1071:, who had taken office on the principle of responsible government, got into a dispute with Metcalfe over appointments that Metcalfe made without consulting the Executive Council. LaFontaine, Baldwin, and all but one of the members of the Executive Council resigned, arguing that Metcalfe's actions were inconsistent with the principle of responsible government. There was a major debate in the Assembly over the issue, resulting in the passage of a motion condemning Governor Metcalfe for his actions. Wakefield defended Metcalfe, relying on a narrow interpretation of the principle of responsible government, and also insinuating that the real reason LaFontaine and Baldwin had resigned was that they feared defeat on a taxation bill they had introduced. He voted against the motion and in support of Metcalfe, along with Viger and some other members who left the French-Canadian Group on the issue. Following the resignations, Wakefield appeared to be heavily involved in giving advice to Metcalfe, with some saying that he was the real governor. His motivation appears to have been still focused on his schemes to develop the Beauharnois area for the Colonial Association.
697:
810:. Wakefield and Buller are not mentioned in the report, but it seems likely that the report was written cooperatively by the three men, although some historians have asserted the primary author was Wakefield, while others have said it was Buller. (Lord Brougham, still a critic of Durham, commented that "Wakefield thought it, Buller wrote it, Durham signed it.") The report recommended that the two colonies be united under a single government, but with the key recommendation that the government be drawn from the groups which had a majority in the Assembly: the basic principle of
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773:, who had fled to the United States during the Rebellion. It is not clear if Wakefield was acting on his own initiative in these conversations, or on secret instructions from Durham. He later said he was acting on his own, but LaFontaine had the clear impression he was acting for Durham. During his conversation with LaFontaine, Wakefield had tried to persuade him to publicly approve Durham's policy concerning the exiles to Bermuda, and the death penalty for
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focussed on the generous fees that had been paid to
Wakefield as a Director of the New Zealand Company at a time when it was reneging on its debts in New Zealand. This served to remind the people of Wellington just how badly they had been let down by the company and how angry they felt about it. Wakefield managed to clear himself of the actual charges, but a great deal of dirt was thrown around.
736:, to inquire into the causes of the rebellions and to make recommendations to settle the disputes. Durham was authorised to appoint his own advisors, and chose Wakefield as one of them. Durham knew Wakefield through Wakefield's plans for colonisation of New Zealand. He was a member of the New Zealand Association, set up by Wakefield ten years earlier to encourage emigration to New Zealand.
426:
1573:, and descendants of Edward's sister Catherine Gurney Wakefield, who married Charles Torlesse. A great-great-nephew of William and Edward Gibbon Wakefield, William Clague, is the great-great-grandson of John Howard Wakefield, one of the original brothers. John Howard Wakefield spent most of his life in India, ending his days back in England unlike his two better-known siblings.
1041:, he correctly predicted that Bagot would appoint LaFontaine to the Executive Council within a month, a significant political advance for French-Canadians, and a major shift in imperial policy. It reached the point that rumours circulated that Wakefield himself was behind Bagot's policy, a claim denied by Bagot, who stated that he had only met Wakefield two or three times.
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801:, vigorously criticised these actions, arguing that Durham had no legal authority to exile the leaders without trial, nor to threaten the exiles with death. Melbourne's government disallowed Durham's ordinance, which Durham took as a lack of confidence. He and Wakefield left Lower Canada shortly before the second outbreak of the Rebellion in November 1838.
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by land sales; it was a fundamental tenet of his colonial theory. He and Sewell applied for an injunction to prevent the
Commissioner of Crown Lands selling any further lands under Governor Grey's regulations. The Crown Commissioner was Wakefield's second cousin, Francis Dillon Bell, early New Zealand really was a Wakefield family business.
844:. Early in 1839 they discovered that although they now complied with the conditions the government had laid down for the old New Zealand Association, it was not prepared to honour its promises. Furthermore, it was actively considering making New Zealand a British Colony in which case land sales would become a government
1178:, took up the negotiations. In May 1847 the British Government agreed to take over the debts of the New Zealand Company and to buy out their interests in the Colony. The directors readily accepted the offer. Wakefield found he was powerless and unable to influence the decision, which did not please him.
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Wakefield now decided that he had achieved everything he could in
England; it was time to see the colony he felt he had created. He sailed from Plymouth in September 1852, knowing he would never return. His sister Catherine and her son Charley came to see him off. Then, at the last minute, his father
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was not too sound in the succeeding months. His son
Jerningham returned from New Zealand about this time and cared for him. In August 1845 he went to France to recuperate and to give himself a break from New Zealand affairs. It did not serve his purpose and he returned to London two months later in a
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under LaFontaine's leadership, but part-way through the session he left them. He had introduced a bill to make the North
American Colonial Association of Ireland a mortgage and trust company, with an accompanying colonisation plan. When the French-Canadian Group refused to support his proposals, he
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Durham was only prepared to accept the task if
Wakefield accompanied him as Commissioner of Crown Lands. However, they both knew that Wakefield would be completely unacceptable to the British government, so Durham planned to announce the appointment only after he had reached Canada. Wakefield and his
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had just proclaimed self-government for New
Zealand, but it was a watered down version, significantly less "self-government" than was described in the New Zealand Constitution Act of the year before. In his own way George Grey was every bit as unscrupulous as Wakefield, and he had very firm ideas on
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Within a very short time
Wakefield was completely disenchanted with Canterbury. He claimed the citizens were far too parochial in their outlook; they were far more concerned with domestic issues rather than national politics. Clearly they were not worthy of Edward Gibbon Wakefield and after only one
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who had been deputy chairman and full-time manager of the
Canterbury Association. It seems likely that he expected to be welcomed as a founding father of the colony; to be feted and immediately asked to assume the leadership of colony. However, colonisation had inevitably changed the perspectives of
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and all the
Wakefields. The principal toast of the evening was to: "The original founders of the Colony and Mr. Edward Gibbon Wakefield". Whatever the vicissitudes of the last few months, it confirmed Wakefield as one of the leading political figures of colony, possibly the only one with stature to
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Within a month of arriving in Wellington, Wakefield began a campaign in London to have him recalled not knowing he had already applied to leave the colony. Meanwhile, Grey was in control. He responded to the attacks on him by questioning Wakefield's integrity, always an easy target. Particularly he
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Wakefield went on the attack almost as soon as he landed. He took issue with George Grey on his policy on land sales. Grey was in favour of selling land very cheaply to encourage the flow of settlers. Wakefield wanted to keep the price of land high so that the growth of the colony could be financed
631:, and he saw emigration to the colonies as a useful safety valve. He set out to design a colonisation scheme with a workable combination of labourers, artisans and capital. The scheme was to be financed by the sale of land to the capitalists who would thereby support the other classes of emigrants.
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the Assembly after the passage of the motion. He found it difficult to assemble a new ministry, and did not recall the Assembly, instead dissolving it for a general election in 1844. Wakefield had returned to Britain after the 1843 session, and did not stand for re-election. In 1844, he wrote two
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Wakefield did not sail with the colonists, and many years were to pass before he saw New Zealand. He may have recognised that he did not have the patience, the skills or the talents needed on a frontier. His talents lay in visualising dramatic plans and grandiose schemes, ignoring the details, and
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gave the New Zealand Association a charter to promote settlement in New Zealand. However, they attached conditions that were unacceptable to the members of the Association. After considerable discussion, interest in the project waned. Wakefield was undoubtedly one of the most influential voices in
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Felix was causing problems back in Britain and causing Wakefield a great deal of grief. Felix decided that settlement in New Zealand was the solution to all his problems. Wakefield reluctantly sponsored his passage to Canterbury, where Felix was allocated 100 acres (0.40 km) (40 hectares) of
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By July 1854 FitzGerald was in serious conflict with Wynyard; FitzGerald's Executive Council (cabinet) resigned on 2 August 1854. Wakefield was summoned to form a government; he refused to do so. He said instead that he would advise Wynyard, so long as he acted on his advice alone. In effect, he
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obtained the report, but it is generally accepted that Wakefield likely had a hand in it, to prevent the government from trying to bury the recommendation for responsible government. The report was formally laid before Parliament on 11 February 1839. Eventually this report, and its conclusions,
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Wakefield's main task was analysis of the issue of public lands and the relationship of land to settlement. He prepared a detailed report on public lands, arguing that the better way to encourage settlement was to sell Crown lands at higher prices than had been the case up to then, which would
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in 1829, Wakefield's name became associated with other "scientific theories" of colonisation similar to his. People who accepted these ideas were usually on the side of the colonists, and were called "systematic colonizers," or (more commonly) "colonial reformers" and "radical imperialists," to
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was Colonial Secretary. Wakefield approached him early in the New Year with a fairly radical plan that both the Government and the New Zealand Company should withdraw from New Zealand affairs and the colony should become self-governing. While it might have been a good idea, Wakefield wanted it
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since the early 1830s, reappeared in England accompanied by eight of his children, having abandoned his wife and youngest child in Australia. Felix had no money and no prospects and was unable to provide for his family. Wakefield found him somewhere to live and farmed out the children among
1052:, resigned his seat, since he had taken a new position in Montreal. Wakefield saw an opportunity and stood for election in Beauharnois. Campaigning as a supporter of LaFontaine, he was elected to the Legislative Assembly in November 1842. Having been elected, he then returned to Britain.
