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The New
Zealand Company's issues were made worse by Wakefield's personality; he demonstrated no leadership qualities and was unwilling to take initiative in dealing with problems, alienating many settlers. One settler wrote that "the baneful influence of Colonel Wakefield has ruined every settler and
535:
They were commanded by
Colonel Wakefield, an officer who was strict in discipline, though not so tyrannical as Colonel Kinloch, their former commanding officer, but every whit as brave and efficient before the enemy. Kinloch was a tyrant, but at the same time a clever officer, and hero in courage. He
736:
investigated the New
Zealand Company's 1839 Port Nicholson deed of purchase and declared it invalid. The tribunal found that Māori were never paid for some 120,000 acres (49,000 ha), the boundaries weren't clear, not all those with customary rights signed the deed, and those who did sign didn't
720:
Several land deals were renegotiated, as many settlers were either not happy with the land they had been allocated or hadn't received what they had paid for. To satisfy its commitments, the New
Zealand Company needed about 500 square kilometres of land, which was difficult considering the terrain in
557:
in London was hurriedly organising its first expedition, eager to take advantage of the still uncertain governance situation in New
Zealand. The Company's aim was to establish a model of English society in New Zealand by selling land to settlers at a profit and using the funds to pay for settlers'
724:
Over the next few years, Wakefield was involved in disputes with the Crown, with Māori, and with his own surveyors, meaning that land deals were delayed by months or years. The New
Zealand Company had guaranteed work for labourers that emigrated to New Zealand, but delays over land deals led to a
567:
sailed from
Plymouth on 12 May 1839, with Wakefield as sole and unqualified leader of the expedition. He was given set of instructions for the expedition's activities: to purchase land for the New Zealand Company, to gather knowledge about New Zealand, and to prepare for building settlements.
657:
This site was already occupied by Māori, being one of their residential areas. Wakefield had bought and paid for the land on behalf of the New
Zealand Company, but soon realised that Māori had had a different understanding of the deal; they had expected to share the land with
692:
In 1842, Wakefield was joined in New
Zealand by his daughter Emily, then sixteen years old. Shortly afterwards she became engaged to Francis Molesworth, but the engagement was broken off when an injury forced Molesworth to return to England. In late 1845, Emily met
645:
Wakefield returned to Te
Whanganui-a-Tara in early January 1840. The first British settlers’ ships arrived in Port Nicholson in January, encouraged by the New Zealand Company's advertisements promoting immigration. However, it became clear that the land around
673:
for Māori to sign, he also claimed some of the land the New Zealand Company had purchased. Wakefield granted him one acre (4,000 m²) of town land, but Williams was later to lose his role as a missionary for defrauding Māori.
479:
and both brothers were arrested. While out on bail, Wakefield absconded to Paris, apparently to meet with Emily who was three months pregnant. He returned to England when the baby was born and was promptly arrested and held in
796:, over an editorial in the Wellington Independent newspaper that questioned his honesty. Featherstone fired first and missed, then Wakefield fired into the air, stating "I would not shoot a man who has seven daughters".
527:. Wakefield was one of the few officers to survive the campaign; he stayed until the Legion was disbanded in 1837 and returned to England the following year. Regarding the 1st Reina Isabel Lancers, BAL,
1347:
997:
A Narrative of the British Auxiliary Legion: With Incidents, Anecdotes, and Sketches of All Parties Connected with the War in Spain, from a Journal of Personal Observations
149:
1234:
459:
Wakefield was largely raised by his elder sister, Catherine, who found him a difficult child. As he grew older he came under the influence of his elder brother,
571:
Wakefield's first sight of New Zealand's formidable mountain ranges was not encouraging. The expedition took on supplies of wood and water at Ship Cove in
558:
travel to New Zealand, encouraging immigration. In reality, the Company was more like a real estate agency, promising generous returns to its investors.
880:
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until his trial, and subsequently sentenced to three years in jail. During this time, Emily Sidney died, leaving him with a daughter also named Emily.
