546:
403:
382:'s government had pursued a policy of "Africanisation" which included policies targeted at Ugandan Indians. The 1968 Committee on the "Africanisation in Commerce and Industry", for example, had made far-reaching Indophobic proposals and a system of work permits and trade licences was introduced in 1969 to restrict the role of non-citizen Indians in economic and professional activities. Nevertheless, Amin's policies represented a significant acceleration. In August 1971, Amin announced a review of the citizenship status awarded to Uganda's Asian community, followed by the declaration of a
411:
came to mean 8 November. On 9 August, the policy was expanded to include citizens of India, Pakistan and
Bangladesh. The position of the 23,000 Indians who had been granted Ugandan citizenship (and in particular those who held no other citizenship) was less clear. Not originally included, on 19 August, they were seemingly added to the list, before being re-exempted three days later following international protest. Many chose to leave rather than endure further intimidation, with only 4,000 known to have stayed. Exemptions for certain professions were added, then later removed.
639:, which gained control over some of the largest enterprises, though both the rapid nature of the growth and the sudden lack of experienced technicians and managers proved a challenge for the corporation, resulting in a restructuring of the sector in 1974–75. Though some of the property fell into the hands of Uganda's traditional businessmen, most of the direct beneficiaries were soldiers and government officials. By the time Amin's regime collapsed in 1979, it was rumoured that there were no more than 50 Indians in Uganda.
387:
wide gap" between
Ugandan Indians and Africans would narrow. While paying tribute to Indians' contribution to the economy and the professions, he accused a minority of the Asian population of disloyalty, non-integration and commercial malpractice, claims Indian leaders disputed. On the vexed question of citizenship, he said his government would recognise citizenship rights already granted, but all outstanding applications for citizenship (which by this point were thought to number more than 12,000) would be cancelled.
376:
traders" and labelled as "dukahwallas" (traders, an occupational term that degenerated into an anti-Indian slur during Amin's time), who tried to cheat unsuspecting purchasers and looked out only for their own families. Racial segregation was institutionalised. Gated ethnic communities offered elite and exclusive healthcare and schooling services. Additionally, the tariff system in Uganda had historically been oriented toward the economic interests of South Asian traders.
45:
802:
235:
359:
after the line's completion. At the time of the expulsion, there were approximately 80,000 individuals of South Asian descent in Uganda, of whom 23,000 had had their applications for citizenship both processed and accepted. A further 50,000 were
British passport holders, though Amin himself used the
665:
assumed power. Museveni criticised Amin's policies and invited the
Indians to return. According to Museveni, "Gujaratis have played a lead role in Uganda's social and industrial development. I knew that this community can do wonders for my country and they have been doing it for last many decades."
410:
On 4 August 1972, Amin declared that
Britain would need to take on the responsibility for caring for British subjects who were of Indian origin, accusing them of "sabotaging Uganda's economy and encouraging corruption". The deadline for British subjects to leave was confirmed as three months, which
290:
The original August 4 order applied only to
British subjects of South Asian origin, but was expanded on August 9 to citizens of Bangladesh, India, and Pakistan. It was later expanded to include 20,000 Ugandan citizens of South Asian ethnicities (later rescinded). At the time of the expulsion, there
463:
Amin's decrees drew immediate worldwide condemnation, including from India. The Indian government warned Uganda of dire consequences, but took no action when Amin's government ignored the ultimatum. Initially, India maintained diplomatic ties with Uganda but later severed diplomatic relations with
386:
of Uganda's Asian population in
October that year. In order to resolve the "misunderstandings" regarding the role of Uganda's Asian minority in society, he convened an Indian 'conference' for 7–8 December. In a memorandum presented on the second day of the conference, he set out his hope that "the
438:
The expulsion and redistribution of property were officially termed "Operation Mafuta Mingi". Ugandan soldiers during this period engaged in theft and physical and sexual violence against the
Indians with impunity. Restrictions were imposed on the sale or transfer of private businesses by Ugandan
634:
A military committee was made responsible for the reallocation of the confiscated property, though Amin also personally redirected some material. In total, some 5,655 firms, ranches, farms, and agricultural estates were reallocated, along with cars, homes and other household goods. For political
652:
in 1972 to 254 million shillings in 1979. At the time of their deportation
Indians owned 90% of the country's businesses and accounted for 90% of Uganda's tax revenue. The real value of salaries and wages plummeted by 90% in less than a decade following the expulsion, and although some of these
375:
was already engrained by the start of Amin's rule in
February 1971. While not all Ugandan Indians were well off, they were on average better off than the indigenous communities, constituting 1% of the population while earning a fifth of the national income. Indians were stereotyped as "merely
330:
The expulsion did significant damage to both Uganda's economy and international reputation. Many world leaders condemned the expulsion and several nations, particularly the United Kingdom and India, cut diplomatic ties as a result. The economy suffered a significant drop in GDP as many native
423:
We are determined to make the ordinary Ugandan master of his own destiny, and above all to see that he enjoys the wealth of his country. Our deliberate policy is to transfer the economic control of Uganda into the hands of Ugandans, for the first time in our country's
464:
Amin's regime. The United Kingdom froze a ÂŁ10.4 million loan which had been arranged the previous year; Amin ignored this. Journalists Tony Avirgan and Martha Honey described the expulsion as "the most explicitly racist policy ever adopted in black Africa."
