan in the wake of World War II
6569:
The Formation of Japanese Labor Movement: 1868–1914
6110:
6108:
4653:
Aftermath of the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami
4497:In October 2020 during the pandemic, Japan and the
3927:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
3762:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
3402:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2929:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2799:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2646:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2255:each had more than 400,000 inhabitants. Many other
2135:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1881:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1450:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
8519:
8148:"UK and Japan agree historic free trade agreement"
7507:"Labor Situation in Japan and Analysis: 2009/2010"
5972:
5690:Bulletin of the Society for East Asian Archaeology
5686:"A Comment on the Yayoi Period Dating Controversy"
5034:. University of Pennsylvania Press, Incorporated.
4058:Japan money supply and inflation (year over year)
1588:The primary building, i.e. the Daigoku-den at the
10511:
8714:Dean Peter Krogh Foreign Affairs Digital Archives
8711:Videos on Japan's Relations with the US from the
7625:Yamamura Kozo and Yasuba Yasukichi, eds. (1987).
7561:(Kindle ed.). Harper Business. p. 307.
6686:The political economy of Japanese monetary policy
5420:
5418:
2217:Japanese-made clockwatch of the 18th century, or
11674:
10466:International Military Tribunal for the Far East
8171:
8169:
8036:Reynolds, Isabel; Nobuhiro, Emi (7 April 2020).
8035:
8031:
8029:
8027:
7877:
7875:
7704:
7702:
7505:Japan Institute for Labour Policy and Training.
6205:A History of Japan: From Stone Age to Superpower
6131:A History of Japan: From Stone Age to Superpower
6105:
5846:Multicultural Japan: Palaeolithic to Postmodern,
5324:
5322:
5308:, page 13, 2nd edn 2005, Pearson Prentice Hall,
4932:, page 14, 2nd edn 2005, Pearson Prentice Hall,
4529:
3682:into the groups enhanced industrial efficiency.
3316:
3095:that followed brought cutbacks in employment in
922:
10436:German pre–World War II industrial co-operation
8970:Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries
8591:The Great Transformation of Japanese Capitalism
8413:(3rd ed. Oxford UP, 2014), on recent conditions
7642:A History of Japanese Trade and Industry Policy
6118:(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1964), p. 73.
5621:
5619:
4896:
4441:
4153:
4135:
3852:market to the United States, Korea and Taiwan.
1728:
1360:
1344:
952:
9420:
8226:
8191:
7754:(2 March 2006). Retrieved on 28 December 2006.
7528:"Labor Unions, Employment and Labor Relations"
5711:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 35–36.
5415:
5371:
5106:
5104:
4451:
4435:
4147:
4129:
3687:
3527:
3356:
3322:
3255:
3242:. Japan also purchased the rice production of
2007:pirate raids. The Portuguese (who were called
1688:
1379:
1354:
1338:
1319:. The Reform began with land reform, based on
1289:
1207:
941:
11281:
10497:
9299:
8733:
8381:(Harvard Council on East Asian Studies, 1996)
8357:Donzé, Pierre-Yves; Yongue, Julia S. (2024).
8166:
8150:. Gov.uk (Government of the United Kingdom).
8024:
7872:
7699:
7547:(PhD thesis). University of British Columbia.
7386:. Oxford University Press. pp. 254–283.
6838:"Why Did Japan Choose the 3'6" Narrow Gauge?"
6318:
6316:
6314:
5646:
5319:
5304:* Mason, Penelope E., with Donald Dinwiddie,
4928:* Mason, Penelope E., with Donald Dinwiddie,
4855:
4552:, beginning of early modern industrialization
2260:40% of the harvest. The rice was sold at the
1994:little they had they used with expert skill.
864:
11295:
8481:, "Economy" (bibliography) pp. 304–307.
8401:Japan to 1600: A Social and Economic History
7638:
6271:Japan to 1600: A Social and Economic History
5616:
5210:
5190:"Chinese pottery may be earliest discovered"
4368:Trans-Pacific Strategic Economic Partnership
2764:
1978:Japan was also perceived as a sophisticated
1807:theater. Though the eighth Ashikaga shogun,
9783:Imperial Japanese Army General Staff Office
8582:Kozo, Yamamura, and Yasuba Yasukichi, eds.
7736:See, as one example, Paul Krugman's website
7672:. Cornell University Press. pp. 84ff.
7254:
6835:
6494:Sotheby's Concise Encyclopedia of Porcelain
5897:"Kofun and Asuka Periods, ca. A.D. 250–710"
5821:Earlier Start for Japanese Rice Cultivation
5668:
5101:
4405:
4168:
3545:as the country underwent a period of rapid
3117:GDP-PPP/capita, in 1990 dollars (Maddison)
3111:GDP/capita, in 1935 dollars (Liu-Ta-Chung)
2097:after 1638 and for the next two centuries.
1331:. It nationalized all land in Japan, to be
1171:The Kofun period recorded Japan's earliest
1016:, China. The pottery may have been used as
11288:
11274:
10504:
10490:
9306:
9292:
9212:Japan Automobile Manufacturers Association
9082:
9072:
8740:
8726:
8222:
8220:
8218:
8216:
7384:Corporate Governance and Labour Management
7358:Dictionary of the Modern Politics of Japan
7302:, Palgrave Macmillan UK, pp. 78–106,
6588:
6311:
5857:
5736:Historical Dictionary of Japanese Business
5298:
1616:
871:
857:
10186:Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki
9796:Imperial Rescript to Soldiers and Sailors
9207:Japan Association of Corporate Executives
8057:
8055:
7629:. Volume 1 – The Domestic Transformation.
7526:Dolan, R. E. & Worden, R. L. (eds.).
7483:(pp. 493–510). Chichester, UK: Blackwell.
7462:
7460:
7458:
7392:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199263677.003.0010
7156:
6562:
6560:
6558:
5894:
5776:The Encyclopedia of World Cultures CD-ROM
5759:. University of Hawaii Press. p. 13.
5706:
5652:
5589:
5523:Journal of the Graduate School of Letters
5472:
5454:
5431:) cultivation and domestication in China"
5251:
5236:
5027:
5021:
4922:
4879:
4813:
4629:which caused several companies including
3987:Learn how and when to remove this message
3875:
3822:Learn how and when to remove this message
3462:Learn how and when to remove this message
3080:
2989:Learn how and when to remove this message
2859:Learn how and when to remove this message
2706:Learn how and when to remove this message
2195:Learn how and when to remove this message
2100:
1941:Learn how and when to remove this message
1717:, meaning "divine wind". In spite of the
1510:Learn how and when to remove this message
1299:In 645, the Soga clan were overthrown in
1277:modelhi s (including the adoption of the
1222:
1152:
9569:National Spiritual Mobilization Movement
9031:Simultaneous recruiting of new graduates
8486:The social and economic history of Japan
8342:A Short Economic History of Modern Japan
8251:"The Promise of Abenomics - CFO Insight"
7907:
7795:"Bank of Japan takes fight to deflation"
7768:. Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
7665:
7645:. Oxford University Press. p. 158.
7354:
6981:The World Economy: Historical Statistics
6977:
6938:
6936:
6780:. Sheffield, UK: Platform 5 Publishing.
6701:
6201:
6127:
6121:
6025:
5927:
5409:Transitions to Agriculture in Prehistory
5406:
5328:
5167:
4902:
4309:
4266:
4053:
3998:
3519:
3199:
3114:GDP-PPP/capita, in 1990 dollars (Fukao)
2368:
2358:
2224:
2212:
2013:
1962:
1740:
1732:
1583:
1527:
1415:
1232:
1156:
1100:
1070:
988:
882:
46:of all important aspects of the article.
8975:Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry
8601:Economic development of Japan 1868–1941
8213:
7708:
7355:Stockwin, J. A. A. (16 December 2003).
7297:
6775:
6769:
6589:Clark, Gregory; Ishii, Tatsuya (2012).
5054:
5018:. Honolulu: University of Hawaiʻi Press
5008:
4230:Fallen asset prices. There was a large
3886:
3347:formed a coalition government with the
2285:coincides with the last decades of the
1351:became "public lands and public people"
11675:
10384:Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere
9238:Government-business relations in Japan
8452:Nov 2004, Vol. 44 Issue 3, pp 241–258.
8154:from the original on 11 September 2020
8084:
8052:
8007:
7556:
7455:
7331:The economic emergence of modern Japan
7121:
6818:
6816:
6814:
6555:
6514:Short Economic History of Modern Japan
6478:Short Economic History of Modern Japan
6267:
6232:
6158:
5967:
5933:
5890:
5888:
5731:
5677:
5625:
5513:
4949:
4655:had far-reaching economic consequences
3220:Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere
2209:Edo period § Economic development
1115:excavated in Tsubai-otsukayama kofun,
42:Please consider expanding the lead to
11269:
10485:
9287:
8721:
8540:
8469:. London, Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn.
8430:Fukao, Kyoji and Saumik Paul. 2020. "
8107:The Economist, 28 March 2020, page 4.
8061:
7908:Fujikawa, Megumi (17 February 2020).
7792:
7381:
7179:
6942:
6933:
6697:
6695:
6416:
6380:
6152:
5683:
4819:
2395:in 1868, Japan underwent significant
1974:in Rome in 1615, Coll. Borghese, Rome
1737:A ship of the Muromachi period (1538)
938:In Japanese history, the Jōmon period
887:Historical GDP per capita development
9788:Imperial Japanese Navy General Staff
9544:Imperial Rule Assistance Association
8747:
8390:East Asia: The modern transformation
7499:
7494:"National Labour Law Profile: Japan"
7414:
7202:
7188:. WW Norton & Company. pp.
6845:Japan Railway & Transport Review
6634:A study on the Central Bank of Japan
5769:
5427:"Archaeological evidence for peach (
5080:
5074:
4477:
4178:
4126:The time after the bubble's collapse
3925:adding citations to reliable sources
3896:
3760:adding citations to reliable sources
3731:
3619:
3400:adding citations to reliable sources
3371:
3276:
2927:adding citations to reliable sources
2898:
2797:adding citations to reliable sources
2768:
2644:adding citations to reliable sources
2615:
2611:
2355:, inspired from Western techniques.
2133:adding citations to reliable sources
2104:
2030:From the time of the acquisition of
1997:
1879:adding citations to reliable sources
1850:
1749:, inscribed with the signatures and
1448:adding citations to reliable sources
1419:
1059:. There is evidence to suggest that
1051:The degree to which horticulture or
895:is most studied for the spectacular
15:
10456:Taiwanese Imperial Japan Serviceman
9698:East Asia Development Board (Kōain)
9313:
9077:List of Japan natural gas companies
8824:Monetary and fiscal policy of Japan
8455:Hayami, Yujiro, and Saburo Yamada.
8450:Australian Economic History Review,
7763:
6962:
6811:
6496:, pp. 71–78, 1990, Conran Octopus.
6093:
5885:
5865:国語大辞典 (Kokugo Dai Jiten Dictionary)
5754:
5655:The Oxford Companion to Archaeology
5613:Article, LONDON: The Royal Society.
5211:Kuzmin, Y.V.; Keally, C.T. (2001).
4978:
3715:The changing occupational structure
13:
9348:
9134:Agriculture, forestry, and fishing
8773:Agriculture in the Empire of Japan
8646:Odagiri, Hiroyuki and Akira Goto;
8643:(Princeton University Press, 1966)
8459:(University of Tokyo Press, 1991).
8334:
8183:. 15 February 2021. Archived from
8085:Booker, Brakkton (16 April 2020).
8008:Booker, Brakkton (16 April 2020).
7826:. 12 December 2018. Archived from
7694:Japan in Transformation, 1952–2000
7344:Socialist Parties in Postwar Japan
6692:
6537:American Historical Review, 104:3.
5830:
5626:Keally, Charles T. (3 June 2006).
5182:
5168:Stanglin, Douglas (29 June 2012).
3585:Changing price conditions favored
3478:Japan's highly acclaimed post-war
3283:Japanese post-war economic miracle
3262:, large industrial conglomerates.
2894:
2508:History of rail transport in Japan
2270:. To raise money, the daimyō used
1837:Azuchi–Momoyama period (1573–1603)
1772:with China and Korea. Because the
1217:
1129:stratified and complex. They wove
1001:vessels in the world date back to
14:
11694:
9253:Research and development in Japan
8965:Japan External Trade Organization
8703:
8674:(1974) pp 118–152, historiography
8672:Japan's Foreign Policy: 1868–1941
8124:. 23 October 2020. Archived from
7709:Spiegel, Mark (20 October 2006).