655:, a work primarily intended to develop his own colonial theory, which is done in the appendix entitled "The Art of Colonization." The body of the work contains many new ideas, some of them reaching apparently extreme conclusions. It contains the distinct proposal that the transport of
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head of the ministry. However, they failed to survive an early vote of no confidence, and New Zealand's second government collapsed on 2 September 1854. In the remaining two weeks of the Assembly's life they managed to pass some useful legislation before they were dismissed and
447:, for which he lacked sufficient capital. Through deception he wed another wealthy heiress in 1826 when he abducted 15-year-old Ellen Turner, after luring her from school with a false message about her mother's health. Wakefield was brought to trial for the case known as the
500:(1829; published under a false name), published while he was still in prison, but often quoted as if written on the spot. He had published pamphlets in prison in 1828 under the title "Sketch of a Proposal for Colonising Australia", which had created a lot of interest.
291:, which aimed to populate the new colony of South Australia with a workable combination of labourers, tradespeople, artisans and capital. The scheme was to be financed by the sale of land to the capitalists who would thereby support the other classes of emigrants.
601:(1831), with a graphic picture of the condemned sermon in Newgate, and another on the rural districts, with an equally powerful exhibition of the degraded condition of the agricultural labourer. He soon, however, became entirely engrossed with colonial affairs.
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was passed on 30 June 1852. There was general satisfaction among New Zealanders about this, although they were less happy to discover that the new government was to be saddled with the remaining debts of the defunct New Zealand Company.
1511:. He retired to his house in Wellington. He retired from the Hutt seat on 15 September 1855 and retired from all political activity, making no more public appearances. He lived for another seven years, but his political life was over.
1462:(Ministers of the Crown). Wakefield took a position supporting Wynyard, while FitzGerald took an opposite tack. The dispute over responsible government dragged on. As a compromise, on 7 June, Wynyard appointed James FitzGerald to the
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The first sitting of the Provincial Assembly was in October 1853. Wakefield was not only the senior member but also clearly the most experienced politically. However, the Assembly was controlled by the Constitutional Party led by Dr.
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Durham abruptly resigned his post as Governor General in the fall of 1838. He had attempted to deal with those who had been caught in arms by pardoning the rank and file, exiling eight of the leaders to Bermuda, and threatening
937:, sailed with Arthur as a trainee surveyor. By now William's daughter, Emily, and his ward, Leocadia, were already in New Zealand. Two more of his brothers also went to New Zealand later, along with numerous nieces and nephews.
511:, based on three principles: careful selection of emigrants; the concentration of settlers; and the sale of land at a fixed, uniform, "sufficient price", to provide funding for new settlers. Wakefield was a founder member, and
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Settlement. The first ship sailed from England in December 1849 with Godley in command of the expedition. Jerningham Wakefield also sailed with them, his health and finances ruined by his dissipated lifestyle in London. The
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was established. Although initially, Wakefield was a driving force, as it came closer to fruition, he was allowed less and less influence, with ally-turned-rival Robert Gouger eventually controlling execution of the scheme.
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and they had been heavily involved in the recent criticism of his integrity. Working in opposition, Wakefield probably made certain that the Provincial Assembly became a working democracy rather than a Constitutional Party
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When they arrived in Wellington, Wakefield declined to go ashore until he knew he was going to be properly received by the Governor. Grey promptly left town. Sewell went ashore and met with various dignitaries including
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the people of Canterbury. Many of them felt they had been let down and cheated by the Association, and the two arrivals were firmly linked in their minds with the broken promises and disappointments of the Association.
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was won over by the idea of selling land at a fixed, uniform price, and based his "Ripon Regulations" on this principle, issued in February 1831, which abolished free land grants, replacing them with and land sales at
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At a meeting in March 1839, Wakefield was invited to become the director of the New Zealand Company. His philosophy was the same as when he planned his elopements: "Possess yourself of the Soil and you are Secure."
1017:, and stayed for almost a year. Although there was strong opposition in the Assembly to the canal proposal, a major loan guarantee from the British government ensured that funds could be obtained. In June 1842 the
496:. He proposed to remedy this state of things by the sale of land in small quantities at a sufficient price, and the employment of the proceeds as a fund for promoting immigration. These views were expressed in his
398:, Italy, where Wakefield was again employed in a diplomatic capacity. Here his first child, Susan Priscilla Wakefield, known as Nina, was born in 1817. The household returned to London in 1820 and a second child,
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then persuading other people to get involved. He was a salesman, a propagandist and a politician, secretly inspiring and guiding many parliamentary committees on colonial subjects, especially on the abolition of
1502:
Wakefield held two election meetings for his constituents in the Hutt Valley, which were well received. A third meeting was scheduled but never happened. On the night of 5 December 1855, Wakefield fell ill with
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son, Edward Jerningham Wakefield, sailed secretly for Canada in April 1838, but before they arrived word had leaked out, and the appointment was forbidden by London. Durham appointed one of his other advisors,
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was elected (or appointed) inaugural secretary of the society, although he was later to fall out with Wakefield when they disagreed on the price that should be charged for land. Members over time included
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Wakefield returned to England in early 1844 to find the New Zealand Company under serious attack from the Colonial Office. He threw himself into the campaign to save his project. In August 1844 he had a
744:, as Commissioner, but kept Wakefield as an unofficial representative, advisor and negotiator, giving him effectively the same powers he would have had if he been appointed, but without being paid.
1327:, another of the brothers who had been in Wellington for some years practising law and was Attorney General of the Province. He also managed to get an address of welcome for Wakefield, written by
1266:
appeared. Edward Wakefield was now 78 years old; he and Wakefield had not spoken since the Ellen Turner abduction 26 years before. They were reconciled, and the elder Edward died two years later.
1303:
a few months later (in July 1853), declined to meet with Wakefield for some days and certainly was unwilling to relinquish control to someone he probably saw as a tainted politician from London.
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in Portugal in the hope of recovery. He employed a young peasant girl, Leocadia de Oliveira, whom he later fostered, to help care for Nina, and after Nina's death in 1835, sent Leocadia on to
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Although active with the New Zealand Company, Wakefield had also maintained his interest in Canadian affairs. He returned briefly in 1841, a year after the British government had brought the
1021:
approved the Beauharnois route, and construction began. As part of his lobbying, Wakefield positioned himself as a champion of French-Canadian interests, sending a series of letters to the
1006:. The initial arrangement for purchase had been made in 1839, and in 1841 Wakefield made a brief trip to Canada to gain support for the canal proposal. He met with the Governor General,
1002:
in November 1838.) In addition to the proposed settlements, the seigneury was also valuable because it was close to the location for a proposed canal, to avoid a stretch of rapids on the
724:. The colonial governments in both provinces had been able to suppress the rebellions, but the underlying political discontent had not been resolved. In January 1838, the government of
1319:
what was good for New Zealand. They were not necessarily bad ideas, but they were different from Wakefield's. It seems likely that even before they met both men knew they would clash.
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In Britain, Durham went into seclusion while he wrote his report on the causes of the rebellions and his recommendations for reforms to prevent further unrest in the two colonies:
2036:
Appendix contains the written controversy between the Right Hon. Robert Wilmot Horton and Col. Torrens, and the other members of the Committee of the National Colonization Society.