449:
The Indians only milked the cow, but they did not feed it to yield more milk. There are now Black faces in every shop and industry. All the big cars in Uganda are now driven by Africans, and not the former bloodsuckers. The rest of Africa can learn from us.
299:
in Uganda, with Amin accusing a minority of the Indians of disloyalty, non-integration, and commercial malpractice, claims that Indian leaders disputed. Amin defended the expulsion by arguing that he was "giving Uganda back to ethnic Ugandans".
647:
Despite Amin's claims of returning control of the economy to ordinary Ugandans, the expulsion greatly harmed the economy of the country. The GDP of Uganda fell by 5% between 1972 and 1975, while manufacturing output tumbled from 740 million
418:
had told him to expel them, as well as plot vengeance against the British government for refusing to provide him with arms to invade Tanzania. Amin defended the expulsion by arguing that he was giving Uganda back to the ethnic Ugandans:
619:. Trudeau's government agreed to allow thousands of Nizari Ismailis to emigrate to Canada. The exodus of Ugandan Indians took on a new level of urgency in the September following a telegram from Amin to the UN Secretary General
327:. Departing Asians were limited to $ 120 and 485 lb (220 kg) of property. In total, some 5,655 firms, ranches, farms, and agricultural estates were confiscated, along with cars, homes and other household goods.
635:
reasons, most (5,443) were reallocated to individuals, with 176 going to government bodies, 33 being reallocated to semi-state organisations and 2 going to charities. Possibly the biggest winner was the state-owned
363:
The British had invested in the education of the Asian minority, in preference to that of indigenous Ugandans. By the early 1970s, many Indians in Southeast Africa and Uganda were employed in the
347:
by the British to "serve as a buffer between Europeans and Africans in the middle rungs of commerce and administration". In addition, in the 1890s, 32,000 labourers from British Indians were
291:
were about 80,000 individuals of Indian descent in Uganda, of whom 23,000 had their applications for citizenship both processed and accepted. The expulsion took place against the backdrop of
287:, giving them 90 days to leave the country. At the time, South Asians in East Africa were simply known as "Asians". They had come to dominate trade under British colonial policies.
1234:
653:
businesses were handed over to native Ugandans, Uganda's industrial sector, which was seen as the backbone of the economy, was damaged due to the lack of skilled workers.
1361:
1173:
565:
Reluctant to expand its newly introduced immigration quota, the British government had sought agreement from some of its remaining overseas territories (including
343:
The presence of Indians in Uganda was the result of deliberate choices by the British administration that ruled Uganda from 1894 to 1962. They were brought to the
623:, in which it appeared that Amin was sympathetic to Hitler's treatment of Jews and an airlift was organised. The UN dispatched the Executive Secretary of the
789:
by Lucy Fulford collects the stories and experiences of a cross-section of those exiled and the effect on subsequent generations including her own family
545:
939:
414:
The precise motivation for the expulsion remains unclear. Some of Amin's former supporters suggest that it followed a dream in which, he claimed,
815:
1483:
1881:
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1821:
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Indians and on 16 August Amin made it clear that after he was done with Indian-owned businesses, European-owned businesses would be next.
304:
263:
1244:
782:, by Janika Oza, includes an Indian-Ugandan family's experience before and during the expulsion and their ultimate settlement in Canada.