7415:Ukai, Nobushige (1 August 1962).
6900:(Harvard Univ Asia Center, 1996)
6539:June 1999. Retrieved 16 June 2011
6383:History of Japan: Revised Edition
5915:from the original on 6 April 2007
5823:, Dennis Normile, Science, 2003 (
5115:ago in Xianrendong Cave, China".
4314:Japanese exports partners in 2005
3273:economy to a virtual standstill.
2410:, and the transformation of many
1161:Reconstructed Kofun-era warehouse
11656:
11647:
11646:
10549:Democratic Republic of the Congo
10156:Soviet–Japanese border conflicts
9419:
9081:
9071:
8306:
8270:
8243:
8140:
8110:
8101:
8078:
8062:Huang, Eustance (7 April 2020).
8001:
7975:
7949:
7927:
7901:
7842:
7812:
7801:
7786:
7772:
7757:
7740:
7729:
7686:
7659:
7632:
7619:
7606:
7586:
7573:
7550:
7537:
7520:
7486:
7473:
7470:. CULCON. Retrieved 11 June 2011
7408:
7375:
7348:
7336:
7323:
7291:
7248:
7239:
7196:
4719:
4705:
4691:
4559:, beginning of industrialization
4443:Reiwa Gannen Higashi-Nihon Taifū
4366:decided to consider joining the
4182:
4094:and the real estate market. The
3901:
3736:
3376:
2903:
2773:
2620:
2109:
1855:
1424:
84:
20:
10171:Soviet–Japanese Neutrality Pact
9258:Science and technology in Japan
9103:International rankings of Japan
9087:List of power stations in Japan
8798:Japan–South Korea trade dispute
8664:74#3 (2014), pp. 863–886.
8567:Railway Transportation in Japan
8445:(1993), pp. 99–188, 259–92
7793:Riley, Charles (4 April 2013).
7746:Masake, Hisane (2 March 2006).
7481:A Companion to Japanese History
7173:
7132:
7115:
7094:
7073:
7000:
6971:
6956:
6928:A Companion to Japanese History
6920:
6907:
6890:
6882:Railway Transportation in Japan
6874:
6865:
6829:
6794:
6756:
6743:
6734:
6673:
6654:
6642:
6626:
6613:
6604:
6598:University of California, Davis
6582:
6542:
6519:
6506:
6483:
6470:
6444:
6410:
6389:
6374:
6361:
6352:
6343:
6334:
6325:
6302:
6293:
6261:
6226:
6195:
6186:
6054:
6037:
6019:
5997:
5961:
5814:
5798:
5763:
5748:
5725:
5700:
5606:
5541:
5507:
5489:
5400:
5365:
5245:
5204:
5161:
3912:needs additional citations for
3747:needs additional citations for
3666:The nation also benefited from
3509:
3387:needs additional citations for
3238:from the Dutch East Indies and
2914:needs additional citations for
2784:needs additional citations for
2631:needs additional citations for
2391:and subsequent founding of the
2374:Hokkaidō Development Commission
2315:, were active throughout Asia.
2120:needs additional citations for
1866:needs additional citations for
1677:
1435:needs additional citations for
1096:
927:
34:may be too short to adequately
11614:British Indian Ocean Territory
10426:Japanese settlers in Manchuria
9539:Imperial Rescript on Education
8386:East Asia: The great tradition
8227:Sylvain Saurel (13 May 2022).
7937:. Tropical.atmos.colostate.edu
7856:. 9 March 2020. Archived from
7627:The Political Economy of Japan
7496:. ILO. Retrieved 10 June 2011.
7257:International Planning Studies
6702:Laughlin, J. Laurence (1897).
6268:Farris, William Wayne (2009).
6029:Annales des empereurs du Japon
5653:Silberman, Neil Asher (2012).
5087:. Cambridge University Press.
5048:
4943:
4534:At the end of March 2022, the
3526:National Trade Union Council (
2381:Historical Village of Hokkaido
1814:The Japanese contact with the
1759:Yamaguchi Prefectural Archives
1024:in southern China, dated from
44:provide an accessible overview
1:
11190:Confederate States of America
10513:Economic histories by country
9872:Imperial Way Faction (Kōdōha)
9778:Imperial General Headquarters
9369:Foreign commerce and shipping
9118:Prefectures by GDP per capita
8860:Banknotes of the Japanese yen
8655:A history of banking in Japan
8526:. Stanford University Press.
8522:MITI and the Japanese Miracle
8205:. 12 May 2021. Archived from
7145:Journal of East Asian Studies
6381:Mason, Richard (2011). "10".
5732:Picken, Stuart D. B. (2007).
4801:
4530:Post-recession (2021–present)
3572:
3367:
3291:
3006:in 1889, the creation of the
2420:Japanese trade-union movement
1623:Heian period § Economics
1294:, "five cities, seven roads")
977:and cultural complexity. The
962:
923:Prehistoric and ancient Japan
10204:Hirohito surrender broadcast
9599:Greater East Asia Conference
8589:Lechevalier, Sébastien, ed.
7122:Gordon, Andrew, ed. (1993).
6967:. The Brookings Institution.
6708:Journal of Political Economy
6704:"The Gold Standard in Japan"
6369:The Journal of Asian Studies
6102:(日本貨幣博物館) permanent exhibit.
5740:. Scarecrow Press. pp.
5669:Schirokauer, Conrad (2013).
5456:10.1371/journal.pone.0106595
4631:Nissan Mutual Life Insurance
4510:COVID-19 vaccination program
1729:Muromachi period (1333–1568)
1573:
1568:
1563:
1558:
1551:
1546:
1541:
1536:
1048:over the whole archipelago.
7:
11250:Scotland in the Middle Ages
11119:Mongolian People's Republic
9584:Supreme Court of Judicature
9268:Standard of living in Japan
9233:Economic relations of Japan
9011:Japanese management culture
8927:Financial services in Japan
8788:Japanese asset price bubble
8697:Journal of Economic History
8662:Journal of Economic History
8436:The Economic History Review
7594:Journal of Japanese Studies
7557:Malone, Michael S. (2014).
7308:10.1007/978-1-349-25833-8_3
7016:The Economic History Review
4868:Genes & Genetic Systems
4786:Japanese asset price bubble
4745:Economic relations of Japan
4684:
4582:1950s, Recovery and growth.
4542:
4490:announced that he declared
4460:2019 Pacific typhoon season
4442:
4154:
4136:
3936:"Economic history of Japan"
3893:Japanese asset price bubble
3771:"Economic history of Japan"
3688:
3528:
3411:"Economic history of Japan"
3357:
3323:
3256:
2938:"Economic history of Japan"
2808:"Economic history of Japan"
2655:"Economic history of Japan"
2501:
2144:"Economic history of Japan"
2003:China, as a punishment for
1890:"Economic history of Japan"
1689:Kamakura period (1185–1333)
1665:set up their own armies of
1459:"Economic history of Japan"
1361:
1345:
953:
10:
11699:
11200:England in the Middle Ages
10295:Second Philippine Republic
10068:Manchuria–Mongolia problem
8829:Industrial policy of Japan
8506:The Making of Modern Japan
8427:(Tuttle Publishing, 2012).
8300:
8267:"The promise of Abenomics"
7666:Allinson, Gary D. (2004).
7543:Atsushi Yamakoshi (1986).
7492:Jung, L. (30 March 2011).
6824:Steam Locomotives of Japan
6621:Money And Banking in Japan
6417:Smith, R.B (12 May 2014).
6276:University of Hawaii Press
6202:Henshall, Kenneth (2012).
6128:Henshall, Kenneth (2012).
6032:(in French), pp. 63–5
5975:A History of Japan to 1334
5895:L. Worden, Robert (1994).
5574:10.1038/s41598-019-44473-z
5497:"Early Jomon hamlet found"
4909:, De Gruyter, p. 26,
4903:Robbeets, Martine (2015),
4591:25 April 1971, End of the
4472:COVID-19 pandemic in Japan
4409:
4172:
3890:
3879:
3513:
3353:National Cooperative Party
3280:
3203:
3084:
2505:
2453:
2449:
2362:
2206:
1840:
1764:
1747:Japan-Ming trade ship flag
1692:
1681:
1620:
1521:
1394:. Inspired by the Chinese
1226:
1164:
1121:
931:
897:social and economic growth
11683:Economic history of Japan
11642:
11601:
11561:
11303:
11297:Economic history of Asia
11142:
11084:
11063:
10901:
10758:
10657:
10519:
10403:
10376:
10318:
10272:
10229:
10222:
10176:Japan during World War II
10131:Pacification of Manchukuo
10101:
10031:
10023:Invasion of Taiwan (1895)
10018:Invasion of Taiwan (1874)
9956:
9949:
9900:
9887:Control Faction (Tōseiha)
9840:
9766:
9759:
9706:
9624:
9617:
9609:Imperial Japanese Airways
9516:
9463:
9428:
9417:
9321:
9225:
9217:Japan Business Federation
9199:
9126:
9108:List of largest companies
9095:
9054:
9016:Japanese work environment
8998:
8960:Financial Services Agency
8950:Development Bank of Japan
8940:
8932:Japanese financial system
8893:
8885:Scrip of Edo period Japan
8847:
8816:
8783:Japanese economic miracle
8763:Economic history of Japan
8755:
8681:(2 vol; 2001), 1376 pages
8614:(1994), in-depth coverage
8418:Journal of Global History
8324:Federal Research Division
7692:Jeffrey Kingston (2001).
7513:27 September 2011 at the
7269:10.1080/13563470903021191
7217:10.1080/10371390120101443
6836:Akira Saito (June 2002),
6060:Varley, H. Paul. (1980).
6009:traditional Japanese date
5981:Stanford University Press
5905:Federal Research Division
5514:Moriya, Toyohito (2015).
5386:10.1080/00438240600708295
5238:10.1017/s0033822200041771
4964:10.1017/s0003598x00093686
4820:Perri, Angela R. (2016).
4796:Japanese Economic Miracle
4750:Economics of feudal Japan
4562:1930s, Controlled economy
4452:
4436:
4428:, also known as the Reiwa
4333:global economic recession
4148:
4130:
4012:Zero interest-rate policy
3882:Heisei era § Economy
3628:(1600–1867) bequeathed a
2765:Consolidating the network
2562:The precise reason why a
2456:Japanese financial system
2324:Japanese export porcelain
2230:Japanese export porcelain
1824:by the Chinese (Japanese
1684:Economics of feudal Japan
1380:
1355:
1339:
1290:
1208:
942:
893:economic history of Japan
424:Invasion of Taiwan (1895)
399:Invasion of Taiwan (1874)
11363:East Timor (Timor-Leste)
10151:Second Sino-Japanese War
10093:Racial Equality Proposal
9673:Agriculture and Commerce
9243:List of exports of Japan
8875:National Printing Bureau
8579:(4 vol; 1998) 1336 pages
8575:Kornicki, Peter F., ed.
8549:Harvard University Press
8463:Heenan, Patrick (1998).
8443:Postwar Japan as History
8364:Oxford University Press.
7517:. Retrieved 10 June 2011
7361:. Taylor & Francis.
7300:Korea's Economic Miracle
7125:Postwar Japan as History
6978:Maddison, Angus (2003).
6026:Titsingh, Isaac (1834),
5707:Mizoguchi, Koji (2013).
5028:Mizoguchi, Koji (2002).
4986:Birmingham Museum of Art
4806:
4625:July 1997, start of the
4579:Conservative governments
4569:: economic prostration;
4406:Reiwa era (2019–present)
4169:Deflation from the 1990s
3727:
3646:research and development
3310:synthetic control method
3308:A 2018 study, using the
3254:expansion benefited the
2576:3 ft 6 in
2568:3 ft 6 in
2365:Meiji era § Economy
2307:commissioned around 350
1787:flower arrangement, the
1701:two full-scale invasions
1279:Chinese written language
1212:, read "Qín" in Chinese)
1173:political centralization
636:Great Hanshin earthquake
554:Second Sino-Japanese War
11624:Cocos (Keeling) Islands
10063:Washington Naval Treaty
10008:Anglo–Japanese Alliance
9993:First Sino-Japanese War
9812:Nuclear weapons program
9554:Great Japan Youth Party
9481:National seals of Japan
8686:Business History Review
8405:excerpt and text search
7669:Japan's Postwar History
7468:"Labor unions in Japan"
6776:Semmens, Peter (1997).