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to complete the fitting out. Fearing a last-minute attempt by the government to prevent her sailing, Wakefield hastened down to Plymouth and advised their immediate departure. The
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attract immigrants with capital. This approach had been tried without much success in Upper Canada some years before. Wakefield's report on public lands became Appendix B to the
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on 27 May 1854. Wakefield and James Fitzgerald each immediately began manoeuvering for positions of influence, with Wakefield moving a motion for Parliament to appoint its own
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relatives, but it was another year before his health was strong enough to take over the role of surrogate father, Felix being apparently unable to do anything for his family.
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pieces defending Metcalfe: a pamphlet, "A View of Sir Charles Metcalfe's Government of Canada", and an article "Sir Charles Metcalfe in Canada", which appeared in
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By the turn of the twenty-first century, the direct descendants of the Wakefield family left in New Zealand were William Wakefield Lawrence Clague resident in
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1010:, who was interested in the proposal but wary of Wakefield's involvement. Sydenham died in a riding accident in September 1841 before any decision was made.
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1951:
402:, was born. Four days later Eliza died, and Edward resigned his post. The two children were brought up by their aunt, Wakefield's older sister, Catherine.
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in July 1844. That was the end of his involvement with Canadian affairs, apart from being paid about £20,000 by the Association for his work in Canada.
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was appointed the leader of the expedition with his son Jerningham as his nominal secretary. They had some difficulty finding a suitable captain for the
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in Edinburgh. It appears to have been a love match, but the fact that she was a wealthy heiress probably played a part, with Edward receiving a marriage
95:
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Durham provided the proofs of the report to Cabinet on 31 January 1839, four days before he presented it to the Colonial Office. In the interval, the
986:, a wealthy merchant and former British Cabinet minister, who had substantial business interests in British North America. (Ellice's son, also named
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parliament on 17 August, but he had to recall it again by the end of the month when he needed money to run the country. The new ministry, headed by
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The National Colonization Society (also spelt National Colonisation Society) was created in 1830 in order to advocate for the type of "systematic
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488:, the reckless manner in which land was given away, the absence of all systematic effort at colonisation, and the consequent discouragement of
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into force. The government had only implemented part of Durham's recommendations. The act merged Lower Canada and Upper Canada into the new
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sought to turn Wynyard into his own puppet. He did not have a majority of supporters in the house, and the assembly was paralysed. Wynyard
1434:. His wide knowledge of parliamentary law and custom made certain that the body of the assembly could not be ignored by the ruling party.
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and other leading economists with the value of his ideas, Wakefield became involved in various schemes to promote the colonisation of
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Durham met extensively with local political leaders, but at one point, Wakefield met with one of the reformers from Lower Canada,
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A View of the Art of Colonization: With Present Reference to the British Empire: in Letters Between a Statesman and a Colonist
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Hastings, W. K. "The Wakefield colonisation plan and constitutional development in South Australia, Canada and New Zealand."
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in London, calling for greater French-Canadian involvement in the government of the province. He cultivated two significant
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accepted immediately, and became at first heated and then distressed when some months later, it was still being considered.
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in November 1851. A short time later one of the other settlers described him as "the worst man we have in Canterbury".
341:(1807–1875); Priscilla Susannah Wakefield (1809–1887); Percy Wakefield (1810–1832); and an unnamed child born in 1813.
1154:, followed in later months by several other minor strokes, and he had to retire. There is also a possibility that his
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Wakefield returned to Canada in September 1843 for the parliamentary session. He initially aligned himself with the
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929:. Charles Torlesse, the 16-year-old son of his elder sister Catherine, and Rev. Charles Martin Torlesse, rector of
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After his release Wakefield briefly turned his attention to social questions at home, and produced a tract on the
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By the end of 1839, he had dispatched eight more ships to New Zealand, before he even knew of the success of the
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Early in 1854 the town of Wellington held a Founders' Festival. Three hundred people attended including sixty
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should be wholly free, and the prediction that, under given circumstances, the Americans would raise "cheaper
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of Villechauve, where they wanted to establish another colonial settlement. The seigneury, also known as
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1535:, was also named after him by the street-naming committee. A sculpture of Wakefield was unveiled at the
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and New Zealand (where he later served as a member of parliament). He also had significant interests in
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314:(1774–1854), a distinguished surveyor and land agent, and Susanna Crush (1767–1816). His grandmother,
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A letter to the Right Hon. Sir George Murray ... on systematic colonization / by Charles Tennant
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Although wealthy by contemporary standards, Wakefield was not satisfied. He wished to acquire an
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3057:. "Mr. Wakefield and New Zealand as an Experiment in Post-Enlightenment Experimental Practice,"
3024:(Annals of the Society for the History of Economic Thought (Keizaigakushi Gakkai Nempo), 1989).
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leaders were "profoundly ignorant of their own position and thoroughly devoid of judgment..."
318:(1751–1832), was a popular author for the young, and one of the introducers of savings banks.
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1417:, and to the surprise of some, and the disappointment of others, he was elected to both the
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of £70,000 (almost US$ 7m in 2018 dollars), with the prospect of more when Eliza turned 21.
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1037:. He also appeared to have a source within Governor Bagot's office: in one letter to the
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Winton, W. A. (1931). "Early surveys, land systems and settlement in South Australia ".
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in the new colony of South Australia, after Wakefield, which later led to the naming of
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2635:. Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Vol. 1. Oxford University Press. 2017.
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814:. Durham's report was one of the first documents to outline this principle in detail.
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in exile in the United States with death if they returned to Lower Canada. In London,
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Edward Gibbon Wakefield and the development of his theory of "Systematic Colonization"
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There was enough political ferment in Wellington to satisfy even Wakefield. Governor
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The married couple, accompanied by the bride's mother and various servants, moved to
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He was the brother of: Catherine Gurney Wakefield (1793–1873) (who was the mother of
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in Britain, he enjoyed a lengthy career in colonial governments and colonial policy.
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The colonization of Australia (1829–42): the Wakefield experiment in empire building
2801:"Two monuments to 'sexual predators and colonisers' could be scrapped in Wellington"
963:, but the Governor General still retained considerable control over the government.
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2507:(Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1962; reprinted in paperback 2015), pp. 3–4.
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England and America: A Comparison of the Social and Political State of Both Nations
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In 2020, some Wellington councillors called for Wakefield monuments to be removed.
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finally quit English shores on 12 May 1839 and reached New Zealand 96 days later.
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Henning, Jon "New Zealand: An Antipodean Exception to Master and Servant Rules,"
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In November, there was a major political crisis: LaFontaine and his colleague,
990:, had been Durham's private secretary. While in Lower Canada, he and his wife,
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Meanwhile, Wakefield was getting involved in a new scheme. He was working with
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Members of the Legislative Assembly of the Province of Canada from Canada East
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2066:
2049:
3299:
3224:
3219:
3121:
3072:
2856:. Vol. 28 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 248–249.
2847:
2834:
2738:
2280:
2126:
2105:
Pike, Douclas (1956). "Wilmot Horton and the national colonization society".
2075:
2005:
1915:
1838:
1693:
1413:, the national parliament, were held in August 1853. Wakefield stood for the
1155:
1014:
1007:
806:
749:
522:
512:
485:
273:
2969:
Edward Gibbon Wakefield: The Colonization of South Australia and New Zealand
2551:
Political Appointments and Elections in the Province of Canada, 1841 to 1860
2477:
Edward Gibbon Wakefield: The Colonization of South Australia and New Zealand
2220:
Edward Gibbon Wakefield: The Colonization of South Australia and New Zealand
1197:
to promote a new settlement in New Zealand, this one to be sponsored by the
1013:
Wakefield returned to Canada in January 1842 to lobby the new governor, Sir
781:". Wakefield was not impressed by LaFontaine, writing that he and the other
283:
He was best known for his colonisation scheme, sometimes referred to as the
3279:
2934:
2873:
1749:
1557:
1285:
926:
763:, New York, in an unsuccessful attempt to meet with the main leader of the
721:
717:
591:
504:
456:
406:
132:
917:
expedition led by his brother William. He then recruited another brother,
43:
3129:
3054:
2490:
The Union of the Canadas – The Growth of Canadian Institutions, 1841–1857
1552:
1075:
688:
627:. He believed that many of the social problems in Britain were caused by
566:
477:
451:
in 1826 and, along with his brother William, sentenced to three years in
256:(20 March 1796 – 16 May 1862) was a British politician in
184:
83:
2727:
Stuart, 1971. Edward Gibbon Wakefield died in Wellington on 16 May 1862.