1334:
1497:
1871:
726:, published by Bogle L'Ouverture, London was a satirical novel about the Uganda expulsion by a former expellee, Jameela Siddiqi
1826:
1796:
1667:
1573:
1543:
467:
Many of the Ugandan Asians were citizens of the United Kingdom & Colonies. 27,200 refugees subsequently emigrated to the
1856:
187:
1836:
820:
348:
1866:
1344:
887:
737:
1886:
1831:
1712:
1692:
1307:
111:
91:
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by Azim P H Somani, which was the main feature of the ITV documentary marking the 40th anniversary of the expulsion.
402:
1611:
716:
917:
1270:
256:
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The Indians resurfacing in Uganda have helped rebuild the economy of Uganda, and are financially well settled.
636:
331:
Ugandans lacked the expertise necessary to operate their newly acquired businesses. Following the accession of
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talks about the history of the Indians in Uganda, the expulsion and the hardships they faced in the aftermath.
1861:
177:
1396:
758:
742:
249:
222:
217:
24:
1876:
1846:
1841:
1038:
711:
686:
101:
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apparently exaggerated figure of 80,000 British passport holders in his initial expulsion speech.
1816:
586:
157:
61:
1761:"Robert Kweku Atta Gardiner (1914–1994): An unrecognised Ghanaian Pan-Africanist Par-Excellence"
570:
81:
1760:
1657:
1533:
355:. Most of the surviving Indians returned home, but 6,724 individuals decided to remain in the
1702:
628:
292:
702:
portrays the story of an Indian family which flees Uganda during the turmoil and settles in
390:
This expulsion of an ethnic minority was not the first in Uganda's history as the country's
1851:
1789:
Uganda: The Bloodstained Pearl of Africa and Its Struggle for Peace. From the Pages of Drum
1434:
8:
922:
825:
356:
344:
277:
71:
44:
471:. Refugees were initially housed in empty military camps, such as Heathfield Camp, near
1745:
1645:
1637:
1620:
Jamal, Vali (June 1976), "Expulsion of a minority: essays on Ugandan Asians (Review)",
1239:
1178:
1141:
1066:
866:
698:
677:
212:
1116:
Jamal, Vali (November 1976). "Asians in Uganda, 1880–1972: Inequality and Expulsion".
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1340:
1149:
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858:
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33:
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Kasozi, Abdu Basajabaka Kawalya; Musisi, Nakanyike; Sejjengo, James Mukooza (1994),
1737:
1629:
1125:
1050:
690:
portrays the events leading to the expulsion of Ugandan Indians to other countries.
649:
590:
574:
167:
1054:
542:. About 20,000 refugees were unaccounted for. Only a few hundred remained behind.
1756:
1584:
1512:
662:
332:
296:
616:
605:
468:
352:
308:
1633:
615:, the Imam of Nizari Ismailis phoned his acquaintance Canadian Prime Minister
1810:
1776:
1153:
1137:
1062:
862:
807:
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similarly closed their borders with Uganda to prevent an influx of refugees.
550:
515:
239:
1039:"What Enables or Constrains Mass Expulsion? A New Decision-Making Framework"
511:
415:
379:
1311:
1728:
Patel, Hasu H. (1972), "General Amin and the Indian Exodus from Uganda",
703:
612:
554:
539:
940:
Why Ugandan Asians were expelled by Idi Amin and how they ended up in UK
870:
846:
394:
minority, numbering approximately 30,000, had been expelled in 1969–70.
1749:
1145:
582:
372:
1641:
693:
535:
519:
351:
under indentured labour contracts to work on the construction of the
1741:
1129:
1484:"Idi Amin's expulsion of Asians in 1972 pummelled Uganda's economy"
918:"50 years ago, Uganda ordered its entire Asian population to leave"
598:
507:
484:
456:
324:
280:
631:, who attempted in vain to convince Amin to reverse his decision.
1203:
608:
566:
523:
472:
368:
1771:(1). Accra: Institute of African Studies, University of Ghana.
1336:
India-Uganda Relations: A New Model for South-south Cooperation
558:
531:
527:
503:
491:
480:
383:
364:
312:
121:
1535:
Politics of Migration: Indian Emigration in a Globalized World
1531:
1498:"Taking stock of Uganda's economy 55 years after independence"
749:
The expulsion is the main focus of the 2008 young adult novel
661:
Thousands of Indians returned to Uganda starting in 1986 when
311:. Of the other refugees who were accounted for, 6,000 went to
594:
518:
took 1,000 refugees each, with smaller numbers emigrating to
499:
495:
476:
391:
320:
316:
1379:
1377:
1375:
1174:"Gujaratis survived Idi Amin, fuelled East Africa's economy"
490:
Of the other refugees who were accounted for, 6,000 went to
1251:
1687:, Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press, p. 119,
1372:
845:
Desai, Niranjan; Journal, Indian Foreign Affairs (2012).