475:
In 1825, Wakefield became formally betrothed to Emily Sidney, but before they could be married he became involved with his elder brother Edward in the
686:
804:
On 15 September 1848, Wakefield collapsed at a bath house following two strokes earlier that year, and he died four days later in a room at the
1312:
713:
resented the New Zealand Company, seeing the Settlers' Council as an attempt to establish an illegal republic. The Acting Colonial Secretary
523:. He emerged from the campaign with the rank of major, re-enlisted, and was promoted to lieutenant colonel. Among his junior officers was
1327:
242:
1243:
561:
At the suggestion of his brother, Edward Gibbon, the New Zealand Company appointed Wakefield as commander of this first expedition. The
1332:
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was formed in May 1841, Hobson appointed Wakefield as one of its members. Wakefield's membership terminated only a few months later.
17:
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set out to explore a more of New Zealand, sailing up the west coast. The expedition were impressed with the potential of the
909:
492:
Upon his release from jail, Wakefield spent some time with his daughter and his sister Catherine. In 1832 he travelled to
1209:
1121:
610:, and sixteen chiefs. After five days a deal was made that was subsequently endorsed by the paramount chief of the area,
572:
83:
633:, made contact with traders, and looked at buying land in that district. However, the expedition was cut short when the
413:, and the leader of the second New Zealand Company's first colonising expedition to New Zealand; one of the founders of
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456:(1807–1875); Priscilla Susannah Wakefield (1809–1887); Percy Wakefield (1810–1832); and an unnamed child born in 1813.
57:
28:
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540:. Wakefield, on the other hand, was as clever, less tyrannical, and distinguished, nay, almost reckless in courage."
123:
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Soon after his death, Wakefield's friends began to fundraise for a memorial, but it was not until 1882 that the
504:. Although he had no military experience, Wakefield was apparently able to enlist as a Captain. He survived the
1357:
1322:
1307:
1147:
1081:
524:
61:
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899:
Temple and a number of British sources use 1801 while some New Zealand sources give 1803 as his birth date.
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The secretive and rushed way that the New Zealand Company had begun settlement ahead of the signing of the
694:
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the colony of Port Nicholson." Another described Wakefield as "the coldest mannered man they have met".
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chose Auckland, possibly feeling that Port Nicholson was dominated by the New Zealand Company. When the
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429:(1774–1854), a distinguished surveyor and land agent, and Susanna Crush (1767–1816). His grandmother,
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Wakefield believed that Port Nicholson's central position made it the obvious choice to be
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598:. Here he began serious negotiations for purchasing land. The negotiations involved two
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After his time in Portugal, Wakefield returned briefly to England and enlisted in the
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was not suitable for settlement, being too swampy. A new site had to be selected and
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ran aground in Hokianga Harbour. The ship was saved but it needed extensive repairs.
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889:. Parliament of the United Kingdom: House of Lords. 24 February 1840. col. 515.
433:(1751–1832), was a popular children's author and helped to establish savings banks.
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Wakefield's siblings were Catherine Gurney Wakefield (1793–1873), the mother of
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attended as did nearly half of Wellington, both Māori and Pākeha. Māori chief
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1247:. Vol. 28 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 248–249.
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777:
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1082:"T E WHANGANU I A TARA M E O NA TA K I WA Report on the Wellington District"
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Historia Militar de San Sebastián: Vida y Asedios de una pequeña gran ciudad
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the Wellington area and the fact that the Company had limited resources.
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was dispatched with soldiers and mounted police to disband the council.
1012:"Taming the frontier: Land issues on the eve of the Treaty of Waitangi"
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827:. The memorial is registered as a Category I heritage structure by the
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was almost in a state of armed rebellion against the Company’s agents.
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Wakefield was expected to treat the Māori with the utmost fairness.
39:
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William Wakefield was born just outside London in 1801, the son of
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This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
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lack of work, causing further anger. At one stage, the town of
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when FitzRoy declined to take action against Arthur's killers.
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1045:"William Wakefield | NZHistory, New Zealand history online"
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and met their first Māori, who were interested in trading.
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and the subsequent campaigning, and earned several medals.
1348:
Members of the New Zealand Legislative Council (1841–1853)
808:. He was given what amounted to a state funeral. Governor
614:. Strong objections were raised by Te Rauparaha's nephew,
1031:
Finding Thomas: The search for my great-great-grandfather
741:
translation missed or confused several important facts.
