History of Canada (1763–1867)

1401: 2197:. They were adopted by the majority of the provinces of Canada and became the basis for the London Conference of 1866, which led to the formation of the Dominion of Canada on July 1, 1867. Federation emerged from multiple impulses: the British wanted Canada to defend itself; the Maritimes needed railroad connections, which were promised in 1867; British-Canadian nationalism sought to unite the lands into one country, dominated by the English language and British culture; many French-Canadians saw an opportunity to exert political control within a new largely French-speaking Quebec. Finally, but by no means least significant, were fears of possible U.S. expansion northward in the wake of the end of the 33: 1606: 2799:

described. The local pilots are sworn to secrecy; and, what is more reassuring, by lifting buoys and laying down torpedoes, hostile vessels trying to thread the passage must come to inevitable grief, So far Bermuda may be considered safe, whatever may be the condition of the fortifications and the cannon in the batteries. Yet the universal neglect of our colonial defences is apparent in the fact that no telegraphic communication has hitherto been established with the West Indies on the one side, or with the Dominion of Canada on the other.

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population of Upper Canada (now southern Ontario) were Americans who had very recently arrived in the colony, and some of them did support the invading force; however, the rest of the settler population was made up of the descendants of Loyalists or the original French colonists, who did not want to be part of the United States. The first American invasion came in October 1812, but they were defeated by General

2245: 70: 57: 1964:(Lord Elgin), a bill was passed to allow the leaders of former Patriote movement to return to their homeland; Papineau returned and for a short time re-entered Canadian politics. A similar bill was passed for the former Upper Canadian rebels. Elgin also implemented the practice of responsible government in 1848, several months after it had already been granted to the colony of 1790:

colony formulated policy with the assistance of the legislative branch. The legislature voted approval or disapproval, and the appointed governor enacted those policies that it had approved. It was a transition from the older system when the governor took advice from an executive council, and use the legislature chiefly to raise money. The radical reformers, such as

2136: 2057:'s charting expedition to the region by only a few weeks. The competing imperial claims between Russia, Spain and Britain were compounded by treaties between the former two powers and the United States, which pressed for the annexation of most of what is now British Columbia, not recognizing the title of the many First Nations present. 1693:. This trade, which had been pioneered by the French, came to be dominated by the British as they gained increasing territory on the continent. The main British fur trading posts were located inside of what became the United States (the British were forced to relocate northward as borders were established with the new nation). 2817:

The objectives for America are clearly marked,—Halifax, Quebec, Mon- treal, Prescott, Kingston, Ottawa, Toronto, Winnipeg, and Vancouver. Halifax and Vancouver are certain to be most energetically attacked, for they will be the naval bases, besides Bermuda, from which England would carry on her naval

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By "responsible," the reformers meant that such a government would be ultimately responsible to the will of the subjects of the colonies, not to authorities in London. The critical move toward responsible government came between 1846 and 1850. In practice, it meant that the Executive Council of each

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Captain-General and Governor-in-Chief in and over the Provinces of Upper-Canada, Lower-Canada, Nova-Scotia, and New-Brunswick, and their several Dependencies, Vice-Admiral of the same, Lieutenant-General and Commander of all His Majesty’s Forces in the said Provinces of Lower Canada and Upper-Canada,

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system. Trees in the still almost deserted hinterland of New Brunswick were cut and transported to Saint John where they were shipped to England. This area soon could not keep up with demand, and the trade moved to the St. Lawrence River where logs were shipped to Quebec City before being sent on to

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were central to the trade as they were the primary fur trappers. The role gave the peoples of many of the First Nations a political voice as, though they were viewed as an underclass, they were too important to simply be ignored. The American Revolution led to intense competition between the British

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Captain General and Governor in Chief in and over the Provinces of Lower-Canada, Upper-Canada, Nova-Scotia, and New-Brunswick, and their several dependencies, Vice-Admiral of the same, Lieutenant-General and Commander of all His Majesty’s Forces in the said Provinces, and their several dependencies,