1704:
Uganda since independence: a story of unfulfilled hopes
1604:
Mass Expulsion in Modern International Law and Practice
1464:
681:
has a plot about the expulsion of Indians from Uganda.
1288:
847:"Revisiting the 1972 Expulsion of Asians from Uganda"
736:
The aftermath of the exile provides the backdrop for
1682:
1420:
1271:"When Idi Amin expelled 50,000 'Asians' from Uganda"
797:
1685:
The Social Origins of Violence in Uganda, 1964–1985
1339:. New Delhi: Global Vision Pub House. p. 201.
1707:, United Kingdom: C. Hurst & Co., p. 67,
979:
977:
975:
973:
971:
969:
967:
335:to the presidency, some Indian Ugandans returned.
965:
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947:
890:. British Broadcasting Corporation. 7 August 1972
882:
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1016:
1014:
1012:
1602:Henckaerts, Jean-Marie; Sohn, Louis B. (1995),
1452:
1172:Vashi, Ashish; Jain, Ankur (October 22, 2008).
1010:
1008:
1006:
1004:
1002:
1000:
998:
996:
994:
992:
816:Non-resident Indian and person of Indian origin
1601:
1525:
1435:"Ministers hunted for island to house Indians"
1086:
944:
915:
877:
709:The expulsion was portrayed in the 1998 novel
406:Idi Amin, pictured shortly after the expulsion
1513:"Ugandan Asians dominate economy after exile"
1414:
257:
1568:. Dar es Salaam: Tanzania Publishing House.
1563:
1383:
1257:
989:
888:"1972: Asians given 90 days to leave Uganda"
844:
1359:
771:Tanmay Srivastava 2020's short documentary
305:citizens of the United Kingdom and Colonies
1628:(2), Cambridge University Press: 357–361,
264:
250:
1655:
1532:A. Didar Singh; S. Irudaya Rajan (2015).
1171:
1098:
1024:
1755:
1585:"A holy man with an eye for connections"
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911:
909:
907:
905:
544:
401:
1765:Contemporary Journal of African Studies
1700:
1538:. Taylor & Francis. pp. 180–.
1221:
1036:
283:ordered the expulsion of his country's
1809:
1786:
1582:
1510:
1458:
1432:
1360:Subramanian, Archana (6 August 2015).
1294:
1235:"Idi Amin had targeted Indians in 70s"
1167:
1165:
1163:
589:) to resettle them; however, only the
1882:Racially motivated violence in Africa
1727:
1622:The Journal of Modern African Studies
1619:
1566:War in Uganda: The Legacy of Idi Amin
1564:Avirgan, Tony; Honey, Martha (1983).
1332:
1209:
1197:
1193:
1191:
1189:
1111:
1109:
1107:
983:
935:
933:
902:
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303:Many of those who were expelled were
16:1972 expulsion of Indians by Idi Amin
1082:
1080:
757:, which was a finalist for Canada's
733:also focuses on the Uganda expulsion
1822:Anti-immigration politics in Africa
1160:
821:Indian diaspora in Southeast Africa
13:
1421:Kasozi, Musisi & Sejjengo 1994
1186:
1104:
930:
642:
14:
1898:
1077:
1791:. Kampala: Fountain Publishers.
1583:Geddes, John (27 October 2010),
916:Meghan Garrity (4 August 2022).
800:
766:Shattered Lives: Sitting on Fire
233:
43:
1701:Mutibwa, Phares Mukasa (1992),
1656:Jørgensen, Jan Jelmert (1981),
1606:, Dordrecht: Martinus Nijhoff,
1556:
1504:
1490:
1476:
1433:Travis, Alan (1 January 2003).
1426:
1389:
1353:
1326:
1300:
1263:
1243:. 15 April 2007. Archived from
1227:
1215:
1511:Dawood, Farhana (2016-05-15).
1092:
1030:
851:Indian Foreign Affairs Journal
838:
637:Uganda Development Corporation
625:Economic Commission for Africa
1:
1055:10.1080/09636412.2023.2229238
724:The Feast of the Nine Virgins
338:
315:, 4,500 refugees ended up in
1827:Anti-Indian racism in Africa
604:Some of those expelled were
479:, and Houndstone Camp, near
397:
307:and 27,200 emigrated to the
7:
1857:Political history of Uganda
1787:Seftel, Adam, ed. (2010) .