6766:(1966) 28#4 pp 750–788.
6753:(1966) 28#3 pp 567–589.
6371:, August 2004, 799–800.
5770:Lock, Margaret (1998).
5306:History of Japanese art
5139:10.1126/science.1218643
5055:長野県立歴史館 (1 July 1996).
4930:History of Japanese art
4616:Japan's economic bubble
4607:average peaks at 38,915
4274:Negative interest rates
3630:vital commercial sector
3265:Over the course of the
3047:) opened 1900–1902; and
2406:, the development of a
1617:Heian period (794–1185)
1386:is the oldest official
1053:small-scale agriculture
1008:and were discovered in
996:in the Yamanashi museum
917:Japanese "lost decades"
899:in the 1800s after the
482:Intervention in Siberia
409:First Sino-Japanese War
10931:Bosnia and Herzegovina
10141:Motherland controversy
10111:Shōwa financial crisis
9903:Imperial Japanese Navy
9843:Imperial Japanese Army
9574:Peace Preservation Law
9248:National debt of Japan
8922:Capital flows in Japan
8494:Jansen, Marius B. ed.
7532:Japan: A Country Study
6963:Liu, Ta-Chung (1946).
6575:1 October 2011 at the
5901:A Country Study: Japan
5684:Shōda, Shinya (2007).
5084:Ancient Jomōn of Japan
4627:Asian financial crisis
4448:, or Typhoon Number 19
4377:between Japan and the
4315:
4307:
4071:
4051:
3876:Heisei era (1989–2019)
3538:
3081:Taishō era (1912–1926)
3033:, also detailed below;
2742:, and opened in 1885.
2387:After the fall of the
2384:
2233:
2222:
2101:Edo period (1603–1868)
2027:
1975:
1762:
1738:
1601:
1581:
1258:
1254:from the 7th century,
1223:Asuka period (538–710)
1162:
1153:Kofun period (250–538)
1119:
1086:
997:
909:second largest economy
888:
811:Science and technology
564:Attack on Pearl Harbor
487:Great Kantō earthquake
429:Colonization of Taiwan
356:Convention of Kanagawa
196:Former Nine Years' War
139:1000 BC – 300 AD
125:14,000 – 1000 BC
11124:Serbia and Montenegro
11085:Former industrialized
10053:Siberian Intervention
9862:Railways and Shipping
9678:Commerce and Industry
9374:Industrial production
8955:Fair Trade Commission
8834:Trade policy of Japan
8699:27.2 (1967): 198–220.
8688:(1986) 60#2: 199–231
8394:online free to borrow
7639:Mikio Sumiya (2000).
7612:Richard Katz (2002).
7596:6.1 (1980): 155-178.
6943:Fukao, Kyoji (2007).
6548:E. Patricia Tsurumi,
6322:Farris, 141–142, 149.
6100:Japan Currency Museum
5811:64(245)912–922, 1990.
4841:10.15184/aqy.2016.115
4771:Labor market of Japan
4313:
4271:Japanese bond market
4270:
4063: M2 money supply
4057:
4002:
3891:Further information:
3707:(1950–1953), and the
3523:
3516:Labor unions in Japan
3338:Japan Socialist Party
3226:, petroleum from the
3200:Shōwa era (1926–1989)
2372:
2359:Meiji era (1868–1912)
2281:The beginning of the
2239:merchant associations
2228:
2216:
2017:
1966:
1744:
1736:
1587:
1531:
1416:Nara period (710–794)
1311:, the founder of the
1236:
1160:
1104:
1074:
992:
886:
529:Invasion of Manchuria
454:Colonization of Korea
414:Treaty of Shimonoseki
153:300 AD – 538 AD
11538:United Arab Emirates
11143:Historical economies
10471:Political dissidence
10320:Occupied territories
10058:General Election Law
9882:Taiwan Army of Japan
9067:Solar power in Japan
8917:Tokyo Stock Exchange
8778:Income Doubling Plan
8624:Nakamura, Takafusa,
8617:Morikawa, Hidemasa.
8593:(2014) on 1980–2012
8541:Kapur, Nick (2018).
8516:Johnson, Chalmers A.
8498:(1989), pp 569–617.
8441:Gordon, Andrew, ed.
8411:The Japanese Economy
8187:on 15 February 2021.
7748:"A farewell to zero"
7180:Dower, John (2000).
7100:Dower, John (1999).
6385:. Tuttle Publishing.
6244:Blackwell Publishing
6172:. pp. 149–151.
6170:Blackwell Publishing
5947:. pp. 107–108.
5945:Blackwell Publishing
5632:Japanese Archaeology
5331:Current Anthropology
5081:Habu, Junko (2004).
4587:Income Doubling Plan
4548:1600, Foundation of
4432:1 East Japan Typhoon
4416:Prior to the global
4375:free trade agreement
4373:In December 2018, a
4362:In 2011 Japan under
4092:Tokyo Stock Exchange
4007:Inverted yield curve
3921:improve this article
3887:1989 economic bubble
3756:improve this article
3709:Second Indochina War
3596:consumer electronics
3396:improve this article
2923:improve this article
2793:improve this article
2640:improve this article
2129:improve this article
2080:s crew were sent to
1988:Alessandro Valignano
1875:improve this article
1444:improve this article
1309:Fujiwara no Kamatari
1137:estuary in southern
961:is the time between
821:World Heritage Sites
539:February 26 incident
444:Treaty of Portsmouth
305:Battle of Sekigahara
201:Later Three-Year War
11565:limited recognition
10986:Republic of Ireland
10665:Antigua and Barbuda
10290:Wang Jingwei regime
10200:Potsdam Declaration
10191:Soviet–Japanese War
10146:Anti-Comintern Pact
10136:January 28 incident
10121:London Naval Treaty
9998:Triple Intervention
9827:Supreme War Council
9711:deliberative bodies
9181:Public corporations
9006:Japanese labour law
8985:National Tax Agency
8980:Ministry of Finance
8942:Government agencies
8599:Macpherson, W. J.
8399:Ferris, William W.
7914:Wall Street Journal
7854:Nikkei Asian Review
7158:10.1017/jea.2017.24
6930:(2009) pp. 493–510.
6896:Steven J. Ericson,
6854:on 8 September 2017
6525:Nimura, K. (1997).
5909:Library of Congress
5805:Pearson, Richard J.
5786:on 13 December 2012
5634:. Charles T. Keally
5566:2019NatSR...9.8556W
5535:10.14943/jgsl.10.71
5447:2014PLoSO...9j6595Z
5276:10.1038/nature12109
5268:2013Natur.496..351C
5229:2001Radcb..43.1121K
5131:2012Sci...336.1696W
5125:(6089): 1696–1700.
5014:Imamura, K. (1996)
4791:Lost Decade (Japan)
4646:quantitative easing
4597:22 September 1985,
4571:American Occupation
4536:Ministry of Finance
4257:quantitative easing
4220:quantitative easing
4175:Lost Decade (Japan)
3840:recessionary period
3317:"Gifts From Heaven"
3040:) opened 1896–1899;
2518:Thomas Blake Glover
2287:Nanban trade period
1847:Nanban trade period
1830:Ashikaga Yoshimitsu
1333:distributed equally
1068:5300–4300 BP.
651:Imperial transition
589:Occupation of Japan
579:Soviet–Japanese War
544:Anti-Comintern Pact
419:Triple Intervention
10013:Russo-Japanese War
9983:Two Lords Incident
9638:Imperial Household
9176:Private enterprise
9113:Prefectures by GDP
8677:Tolliday, Steven.
8657:(Routledge, 2013).
8504:Jansen, Marius B.
8466:The Japan Handbook
8420:14.1 (2019): 3–21.
8396:, famous textbook.
8350:Black, Cyril, ed.
8284:. 23 December 2022
8128:on 23 October 2020
7717:on 19 October 2012
6917:31.1 (1989): 1–28.
6764:Contemporary Japan
6751:Contemporary Japan
6740:Shizume, 2016, p.1
6661:Vande Walle, Willy
6532:2009-12-04 at the
6458:on 9 December 2016
6239:A History of Japan
6210:Palgrave Macmillan
6165:A History of Japan
6138:. pp. 29–30.
6136:Palgrave Macmillan
5940:A History of Japan
5876:as members of the
5872:granted the title
5554:Scientific Reports
4881:10.1266/ggs.90.147
4835:(353): 1166–1180.
4614:", the time after
4603:29 December 1989,
4567:Surrender of Japan
4550:Tokugawa shogunate
4492:state of emergency
4418:COVID-19 recession
4316:
4308:
4305: 1 month bond
4287: 10 year bond
4281: 40 year bond
4194:. You can help by
4155:ushinawareta jūnen
4096:Nikkei stock index
4072:
4052:
3697:Russo-Japanese War
3668:economies of scale
3539:
3298:Japanese surrender
3058:) opened 1901–1909
3038:Hokuriku Main Line
2759:Tokaido Shinkansen
2444:O-yatoi gaikokujin
2408:capitalist economy
2402:It involved rapid
2389:Tokugawa shogunate
2385:
2334:production was in
2332:Japanese porcelain
2301:Hasekura Tsunenaga
2234:
2223:
2072:. Their pilot was
2028:
1976:
1972:Hasekura Tsunenaga
1793:Japanese gardening
1763:
1739:
1719:Kamakura shogunate
1602:
1582:
1259:
1163:
1120:
1087:
1075:Reconstruction of
1046:20,000 individuals
998:
889:
711:Capital punishment
687:2019–present
609:Asset price bubble
584:Surrender of Japan
449:Japan–Korea Treaty
439:Russo-Japanese War
394:Ryūkyū Disposition
336:Invasion of Ryukyu
331:Tokugawa shogunate
267:Nanboku-chō period
11670:
11669:
11607:other territories
11263:
11262:
11215:Habsburg monarchy
11183:Republic of China
10479:
10478:
10451:Socialist thought
10399:
10398:
10338:Dutch East Indies
10300:Empire of Vietnam
10218:
10217:
9988:Satsuma Rebellion
9968:Meiji Restoration
9945:
9944:
9755:
9754:
9693:Greater East Asia
9579:Political parties
9534:Foreign relations
9281:
9280:
8639:Nakamura, James.
8610:Minami, Ryoshin.
8565:Kodama, Riotaro.
8547:. Cambridge, MA:
8377:Ericson, Steven J
8367:Duus, Peter, ed.
7963:. 13 October 2019
7752:Asia Times Online
7110:978-0-14-028551-2
7089:978-0-14-028551-2
7083:. Penguin, 1999.
7028:10.1111/ehr.12912
6871:Free, pp 109–180.
6285:978-0-8248-3379-4
6253:978-1-119-02235-0
6219:978-0-230-34662-8
6179:978-1-119-02235-0
6145:978-0-230-34662-8
5990:978-0-8047-0523-3
5954:978-1-119-02235-0
5878:Tomo no Miyatsuko
5874:Hata no Miyatsuko
5718:978-0-521-88490-7
5374:World Archaeology
5337:(S4): S331–S345.
5262:(7445): 351–354.
5223:(2B): 1121–1128.
5094:978-0-521-77670-7
5041:978-0-8122-3651-4
5001:978-1-904832-77-5
4916:978-3-11-039994-3
4675:COVID-19 pandemic
4557:Meiji Restoration
4484:COVID-19 pandemic
4478:2020–21 recession
4299: 1 year bond
4293: 5 year bond
4276:started in 2014.