2656:
Canterbury Provincial Council Buildings : Christchurch, New Zealand
2083:
3214:
3194:
3189:
3137:
2979:
Colony : strange origins of one of the earliest modern democracies
1643:
1495:
1308:
1121: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
872:
414:
383:
In 1816, he eloped with a Miss Eliza Pattle and they were subsequently
180:
1174:
In August 1846, he had another, potentially fatal stroke. His friend,
1547:
1508:
1471:
1431:
493:
480:
subjects, and considered the main causes of the slow progress of the
365:
349:
3066:
Edward Gibbon Wakefield in New Zealand: His Political Career, 1853–4
2740:
John Hill c. 1810–1860 : South Australia's discoverer of rivers
2680:
Edward Gibbon Wakefield in New Zealand: His Political Career, 1853–4
1096:
838:
in June 1838. By the end of the year they had purchased a ship, the
471:
2876:
in The North American Review, Volume 158, Issue 447, February 1894.
2772:
1524:
1295:, who was one of the leaders of Canterbury, and who was elected as
1211:
1186:
1060:
left them and shifted his support to the new Governor General, Sir
971:
895:
845:
821:
began publishing extracts from the report. It is not clear how the
777:
still in the United States. LaFontaine refused, seeing in it his "
384:
2833:
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
2336:, vol. VII (1836–1850), University of Toronto / Université Laval.
2261:, vol. VII (1836–1850), University of Toronto / Université Laval.
1163:, in the form of letters between a "Statesman" and a "Colonist".
934:
1946:"Wakefield, Edward Gibbon (1796–1862), promoter of colonization"
647:
However, he did not lose interest in colonisation as a tool for
466:
2710:, arrived in New Zealand on 6 September 1855 and dissolved the
1694:"Pounds Sterling to Dollars: Historical Conversion of Currency"
1539:
in 1866, as a part of a series of relief sculptures created by
1159:
semi-invalid state. During his convalescence he wrote his book
1151:
826:
became a blueprint for development of British colonial policy.
410:
369:
307:
160:
2554:(Quebec: St. Michel and Darveau, 1860), p. 59, notes (1), (2).
2445:
Report on the Affairs of British North America (Durham Report)
2029:
2647:
2364:
Dictionnaire des parlementaires du Québec de 1792 à nos jours
680:
the Association, but he discovered another interest, Canada.
660:
417:, New Zealand, where she met John Taine and had 13 children.
395:
3022:
Edward Gibbon Wakefield on Colonial Government and Patronage
859:
would sail for New Zealand as soon as possible. His brother
558:
were on the committee of the society. The society published
264:. He is considered a key figure in the establishment of the
1586:
Facts Relating to the Punishment of Death in the Metropolis
1166:
By January 1846 Wakefield was back to his scheming. By now
834:
The defunct New Zealand Association reformed itself as the
578:, set at a minimum price of five shillings per acre in the
1924:. No. 30, 687. New South Wales, Australia. p. 16
1466:. Wakefield was not asked to form a part of the ministry.
2929:. A History of the English-Speaking Peoples. Vol. 4.
2456:
2454:
2050:"Wakefield changes his mind about the "sufficient price""
1244:
During 1851 and 1852 Wakefield continued to work for the
1044:
At the end of the parliamentary session in October 1842,
921:, to lead another expedition, this time to settle in the
752:. No attempt was made to implement his policy proposals.
2886:
An Account of the Settlements of the New Zealand Company
1676:
1674:
1672:
1670:
1668:
1666:
1664:
2653:
1546:
Wakefield is mentioned and criticised in Chapter 33 of
2451:
2235:(Toronto: McClelland and Stewart, 1963), pp. 254–255.
1029:
leaders who had been imprisoned during the Rebellion,
700:
Lord Durham, Governor General of British North America
2018:
Published in History Today Volume 62 Issue 5 May 2012
1661:
692:
Map of Lower Canada (green) and Upper Canada (orange)
294:
Despite being imprisoned for three years in 1827 for
1709:
1707:
355:
3341:
Members of the New Zealand House of Representatives
3030:Langley, Michael. "Wakefield and South Australia."
2912:
Fatal Success: A History of the New Zealand Company
2172:. State Library of South Australia. 5 February 2015
1725:
1494:Wakefield's grave in the Bolton Street Cemetery in
867:, but then found Edward Main Chaffers who had been
562:, later expanded and elaborated upon by Wakefield.
27:
English colonial theorist in Canada and New Zealand
1944:
1445:
1275:New Zealand rulers and statesmen from 1840 to 1897
1086:
3034:(Oct 1969), Vol. 19 Issue 10, pp 704–712; online.
2882:by Edward Jerningham Wakefield, John Murray, 1845
2492:(Toronto: McClelland and Stewart, 1967), pp. 1–5.
1704:
1284:on 2 February 1853. Wakefield had travelled with
1048:, the member of the Legislative Assembly for the
3297:
2566:Alignment of Political Groups in Canada, 1841–67
2504:Alignment of Political Groups in Canada, 1841–67
2471:
2469:
1588:by Edward Gibbon Wakefield, James Ridgway, 1831.
337:(1801–1848); John Howard Wakefield (1803–1862);
2888:by The Hon HW Petre, Smith, Elder and Co, 1842.
2594:Alignment of Political Groups in Canada 1841–67
1652:. Vol. 59. London: Smith, Elder & Co.
1878:
1876:
1874:
968:North American Colonial Association of Ireland
807:Report on the Affairs of British North America
92:Legislative Assembly of the Province of Canada
3153:
2658:. Christchurch: Canterbury Regional Council.
2531:
2529:
2527:
2466:
2397:(Montreal: Éditions du Boréal, 2012), p. 71.
2107:Historical Studies: Australia and New Zealand
1909:
1907:
1741:
1260:
1248:and also worked towards making New Zealand a
467:Influence on British colonisation (1829–1843)
3331:Members of the Wellington Provincial Council
2714:on 15 September 1855 in preparation for the
2691:
2324:
2322:
2233:Upper Canada – The Formative Years 1784–1841
1955:(online ed.). Oxford University Press.
1810:
1808:
1806:
1616:Marriages and Deaths of Considerable Persons
3346:New Zealand MPs for Hutt Valley electorates
2320:
2318:
2316:
2314:
2312:
2310:
2308:
2306:
2304:
2302:
1871:
1454:was acting as Governor. Wynyard opened the
1225:, a landowner and member of parliament for
1217:In the same year, Wakefield co-founded the
476:He turned his attention while in prison to
420:
301:
3160:
3146:
2941:William Epps Cormack, Newfoundland Pioneer
2524:
2275:
2273:
2271:
2269:
2267:
2255:"Lambton, John George, 1st Earl of Durham"
2249:
2247:
2245:
2243:
2241:
1932:– via National Library of Australia.
1904:
829:
666:
42:
2924:
2685:
2606:
2190:
2065:
2030:Tennant, Charles; Murray, George (1830),
1998:
1916:"South Australia: Notes on the centenary"
1845:
1803:
1137:Learn how and when to remove this message
886:was appointed as scientific officer, and
432:Wakefield's abduction of Ellen Turner in
3167:
3051:in the 1966 Encyclopaedia of New Zealand
2964:in the 1966 Encyclopaedia of New Zealand
2654:Wilson, John; Duncan Shaw-Brown (1991).
2299:
2047:
1632:
1579:
1489:
1346:
1307:month he left Canterbury and sailed for
1268:
1237:. He and six of his children arrived in
1214:in September 1850, and others followed.
1064:. (Bagot had died earlier in the year.)
703:
695:
687:
424:
3081:. Auckland: Auckland University Press.
2971:(Longmans, Green & Company, 1898).
2838:
2460:
2279:
2264:
2238:
1952:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
1913:
1680:
1628:
1626:
1342:
1273:A bust of Wakefield from the 1897 book
671:Soon, a new project was under way, the
611:British colonisation of South Australia
472:Principles of "systematic colonisation"
229: 1816; died 1820)
14:
3298:
3240:James Maitland, 8th Earl of Lauderdale
3071:
2420:Barker, George Fisher Russell (1892).
2419:
2360:"Biography of Edward Gibbon Wakefield"
2354:
2352:
2350:
2348:
2346:
2344:
2342:
2222:(Longmans, Green & Company, 1898).