1730:Issue: A Journal of Opinion
1118:The Economic History Review
1037:Garrity, Meghan M. (2023).
793:
349:brought to Southeast Africa
10:
1903:
1837:Ethnic cleansing in Africa
1087:Henckaerts & Sohn 1995
729:Siddiqi's 2006's followup
276:In early August 1972, the
1872:Pakistan–Uganda relations
1867:Indian diaspora in Africa
1634:10.1017/s0022278x00053404
712:The Last King of Scotland
687:Rise and Fall of Idi Amin
684:Sharad Patel's 1981 film
656:
498:and 2,500 went to nearby
442:
319:and 2,500 went to nearby
1887:Discrimination in Uganda
1832:Asian diaspora in Uganda
1662:, Taylor & Francis,
1659:Uganda: a modern history
1384:Avirgan & Honey 1983
1258:Avirgan & Honey 1983
831:
759:Governor General's Award
715:and the subsequent 2006
675:The 1976 Bollywood film
431:Uganda: a modern history
1782:(subscription required)
593:responded positively.
562:
452:
436:
407:
1308:"Idia Amin Biography"
629:Robert K. A. Gardiner
548:
447:
421:
405:
293:anti-Indian sentiment
1862:Xenophobia in Africa
1401:UK National Archives
1333:Yadav, S.N. (2008).
1314:on 27 September 2011
1275:Adam Smith Institute
780:A History of Burning
494:, 4,500 ended up in
429:Idi Amin, quoted in
1027:, pp. 285–290.
923:The Washington Post
826:Zanzibar Revolution
751:Child of Dandelions
357:African Great Lakes
345:Uganda Protectorate
278:President of Uganda
178:1986–1994 civil war
158:Uganda–Tanzania War
148:Expulsion of Asians
1240:The Times of India
1179:The Times of India
699:Mississippi Masala
670:In popular culture
563:
408:
82:Early independence
1798:978-9970-02-036-2
1669:978-0-85664-643-0
1575:978-9976-1-0056-3
1545:978-1-317-41223-6
1500:. 8 October 2017.
1486:. 14 August 2022.
1362:"Asian expulsion"
1247:on 24 March 2012.
1200:, pp. 19–21.
1089:, pp. 22–24.
986:, pp. 12–19.
650:Ugandan shillings
274:
273:
240:Uganda portal
199:
198:
133:
132:
1894:
1877:Racism in Africa
1847:Ugandan refugees
1842:Forced migration
1802:
1783:
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1757:Sherwood, Marika
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1397:"Ugandan Asians"
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1310:. Archived from
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1043:Security Studies
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785:The 2024 memoir
773:90 Days To Leave
764:The 2012 memoir
717:film of the book
591:Falkland Islands
575:British Honduras
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1277:. 4 August 2019
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778:The 2023 novel
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663:Yoweri Museveni
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643:Economic impact
587:Solomon Islands
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371:businesses and
341:
333:Yoweri Museveni
297:black supremacy
285:Indian minority
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234:
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182:1986–1994
172:1981–1986
162:1978–1979
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116:1979–1986
106:1971–1979
102:Second Republic
96:1963–1971
86:1962–1963
76:1894–1962
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1817:1972 in Uganda
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1463:
1451:
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1388:
1371:
1352:
1346:978-8182202962
1345:
1325:
1299:
1297:, p. 155.
1287:
1262:
1260:, p. 182.
1250:
1226:
1214:
1202:
1185:
1159:
1124:(4): 602–616.
1103:
1099:Jørgensen 1981
1091:
1076:
1049:(3): 537–567.
1029:
1025:Jørgensen 1981
988:
943:
929:
901:
876:
857:(4): 446–458.
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812:
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747:
734:
731:Bombay Gardens
727:
720:
707:
691:
682:
671:
668:
658:
655:
644:
641:
617:Pierre Trudeau
606:Nizari Ismaili
571:Virgin Islands
557:after leaving
469:United Kingdom
446:
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399:
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353:Uganda Railway
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309:United Kingdom
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138:Special themes
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112:Third Republic
108:
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92:First Republic
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68:
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1714:1-85065-066-7
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1694:0-7735-1218-7
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1473:, p. 43.