4212:
4211:
3997:
3996:
3989:
3971:
3832:
3831:
3824:
3806:
3703:(1914–1918), the
3620:Factors of growth
3547:industrialization
3472:
3471:
3464:
3446:
3277:Post-World War II
3228:Dutch East Indies
3197:
3196:
3004:Tokaido Main Line
2999:
2998:
2991:
2973:
2869:
2868:
2861:
2843:
2716:
2715:
2708:
2690:
2612:Network expansion
2543:British engineer
2404:industrialization
2292:San Juan Bautista
2272:forward contracts
2205:
2204:
2197:
2179:
1998:Trade with Europe
1951:
1950:
1943:
1925:
1779:ink wash painting
1580:
1579:
1520:
1519:
1512:
1494:
1305:Prince Naka no Ōe
1084:Aomori Prefecture
901:Meiji Restoration
881:
880:
746:Foreign relations
691:
690:
679:Abe assassination
674:COVID-19 pandemic
646:Tōhoku earthquake
404:Satsuma Rebellion
366:Meiji Restoration
244:Kenmu Restoration
61:
60:
11690:
11660:
11650:
11649:
11619:Christmas Island
11305:Sovereign states
11290:
11283:
11276:
11267:
11266:
11205:Ethiopian Empire
11160:Byzantine Empire
11109:Empire of Brazil
10506:
10499:
10492:
10483:
10482:
10441:Shinmin no Michi
10431:Internment camps
10343:French Indochina
10227:
10226:
10073:Taishō Democracy
9954:
9953:
9877:Japanese holdout
9764:
9763:
9688:Colonial Affairs
9622:
9621:
9549:Yokusan Sonendan
9455:
9447:
9439:
9423:
9422:
9349:Economic history
9308:
9301:
9294:
9285:
9284:
9085:
9084:
9075:
9074:
8880:Tokugawa coinage
8749:Economy of Japan
8742:
8735:
8728:
8719:
8718:
8653:Soyeda, Juichi.
8562:
8537:
8525:
8480:
8371:(1989), ch 8–12
8327:
8310:
8309:
8294:
8293:
8291:
8289:
8274:
8268:
8266:
8264:
8262:
8253:. Archived from
8247:
8241:
8240:
8235:. Archived from
8224:
8211:
8210:
8195:
8189:
8188:
8173:
8164:
8163:
8161:
8159:
8144:
8138:
8137:
8135:
8133:
8114:
8108:
8105:
8099:
8098:
8096:
8094:
8082:
8076:
8075:
8073:
8071:
8059:
8050:
8049:
8047:
8045:
8033:
8022:
8021:
8019:
8017:
8005:
7999:
7998:
7996:
7994:
7979:
7973:
7972:
7970:
7968:
7953:
7947:
7946:
7944:
7942:
7931:
7925:
7924:
7922:
7920:
7905:
7899:
7898:
7896:
7894:
7879:
7870:
7869:
7867:
7865:
7846:
7840:
7839:
7837:
7835:
7816:
7810:
7805:
7799:
7798:
7790:
7784:
7783:
7776:
7770:
7769:
7761:
7755:
7744:
7738:
7733:
7727:
7726:
7724:
7722:
7713:. Archived from
7706:
7697:
7690:
7684:
7683:
7663:
7657:
7656:
7636:
7630:
7623:
7617:
7610:
7604:
7590:
7584:
7577:
7571:
7570:
7554:
7548:
7541:
7535:
7524:
7518:
7503:
7497:
7490:
7484:
7477:
7471:
7466:Cross Currents.
7464:
7453:
7452:
7412:
7406:
7405:
7379:
7373:
7372:
7352:
7346:
7340:
7334:
7327:
7321:
7320:
7295:
7289:
7288:
7252:
7246:
7243:
7237:
7236:
7205:Japanese Studies
7200:
7194:
7193:
7187:
7177:
7171:
7170:
7160:
7136:
7130:
7129:
7119:
7113:
7102:Embracing Defeat
7098:
7092:
7081:Embracing Defeat
7077:
7071:
7070:
7068:
7066:
7061:on 5 August 2021
7060:
7054:. Archived from
7013:
7004:
6998:
6997:
6995:
6993:
6975:
6969:
6968:
6960:
6954:
6953:
6951:
6940:
6931:
6924:
6918:
6915:Business History
6911:
6905:
6894:
6888:
6880:Riotaro Kodama,
6878:
6872:
6869:
6863:
6862:
6861:
6859:
6853:
6842:
6833:
6827:
6820:
6809:
6798:
6792:
6791:
6773:
6767:
6760:
6754:
6747:
6741:
6738:
6732:
6731:
6699:
6690:
6679:Cargill, Thomas
6677:
6671:
6658:
6652:
6646:
6640:
6630:
6624:
6617:
6611:
6608:
6602:
6601:
6595:
6586:
6580:
6564:
6553:
6546:
6540:
6523:
6517:
6510:
6504:
6487:
6481:
6474:
6468:
6467:
6465:
6463:
6454:. Archived from
6448:
6442:
6441:
6439:
6437:
6414:
6408:
6407:
6405:
6403:
6393:
6387:
6386:
6378:
6372:
6365:
6359:
6356:
6350:
6347:
6341:
6338:
6332:
6331:Farris, 144–145.
6329:
6323:
6320:
6309:
6308:Henshall, 39–40.
6306:
6300:
6299:Sansom, 441–442.
6297:
6291:
6289:
6274:. Honolulu, HI:
6265:
6259:
6257:
6230:
6224:
6223:
6199:
6193:
6190:
6184:
6183:
6156:
6150:
6149:
6125:
6119:
6112:
6103:
6097:
6091:
6090:
6088:
6086:
6081:. 26 August 2015
6071:
6065:
6058:
6052:
6041:
6035:
6033:
6023:
6017:
6001:
5995:
5994:
5979:. Stanford, CA:
5978:
5965:
5959:
5958:
5931:
5925:
5924:
5922:
5920:
5892:
5883:
5882:
5861:
5855:
5834:
5828:
5818:
5812:
5802:
5796:
5795:
5793:
5791:
5782:. Archived from
5767:
5761:
5760:
5755:Imamura, Keiji.
5752:
5746:
5745:
5739:
5729:
5723:
5722:
5704:
5698:
5697:
5681:
5675:
5674:
5666:
5660:
5658:
5650:
5644:
5643:
5641:
5639:
5623:
5614:
5610:
5604:
5603:
5593:
5545:
5539:
5538:
5520:
5511:
5505:
5504:
5493:
5487:
5486:
5476:
5458:
5422:
5413:
5412:
5404:
5398:
5397:
5369:
5363:
5362:
5326:
5317:
5302:
5296:
5295:
5249:
5243:
5242:
5240:
5208:
5202:
5201:
5198:Associated Press
5186:
5180:
5179:
5165:
5159:
5158:
5114:
5108:
5099:
5098:
5078:
5072:
5071:
5069:
5067:
5052:
5046:
5045:
5025:
5019:
5012:
5006:
5005:
4982:
4976:
4975:
4958:(308): 362–371.
4947:
4941:
4926:
4920:
4919:
4900:
4894:
4893:
4883:
4859:
4853:
4852:
4826:
4817:
4781:Tokugawa coinage
4776:Poverty in Japan
4760:Japanese cuisine
4755:History of Japan
4740:Economy of Japan
4729:
4724:
4723:
4722:
4715:
4710:
4709:
4708:
4701:
4699:Economics portal
4696:
4695:
4512:in the country.
4464:Typhoon Mireille
4457:
4455:
4454:
4447:
4445:
4439:
4438:
4431:
4394:
4393:
4389:
4304:
4298:
4292:
4286:
4280:
4207:
4204:
4186:
4179:
4159:
4157:
4151:
4150:
4143:
4142:
4139:
4133:
4132:
4068:
4062:
4048:
4042:
4036:
4030:
4024:
4018:
4014:started in 1995
3992:
3985:
3981:
3978:
3972:
3970:
3929:
3905:
3897:
3827:
3820:
3816:
3813:
3807:
3805:
3764:
3740:
3732:
3691:
3531:
3480:education system
3467:
3460:
3456:
3453:
3447:
3445:
3404:
3380:
3372:
3362:
3349:Democratic Party
3328:
3261:
3212:Great Depression
3105:
3104:
2994:
2987:
2983:
2980:
2974:
2972:
2931:
2907:
2899:
2873:San'yō Main Line
2864:
2857:
2853:
2850:
2844:
2842:
2801:
2777:
2769:
2731:Tohoku Main Line
2711:
2704:
2700:
2697:
2691:
2689:
2648:
2624:
2616:
2603:
2599:
2597:
2596:
2592:
2589:
2581:
2577:
2573:
2569:
2468:New Currency Act
2393:Meiji government
2241:. Increasingly,
2200:
2193:
2189:
2186:
2180:
2178:
2137:
2113:
2105:
1946:
1939:
1935:
1932:
1926:
1924:
1883:
1859:
1851:
1534:
1533:
1515:
1508:
1504:
1501:
1495:
1493:
1452:
1428:
1420:
1388:Japanese coinage
1385:
1383:
1382:
1366:
1364:
1358:
1357:
1350:
1348:
1342:
1341:
1295:
1293:
1292:
1248:
1213:
1211:
1210:
1185:material culture
1147:Korean Peninsula
1117:Yamashiro, Kyoto
1047:
1042:hunter-gatherers
1034:Russian Far East
1027:
1007:
964:
960:
959:
956:
950:
949:
905:Second World War
873:
866:
859:
703:
604:Economic miracle
519:Nanking incident
514:Financial crisis
351:Perry Expedition
325:
234:Mongol invasions
113:before 14,000 BC
103:
102:
98:
88:
78:History of Japan
65:
64:
56:
53:
47:
24:
16:
11698:
11697:
11693:
11692:
11691:
11689:
11688:
11687:
11673:
11672:
11671:
11666:
11638:
11606:
11597:
11578:Northern Cyprus
11564:
11557:
11299:
11294:
11264:
11259:
11138:
11114:Empire of Japan
11094:Austria-Hungary
11086:
11080:
11059:
10897:
10853:Solomon Islands
10754:
10653:
10515:
10510:
10480:
10475:
10461:Yasukuni Shrine
10395:
10372:
10314:
10268:
10214:
10166:Tripartite Pact
10161:Rape of Nanking
10097:
10083:Tapani incident
10027:
10003:Boxer Rebellion
9961:
9941:
9905:
9896:
9845:
9836:
9771:
9751:
9745:Representatives
9713:
9710:
9709:Legislative and
9702:
9668:Foreign Affairs
9631:
9628:
9613:
9512:
9491:Government Seal
9476:Rising Sun Flag
9459:
9453:
9445:
9437:
9424:
9415:
9317:
9315:Empire of Japan
9312:
9282:
9277:
9221:
9195:
9144:domestic market
9122:
9091:
9062:Energy in Japan
9050:
8994:
8936:
8889:
8843:
8812:
8751:
8746:
8706:
8559:
8534:
8508:(2002), passim
8484:Honjō, Eijirō.
8477:
8462:
8344:(3rd ed. 1982)
8337:
8335:Further reading
8319:Country Studies
8316:
8307:
8303:
8298:
8297:
8287:
8285:
8276:
8275:
8271:
8260:
8258:
8249:
8248:
8244:
8239:on 13 May 2022.
8225:
8214:
8209:on 15 May 2021.
8197:
8196:
8192:
8175:
8174:
8167:
8157:
8155:
8146:
8145:
8141:
8131:
8129:
8116:
8115:
8111:
8106:
8102:
8092:
8090:
8083:
8079:
8069:
8067:
8060:
8053:
8043:
8041:
8034:
8025:
8015:
8013:
8006:
8002:
7992:
7990:
7987:The Japan Times
7981:
7980:
7976:
7966:
7964:
7955:
7954:
7950:
7940:
7938:
7933:
7932:
7928:
7918:
7916:
7906:
7902:
7892:
7890:
7881:
7880:
7873:
7863:
7861:
7860:on 23 July 2020
7848:
7847:
7843:
7833:
7831:
7830:on 16 June 2020
7818:
7817:
7813:
7806:
7802:
7791:
7787:
7782:. 7 April 2008.
7778:
7777:
7773:
7764:Krugman, Paul.