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There were more than 44,000 troops stationed overseas in colonial garrisons, and slightly more than half of these were in imperial fortresses: in the Mediterranean, Bermuda, Halifax, St. Helena, and Mauritius. The rest of the forces were in colonies proper, with a heavy concentration in New Zealand

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had been stationed there in 1778 but the battalion was disbanded there in 1784) and was expanded greatly during the 19th Century, both to defend the colony as a naval base and to launch amphibious operations against the Atlantic coast of the United States in any war that should transpire. Prior to

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contains the famous description of "two nations warring in the bosom of a single state." For Durham, the French Canadians were culturally backwards, and he was convinced that only a union of French and English Canada would allow the colony to progress in the interest of Great Britain. A political

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were once again a battleground, this time between the British and the relatively young United States. During the war, unsuccessful attempts were made by the Americans to invade Upper Canada, after overestimating the amount of support they would receive from Canadian colonists. Much of the settler

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There is a strongly fortified dockyard, and the defensive works, together with the intricate character of the approaches to the harbour, render the islands an almost impregnable fortress. Bermuda is governed as a Crown colony by a Governor who is also Commander-in-Chief, assisted by an appointed

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to grant amnesty to the rebels of 1837–38, and to abandon forced anglicization of the French-speaking population. Lafontaine and Baldwin reintroduced French as an official language alongside English in the Assembly, the Courts and other governmental bodies. Under the progressive Governor General

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fled the United States, with the rest of the 85% choosing to stay in the new nation. Of these, roughly 50,000 Loyalists settled in the British North American colonies, which then consisted of Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, Quebec, and Prince Edward Island (created 1769). The Loyalists who settled in

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After the War of 1812, the first half of the 19th century saw the growth of political reform movements in both Upper and Lower Canada, largely influenced by American and French republicanism. The colonial legislatures set out by the Constitutional Act had become dominated by wealthy elites, the

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As a fortress, Bermuda is of the first importance. It is situated almost exactly half-way between the northern and the southern naval stations; while nature has made it practically impregnable. The only approach lies through that labyrinth of reefs and narrow channels which Captain Kennedy has

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which favoured a centralized union. Even Queen Victoria was supportive, noting "...the impossibility of our being able to hold Canada, but we must struggle for it; and by far the best solution would be to let it go as an independent kingdom under an English prince." In the end Canada went as a

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In the North American and West Indian station the naval base is at the Imperial fortress of Bermuda, with a garrison numbering 3068 men, of whom 1011 are Colonials; while at Halifax, Nova Scotia, we have another naval base of the first importance which is to be classed amongst our Imperial

964:, when Eddy and a combined force of Massachusetts Patriots, Acadians, and aboriginals besieged the fort in November 1776. The siege was broken and Eddy's forces were scattered when British reinforcements arrived. Eddy and Allan continued to make trouble on the frontier between what is now 2168:

of the more stridently reformist English-Canadian and anti-French "Grits". MacDonald came to realize that Canada's likeliest hope of resisting absorption into the United States was to reform itself into a workable federation. A delegation from the Canadas made its way to a

2201:. On a political level, there was a desire for the expansion of responsible government and elimination of the legislative deadlock between Upper and Lower Canada, and their replacement with provincial legislatures in a federation. This was especially pushed by the liberal 1101:. The outcome of the crisis was a humiliation for Spain and a triumph for Britain, for the former had practically renounced all sovereignty on the North Pacific coast. This opened the way to British expansion in that area, and a number of expeditions took place; firstly a 2052:

a Scotsman working for the North West Company crossed the continent and with his aboriginal guides, French-Canadian voyageurs and another Scot, reached the mouth of the Bella Coola River, completing the first continental crossing of North America north of Mexico, missing

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Besides the Imperial fortress of Malta, Gibraltar, Halifax and Bermuda it has to maintain and arm coaling stations and forts at Siena Leone, St. Helena, Simons Bay (at the Cape of Good Hope), Trincomalee, Jamaica and Port Castries (in the island of Santa

703:. The war officially ended with the signing of the Treaty of Paris on February 10, 1763. As part of the treaty, France formally renounced its claims to all its North American lands to Britain (of which the French colony of Canada was a part), except 2673:

and South Africa. The imperial government paid approximately £1,715,000 per annum toward the maintenance of these forces, and the various colonial governments contributed £370,000, the largest amounts coming from Ceylon and Victoria in Australia.