2060:(2). Cambridge University Press: 252.
2054:International Review of Social History
1882:
1814:
1713:
3141:
2158:
1851:
1789:National Portrait Gallery (Australia)
1778:
1776:
1639:"Wakefield, Edward (1774–1854)"
1373:
1370:
1181:Without notice, his youngest brother
940:
409:, and Wakefield took his daughter to
376:, both before and after the decisive
3366:19th-century New Zealand politicians
3078:A sort of conscience: the Wakefields
2763:
2757:
2736:
2696:, Otago University Press, p. 50
2641:10.1093/odnb/9780192683120.013.28415
2633:Wakefield, Edward Gibbon (1796–1862)
2521:, 3 & 4 Vict., c. 35 (UK), s. 3.
2104:
1943:Moss, David J. (23 September 2004).
1942:
1936:
1747:
1728:"Gravestone O'Neil's Point Cemetery"
1623:
1331:and signed by many of the citizens.
1119:adding citations to reliable sources
1090:
634:It took several attempts before the
550:supported the ideas of the society.
278:Parliament of the Province of Canada
272:, being involved in the drafting of
2339:
2113:(26). Informa UK Limited: 205–210.
1755:Dictionary of New Zealand Biography
1726:Taine (nee de Oliveira), Leocadia.
1514:
894:left London on 5 May and called at
651:. In 1833 he published anonymously
455:; the marriage, which had not been
24:
3068:(Victoria University Press, 1971).
2951:pp. 46–48 section describing
2861:
2682:(Victoria University Press, 1971).
2382:Upper Canada – The Formative Years
2001:"Death of Edward Gibbon Wakefield"
1825:(4). Informa UK Limited: 198–204.
1773:
1201:. This plan matured to become the
604:
296:kidnapping a fifteen-year-old girl
25:
3392:
3316:Burials at Bolton Street Cemetery
2935:Edward Gibbon Wakefield biography
2893:The Modern Theory of Colonisation
2408:Upper Canada –The Formative Years
2295:. Vol. 58. pp. 449–452.
1999:Cavendish, Richard (5 May 2012).
1914:Vaughan, Crawford (11 May 1936).
1883:Shultz, Robert J. (1 June 1965).
1760:Ministry for Culture and Heritage
1700:. Eric Nye/University of Wyoming.
1596:by Edward Gibbon Wakefield, 1849.
1593:A View of the Art of Colonization
1210:bound for Canterbury sailed from
1161:A View of the Art of Colonization
560:The Outline of a Plan of a Colony
356:Early career, marriage and family
3356:English emigrants to New Zealand
3250:Jean Charles Léonard de Sismondi
3009:Dictionary of Canadian Biography
2826:
2769:New Zealand Sculpture: A History
2743:. St Agnes, SA Unlock the Past.
2429:Dictionary of National Biography
2334:Dictionary of Canadian Biography
2292:Dictionary of National Biography
2286:"Wakefield, Edward Gibbon"
2259:Dictionary of Canadian Biography
1649:Dictionary of National Biography
1095:
966:Wakefield was involved with the
683:
663:than has ever yet been raised".
3047:Morrell, William Parker (1966):
2793:
2730:
2721:
2700:
2672:
2625:
2600:
2585:
2572:
2557:
2542:
2510:
2495:
2482:
2436:
2432:. Vol. 32. pp. 22–25.
2413:
2400:
2387:
2374:
2225:
2212:
2184:
2133:
2098:
2041:
2023:
1992:
1895:University of Nebraska at Omaha
1446:Responsible government conflict
1106:needs additional citations for
1087:England and illness (1844–1852)
372:during the later stages of the
226:
3321:People from the British Empire
3059:New Zealand Journal of History
2996:New Zealand Journal of History
2925:Churchill, Winston S. (1958).
2903:Ashby, Abby and Audrey Jones.
2900:focused on Wakefield's theory.
2048:Prichard, M. F. Lloyd (1963).
1831:10.1080/00050326.1931.10436132
1719:
1686:
1607:
732:as Governor General of all of
13:
1:
3113:Member of Parliament for Hutt
2145:Exploring Australia: Adelaide
1600:
1407:Wellington Provincial Council
1351:Wakefield in around 1850–1860
994:, had been taken prisoner by
459:, was dissolved by a special
2958:Foster, Bernard John (1966):
2896:last chapter in Karl Marx's
2712:First New Zealand Parliament
2423:"Lambton, John George"
2166:"Foundation of the Province"
1986:UK public library membership
1519:In 1839 John Hill named the
1254:New Zealand Constitution Act
998:at the seigneury during the
484:in the enormous size of the
7:
3014:University of Toronto Press
2368:National Assembly of Quebec
636:Province of South Australia
400:Edward Jerningham Wakefield
310:in 1796, the eldest son of
266:colonies of South Australia
10:
3397:
3351:Civil servants from London
3255:Johann Heinrich von Thünen
3049:"Wakefield, Edward Gibbon"
2869:How to Help the Unemployed
2330:"Wakefield, Edward Gibbon"
1750:"Wakefield, Edward Gibbon"
1563:How to Help the Unemployed
1533:Wakefield Street, Adelaide
1456:1st New Zealand Parliament
1450:Grey was gone and Colonel
1421:and the General Assembly.
1261:Move to New Zealand (1853)
1081:Fisher's Colonial Magazine
880:Fitzroy's circumnavigation
757:Louis-Hippolyte LaFontaine
642:
615:In 1831, having impressed
608:
344:Wakefield was educated at
276:and being a member of the
3371:Advocates of colonization
3175:
3126:
3110:
3105:
3098:
3004:"Edward Gibbon Wakefield"
3001:Johnston, H.J.M. (1976):
2777:Auckland University Press
2119:10.1080/10314615608595057
2067:10.1017/S0020859000002315
1921:The Sydney Morning Herald
1854:"Edward Gibbon Wakefield"
1784:"Edward Gibbon Wakefield"
1389:
1367:
1364:
580:colony of New South Wales
569:, Under-Secretary of the
434:The Chronicles of Newgate
335:William Hayward Wakefield
247:
236:
210:
190:
170:
147:
142:
138:
126:
114:
101:
89:
77:
66:
54:
50:
41:
34:
3037:Mills, Richard Charles.
2989:Journal of Legal History
2933:Fairburn, Miles (1990):
2880:Adventure in New Zealand
2844:Wakefield, Edward Gibbon
2607:Wakefield, E.G. (1849).
2580:The Union of the Canadas
2537:The Union of the Canadas
2191:Wakefield, E.G. (1833).
855:It was decided that the
759:. He also travelled to
421:Abduction scandal (1826)
405:Nina was suffering from
302:Early life and education
3270:Edward Gibbon Wakefield
3061:(1997) 31#2 pp 197–218.
2914:(Heinemann Reed, 2002)
2853:Encyclopædia Britannica
1556:(Volume 1) and also in
1460:responsible governments
1442:take on Governor Grey.
1293:James Edward FitzGerald
1219:Colonial Reform Society
925:area at the top of the
830:The New Zealand Company
673:New Zealand Association
667:New Zealand Association
254:Edward Gibbon Wakefield
36:Edward Gibbon Wakefield
3100:New Zealand Parliament
2905:The Shrigley Abduction
2706:The new Governor, Sir
2281:Carlyle, Edward Irving
2197:. R. Bentley. p.
1961:10.1093/ref:odnb/28415
1634:Falkiner, Cæsar Litton
1499:
1358:New Zealand Parliament
1352:
1277:
1246:Canterbury Association
890:as a draughtsman. The
812:responsible government
709:
701:
693:
552:Colonel Robert Torrens
536:Sir William Molesworth
436:
306:Wakefield was born in
201:, then "British" Group
57:New Zealand Parliament
3376:Criminals from London
3265:Nassau William Senior
3235:John Ramsay McCulloch
2991:11.2 (1990): 279–299.
2927:The Great Democracies
2716:1855 general election
2692:Gavin McLean (2006),
1580:Selected publications
1493:
1350:
1325:Daniel Bell Wakefield
1272:
1250:self-governing colony
1208:first immigrant ships
1057:French-Canadian Group
1046:John William Dunscomb
1000:Battle of Beauharnois
771:Louis-Joseph Papineau
734:British North America
707:
699:
691:
609:Further information:
431:
327:Daniel Bell Wakefield
270:British North America
199:French-Canadian Group
121:John William Dunscomb
3326:Classical economists
3169:Classical economists
3064:Stuart, Peter Alan.