1472:
1471:Sherwood 2014
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1127:
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1101:, p. 43.
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808:Uganda portal
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755:Shenaaz Nanji
752:
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696:'s 1991 film
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621:Kurt Waldheim
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516:United States
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62:Early history
60:
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46:
42:
41:
38:
32:
31:
26:
21:
20:
1788:
1768:
1764:
1736:(4): 12–22,
1733:
1729:
1718:, retrieved
1703:
1684:
1673:, retrieved
1658:
1625:
1621:
1613:90-411-00725
1603:
1592:, retrieved
1588:
1565:
1557:Bibliography
1534:
1527:
1516:. Retrieved
1506:
1492:
1478:
1466:
1454:
1442:. Retrieved
1439:The Guardian
1438:
1428:
1416:
1404:. Retrieved
1400:
1391:
1386:, p. 5.
1365:
1355:
1335:
1328:
1316:. Retrieved
1312:the original
1302:
1290:
1279:. Retrieved
1274:
1265:
1253:
1245:the original
1238:
1229:
1222:Mutibwa 1992
1217:
1205:
1177:
1121:
1117:
1094:
1046:
1042:
1032:
921:
892:. Retrieved
854:
850:
840:
786:
779:
772:
765:
750:
743:Life on Mars
741:
730:
723:
710:
697:
685:
676:
660:
646:
633:
603:
564:
512:West Germany
489:
466:
462:
453:
448:
437:
430:
422:
413:
409:
389:
380:Milton Obote
378:
362:
342:
329:
302:
289:
275:
147:
72:British rule
1852:Persecution
1459:Geddes 2010
1295:Seftel 2010
738:episode 2.6
704:Mississippi
613:Aga Khan IV
555:Netherlands
540:New Zealand
455:—President
192:1987–
126:1986–
34:History of
1811:Categories
1518:2019-05-20
1318:29 October
1281:2020-08-17
1210:Jamal 1976
1198:Patel 1972
984:Patel 1972
894:29 October
787:The Exiled
583:Seychelles
373:Indophobia
339:Background
122:Since 1986
52:Chronology
1777:2343-6530
1720:17 August
1675:12 August
1650:155061156
1589:Maclean's
1366:The Hindu
1154:716168303
1138:0013-0117
1071:260007842
1063:0963-6412
863:0973-3248
694:Mira Nair
579:Hong Kong
549:Expelled
536:Mauritius
520:Australia
398:Expulsion
365:sartorial
1759:(2014).
1594:17 April
1444:22 April
871:45341851
794:See also
599:Tanzania
585:and the
514:and the
508:Pakistan
485:Somerset
457:Idi Amin
427:—
424:history.
325:Pakistan
281:Idi Amin
223:Military
218:Economic
204:By topic
168:Bush War
66:pre-1894
25:a series
23:Part of
1750:1166488
1146:2595346
746:(2006).
722:2001's
609:Muslims
567:Bermuda
553:in the
551:Indians
524:Austria
473:Honiton
369:banking
213:Buganda
194:present
128:present
1795:
1775:
1748:
1711:
1691:
1666:
1648:
1642:160072
1640:
1610:
1572:
1542:
1406:27 May
1343:
1152:
1144:
1136:
1069:
1061:
869:
861:
678:Charas
657:Return
611:. The
569:, the
561:, 1972
559:Uganda
532:Norway
528:Sweden
504:Malawi
492:Canada
481:Yeovil
443:Impact
392:Kenyan
384:census
323:or to
313:Canada
36:Uganda
27:on the
1746:JSTOR
1646:S2CID
1638:JSTOR
1142:JSTOR
1067:S2CID
867:JSTOR
832:Notes
595:Kenya
500:Kenya
496:India
477:Devon
416:Allah
321:Kenya
317:India
1793:ISBN
1773:ISSN
1722:2010
1709:ISBN
1689:ISBN
1677:2010
1664:ISBN
1608:ISBN
1596:2012
1570:ISBN
1540:ISBN
1446:2016
1408:2024
1341:ISBN
1320:2016
1150:OCLC
1134:ISSN
1059:ISSN
896:2016
859:ISSN
597:and
538:and
367:and
295:and
152:1972
1738:doi
1630:doi
1126:doi
1051:doi
753:by
740:of
487:.
483:in
475:in
1813::
1767:.
1763:.
1744:,
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1399:.
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1140:.
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1079:^
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1057:.
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1349:.
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1212:.
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265:e
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251:v
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