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Although Spain had taken the lead in the exploration of the northwest Pacific Coast, with the voyages of Juan José Pérez Hernández in 1774 and 1775, by the time the Spanish determined to build a fort on Vancouver Island, the British navigator

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had been dominated by the British for a long time before the French finally abandoned any claims to the area. An anglophone society had already taken shape prior to 1763, although two islands were reserved for French fishermen.

2815:. LR Hamersly & Co., 1510 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA; subsequently LR Hamersly, 49 Wall Street, New York City, New York, USA; BF Stevens & Brown, 4 Trafalgar Square, London, England. p. 552. 2080:

was suddenly faced with having to exert British authority over a largely alien population. In order to normalize its jurisdiction, and undercut any Hudsons's Bay Company claims to the resource wealth of the mainland, the

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under the Crown of the United Kingdom itself. It was a fresh start, but not one that was greeted with universal joy. While some envisaged Confederation for the British North American colonies as a way forward together,

823:, the policy of expulsion was extended there as well. The few Acadians who managed to return to the area have created the contemporary Acadian society. Once the Acadians were expelled, other settlements were formed by 1566:

being the first) alternating his residence between the two colonies. A separate Bermuda Synod was incorporated in 1879, but continued to share its Bishop with Newfoundland until 1919, when the separate position of

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had been placed under the military Commander-in-Chief America in New York during the American War of Independence, but was to become part of the Nova Scotia Command until the 1860s (in 1815, Lieutenant-General Sir

747:. Although many British people (including the American colonies to the south) hoped the French Canadians would be assimilated this was not the case as distinct rules of governance for Quebec were set out in the 1828:

in December 1837 after the Patriotes rebellion had begun. Upper Canadians had similar grievances; they were annoyed at the undemocratic governance of the colony, and especially by the corrupt and inefficient

1841:, where the British troops stationed in the city met them on December 7. The rebels were hopelessly outnumbered and outgunned and were defeated in less than an hour. Mackenzie escaped to the United States. 2089:

was established August 2, 1858. Douglas signed a few treaties with the First Nations on Vancouver Island, but did not otherwise recognize the First Nations of the colony. In 1866, it was united with the

2109:'s tenure of Rupert's Land and the Arctic territories, and launched a series of exploring expeditions to familiarize themselves and the settler population with the geography and climate of the region. 1743:

system, which by 1845 provided three quarters of the timber shipped from Quebec City. The timber trade became a massive business. In one summer 1200 ships were loaded with timber at Quebec City alone.

1448:. The headquarters was initially in Bermuda during the winter and Halifax during the summer, but Bermuda, became the year-round headquarters of the Station in 1821, when the area of command became the 2150:

Effective governance of the United Province of Canada after 1840 required a careful balancing of the interests of French and English- speaking populations; and between Catholics and Protestants.

2560:. London: Published by the authority of the Meteorological Council. PRINTED FOR HER MAJESTY’S STATIONERY OFFICE BY EYRE AND SPOTTISWOODE, East Harding Street, Fleet Street, London E.C. 1890. 1734:

As the fur trade declined in importance, the timber trade became Canada's most important commodity. The industry became concentrated in three main regions. The first to be exploited was the

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in 1838. He was assigned to investigate the causes of the Rebellions, and concluded that the problem was essentially animosity between the British and French inhabitants of Canada. His

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in retribution for the "wanton destruction of private property along the north shores of Lake Erie" by American forces under Col. John Campbell in May 1814, the most notable being the