2998:(2007) 41#1 pp 62–82
2953:The Wakefield Scheme
2771:(Updated ed.).
2737:Slee, M. A. (2015).
1619:. 1791. p. 969.
1343:Member of Parliament
1280:The ship arrived at
1115:improve this article
1050:Beauharnois district
1035:Jean-Joseph Girouard
1031:Denis-Benjamin Viger
982:, had been owned by
957:Legislative Assembly
908:penal transportation
712:In 1837, there were
708:Lord Durham's Report
556:Robert Wilmot-Horton
274:Lord Durham's Report
242:Jerningham Wakefield
3012:(online ed.).
2910:Burns, Patricia.
2678:Peter Alan Stuart,
1818:Australian Surveyor
1537:Auckland High Court
1523:, a river north of
1361:
1301:Canterbury Province
1227:North Staffordshire
961:Legislative Council
836:New Zealand Company
653:England and America
599:Punishment of Death
482:Australian colonies
316:Priscilla Wakefield
240:1 daughter, 1 son:
3381:British economists
3185:Bernard Mandeville
3119:Served alongside:
2967:Garnett, Richard.
2961:The Wakefield Myth
2939:Fardy, Bernard D.
2779:. pp. 13–15.
2708:Thomas Gore Browne
1858:The British Empire
1500:
1419:Provincial Council
1405:Elections for the
1355:
1353:
1278:
1195:John Robert Godley
1185:, who had been in
1004:River St. Lawrence
953:Province of Canada
941:Canada (1841–1843)
710:
702:
694:
649:social engineering
587:Letter from Sydney
509:Letter from Sydney
498:Letter from Sydney
449:Shrigley abduction
437:
378:Battle of Waterloo
346:Westminster School
280:for a short time.
195:Province of Canada
3293:
3292:
3205:Jean-Baptiste Say
3180:Francis Hutcheson
3136:
3135:
3127:Succeeded by
3117:1853–1855
3088:978-1-86940-276-1
3020:Kondo, Takahiro.
2786:978-1-86940-425-3
2665:978-1-86937-135-7
2488:J.M.S. Careless,
2328:H.J.M. Johnston,
2253:Fernand Ouellet,
2231:Gerald M. Craig,
2218:Richard Garnett,
2034:, James Ridgway,
1984:(Subscription or
1970:978-0-19-861412-8
1897:. pp. 18–20.
1748:Fairburn, Miles.
1464:Executive Council
1427:Isaac Featherston
1403:
1402:
1329:Isaac Featherston
1199:Church of England
1147:
1146:
1139:
1019:Executive Council
959:and an appointed
884:Ernst Dieffenbach
779:suicide politique
766:Patriote movement
594:political roots.
461:act of parliament
429:
251:
250:
16:(Redirected from
3388:
3361:Wakefield family
3275:Frédéric Bastiat
3260:John Stuart Mill
3200:Anders Chydenius
3162:
3155:
3148:
3139:
3138:
3107:New constituency
3096:
3095:
3092:
3017:
2930:
2857:
2840:Garnett, Richard
2832:
2830:
2829:
2817:
2816:
2814:
2812:
2797:
2791:
2790:
2761:
2755:
2754:
2734:
2728:
2725:
2719:
2704:
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2697:
2689:
2683:
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2651:
2645:
2644:
2629:
2623:
2622:
2620:
2618:
2604:
2598:
2589:
2583:
2582:, pp. 82–85, 93.
2576:
2570:
2561:
2555:
2546:
2540:
2533:
2522:
2514:
2508:
2499:
2493:
2486:
2480:
2473:
2464:
2458:
2449:
2442:Earl of Durham,
2440:
2434:
2433:
2425:
2417:
2411:
2404:
2398:
2391:
2385:
2378:
2372:
2371:
2356:
2337:
2326:
2297:
2296:
2288:
2277:
2262:
2251:
2236:
2229:
2223:
2216:
2210:
2209:
2207:
2205:
2188:
2182:
2181:
2179:
2177:
2162:
2156:
2155:
2153:
2151:
2137:
2131:
2130:
2102:
2096:
2095:
2069:
2045:
2039:
2038:
2027:
2021:
2020:
2015:
2013:
1996:
1990:
1989:
1981:
1979:
1977:
1948:
1940:
1934:
1933:
1931:
1929:
1911:
1902:
1898:
1880:
1869:
1868:
1866:
1864:
1849:
1843:
1842:
1812:
1801:
1800:
1798:
1796:
1780:
1771:
1770:
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1766:
1745:
1739:
1738:
1736:
1734:
1723:
1717:
1711:
1702:
1701:
1690:
1684:
1678:
1659:
1658:
1641:
1630:
1621:
1620:
1611:
1541:Anton Teutenberg
1515:Death and legacy
1411:General Assembly
1362:
1359:
1354:
1223:Charles Adderley
1142:
1135:
1131:
1128:
1122:
1099:
1091:
1062:Charles Metcalfe
1039:Colonial Gazette
1023:Colonial Gazette
992:Katherine Ellice
931:Stoke-by-Nayland
761:Saratoga Springs
617:John Stuart Mill
590:highlight their
544:Sir William Hutt
532:John Stuart Mill
430:
362:King's Messenger
331:Arthur Wakefield
323:Charles Torlesse
312:Edward Wakefield
289:Wakefield system
285:Wakefield scheme
230:
228:
177:
157:
155:
143:Personal details
129:
117:
106:
80:
71:
46:
32:
31:
21:
3396:
3395:
3391:
3390:
3389:
3387:
3386:
3385:
3296:
3295:
3294:
3289:
3171:
3166:
3132:
3118:
3116:
3089:
3002:
2977:Hamilton, Reg.
2864:
2862:Further reading
2827:
2825:
2822:
2821:
2820:
2810:
2808:
2799:
2798:
2794:
2787:
2762:
2758:
2751:
2735:
2731:
2726:
2722:
2705:
2701:
2690:
2686:
2677:
2673:
2666:
2652:
2648:
2631:
2630:
2626:
2616:
2614:
2605:
2601:
2590:
2586:
2577:
2573:
2562:
2558:
2547:
2543:
2534:
2525:
2518:Union Act, 1840
2515:
2511:
2501:Paul Cornell,
2500:
2496:
2487:
2483:
2474:
2467:
2459:
2452:
2448:(London: 1839).
2441:
2437:
2418:
2414:
2405:
2401:
2395:Les Réformistes
2392:
2388:
2379:
2375:
2358:
2357:
2340:
2327:
2300:
2278:
2265:
2252:
2239:
2230:
2226:
2217:
2213:
2203:
2201:
2189:
2185:
2175:
2173:
2164:
2163:
2159:
2149:
2147:
2141:"Brief History"
2139:
2138:
2134:
2103:
2099:
2046:
2042:
2028:
2024:
2011:
2009:
1997:
1993:
1983:
1975:
1973:
1971:
1941:
1937:
1927:
1925:
1912:
1905:
1881:
1872:
1862:
1860:
1852:Crowhurst, PJ.