7762:
7758:
7745:
7741:
7734:
7730:
7720:
7718:
7707:
7700:
7691:
7687:
7680:
7664:
7660:
7653:
7637:
7633:
7624:
7620:
7611:
7607:
7591:
7587:
7578:
7574:
7555:
7551:
7542:
7538:
7525:
7521:
7515:Wayback Machine
7504:
7500:
7491:
7487:
7478:
7474:
7465:
7456:
7433:10.2307/3023612
7413:
7409:
7402:
7380:
7376:
7369:
7353:
7349:
7341:
7337:
7329:Kōzō Yamamura,
7328:
7324:
7318:
7296:
7292:
7253:
7249:
7244:
7240:
7201:
7197:
7178:
7174:
7137:
7133:
7120:
7116:
7099:
7095:
7078:
7074:
7064:
7062:
7058:
7011:
7005:
7001:
6991:
6989:
6976:
6972:
6961:
6957:
6949:
6941:
6934:
6925:
6921:
6912:
6908:
6895:
6891:
6879:
6875:
6870:
6866:
6857:
6855:
6851:
6840:
6834:
6830:
6822:Naotaka Hirota
6821:
6812:
6799:
6795:
6788:
6774:
6770:
6761:
6757:
6748:
6744:
6739:
6735:
6700:
6693:
6678:
6674:
6659:
6655:
6647:
6643:
6632:Itsuo Hamaoka,
6631:
6627:
6618:
6614:
6609:
6605:
6593:
6587:
6583:
6577:Wayback Machine
6565:
6556:
6547:
6543:
6534:Wayback Machine
6524:
6520:
6511:
6507:
6488:
6484:
6480:(1946) pp 9–25.
6475:
6471:
6461:
6459:
6450:
6449:
6445:
6435:
6433:
6431:
6415:
6411:
6401:
6399:
6395:
6394:
6390:
6379:
6375:
6366:
6362:
6357:
6353:
6348:
6344:
6339:
6335:
6330:
6326:
6321:
6312:
6307:
6303:
6298:
6294:
6286:
6266:
6262:
6254:
6246:. p. 153.
6231:
6227:
6220:
6200:
6196:
6191:
6187:
6180:
6157:
6153:
6146:
6126:
6122:
6113:
6106:
6098:
6094:
6084:
6082:
6073:
6072:
6068:
6059:
6055:
6042:
6038:
6024:
6020:
6011:, according to
6002:
5998:
5991:
5966:
5962:
5955:
5932:
5928:
5918:
5916:
5893:
5886:
5870:
5863:
5862:
5858:
5836:Denoon, Donald
5835:
5831:
5819:
5815:
5803:
5799:
5789:
5787:
5768:
5764:
5753:
5749:
5730:
5726:
5719:
5705:
5701:
5682:
5678:
5667:
5663:
5651:
5647:
5637:
5635:
5628:"Yayoi Culture"
5624:
5617:
5611:
5607:
5546:
5542:
5518:
5512:
5508:
5501:The Japan Times
5495:
5494:
5490:
5423:
5416:
5405:
5401:
5370:
5366:
5327:
5320:
5316:, 9780131176027
5303:
5299:
5250:
5246:
5209:
5205:
5188:
5187:
5183:
5166:
5162:
5112:
5109:
5102:
5095:
5079:
5075:
5065:
5063:
5053:
5049:
5042:
5026:
5022:
5013:
5009:
5002:
4983:
4979:
4948:
4944:
4940:, 9780131176027
4927:
4923:
4917:
4901:
4897:
4860:
4856:
4824:
4818:
4814:
4809:
4804:
4725:
4720:
4718:
4711:
4706:
4704:
4697:
4690:
4687:
4668:Joseph Stiglitz
4662:Prime Minister
4618:collapsed. The
4612:the Lost Decade
4545:
4532:
4480:
4470:announced that
4449:
4433:
4429:
4426:Typhoon Hagibis
4422:consumption tax
4414:
4408:
4391:
4387:
4386:
4383:free trade zone
4306:
4302:
4300:
4296:
4294:
4290:
4288:
4284:
4282:
4278:
4272:
4208:
4202:
4199:
4192:needs expansion
4177:
4171:
4145:
4140:
4127:
4080:trade surpluses
4070:
4069: Inflation
4066:
4064:
4060:
4050:
4046:
4044:
4040:
4038:
4034:
4032:
4028:
4026:
4022:
4020:
4016:
4010:
4005:
3993:
3982:
3976:
3973:
3930:
3928:
3918:
3906:
3895:
3889:
3884:
3878:
3828:
3817:
3811:
3808:
3765:
3763:
3753:
3741:
3730:
3717:
3626:Tokugawa period
3622:
3579:1973 oil crisis
3575:
3518:
3512:
3500:washing machine
3492:three treasures
3468:
3457:
3451:
3448:
3405:
3403:
3393:
3381:
3370:
3340:came in first,
3336:, in which the
3319:
3294:
3285:
3279:
3208:
3202:
3089:
3083:
3052:Nippo Main Line
2995:
2984:
2978:
2975:
2932:
2930:
2920:
2908:
2897:
2895:Evolving policy
2865:
2854:
2848:
2845:
2802:
2800:
2790:
2778:
2767:
2712:
2701:
2695:
2692:
2649:
2647:
2637:
2625:
2614:
2601:
2594:
2590:
2587:
2585:
2584:4 ft
2583:
2579:
2575:
2571:
2567:
2510:
2504:
2481:(fiefs) became
2463:called hansatsu
2458:
2452:
2367:
2361:
2313:Yamada Nagamasa
2276:futures trading
2211:
2201:
2190:
2184:
2181:
2138:
2136:
2126:
2114:
2103:
2000:
1947:
1936:
1930:
1927:
1884:
1882:
1872:
1860:
1849:
1841:Main articles:
1839:
1769:
1731:
1723:double-cropping
1697:
1695:Kamakura period
1691:
1686:
1680:
1625:
1619:
1526:
1516:
1505:
1499:
1496:
1453:
1451:
1441:
1429:
1418:
1401:Kaiyuan Tongbao
1377:
1352:
1336:
1287:
1242:
1231:
1225:
1220:
1218:Classical Japan
1205:
1190:Tsushima Strait
1169:
1155:
1126:
1099:
1057:hunter-gatherer
1045:
1025:
1002:
971:hunter-gatherer
957:
939:
936:
930:
925:
877:
827:
826:
825:
705:
704:
701:
693:
692:
684:
683:
659:1989–2019
656:
655:
616:1926–1989
613:
574:Atomic bombings
549:Tripartite Pact
534:May 15 incident
524:Mukden Incident
495:1912–1926
492:
491:
462:1868–1912
459:
458:
434:Boxer Rebellion
379:1603–1868
376:
375:
323:
313:1573–1603
310:
309:
288:Azuchi–Momoyama
280:1336–1573
277:
276:
252:1185–1333
249:
248:
211:
210:
181:710 – 794
178:
167:538 – 710
164:
150:
136:
100:
99:
96:
57:
51:
48:
41:
29:This article's
25:
12:
11:
5:
11696:
11686:
11685:
11668:
11667:
11665:
11664:
11654:
11643:
11640:
11639:
11637:
11636:
11631:
11626:
11621:
11616:
11610:
11608:
11599:
11598:
11596:
11595:
11590:
11585:
11580:
11575:
11569:
11567:
11559:
11558:
11556:
11555:
11550:
11545:
11540:
11535:
11530:
11525:
11520:
11515:
11510:
11505:
11500:
11495:
11490:
11485:
11480:
11475:
11470:
11465:
11460:
11455:
11450:
11445:
11440:
11435:
11430:
11425:
11420:
11415:
11410:
11405:
11400:
11395:
11390:
11385:
11380:
11375:
11370:
11365:
11360:
11355:
11350:
11345:
11340:
11335:
11330:
11325:
11320:
11315:
11309:
11307:
11301:
11300:
11293:
11292:
11285:
11278:
11270:
11261:
11260:
11258:
11257:
11252:
11247:
11242:
11240:Ottoman Empire
11237:
11232:
11227:
11222:
11217:
11212:
11207:
11202:
11197:
11195:Dutch Republic
11192:
11187:
11186:
11185:
11180:
11175:
11170:
11162:
11157:
11155:Ashanti Empire
11152:
11150:Ancient Greece
11146:
11144:
11140:
11139:
11137:
11136:
11131:
11126:
11121:
11116:
11111:
11106:
11101:
11099:Czechoslovakia
11096:
11090:
11088:
11082:
11081:
11079:
11078:
11073:
11067:
11065:
11061:
11060:
11058:
11057:
11056:
11055:
11050:
11043:United Kingdom
11040:
11035:
11030:
11025:
11020:
11015:
11010:
11005:
11000:
10995:
10990:
10989:
10988:
10978:
10973:
10968:
10963:
10958:
10953:
10948:
10946:Czech Republic
10943:
10938:
10933:
10928:
10923:
10918:
10913:
10905:
10903:
10899:
10898:
10896:
10895:
10890:
10885:
10880:
10875:
10870:
10865:
10860:
10855:
10850:
10845:
10840:
10835:
10830:
10825:
10820:
10815:
10810:
10805:
10800:
10795:
10790:
10785:
10780:
10775:
10770:
10762:
10760:
10756:
10755:
10753:
10752:
10747:
10742:
10737:
10732:
10727:
10722:
10717:
10712:
10707:
10702:
10697:
10692:
10687:
10682:
10677:
10672:
10667:
10661:
10659:
10655:
10654:
10652:
10651:
10646:
10641:
10636:
10631:
10626:
10621:
10616:
10611:
10606:
10601:
10596:
10591:
10586:
10581:
10576:
10571:
10566:
10561:
10556:
10551:
10546:
10541:
10536:
10531:
10523:
10521:
10517:
10516:
10509:
10508:
10501:
10494:
10486:
10477:
10476:
10474:
10473:
10468:
10463:
10458:
10453:
10448:
10443:
10438:
10433:
10428:
10423:
10418:
10413:
10407:
10405:
10401:
10400:
10397:
10396:
10394:
10393:
10392:
10391:
10380:
10378:
10374:
10373:
10371:
10370:
10365:
10360:
10355:
10350:
10345:
10340:
10335:
10330:
10324:
10322:
10316:
10315:
10313:
10312:
10307:
10305:State of Burma
10302:
10297:
10292:
10287:
10282:
10276:
10274:
10270:
10269:
10267:
10266:
10261:
10256:
10251:
10246:
10233:
10231:
10224:
10220:
10219:
10216:
10215:
10213:
10212:
10207:
10193:
10188:
10183:
10178:
10173:
10168:
10163:
10158:
10153:
10148:
10143:
10138:
10133:
10128:
10126:Musha Incident
10123:
10118:
10116:Jinan incident
10113:
10107:
10105:
10099:
10098:
10096:
10095:
10090:
10085:
10080:
10075:
10070:
10065:
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7989:. 6 April 2020
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7766:"Saving Japan"
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6988:on 8 June 2007
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6714:(3): 378–383.
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6623:(1940) p. 107.
6619:Phra Sarasas,
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6512:George Allen,
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6278:. p. 87.
6260:
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6242:. Malden, MA:
6234:Totman, Conrad
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6212:. p. 31.
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6168:. Malden, MA:
6160:Totman, Conrad
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6043:Brown, Delmer
6036:
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5983:. p. 57.
5969:Sansom, George
5960:
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5943:. Malden, MA:
5935:Totman, Conrad
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5503:. 27 May 1997.
5488:
5441:(9): e106595.
5429:Prunus persica
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5380:(2): 259–273.
5364:
5351:10.1086/658369
5343:10.1086/658369
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5200:. 1 June 2009.
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4713:History portal
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4410:Main article:
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4364:Yoshihiko Noda
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3345:Tetsu Katayama
3342:Prime Minister
3334:1947 elections
3332:Following the
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3303:Kyuichi Tokuda
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3234:, and tin and
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3093:economic slump
3085:Main article:
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2397:Westernization
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2309:Red Seal Ships
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2026:, 17th century
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1980:feudal society
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1038:sedentary life
1022:Yuchanyan Cave
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10298:
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10273:Puppet states
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9933:
9932:Fleet Faction
9930:
9928:
9925:
9923:
9920:
9918:
9915:
9913:
9912:General Staff
9910:
9909:
9907:
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9893:
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9878:
9875:
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9852:General Staff
9850:
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9833:
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9805:military code
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9643:Home Ministry
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9486:Imperial Seal
9484:
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9471:Flag of Japan
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9166:Manufacturing
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8855:Bank of Japan
8853:
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8539:
8535:
8533:0-8047-1206-9
8529:
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8513:
8511:
8507:
8503:
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8497:
8493:
8491:
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8476:9781579580551
8472:
8468:
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8376:
8374:
8370:
8366:
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8361:
8356:
8353:
8349:
8347:
8343:
8340:Allen, G. C.