1805:, outlining its grievances against the legislative council. Papineau organized boycotts and civil disobedience. The colonial government illegally ordered the arrest of Papineau. The 1990:

in resources. However, the achievement must be seen in the wider politics of British North America which had seen the major boundary disputes with the United States settled (see

1518:). The Royal Navy, British Army, Royal Marines, and Colonial Marines forces based in Bermuda carried out actions of this sort during the American War of 1812 (most notably the 1289:

and the Secretary of State for War, were separated in 1854, dividing the civil and military administration of the British Empire. The War Office, after 1854 and until the 1867

1070:, permitting the 8,000 Loyalists who settled in southwestern Quebec (which became Upper Canada) to have a province in which British laws and institutions could be established. 2048:

and charted the coast as far as Alaska, while British and American traders had begun settling on the coast so as to develop resources for trade with Europe and Asia. In 1793,

2575:. Bermuda: Island Press Ltd., Bermuda, 1977 (1st Edition); Bermuda Maritime Museum Press, Royal Naval Dockyard Bermuda, Ireland Island, Sandys, Bermuda, 1990 (2nd Edition). 3195: 2013:

of 1840 was ultimately unsuccessful, and led to calls for a greater political union in the 1850s and 1860s. Support for independence was strengthened by events such as the

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in 1789. Both sides mobilised for war, and Spain counted on France for support; when France refused, Spain had to back down and capitulated to British terms leading to the

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union would, he hoped, cause the French-speakers to be assimilated by English-speaking settlements, solving the problem of French Canadian nationalism once and for all.

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and Moses Hazen and 747 Quebec militiamen were all in Quebec when they joined the Patriots and defeated the British at Yorktown in 1781. In a key act leading up to the

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and the U.S. By the 1830s changing fashions in Europe had begun a steep decline in fur prices and an overall collapse in the market. Apart from the economic losses to

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Nova-Scotia and New-Brunswick, and their several Dependencies, and in the islands of Newfoundland, Prince Edward, Cape Breton and the Bermudas, &c. &c. &c.

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Following the war, the Royal Navy spent a dozen years charting the barrier reef around Bermuda to discover the channel that enabled access to the northern lagoon, the

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despite Lower Canada being more populated. The official language of the province became English and French was explicitly banned in the Parliament and in the courts.

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Louis-Joseph Papineau was elected speaker of the colonial assembly in 1815. His attempts at reform were ignored by the British, and in 1834, the assembly passed The

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After the war the British expanded their mercantile interests in the North Pacific. Spain and Britain had become rivals in the area which came to a head with the

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who had intended to hold discussions regarding a federation of Nova Scotia, New Brunswick and Prince Edward Island. This conference was followed by a subsequent

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from 1825 to 1839 and from 1787 to 1839, respectively. From 1839, the island of Newfoundland and the coast of Labrador, as well as Bermuda, became parts of the

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on December 31, 1775, failed. Following an ineffectual siege, the arrival of British troops in May 1776 sent the Patriots into retreat back toward Montreal. An

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in the fall of 1837. British troops in the colony quickly put down the rebellion and forced Papineau to flee to the United States. A second rebellion by the

7165: 4441: 4093: 2418: 1667:. In English Canada, it is seen as a victory against American invasions, with heroic legends surrounding many of the participants (such as Isaac Brock and 2229:" ("the only way offered to us to achieve political independence"). A change of heart toward Confederation was evident in Halifax, Nova Scotia, where the 1702:

involved in the fur trade, many of the First Nations were devastated, both in terms of economic loss and in terms of loss of influence in local politics.