1850:
1846:
1813:
1804:
1794:
1792:
1782:
1781:
1774:
1764:
1762:
1746:
1742:
1732:
1730:
1724:
1720:
1712:
1705:
1692:
1691:
1687:
1679:
1662:
1631:
1624:
1613:
1612:
1608:
1603:
1582:
1521:Wakefield River
1517:
1505:rheumatic fever
1476:Thomas Forsaith
1448:
1415:Hutt electorate
1357:
1345:
1263:
1183:Felix Wakefield
1143:
1132:
1126:
1123:
1112:
1100:
1089:
948:Union Act, 1840
943:
832:
799:Lord Chancellor
686:
677:Colonial Office
669:
645:
625:South Australia
613:
607:
605:South Australia
571:Colonial Office
474:
469:
425:
423:
374:Napoleonic Wars
368:mail all about
360:He served as a
358:
348:in London, and
339:Felix Wakefield
304:
258:colonial Canada
232:
224:
220:
217:
202:
191:Political party
179:
175:
159:
153:
151:
127:
115:
109:
107:
102:
78:
72:
67:
37:
28:
23:
22:
18:E. G. Wakefield
15:
12:
11:
5:
3394:
3384:
3383:
3378:
3373:
3368:
3363:
3358:
3353:
3348:
3343:
3338:
3333:
3328:
3323:
3318:
3313:
3308:
3291:
3290:
3288:
3287:
3285:Robert Torrens
3282:
3277:
3272:
3267:
3262:
3257:
3252:
3247:
3245:Jeremy Bentham
3242:
3237:
3232:
3230:Henry Thornton
3227:
3222:
3217:
3212:
3210:Thomas Malthus
3207:
3202:
3197:
3192:
3187:
3182:
3176:
3173:
3172:
3165:
3164:
3157:
3150:
3142:
3134:
3133:
3128:
3125:
3109:
3103:
3102:
3094:
3093:
3087:
3073:Temple, Philip
3069:
3062:
3052:
3045:
3035:
3028:
3018:
2999:
2992:
2985:
2975:
2965:
2956:
2937:
2931:
2922:
2908:
2901:
2898:Capital, Vol I
2889:
2883:
2877:
2863:
2860:
2859:
2858:
2848:Chisholm, Hugh
2819:
2818:
2807:. 12 June 2020
2792:
2785:
2756:
2749:
2729:
2720:
2699:
2684:
2671:
2664:
2646:
2624:
2613:. J. W. Parker
2599:
2584:
2571:
2556:
2541:
2523:
2509:
2494:
2481:
2465:
2463:, p. 249.
2450:
2435:
2412:
2410:, pp. 259–260.
2399:
2386:
2384:, pp. 140–141.
2373:
2338:
2298:
2263:
2237:
2224:
2211:
2183:
2157:
2132:
2097:
2040:
2022:
1991:
1969:
1935:
1903:
1891:Master of Arts
1870:
1844:
1802:
1772:
1740:
1718:
1703:
1685:
1683:, p. 248.
1660:
1622:
1605:
1604:
1602:
1599:
1598:
1597:
1589:
1581:
1578:
1529:Port Wakefield
1516:
1513:
1452:Robert Wynyard
1447:
1444:
1401:
1400:
1395:
1393:
1388:
1383:
1376:
1375:
1372:
1369:
1366:
1344:
1341:
1297:Superintendent
1282:Port Lyttelton
1262:
1259:
1176:Charles Buller
1145:
1144:
1103:
1101:
1094:
1088:
1085:
1069:Robert Baldwin
942:
939:
888:Charles Heaphy
869:sailing master
831:
828:
742:Charles Buller
726:Lord Melbourne
685:
682:
675:. In 1837 the
668:
665:
644:
641:
629:overpopulation
621:Robert Torrens
606:
603:
576:public auction
548:Jeremy Bentham
540:W. W. Whitmore
528:Charles Buller
518:Robert Rintoul
492:and dearth of
486:landed estates
473:
470:
468:
465:
453:Newgate prison
422:
419:
357:
354:
325:(1825–1866));
303:
300:
249:
248:
245:
244:
238:
234:
233:
222:
218:
215:
214:
212:
208:
207:
206:: Independent
192:
188:
187:
178:(aged 66)
172:
168:
167:
149:
145:
144:
140:
139:
136:
135:
130:
124:
123:
118:
112:
111:
99:
98:
90:Member of the
87:
86:
81:
75:
74:
64:
63:
52:
51:
48:
47:
39:
38:
35:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3393:
3382:
3379:
3377:
3374:
3372:
3369:
3367:
3364:
3362:
3359:
3357:
3354:
3352:
3349:
3347:
3344:
3342:
3339:
3337:
3334:
3332:
3329:
3327:
3324:
3322:
3319:
3317:
3314:
3312:
3309:
3307:
3304:
3303:
3301:
3286:
3283:
3281:
3278:
3276:
3273:
3271:
3268:
3266:
3263:
3261:
3258:
3256:
3253:
3251:
3248:
3246:
3243:
3241:
3238:
3236:
3233:
3231:
3228:
3226:
3225:David Ricardo
3223:
3221:
3220:Francis Place
3218:
3216:
3213:
3211:
3208:
3206:
3203:
3201:
3198:
3196:
3193:
3191:
3188:
3186:
3183:
3181:
3178:
3177:
3174:
3170:
3163:
3158:
3156:
3151:
3149:
3144:
3143:
3140:
3131:
3124:
3123:
3122:Alfred Ludlam
3115:
3114:
3108:
3104:
3101:
3097:
3090:
3084:
3080:
3079:
3074:
3070:
3067:
3063:
3060:
3056:
3053:
3050:
3046:
3044:
3040:
3036:
3033:
3032:History Today
3029:
3027:
3023:
3019:
3015:
3011:
3010:
3005:
3000:
2997:
2993:
2990:
2986:
2984:
2980:
2976:
2974:
2970:
2966:
2963:
2962:
2957:
2954:
2950:
2949:0-920021-15-8
2946:
2942:
2938:
2936:
2932:
2928:
2923:
2921:
2920:0-7900-0011-3
2917:
2913:
2909:
2906:
2902:
2899:
2895:
2894:
2890:
2887:
2884:
2881:
2878:
2875:
2871:
2870:
2866:
2865:
2855:
2854:
2849:
2845:
2841:
2836:
2835:public domain
2824:
2823:
2806:
2802:
2796:
2788:
2782:
2778:
2774:
2770:
2766:
2765:Dunn, Michael
2760:
2752:
2750:9780994196002
2746:
2742:
2741:
2733:
2724:
2717:
2713:
2709:
2703:
2695:
2694:The Governors
2688:
2681:
2675:
2667:
2661:
2657:
2650:
2642:
2638:
2634:
2628:
2612:
2611:
2603:
2597:, pp. 12, 97.
2596:
2595:
2588:
2581:
2575:
2568:
2567:
2560:
2553:
2552:
2545:
2538:
2532:
2530:
2528:
2520:
2519:
2513:
2506:
2505:
2498:
2491:
2485:
2478:
2472:
2470:
2462:
2457:
2455:
2447:
2446:
2439:
2431:
2430:
2424:
2416:
2409:
2403:
2396:
2393:Éric Bédard,
2390:
2383:
2377:
2369:
2366:(in French).
2365:
2361:
2355:
2353:
2351:
2349:
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2335:
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2215:
2200:
2196:
2195:
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2171:
2167:
2161:
2146:
2142:
2136:
2128:
2124:
2120:
2116:
2112:
2108:
2101:
2093:
2089:
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2081:
2077:
2073:
2068:
2063:
2059:
2055:
2051:
2044:
2037:
2033:
2026:
2019:
2008:
2007:
2006:History Today
2002:
1995:
1987:
1972:
1966:
1962:
1958:
1954:
1953:
1947:
1939:
1923:
1922:
1917:
1910:
1908:
1901:
1896:
1892:
1888:
1887:
1879:
1877:
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1836:
1832:
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1587:
1584:
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1554:
1549:
1544:
1542:
1538:
1534:
1530:
1526:
1522:
1512:
1510:
1506:
1497:
1492:
1488:
1486:
1485:new elections
1481:
1477:
1473:
1467:
1465:
1461:
1457:
1453:
1443:
1440:
1435:
1433:
1428:
1422:
1420:
1416:
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1408:
1399:
1396:
1394:
1392:
1387:
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1377:
1363:
1360:
1349:
1340:
1336:
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1326:
1320:
1317:
1312:
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1304:
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1215:
1213:
1209:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1191:
1188:
1184:
1179:
1177:
1172:
1169:
1164:
1162:
1157:
1156:mental health
1153:
1141:
1138:
1130:
1127:December 2023
1120:
1116:
1110:
1109:
1104:This section
1102:
1098:
1093:
1092:
1084:
1082:
1077:
1072:
1070:
1065:
1063:
1058:
1053:
1051:
1047:
1042:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1015:Charles Bagot
1011:
1009:
1008:Lord Sydenham
1005:
1001:
997:
993:
989:
988:Edward Ellice
985:
984:Edward Ellice
981:
977:
973:
969:
964:
962:
958:
954:
950:
949:
938:
936:
932:
928:
924:
920:
916:
911:
909:
903:
901:
897:
893:
889:
885:
881:
877:
876:
870:
866:
862:
858:
853:
849:
847:
843:
842:
837:
827:
824:
820:
815:
813:
809:
808:
802:
800:
796:
795:Lord Brougham
792:
786:
784:
780:
776:
772:
768:
767:
762:
758:
753:
751:
750:Durham Report
745:
743:
737:
735:
731:
727:
723:
719:
715:
706:
698:
690:
684:Canada – 1838
681:
678:
674:
664:
662:
658:
654:
650:
640:
637:
632:
630:
626:
622:
618:
612:
602:
600:
595:
593:
588:
583:
581:
577:
572:
568:
563:
561:
557:
553:
549:
545:
541:
537:
533:
529:
525:
524:
523:The Spectator
519:
514:
513:Robert Gouger
510:
507:" set out in
506:
501:
499:
495:
491:
487:
483:
479:
464:
462:
458:
454:
450:
446:
442:
435:
418:
416:
412:
408:
403:
401:
397:
392:
390:
386:
381:
379:
375:
371:
367:
363:
353:
351:
347:
342:
340:
336:
333:(1799–1843);
332:
329:(1798–1858);
328:
324:
319:
317:
313:
309:
299:
297:
292:
290:
286:
281:
279:
275:
271:
267:
263:
259:
255:
246:
243:
239:
235:
213:
209:
205:
200:
196:
193:
189:
186:
182:
173:
169:
166:
165:Great Britain
162:
158:20 March 1796
150:
146:
141:
137:
134:
131:
125:
122:
119:
113:
110:(by-election)
105:
100:
97:
93:
88:
85:
82:
76:
70:
65:
62:
58:
53:
49:
45:
40:
33:
30:
19:
3280:Thomas Tooke
3269:
3120:
3111:
3106:
3077:
3065:
3058:
3055:Olssen, Erik
3038:
3031:
3021:
3016:. 1979–2016.