8339:
8338:
8330:
8325:
8321:
8320:
8314:
8313:public domain
8305:
8304:
8283:
8279:
8273:
8257:on 3 May 2013
8256:
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7936:
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7915:
7911:
7904:
7889:. 27 May 2020
7888:
7884:
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7652:9780191584022
7648:
7644:
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7599:
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7582:
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7568:
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7559:Intel Trinity
7553:
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7523:
7516:
7512:
7508:
7502:
7495:
7489:
7482:
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7411:
7403:
7401:9780199263677
7397:
7393:
7389:
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7378:
7370:
7368:9780203402177
7364:
7360:
7359:
7351:
7345:
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7317:9781349258352
7313:
7309:
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7142:
7135:
7127:
7126:
7118:
7111:
7107:
7103:
7097:
7090:
7086:
7082:
7079:Dower, John.
7076:
7057:
7053:
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7045:
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7017:
7010:
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6987:
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6948:
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6877:
6868:
6850:
6846:
6839:
6832:
6825:
6819:
6817:
6815:
6807:
6804:(2008) pp 39
6803:
6797:
6789:
6787:1-872524-88-5
6783:
6779:
6772:
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6752:
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6535:
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6528:
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6515:
6509:
6503:
6499:
6495:
6491:
6490:Battie, David
6486:
6479:
6473:
6457:
6453:
6447:
6432:
6430:9781136604720
6426:
6423:. Routledge.
6422:
6421:
6413:
6398:
6392:
6384:
6377:
6370:
6364:
6358:Perez, 43–45.
6355:
6346:
6337:
6328:
6319:
6317:
6315:
6305:
6296:
6287:
6281:
6277:
6273:
6272:
6264:
6255:
6249:
6245:
6241:
6240:
6235:
6229:
6221:
6215:
6211:
6207:
6206:
6198:
6192:Perez, 25–26.
6189:
6181:
6175:
6171:
6167:
6166:
6161:
6155:
6147:
6141:
6137:
6133:
6132:
6124:
6117:
6111:
6109:
6101:
6096:
6080:
6076:
6070:
6063:
6062:Jinnō Shōtōki
6057:
6050:
6046:
6040:
6031:
6030:
6022:
6016:
6015:
6014:Shoku Nihongi
6010:
6007:based on the
6006:
6000:
5992:
5986:
5982:
5977:
5976:
5970:
5964:
5956:
5950:
5946:
5942:
5941:
5936:
5930:
5914:
5910:
5906:
5902:
5898:
5891:
5889:
5881:
5879:
5875:
5866:
5860:
5854:
5851:, p. 107, at
5850:
5849:
5844:
5843:
5839:
5833:
5826:
5822:
5817:
5810:
5806:
5801:
5785:
5781:
5777:
5773:
5766:
5758:
5751:
5743:
5738:
5737:
5728:
5720:
5714:
5710:
5703:
5695:
5691:
5687:
5680:
5672:
5665:
5656:
5649:
5633:
5629:
5622:
5620:
5609:
5601:
5597:
5592:
5587:
5583:
5579:
5575:
5571:
5567:
5563:
5559:
5555:
5551:
5544:
5536:
5532:
5528:
5524:
5517:
5510:
5502:
5498:
5492:
5484:
5480:
5475:
5470:
5466:
5462:
5457:
5452:
5448:
5444:
5440:
5436:
5432:
5430:
5421:
5419:
5410:
5403:
5395:
5391:
5387:
5383:
5379:
5375:
5368:
5360:
5356:
5352:
5348:
5344:
5340:
5336:
5332:
5325:
5323:
5315:
5314:0-13-117602-1
5311:
5307:
5301:
5293:
5289:
5285:
5281:
5277:
5273:
5269:
5265:
5261:
5257:
5256:
5248:
5239:
5234:
5230:
5226:
5222:
5218:
5214:
5207:
5199:
5195:
5194:Cleveland.com
5191:
5185:
5177:
5176:
5171:
5164:
5156:
5152:
5148:
5144:
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5136:
5132:
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5119:
5107:
5105:
5096:
5090:
5086:
5085:
5077:
5062:
5058:
5051:
5043:
5037:
5033:
5032:
5024:
5017:
5011:
5003:
4997:
4993:
4992:
4987:
4981:
4973:
4969:
4965:
4961:
4957:
4953:
4946:
4939:
4938:0-13-117602-1
4935:
4931:
4925:
4918:
4912:
4908:
4907:
4899:
4891:
4887:
4882:
4877:
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4858:
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4794:
4792:
4789:
4787:
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4782:
4779:
4777:
4774:
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4769:
4766:
4763:
4761:
4758:
4756:
4753:
4751:
4748:
4746:
4743:
4741:
4738:
4736:
4735:Bank of Japan
4733:
4732:
4728:
4717:
4714:
4703:
4700:
4694:
4689:
4679:
4676:
4672:
4669:
4665:
4661:
4657:
4654:
4650:
4647:
4643:
4642:Bank of Japan
4639:
4636:
4632:
4628:
4624:
4621:
4617:
4613:
4609:
4606:
4602:
4600:
4596:
4594:
4593:gold standard
4590:
4588:
4584:
4581:
4578:
4574:
4572:
4568:
4564:
4561:
4558:
4554:
4551:
4547:
4546:
4540:
4537:
4527:
4525:
4524:endemic phase
4520:
4518:
4513:
4511:
4506:
4504:
4500:
4495:
4493:
4489:
4485:
4475:
4473:
4469:
4465:
4461:
4444:
4427:
4423:
4419:
4413:
4403:
4401:
4396:
4384:
4380:
4376:
4371:
4369:
4365:
4360:
4358:
4354:
4350:
4346:
4345:
4344:The Economist
4340:
4338:
4334:
4329:
4327:
4322:
4321:Bank of Japan
4312:
4275:
4269:
4265:
4263:
4258:
4248:
4244:
4240:
4237:
4233:
4229:
4228:
4227:
4225:
4221:
4217:
4216:Bank of Japan
4206:
4197:
4193:
4190:This section
4188:
4185:
4181:
4180:
4176:
4166:
4163:
4156:
4138:
4124:
4122:
4116:
4114:
4108:
4105:
4100:
4097:
4093:
4088:
4085:
4081:
4077:
4056:
4031: 10 year
4025: 20 year
4019: 30 year
4013:
4008:
4001:
3991:
3988:
3980:
3969:
3966:
3962:
3959:
3955:
3952:
3948:
3945:
3941:
3938: –
3937:
3933:
3932:Find sources:
3926:
3922:
3916:
3915:
3910:This article
3908:
3904:
3899:
3898:
3894:
3883:
3873:
3871:
3867:
3861:
3858:
3853:
3851:
3850:semiconductor
3846:
3841:
3837:
3826:
3823:
3815:
3804:
3801:
3797:
3794:
3790:
3787:
3783:
3780:
3776:
3773: –
3772:
3768:
3767:Find sources:
3761:
3757:
3751:
3750:
3745:This article
3743:
3739:
3734:
3733:
3725:
3721:
3712:
3710:
3706:
3702:
3698:
3693:
3690:
3683:
3681:
3677:
3673:
3669:
3664:
3662:
3661:savings rates
3657:
3654:
3649:
3647:
3643:
3642:modernization
3637:
3635:
3631:
3627:
3617:
3615:
3614:economic boom
3611:
3605:
3602:
3597:
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3045:Shinonoi Line
3042:
3039:
3035:
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3028:
3025:
3021:
3020:
3019:
3016:
3012:
3009:
3008:National Diet
3005:
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2968:
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2957:
2954:
2950:
2947:
2943:
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2939:
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2928:
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2918:
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2912:This article
2910:
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2900:
2892:
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2889:Railway Mania
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2827:
2824:
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2817:
2813:
2810: –
2809:
2805:
2804:Find sources:
2798:
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2788:
2787:
2782:This article
2780:
2776:
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2770:
2762:
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2755:
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2740:Yamanote Line
2735:
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2685:
2681:
2678:
2674:
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2667:
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2657: –
2656:
2652:
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2645:
2641:
2635:
2634:
2629:This article
2627:
2623:
2618:
2617:
2609:
2607:
2602:1,435 mm
2580:1,067 mm
2572:1,067 mm
2565:
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2488:Bank of Japan
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2118:This article
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2074:William Adams
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2018:A Portuguese
2016:
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1346:shichi shimin
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1317:Taika Reforms
1314:
1313:Fujiwara clan
1310:
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1031:
1023:
1019:
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979:pottery style
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599:Anpo protests
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11603:Dependencies
11533:Turkmenistan
11498:Saudi Arabia
11402:
11245:Roman Empire
11210:Feudal Japan
11178:Ming dynasty
11173:Song dynasty
11129:Soviet Union
11104:East Germany
10908:
10848:Saudi Arabia
10812:
10765:
10624:South Africa
10526:
10404:Other topics
10240:
10078:Taishō Roman
9832:Conscription
9802:
9794:
9769:Armed Forces
9629:(ministries)
9529:Charter Oath
9524:Constitution
9406:State Shinto
9389:Essentialism
9339:Demographics
9226:Other topics
9200:Associations
9151:Construction
9041:Nenko System
9036:Shūshin koyō
9026:Labor unions
9021:Labor market
8999:Labor market
8870:Japanese yen
8793:Lost Decades
8762:
8696:
8685:
8678:
8671:
8661:
8654:
8647:
8640:
8633:
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8456:
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8424:
8417:
8410:
8400:
8389:
8385:
8378:
8368:
8359:
8351:
8341:
8318:
8286:. Retrieved
8281:
8272:
8259:. Retrieved
8255:the original
8245:
8237:the original
8232:
8207:the original
8202:
8193:
8185:the original
8180:
8158:12 September
8156:. Retrieved
8142:
8130:. Retrieved
8126:the original
8121:
8112:
8103:
8091:. Retrieved
8080:
8068:. Retrieved
8042:. Retrieved
8014:. Retrieved
8003:
7991:. Retrieved
7986:
7977:
7965:. Retrieved
7961:The Watchers
7960:
7951:
7939:. Retrieved
7929:
7917:. Retrieved
7913:
7903:
7891:. Retrieved
7886:
7862:. Retrieved
7858:the original
7853:
7844:
7832:. Retrieved
7828:the original
7823:
7814:
7803:
7788:
7774:
7759:
7751:
7742:
7731:
7719:. Retrieved
7715:the original
7696:. pp. 36–44.
7693:
7688:
7668:
7661:
7641:
7634:
7626:
7621:
7613:
7608:
7593:
7588:
7583:37.3: 41-48.
7580:
7575:
7558:
7552:
7539:
7531:
7522:
7501:
7488:
7480:
7475:
7424:
7421:Asian Survey
7420:
7410:
7383:
7377:
7357:
7350:
7343:
7338:
7330:
7325:
7299:
7293:
7260:
7256:
7250:
7241:
7208:
7204:
7198:
7183:
7175:
7148:
7144:
7134:
7124:
7117:
7101:
7096:
7080:
7075:
7063:. Retrieved
7056:the original
7019:
7015:
7002:
6990:. Retrieved
6986:the original
6980:
6973:
6964:
6958:
6945:
6927:
6922:
6914:
6909:
6897:
6892:
6881:
6876:
6867:
6856:, retrieved
6849:the original
6844:
6831:
6823:
6801:
6796:
6777:
6771:
6763:
6758:
6750:
6745:
6736:
6711:
6707:
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6680:
6675:
6663:
6656:
6644:
6633:
6628:
6620:
6615:
6606:
6597:
6584:
6568:
6552:(1992) p. 83
6549:
6544:
6536:
6521:
6513:
6508:
6493:
6485:
6477:
6476:G.C. Allen,
6472:
6460:. Retrieved
6456:the original
6446:
6434:. Retrieved
6419:
6412:
6400:. Retrieved
6391:
6382:
6376:
6368:
6363:
6354:
6345:
6340:Farris, 152.