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failed, and the Patriots were driven from the province in June. Leaving with the rebel army were about 250 Québécois in two regiments: James Livingston's

853:. Support for the Patriot cause was mixed; the clergy and landowners were generally opposed to it, while English-speaking merchants and migrants from the 4264: 2154:

emerged in the 1850s as a personality who could manage that task. A political conservative, MacDonald forged political relationships and coalitions with

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With the signing of the Oregon Treaty in 1846, the United States agreed to establish its northern border with western British North America along the

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Claimed in 1908; territory formed 1962; overlaps portions of Argentine and Chilean claims, borders not enforced but claim not renounced under the

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the Provinces of Nova-Scotia, New-Brunswick, and their Dependencies, including the Islands of Newfoundland, Cape Breton, Prince Edward and Bermuda

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in Lower Canada who favoured a decentralized union in comparison to the Upper Canadian Conservative party and to some degree the French-Canadian

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passed on July 23, 1840, by the Parliament of the United Kingdom and proclaimed February 10, 1841. Upper and Lower Canada became, respectively,

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was re-established at Bermuda in 1794 (a small regular infantry garrison had existed from 1701 to 1768, alongside the militia, and part of the

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Provinces of Nova-Scotia, New-Brunswick, and their Dependencies, including the Island of Newfoundland, Cape Breton, Prince Edward and Bermuda

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with the United States on behalf of the colonies. This agreement endured for ten years until the American government abrogated it in 1865.

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newspaper announced on the front page of its July 1, 1867, edition the death of "the free and enlightened Province of Nova Scotia".

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Kennedy, R.N., Captain W. R. (July 1, 1885). "An Unknown Colony: Sport, Travel and Adventure in Newfoundland and the West Indies".

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METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS AT THE FOREIGN AND COLONIAL STATIONS OF THE ROYAL ENGINEERS AND THE ARMY MEDICAL DEPARTMENT 1852—1886

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Jobb, Dean (2005). The Acadians: A people's story of exile and triumph, Mississauga (Ont.): John Wiley & Sons Canada, 296 p.

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in February 1779. Roughly half of Clark's militia in the theatre were Canadien volunteers sympathetic to the American cause.

3294: 8548: 8211: 7821: 7047: 4561: 4525: 4405: 4400: 4323: 4231: 3819: 3806: 3721: 3697: 2006:), thus easing tensions which for most of the first half of the 19th century had Americans threatening war or retaliation. 1944: 1527: 937:, assisted Bougainville and de Grasse in preventing the British Navy from resupplying or relieving Cornwallis' army in the 504: 468: 351: 341: 173: 38: 8151: 6933: 6818: 6610: 4365: 4044: 3850: 3598: 3565: 1979:

in 1849 after the passing of an indemnity bill for the people who suffered losses during the rebellions of Lower Canada.

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Spanish Institutions of the Southwest Issue 10 of Johns Hopkins University studies in historical and political science

803:, but not present-day New Brunswick) happened in 1710, and the British had already established settlements, including 8563: 8031: 7224: 6615: 4535: 4301: 4226: 4221: 4151: 3481: 3453: 3422: 3404: 3341: 2936: 2911: 2722: 2580: 2375: 2352: 913:

region also massively sided with the Patriots and were instrumental in the taking of the fort by the Patriots. Major

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Map showing British territorial gains following the Treaty of Paris in pink, and Spanish territorial gains after the

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was created (in 1949, on Newfoundland becoming a province of Canada, the Diocese of Newfoundland became part of the

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broke out one year later, but the British put it down as well, with much loss of life and destruction of property.

1530:, (Baron Dalhousie, of Dalhousie Castle,) Knight Grand Cross of the Most Honourable Military Order of the Bath was 659:

By the 1860s, interest developed in forming a new federation between the Canadas and the other British colonies of

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The moderate reformers Louis-Hippolyte Lafontaine and Robert Baldwin fought two successive governors general Sir

1818: 1735: 1664: 1158: 473: 366: 294: 102: 1081:. In 1793 Upper Canada became the first British jurisdiction to enact legislation to suppress slavery, with the 8553: 8414: 7942: 7556: 7450: 7267: 6951: 3509: 2883: 2415: 2049: 1961: 1955:. He nonetheless had to make some concessions to win support, and the most notable of these was persuading the 1122: 737: 688: 663:, that led to Confederation in 1867. A number of other British colonies that are today part of Canada, such as 1711: 8224: 7988: 7739: 7180:. After recognised independence in 1980, Zimbabwe was a member of the Commonwealth until it withdrew in 2003. 7077: 7009: 4653: 4335: 4054: 2017:, an 1866 invasion into Ontario by some 1500 Irish nationalists which was repulsed largely by local militia. 1453: 1421: 1138: 846: 804: 269: 259: 725:

With the addition of Canada to the British Empire, Britain gained control of a strip of territory along the

8024: 7474: 7398: 7374: 7368: 6725: 6625: 6620: 4485: 4187: 3498: 2796:. William Blackwood & Sons, Edinburgh, Scotland, and 37 Paternoster Row, London, England. p. 111. 1999: 1441: 428: 126: 2488:

First Crossing: Alexander Mackenzie, His Expedition Across North America, and the Opening of the Continent

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Military Governors and Staff Officers in garrisons of British North America and West Indies 1778 and 1784

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to secure what became known as responsible government. Metcalfe fought to preserve the prerogatives of

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Also in December, a group of Irish immigrants attempted to seize southwestern Ontario by force in the

1297:, split the military administration of the British colonial and foreign stations into nine districts: 8470:; Ascension Island (1922–) and Tristan da Cunha (1938–) were previously dependencies of Saint Helena. 8113: 8069: 7791: 7502: 7177: 7147: 6905: 6605: 4355: 2811:

VERAX, (anonymous) (May 1, 1889). "The Defense of Canada. (From Colburn's United Service Magazine)".

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William Lyon Mackenzie, a Scottish immigrant and reformist mayor of York (Toronto), organized the

1652: 867:), there was significant support, and militia companies were raised in support of the Patriots by 8511: 8343: 8218: 8186: 8167: 7833: 7785: 7727: 7436: 7380: 6756: 4669: 4430: 4182: 3999: 2198: 2190: 2186: 2182: 2106: 2073: 2068:

area. Almost overnight, some ten to twenty thousand men moved into the region around present-day

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Europe. This area also became insufficient, and the trade expanded westward, most notably to the

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on 20 July 1793. Mackenzie became the first European to reach the Pacific overland north of the

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including former slaves who had been freed as a result of service to the British and over 2,000

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demanded equality or a complete break from British rule and the establishment of a republic.

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The Transition to Responsible Government: British Policy in British North America, 1815–1850

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was divided by the War and Colonial Office into four administrative departments, including

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In 1854, the Governor General of British North America, Lord Elgin, signed a significant

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and in the Islands of Newfoundland, Prince Edward, and Bermuda, &c. &c c. &c.

1511: 1457: 1390: 1082: 1058:, so Britain split off the colony of New Brunswick in 1784. Quebec was also divided into 1042: 1019: 1010:. In 1778, 200 men under Clark, supplied and supported mainly by Virginia, came down the 1007: 930: 886:, capturing it and Montreal in November 1775. They then marched on Quebec City, where an 720: 707:(which had been instead ceded to Spain), and two islands off the shores of Newfoundland ( 700: 613: 498: 448: 413: 403: 331: 60: 2766: 1814: 914: 8157: 8139: 8079: 7970: 7696: 7658: 7634: 7615: 7506: 7053: 6979: 6945: 6844: 6824: 6750: 4545: 4500: 4415: 4390: 4375: 3959: 3954: 2627: 2454: 2102: 2014: 1932: 1893: 1752: 1605: 1523: 1193: 1118: 816: 787:

in 1755 to Louisiana, but this would not be repeated in 1763. The remaining indigenous

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were under the Command of His Excellency Lieutenant-General Sir James Kempt GCB, GCH.