3007:
2995:
2988:
2978:
2968:
2960:
2952:
2940:
2926:
2911:
2904:
2897:
2892:
2885:
2879:
2874:Henry George
2868:
2851:
2809:. Retrieved
2804:
2795:
2768:
2759:
2739:
2732:
2723:
2702:
2693:
2687:
2679:
2674:
2655:
2649:
2632:
2627:
2615:. Retrieved
2609:
2602:
2593:
2587:
2579:
2574:
2565:
2559:
2550:
2544:
2539:, pp. 72–73.
2536:
2517:
2512:
2503:
2497:
2489:
2484:
2476:
2461:Garnett 1911
2444:
2438:
2427:
2415:
2407:
2402:
2394:
2389:
2381:
2376:
2363:
2333:
2290:
2258:
2232:
2227:
2219:
2214:
2202:. Retrieved
2193:
2186:
2174:. Retrieved
2169:
2160:
2148:. Retrieved
2144:
2135:
2110:
2106:
2100:
2057:
2053:
2043:
2035:
2031:
2025:
2017:
2010:. Retrieved
2004:
1994:
1974:. Retrieved
1950:
1938:
1926:. Retrieved
1919:
1885:
1861:. Retrieved
1857:
1847:
1822:
1816:
1793:. Retrieved
1787:
1763:. Retrieved
1753:
1743:
1731:. Retrieved
1721:
1697:
1688:
1681:Garnett 1911
1654:
1653:
1647:
1615:
1609:
1592:
1585:
1575:
1568:
1562:
1558:Henry George
1551:
1545:
1518:
1501:
1479:
1468:
1449:
1436:
1423:
1404:
1382:–1855
1337:
1333:
1321:
1313:
1305:
1291:
1286:Henry Sewell
1279:
1274:
1264:
1243:
1231:
1216:
1192:
1180:
1173:
1165:
1160:
1148:
1133:
1124:
1113:Please help
1108:verification
1105:
1080:
1073:
1066:
1054:
1043:
1038:
1026:
1022:
1012:
995:
965:
947:
944:
927:South Island
914:
912:
904:
899:
891:
874:
864:
856:
854:
850:
839:
833:
822:
818:
816:
805:
803:
790:
787:
782:
778:
774:
764:
754:
746:
738:
722:Upper Canada
718:Lower Canada
711:
670:
652:
646:
633:
614:
598:
596:
592:Radical Whig
586:
584:
564:
559:
521:
508:
505:colonisation
502:
497:
475:
438:
433:
407:tuberculosis
404:
393:
382:
359:
343:
320:
305:
293:
288:
284:
282:
253:
252:
216:Eliza Pattle
203:
194:
176:(1862-05-16)
133:Eden Colvile
128:Succeeded by
103:
79:Succeeded by
68:
29:
3311:1862 deaths
3306:1796 births
3130:Dillon Bell
2548:J.O. Côté,
2176:19 November
1765:12 December
1714:Temple 2002
1644:Lee, Sidney
1553:Das Kapital
1398:Independent
1371:Electorate
1316:George Grey
980:Beauharnois
730:Lord Durham
567:Lord Howick
520:(editor of
490:immigration
457:consummated
364:, carrying
262:New Zealand
204:New Zealand
185:New Zealand
174:16 May 1862
116:Preceded by
96:Beauharnois
84:Dillon Bell
3300:Categories
3215:James Mill
3195:Adam Smith
3190:David Hume
2617:15 October
2578:Careless,
2535:Careless,
2204:15 October
1988:required.)
1601:References
1496:Wellington
1309:Wellington
1233:land near
1203:Canterbury
728:appointed
714:rebellions
585:After his
445:Parliament
443:and enter
415:Wellington
389:settlement
366:diplomatic
181:Wellington
154:1796-03-20
108:1842–1844
55:Member of
2842:(1911). "
2591:Cornell,
2563:Cornell,
2475:Garnett,
2170:SA Memory
2127:0728-6023
2092:153552557
2076:0020-8590
1839:0005-0326
1548:Karl Marx
1509:neuralgia
1472:prorogued
1432:oligarchy
1239:Lyttelton
1168:Gladstone
1076:prorogued
1074:Metcalfe
996:Patriotes
976:seigneury
797:, former
791:Patriotes
775:Patriotes
565:In 1831,
380:in 1815.
350:Edinburgh
104:In office
73:1853–1855
69:In office
3075:(2002).
3041:(1915).
2773:Auckland
2767:(2008).
2569:, p. 10.
2283:(1899).
2084:44581502
1698:uwyo.edu
1655:sources:
1636:(1899).
1525:Adelaide
1487:called.
1480:de facto
1212:Plymouth
1187:Tasmania
1027:Patriote
972:Montreal
896:Plymouth
846:monopoly
783:Patriote
716:in both
478:colonial
237:Children
2981:(2010)
2907:by 2003
2850:(ed.).
2837::
2811:14 June
2479:(1898).
2406:Craig,
2380:Craig,
2150:7 March
2012:7 March
1976:7 March
1928:6 March
1863:7 March
1795:7 March
1646:(ed.).
1299:of the
935:Suffolk
878:during
861:William
657:letters
643:America
385:married
287:or the
231:
223:
219:
3085:
3043:online
3026:online
2983:online
2973:online
2947:
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2846:". In
2831:
2783:
2747:
2662:
2125:
2090:
2082:
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1982:
1967:
1837:
1733:3 June
1571:Kāpiti
1374:Party
1365:Years
1252:. The
1235:Sumner
1152:stroke
974:, the
923:Nelson
919:Arthur
882:. Dr.
875:Beagle
542:, and
494:labour
441:estate
411:Lisbon
370:Europe
308:London
211:Spouse
161:London
2943:1985
2872:, by
2805:Stuff
2088:S2CID
2080:JSTOR
1642:. In
1439:Māori
1368:Term
1221:with
823:Times
819:Times
396:Genoa
225:(
221:
3083:ISBN
2945:ISBN
2916:ISBN
2813:2020
2781:ISBN
2745:ISBN
2660:ISBN
2619:2018
2206:2018
2178:2019
2152:2023
2123:ISSN
2072:ISSN
2014:2023
1978:2023
1965:ISBN
1930:2023
1865:2023
1835:ISSN
1797:2023
1767:2014
1735:2018
1507:and
1409:and
1391:Hutt
1380:1853
1033:and
915:Tory
900:Tory
892:Tory
873:HMS
865:Tory
857:Tory
841:Tory
720:and
661:corn
554:and
260:and
171:Died
148:Born
94:for
61:Hutt
59:for
2637:doi
2115:doi
2062:doi
1957:doi
1900:PDF
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