6336:
6327:
6304:
6295:
6270:
6263:
6238:
6228:
6204:
6197:
6188:
6164:
6154:
6130:
6123:
6115:
6114:Morris, I.,
6095:
6083:. Retrieved
6078:
6069:
6061:
6056:
6048:
6044:
6039:
6028:
6021:
6012:
5999:
5974:
5963:
5939:
5929:
5917:. Retrieved
5900:
5877:
5873:
5868:
5864:
5859:
5853:Google Books
5847:
5841:
5837:
5832:
5816:
5808:
5800:
5788:. Retrieved
5784:the original
5775:
5765:
5756:
5750:
5735:
5727:
5708:
5702:
5693:
5689:
5679:
5670:
5664:
5654:
5648:
5636:. Retrieved
5631:
5608:
5557:
5553:
5543:
5526:
5522:
5509:
5500:
5491:
5438:
5434:
5428:
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5402:
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5373:
5367:
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5300:
5259:
5253:
5247:
5220:
5216:
5206:
5193:
5184:
5173:
5163:
5122:
5116:
5113:20 000 years
5083:
5076:
5064:. Retrieved
5060:
5050:
5030:
5023:
5015:
5010:
4990:
4980:
4955:
4951:
4945:
4929:
4924:
4905:
4898:
4871:
4867:
4857:
4832:
4828:
4815:
4727:Japan portal
4599:Plaza Accord
4533:
4521:
4514:
4507:
4496:
4481:
4415:
4397:
4372:
4361:
4342:
4341:
4330:
4317:
4253:
4232:price bubble
4224:Paul Krugman
4213:
4200:
4196:adding to it
4191:
4125:
4117:
4113:deflationary
4109:
4101:
4089:
4073:
4049: 1 year
4043: 2 year
4037: 5 year
3983:
3974:
3964:
3957:
3950:
3943:
3931:
3919:Please help
3914:verification
3911:
3862:
3854:
3833:
3818:
3809:
3799:
3792:
3785:
3778:
3766:
3754:Please help
3749:verification
3746:
3722:
3718:
3694:
3684:
3665:
3658:
3650:
3638:
3629:
3623:
3606:
3587:conservation
3584:
3576:
3555:
3543:Meiji period
3540:
3537:march, Tokyo
3510:Labor unions
3496:refrigerator
3489:
3485:
3477:
3473:
3458:
3449:
3439:
3432:
3425:
3418:
3406:
3394:Please help
3389:verification
3386:
3331:
3320:
3307:
3295:
3286:
3271:
3264:
3252:
3217:
3209:
3101:
3090:
3076:
3072:
3065:
3061:
3056:Hisatsu Line
3017:
3013:
3000:
2985:
2976:
2966:
2959:
2952:
2945:
2933:
2921:Please help
2916:verification
2913:
2886:
2870:
2855:
2846:
2836:
2829:
2822:
2815:
2803:
2791:Please help
2786:verification
2783:
2754:Tokaido line
2751:
2748:
2744:
2736:
2734:Utsunomiya.
2724:
2717:
2702:
2693:
2683:
2676:
2669:
2662:
2650:
2638:Please help
2633:verification
2630:
2605:
2561:
2545:Edmund Morel
2542:
2515:
2511:
2496:
2492:money supply
2476:
2467:
2461:
2459:
2440:
2428:
2424:
2401:
2386:
2342:
2340:
2317:
2304:
2295:, a 500-ton
2291:
2280:
2261:
2257:castle towns
2243:
2235:
2191:
2182:
2172:
2165:
2158:
2151:
2139:
2127:Please help
2122:verification
2119:
2091:
2077:
2069:
2067:
2052:
2049:
2029:
2008:
2001:
1992:
1983:
1977:
1952:
1937:
1928:
1918:
1911:
1904:
1897:
1885:
1873:Please help
1868:verification
1865:
1825:
1819:
1816:Ming dynasty
1813:
1802:
1796:
1789:tea ceremony
1782:
1773:
1770:
1712:
1703:launched by
1698:
1678:Feudal Japan
1670:
1662:
1656:
1650:
1644:
1641:
1629:
1626:
1611:
1607:
1603:
1590:Heijō Palace
1506:
1497:
1487:
1480:
1473:
1466:
1454:
1442:Please help
1437:verification
1434:
1405:
1399:
1396:Tang dynasty
1373:
1325:philosophies
1303:launched by
1298:
1284:Gokishichidō
1282:
1260:
1256:Asuka period
1238:
1229:Asuka period
1170:
1167:Kofun period
1127:
1124:Yayoi period
1113:Yayoi period
1097:Yayoi period
1088:
1077:Jōmon period
1050:
1010:Xianren Cave
999:
937:
934:Jōmon period
928:Jōmon period
892:
890:
769:Christianity
725:
665:
631:Lost Decades
622:
559:World War II
500:
468:
385:
320:
295:Nanban trade
286:
258:
220:
187:
173:
159:
145:
131:
118:
106:
62:
49:
33:
31:lead section
11662:Asia portal
11563:States with
11483:Philippines
11423:South Korea
11418:North Korea
11313:Afghanistan
11220:Inca Empire
11168:Han dynasty
11076:New Zealand
11038:Switzerland
11003:Netherlands
10863:South Korea
10843:Philippines
10823:North Korea
10579:Ivory Coast
10446:Shōwa Modan
10421:Hakkō ichiu
10358:Philippines
10245:after 1943)
10223:Territories
10181:Pacific War
10041:World War I
9917:Air Service
9857:Air Service
9730:Gozen Kaigi
9446:(Yoshihito)
9438:(Mutsuhito)
9384:Nationalism
9329:Agriculture
9161:Electronics
8423:Free, Dan.
8288:23 December
8040:. Bloomberg
7809:mundi index
7104:. Penguin.
7065:7 September
7036:10016/28350
6566:Nimura, K.
5560:(1): 8556.
5217:Radiocarbon
5066:2 September
4640:Post 2000,
4353:green taxes
4203:August 2013
4121:carry trade
4004:Japan bonds
3701:World War I
3699:(1904–05),
3653:labor force
3634:bureaucracy
3612:-sustained
3267:Pacific War
3248:Cochinchina
3224:Philippines
2564:track gauge
2538:Sakuragichō
2483:prefectures
2477:The former
2416:wage labour
2414:workers to
2057:, Japanese
1954:Renaissance
1755:Shimonoseki
1705:Kublai Khan
1598:Daibutsuden
1410:8th century
1406:Wadōkaichin
1375:Wadōkaichin
1362:kōchi kōmin
1243: [
1198:sericulture
1177:Yamato clan
1175:, when the
984:lacquerware
954:Jōmon jidai
721:Earthquakes
569:Pacific War
477:World War I
108:Paleolithic
11543:Uzbekistan
11518:Tajikistan
11433:Kyrgyzstan
11413:Kazakhstan
11333:Bangladesh
11323:Azerbaijan
11134:Yugoslavia
10878:Tajikistan
10788:East Timor
10773:Azerbaijan
10767:Arab world
10599:Mozambique
10589:Madagascar
10210:Occupation
10033:Taishō era
9978:Boshin War
9822:War crimes
9618:Government
9594:Tonarigumi
9501:Privy Seal
9496:State Seal
9454:(Hirohito)
9379:Militarism
9334:Censorship
9139:Automotive
8907:Nikkei 225
8865:Japan Mint
8233:Medium.com
8132:23 October
7834:23 October
7679:0801489121
7567:B00G2A7WL2
7427:(6): 1–8.
7333:, Volume 1
7211:(3): 248.
6800:Dan Free,
6502:1850292515
6462:17 October
6436:17 October
6402:17 October
6349:Perez, 40.
6208:. London:
6134:. London:
5772:"Japanese"
4802:References
4664:Shinzō Abe
4651:2011, the
4620:Nikkei 225
4605:Nikkei 225
4488:Shinzo Abe
4468:Shinzo Abe
4385:valued at
4326:Nikkei 225
4173:See also:
4162:Nikkei 225
3947:newspapers
3870:Nikkei 225
3782:newspapers
3705:Korean War
3573:Oil crisis
3551:anti-union
3422:newspapers
3368:Rebuilding
3296:After the
3292:Occupation
3281:See also:
3087:Taishō era
2949:newspapers
2878:Joban Line
2819:newspapers
2666:newspapers
2608:standard.
2522:locomotive
2436:anti-union
2283:Edo period
2266:market in
2155:newspapers
1958:Marco Polo
1901:newspapers
1553:Hokurikudō
1470:newspapers
1323:ideas and
1194:Irrigation
1106:Shinju-kyo
1091:pit-houses
1080:pit-houses
1030:Amur River
1026:16 000 BCE
641:Cool Japan
509:Militarism
371:Boshin War
324:(Tokugawa)
206:Genpei War
52:April 2024
11629:Hong Kong
11583:Palestine
11508:Sri Lanka
11503:Singapore
11383:Indonesia
11087:economies
11071:Australia
10998:Lithuania
10858:Singapore
10833:Palestine
10798:Indonesia
10725:Nicaragua
10670:Argentina
10411:Sonnō jōi
10363:Singapore
10348:Hong Kong
10310:Azad Hind
10285:Mengjiang
10280:Manchukuo
10254:Kantō-shū
10196:Surrender
10103:Shōwa era
10088:Truku War
9959:Meiji era
9927:Tokkeitai
9892:Kempeitai
9803:Senjinkun
9720:Daijō-kan
9683:Munitions
9564:Mokusatsu
9354:Education
9273:Amakudari
9263:Nemawashi
9186:Transport
9046:Salaryman
7581:Challenge
7441:0004-4687
7285:144037234
7277:1356-3475
7233:145451627
7225:1037-1397
7167:1598-2408
7112:. p. 245.
7052:197866746
7044:1468-0289
6728:0022-3808
6064:. p. 140.
6051:, p. 271,
5809:Antiquity
5780:Macmillan
5582:2045-2322
5529:: 71–85.
5465:1932-6203
5394:162258797
5359:143756517
5175:USA Today
4952:Antiquity
4849:163956846
4829:Antiquity
4660:Abenomics
4437:令和元年東日本台風
4412:Reiwa era
4400:Abenomics
3206:Shōwa era
3024:Chuo line
2727:Usui Pass
2720:Lake Biwa
2536:(present
2526:Shimbashi
2263:fudasashi
1809:Yoshimasa
1321:Confucian
975:sedentism
760:Religion
751:Geography
736:Education
731:Era names
361:Bakumatsu
300:Imjin War
260:Muromachi
239:Genkō War
229:Jōkyū War
36:summarize
11677:Category
11652:Category
11573:Abkhazia
11523:Thailand
11478:Pakistan
11458:Mongolia
11453:Maldives
11448:Malaysia
11348:Cambodia
11225:Iroquois
11048:Scotland
11023:Slovakia
11013:Portugal
10936:Bulgaria
10883:Thailand
10838:Pakistan
10828:Mongolia
10818:Malaysia
10778:Cambodia
10735:Paraguay
10695:Colombia
10675:Barbados
10658:Americas
10649:Zimbabwe
10559:Ethiopia
10544:Botswana
10389:Yen bloc
10377:Ideology
10368:Thailand
10237:Karafuto
10230:Colonies
9817:Kamikaze
9760:Military
9663:Treasury
9517:Policies
9508:Kimigayo
9429:Emperors
9396:Politics
9364:Eugenics
9322:Overview
9127:Industry
9096:Rankings
8848:Currency
8839:Taxation
8808:Keiretsu
8803:Zaibatsu
8632:(2004);
8518:(1982).
8392:(1960)
8282:BBC News
8261:10 April
8152:Archived
8093:16 April
8044:16 April
8016:16 April
7993:20 April
7967:20 April
7941:20 April
7864:20 April
7721:8 August
7511:Archived
7151:: 1–21.
7091:. p. 82.
6689:, p. 10.
6683:(1997).
6573:Archived
6530:Archived
6236:(2005).
6162:(2005).
6049:Gukanshō
6047:(1979).
6005:Wadō era
5971:(1958).
5937:(2005).
5913:Archived
5840:(2001).
5638:19 March
5600:31209235
5483:25192436
5435:PLOS ONE
5284:23575637
5155:37666548
5147:22745428
5057:"縄文人の一生"
4988:(2010).
4972:17316841
4890:26510569
4765:Keiretsu
4685:See also
4648:strategy
4610:1990s, "
4543:Timeline
4337:real GDP
4236:equities
4234:in both
4115:spiral.