599:
409:(1801 – 19 September 1848) was an English officer of the
792:
In March 1847, Wakefield fought a duel with his doctor,
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area for further settlement. They then sailed up to the
594:
to Te Whanganui-a-Tara ("The Big Harbour of Tara") and
1275:(4th ed.). Wellington: V.R. Ward, Govt. Printer.
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and enlisted as a mercenary soldier in the service of
956:
856:"Carta a W. Wakefield (Tte. Col. 1º Lanceros B.A.L.)"
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of Nelson and they were married the following year.
1062:
64:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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452:(1799–1843); John Howard Wakefield (1803–1862);
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947:. Vol. 59. London: Smith, Elder & Co.
417:. As a leader, he attracted much controversy.
27:For other people named William Wakefield, see
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399:Principal Agent, New Zealand Company, 1839–48
911:Marriages and Deaths of Considerable Persons
749:The unruly behaviour of Wakefield's nephew,
669:appeared in the district with copies of the
654:was chosen, a few kilometres further west.
156:sketched in the Court of Kings Bench in 1826
1273:New Zealand Parliamentary Record, 1840–1984
1162:
1101:Heughan, Sam and McTavish, Graham (2023).
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681:and seat of government. However, Governor
662:(non-Māori), and were unwilling to move.
621:The purchase completed, Wakefield and the
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709:created problems for Wakefield. Governor
291:1st Reina Isabel Lancer Regiment, 1836–37
283:1st Reina Isabel Lancer Regiment, 1836–37
124:Learn how and when to remove this message
1177:New Zealand Heritage List/Rārangi Kōrero
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325:Lieutenant-Governor of New Zealand, 1840
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313: • Battle of Ayete, 1836
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1267:. Auckland: Auckland University Press.
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1313:New Zealand people of English descent
979:A Sort of Conscience, The Wakefields"
934:"Wakefield, Edward (1774–1854)"
1265:A sort of conscience: The Wakefields
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515:(BAL) fighting for the infant Queen
62:adding citations to reliable sources
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1210:Dictionary of New Zealand Biography
1122:Dictionary of New Zealand Biography
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1328:British Auxiliary Legion personnel
1000:. Glasgow: Muir, Gowans, & Co.
29:William Wakefield (disambiguation)
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1333:Burials at Bolton Street Cemetery
1205:Edward Gibbon Wakefield biography
1127:Ministry for Culture and Heritage
463:, who was later to establish the
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1148:"William Wakefield Memorial"
816:was one of the pallbearers.
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821:William Wakefield Memorial
774:William Wakefield Memorial
391:Emily Wakefield (daughter)
334:William Wakefield Memorial
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1117:"Te Puni-kōkopu, Hōniana"
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1029:Rossiter, Trish (2023).
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513:British Auxiliary Legion
411:British Auxiliary Legion
258:British Auxiliary Legion
1353:Settlers of New Zealand
1263:Temple, Philip (2002).
1244:Encyclopædia Britannica
701:Criticism of land deals
461:Edward Gibbon Wakefield
442:Edward Gibbon Wakefield
929:Falkiner, Cæsar Litton
881:"Anglo-Spanish Legion"
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1358:History of Wellington
1323:New Zealand duellists
1308:Criminals from London
992:Somerville, Alexander
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641:Wellington settlement
573:Queen Charlotte Sound
538:late M. P. for Dundee
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154:Mr. William Wakefield
1181:Heritage New Zealand
1150:. Cricket Wellington
914:. 1791. p. 969.
829:Heritage New Zealand
715:Willoughby Shortland
665:When the missionary
529:Alexander Somerville
517:Isabella II of Spain
387:Jerningham Wakefield
255:Portuguese Loyalists
58:improve this article
1173:"William Wakefield"
1016:New Zealand History
981:, review, NZ Herald
555:New Zealand Company
553:In early 1839, the
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304: •
275:Lieutenant Colonel
1115:Ballara, Angela.
1089:Waitangi Tribunal
1049:nzhistory.govt.nz
1018:. 5 October 2021.
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745:Personal troubles
739:Richard Barrett's
734:Waitangi Tribunal
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