4009:in 1990
3977:May 2021
3812:May 2021
3689:keiretsu
3676:keiretsu
3672:zaibatsu
3651:Japan's
3567:Zenrokyo
3563:Zenroren
3529:Zenrokyo
3502:, and a
3452:May 2021
3359:zaibatsu
3351:and the
3325:kyodatsu
3258:zaibatsu
3244:Thailand
3108:Country
2979:May 2021
2849:May 2021
2696:May 2021
2606:de facto
2598: in
2553:Hokkaidō
2534:Yokohama
2530:Shiodome
2516:In 1868
2502:Railways
2185:May 2021
2024:Nagasaki
1931:May 2021
1714:kamikaze
1646:ritsuryō
1594:Tōdai-ji
1575:Saikaidō
1570:Nankaidō
1565:San’yōdō
1560:San’indō
1500:May 2021
1398:coinage
1240:Fuhonsen
1237:Copper '
1141:via the
1131:textiles
1018:cookware
913:Cold War
845:Timeline
835:Glossary
806:Post-war
801:Politics
791:Military
764:Buddhism
716:Currency
222:Kamakura
70:a series
68:Part of
11548:Vietnam
11463:Myanmar
11443:Lebanon
11373:Georgia
11328:Bahrain
11318:Armenia
11064:Oceania
10981:Ireland
10976:Hungary
10966:Germany
10956:Estonia
10951:Denmark
10941:Croatia
10926:Belgium
10921:Austria
10916:Albania
10893:Vietnam
10750:Uruguay
10715:Jamaica
10705:Ecuador
10634:Tunisia
10619:Somalia
10614:Senegal
10604:Nigeria
10594:Morocco
10564:Eritrea
10534:Algeria
9950:History
9922:Marines
9559:Kokutai
9464:Symbols
9444:Taishō
9401:Statism
9344:Economy
9191:Whaling
9156:Defense
8899:finance
8895:Banking
8756:History
8607:, 92 pp
8603:(1995)
8596:excerpt
8569:(1898)
8510:excerpt
8500:excerpt
8488:(1965)
8403:(2009)
8373:excerpt
8301:Sources
8122:Reuters
8070:7 April
7824:Reuters
7449:3023612
6992:19 June
6884:(1898)
6858:10 June
6806:excerpt
6636:(1902)
6492:, ed.,
6085:6 April
5919:6 April
5848:p. 107.
5825:archive
5790:10 July
5591:6572846
5562:Bibcode
5474:4156326
5443:Bibcode
5292:3094491
5264:Bibcode
5225:Bibcode
5127:Bibcode
5118:Science
4644:begins
4517:Coupang
4390:⁄
4349:tobacco
4149:失われた10年
4076:tariffs
3961:scholar
3796:scholar
3601:dumping
3535:May Day
3436:scholar
3236:bauxite
3154:Taiwan
3136:Japan (
3031:Ou line
2963:scholar
2833:scholar
2680:scholar
2593:⁄
2528:(later
2450:Banking
2377:Sapporo
2353:wadokei
2344:rangaku
2297:galleon
2219:Wadokei
2169:scholar
2082:Pattani
2078:Liefde'
2041:galleon
2037:carrack
2020:carrack
1969:Samurai
1915:scholar
1784:ikebana
1774:daimyōs
1707:of the
1667:samurai
1636:samurai
1548:Tōsandō
1543:Tōkaidō
1484:scholar
1275:Chinese
1252:coinage
1202:weaving
1135:Yangtze
1082:in the
1014:Jiangxi
1003:20 000
840:History
779:Judaism
726:Economy
97:Periods
11593:Taiwan
11528:Turkey
11493:Russia
11428:Kuwait
11408:Jordan
11398:Israel
11358:Cyprus
11343:Brunei
11338:Bhutan
11235:Muisca
11164:China
11033:Sweden
11018:Russia
11008:Norway
10971:Greece
10961:France
10910:Europe
10902:Europe
10888:Turkey
10873:Taiwan
10808:Israel
10730:Panama
10720:Mexico
10685:Canada
10680:Brazil
10644:Zambia
10639:Uganda
10609:Rwanda
10574:Guinea
10539:Angola
10528:Africa
10520:Africa
10353:Malaya
10328:Borneo
10264:Taiwan
10259:Nan'yō
10249:Chōsen
10242:naichi
9452:Shōwa
9436:Meiji
9411:Kazoku
9359:System
9171:Mining
9055:Energy
8817:Policy
8690:online
8666:online
8650:(1996)
8636:(2003)
8626:et al.
8621:(2001)
8605:online
8586:(1987)
8571:online
8555:
8530:
8490:online
8473:
8354:(1975)
8346:online
8315:.
8181:Nikkei
8066:. CNBC
7919:28 May
7893:28 May
7797:. CNN.
7676:
7649:
7602:132003
7600:
7565:
7447:
7439:
7398:
7365:
7314:
7283:
7275:
7231:
7223:
7165:
7108:
7087:
7050:
7042:
6902:online
6886:online
6784:
6726:
6681:et al.
6650:online
6638:online
6516:(1972)
6500:
6427:
6282:
6250:
6216:
6176:
6142:
6045:et al.
5987:
5951:
5838:et al.
5715:
5598:
5588:
5580:
5481:
5471:
5463:
5392:
5357:
5349:
5312:
5290:
5282:
5255:Nature
5153:
5145:
5091:
5038:
4998:
4970:
4936:
4913:
4888:
4847:
4673:2020,
4658:2012,
4635:Yaohan
4585:1960,
4575:1948,
4565:1945,
4555:1868,
4503:Brexit
4430:
4303:
4297:
4291:
4285:
4279:
4082:, the
4067:
4061:
4047:
4041:
4035:
4029:
4023:
4017:
3963:
3956:
3949:
3942:
3934:
3857:demand
3798:
3791:
3784:
3777:
3769:
3610:demand
3565:, and
3438:
3431:
3424:
3417:
3409:
3240:Malaya
3184:China
3179:1,224
3163:1,212
3160:1,262
3149:2,154
3146:1,760
3131:5,590
3128:5,590
2965:
2958:
2951:
2944:
2936:
2835:
2828:
2821:
2814:
2806:
2682:
2675:
2668:
2661:
2653:
2557:Kyushu
2549:Honshu
2532:) and
2412:feudal
2349:Dejima
2336:Kyushu
2320:sakoku
2305:bakufu
2171:
2164:
2157:
2150:
2142:
2095:Dejima
2070:Liefde
2063:Manila
2009:Nanban
1917:
1910:
1903:
1896:
1888:
1845:, and
1801:, and
1798:bonsai
1631:Ryōmin
1486:
1479:
1472:
1465:
1457:
1404:, the
1369:corvée
1301:a coup
1271:Honshū
1267:Kyūshū
1263:Yamato
1250:(富本銭)
1200:, and
967:14,000
965:
816:Sports
784:Shinto
741:Empire
702:Topics
624:Heisei
470:Taishō
346:Sakoku
72:on the
11634:Macau
11553:Yemen
11513:Syria
11488:Qatar
11468:Nepal
11403:Japan
11378:India
11368:Egypt
11353:China
11053:Wales
11028:Spain
10993:Italy
10868:Syria
10813:Japan
10793:India
10783:China
10710:Haiti
10690:Chile
10629:Sudan
10584:Kenya
10569:Ghana
10554:Egypt
10333:Burma
10046:Entry
9740:Peers
9604:Senbu
9589:Tokkō
8628:eds.
8089:. NPR
8012:. NPR
7598:JSTOR
7530:. In
7445:JSTOR
7281:S2CID
7229:S2CID
7059:(PDF)
7048:S2CID
7012:(PDF)
6950:(PDF)
6852:(PDF)
6841:(PDF)
6664:et al
6594:(PDF)
5519:(PDF)
5390:S2CID
5355:S2CID
5347:JSTOR
5288:S2CID
5151:S2CID
4968:S2CID
4845:S2CID
4825:(PDF)
4807:Notes
4137:hōkai
4104:Ginza
3968:JSTOR
3954:books
3803:JSTOR
3789:books
3728:1980s
3559:Rengo
3524:2011
3443:JSTOR
3429:books
3232:Burma
3169:Korea
3122:U.S.
2970:JSTOR
2956:books
2840:JSTOR
2826:books
2687:JSTOR
2673:books
2431:Ashio
2253:Kyoto
2249:Osaka
2176:JSTOR
2162:books
2055:junks
2032:Macau
1922:JSTOR
1908:books
1821:wokou
1745:1584
1671:shōen
1663:shōen
1658:shōen
1652:shōen
1538:Kinai
1491:JSTOR
1477:books
1329:China
1327:from
1247:]
1139:China
1111:from
1065:peach
796:Naval
774:Islam
667:Reiwa
502:Shōwa
387:Meiji
189:Heian
161:Asuka
147:Kofun
133:Yayoi
120:Jōmon
11473:Oman
11438:Laos
11393:Iraq
11388:Iran
10803:Iran
10759:Asia
10740:Peru
10700:Cuba
9658:Navy
9653:Army
8897:and
8553:ISBN
8528:ISBN
8471:ISBN
8388:and
8290:2022
8263:2013
8203:CNBC
8160:2020
8134:2020
8095:2020
8072:2020
8046:2020
8018:2020
7995:2020
7969:2020
7943:2020
7921:2020
7895:2020
7866:2020
7836:2020
7723:2008
7674:ISBN
7647:ISBN
7563:ASIN
7437:ISSN
7396:ISBN
7363:ISBN
7312:ISBN
7273:ISSN
7221:ISSN
7192:–89.
7163:ISSN
7106:ISBN
7085:ISBN
7067:2020
7040:ISSN
6994:2007
6860:2012
6782:ISBN
6724:ISSN
6498:ISBN
6464:2014
6438:2014
6425:ISBN
6404:2014
6280:ISBN
6248:ISBN
6214:ISBN
6174:ISBN
6140:ISBN
6087:2020
5985:ISBN
5949:ISBN
5921:2007
5792:2015
5713:ISBN
5640:2010
5596:PMID
5578:ISSN
5479:PMID
5461:ISSN
5310:ISBN
5280:PMID
5143:PMID
5089:ISBN
5068:2016
5036:ISBN
4996:ISBN
4934:ISBN
4911:ISBN
4886:PMID
4633:and
4453:台風19
4351:and
4331:The
3940:news
3845:real
3775:news
3498:, a
3415:news
3230:and
3193:562
3190:619
3176:690
3125:540
3054:and
3029:The
3022:The
2942:news
2812:news
2659:news
2251:and
2148:news
2045:junk
2005:Wakō
1967:The
1894:news
1826:wakō
1463:news
1381:和同開珎
1356:公地公民
1340:私地私民
1307:and
1291:五畿七道
1269:and
1261:The
891:The
175:Nara
11605:and
9648:War
8434:."
7887:CNN
7429:doi
7388:doi
7304:doi
7265:doi
7213:doi
7153:doi
7032:hdl
7024:doi
6716:doi
5586:PMC
5570:doi
5531:doi
5469:PMC
5451:doi
5382:doi
5339:doi
5272:doi
5260:496
5233:doi
5135:doi
5123:336
4960:doi
4876:doi
4837:doi
4357:NHK
4198:.
4084:yen
3923:by
3836:GNP
3758:by
3398:by
3187:18
3173:24
3157:42
3143:64
2925:by
2795:by
2642:by
2566:of
2479:han
2472:yen
2446:).
2268:Edo
2244:han
2131:by
2043:or
2022:in
1877:by
1804:Noh
1751:kaō
1596:'s
1446:by
1145:or
1012:in
321:Edo
11679::
10202:,
8551:.
8328:–
8322:.
8280:.
8231:.
8215:^
8201:.
8179:.
8168:^
8120:.
8054:^
8026:^
7985:.
7959:.
7912:.
7885:.
7874:^
7852:.
7822:.
7750:.
7701:^
7509:.
7457:^
7443:.
7435:.
7423:.
7419:.
7394:.
7310:,
7279:.
7271:.
7261:14
7259:.
7227:.
7219:.
7209:21
7207:.
7190:87
7161:.
7149:18
7147:.
7143:.
7046:.
7038:.
7030:.
7020:73
7018:.
7014:.
6935:^
6843:,
6813:^
6722:.
6710:.
6706:.
6694:^
6666:.
6596:.
6557:^
6313:^
6107:^
6077:.
5911:.
5907:,
5903:.
5899:.
5887:^
5778:.
5774:.
5742:13
5692:.
5688:.
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