1526:) to draw United States forces away from the Canadian border. In 1828, His Excellency 878:

Patriot attack on northeastern Quebec: routes of the Arnold and Montgomery expeditions

783:

In the Maritimes, the British had previously expelled many of the French colonists of

8517: 8103: 7721: 7686: 7418: 7306: 7254: 7248: 7232: 7071: 7065: 7015: 6985: 6915: 4515: 4420: 4269: 4241: 4174: 3969: 3648: 3477: 3449: 3418: 3400: 3337: 3042: 2932: 2907: 2879: 2850:"World Heritage List: Historic Town of St George and Related Fortifications, Bermuda" 2718: 2576: 2519: 2492: 2465: 2398: 2371: 2348: 2291: 2151: 2139: 2064:. By 1857, Americans and British were beginning to respond to rumours of gold in the 1904: 1889: 1672: 1584: 1568: 1543: 1469: 1174: 1098: 1078: 953: 922: 854: 752: 640: 458: 371: 229: 217: 94: 3682: 2035:

Sir James Douglas, governor of the Colonies of British Columbia and Vancouver Island

1771: 944:

In Nova Scotia there was some agitation against British rule, largely instigated by

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For centuries one of the most important economic ventures in North America was the

1507: 1485: 1476: 1154: 1110: 1106: 1003: 984: 760: 672: 540: 381: 6719: 1651:, but they had much less success in Lower Canada, where they were defeated at the 1041:

In the end, the British Empire was defeated in the Revolutionary War and formally

917:, Pierre Ayotte, Antoine Paulin, Louis Gosselin, Germain Dionne, Pierre Douville, 8427: 8204: 8133: 7924: 7863: 7702: 7386: 7288: 6991: 4760: 4755: 4750: 4745: 4740: 4735: 4730: 4725: 4720: 4715: 4019: 3744: 3671: 3471: 3434: 3376: 3352: 3300: 2513: 2436: 2422: 1956: 1663:, although they still controlled the Great Lakes and defeated the British at the 1430:

River St. Lawrence and Coast of America and North America and West Indies Station

1282: 1170: 1055: 8312: 8300: 8145: 7761: 7690: 7679: 7468: 7430: 7336: 7300: 7294: 7260: 6798: 6721: 6469: 6464: 6459: 6454: 6449: 6444: 6439: 6434: 6429: 6424: 6419: 6414: 6398: 6393: 6388: 6383: 6378: 6373: 6368: 6363: 6358: 6353: 6348: 6343: 6338: 6333: 6328: 6323: 6318: 6313: 6308: 6303: 6298: 6293: 6288: 6283: 6278: 6273: 6268: 6263: 6258: 6253: 6248: 6243: 6238: 6233: 6228: 6223: 6218: 6213: 6208: 6203: 6198: 6193: 6188: 6183: 6178: 6173: 6168: 6163: 6158: 6153: 6148: 6143: 6138: 6133: 6128: 6123: 6118: 6113: 6108: 6103: 6098: 6093: 6088: 6083: 6078: 6073: 6068: 6063: 6058: 6053: 6048: 6043: 6038: 6033: 6028: 6023: 6018: 6013: 6008: 6003: 5998: 5993: 5988: 5983: 5978: 5973: 5968: 5963: 5958: 5953: 5948: 5943: 5938: 5933: 5928: 5923: 5918: 5913: 5908: 5903: 5898: 5893: 5888: 5883: 5878: 5873: 5868: 5863: 5858: 5853: 5848: 5843: 5838: 5833: 5828: 5823: 5818: 5813: 5808: 5803: 5798: 5793: 5788: 5783: 5778: 5773: 5768: 5763: 5758: 5753: 5748: 5743: 5738: 5733: 5728: 5723: 5718: 5713: 5708: 5703: 5698: 5693: 5688: 5683: 5678: 5673: 5668: 5663: 5658: 5653: 5648: 5643: 5638: 5633: 5628: 5623: 5618: 5613: 5595: 5590: 5585: 5580: 5575: 5570: 5565: 5560: 5555: 5550: 5545: 5540: 5535: 5530: 5525: 5520: 5515: 5510: 5505: 5500: 5495: 5490: 5485: 5480: 5475: 5470: 5465: 5460: 5455: 5450: 5445: 5440: 5435: 5430: 5425: 5420: 5415: 5410: 5405: 5400: 5395: 5390: 5385: 5380: 5375: 5370: 5365: 5360: 5355: 5350: 5345: 5340: 5335: 5330: 5325: 5320: 5315: 5310: 5305: 5300: 5295: 5290: 5285: 5280: 5275: 5270: 5265: 5260: 5255: 5250: 5245: 5240: 5235: 5230: 5225: 5220: 5215: 5210: 5205: 5200: 5195: 5190: 5185: 5180: 5175: 5170: 5165: 5160: 5155: 5150: 5145: 5140: 5135: 5130: 5125: 5120: 5115: 5110: 5105: 5100: 5095: 5090: 5085: 5080: 5075: 5070: 5065: 5060: 5055: 5050: 5045: 5040: 5035: 5030: 5025: 5020: 5015: 5010: 5005: 5000: 4995: 4990: 4985: 4980: 4975: 4970: 4965: 4960: 4955: 4950: 4945: 4940: 4935: 4930: 4925: 4920: 4915: 4910: 4905: 4900: 4895: 4890: 4885: 4880: 4875: 4870: 4865: 4860: 4855: 4850: 4845: 4840: 4835: 4830: 4825: 4820: 4815: 4810: 4805: 4800: 4795: 4790: 4785: 4780: 4775: 4770: 4765: 4279: 3840: 3638: 3253:

Getting it Wrong: How Canadians Forgot Their Past and Imperilled Confederation.

2546:. London: Published for the Royal Commonwealth Society by Longmans. p. 55. 2250: 1995: 1834: 1775: 1767: 1636: 1490: 1374: 1221: 1205: 1126: 1074: 1002:, the American forces had much better success there owing to the leadership of 973: 733: 617: 3435:

Canada and the American Revolution: The Disruption of the First British Empire

1923: 8542: 8353: 8173: 7354: 7238: 6678: 4626: 4131: 3944: 3296:

The Documentary History of the campaign upon the Niagara frontier. (Part 1-2)

2832:

MacMillan's Geographical Series: Elementary Geography of the British Colonies

2264: 2174: 2003: 1940: 1722: 1382: 1258: 1109:

which explored the inlets around the Pacific North West, particularly around

1094: 969: 960:(formerly Fort Beauséjour). The only major event of their resistance was the 945: 565: 109: 2573:

The Andrew and The Onions: The Story of The Royal Navy in Bermuda, 1795–1975

2227:

la seule voie qui nous soit offerte pour arriver à l'indépendance politique.

2193:

laid out the framework for uniting British colonies in North America into a

1073:

A number of Loyalists that came north after the American Revolution were of

874: 8383: 8091: 7652: 7646: 7627: 7392: 7127: 7034: 6973: 6967: 4029: 3936: 3932: 3748: 3099: 2982: 2082: 2065: 2045: 1782:, argued for a more representational form of government which they called " 1757: 1740: 1727: 1668: 1612: 1275: 1253: 1249: 1197: 1134: 1063: 1059: 1031: 980: 649: 645: 4638: 2614:

May, CMG, Royal Artillery, Lieutenant-Colonel Sir Edward Sinclair (1903).

8500: 7996: 7897: 7708: 7312: 7212: 6927: 6921: 3939: 2969:

The Quebec Almanack and British American Royal Kalendar For The Year 1828

2954:

The Quebec Almanack and British American Royal Kalendar For The Year 1828

2207: 1965: 1913: 1909: 1845: 1628: 1623: 1600: 1555: 1409: 1378: 1262: 1201: 1130: 910: 899: 815:

from the region during the French and Indian War. As they later captured

795:

had laid down arms and pledged loyalty to the British Crown. The British

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that infuriated the thirteen British colonies in what would become the

742: 609: 143: 3445:

The Chronicles of Canada: Volume IV – The Beginnings of British Canada

3396: 683: 8419: 7272: 7021: 6805: 4249: 4024: 3734: 2876:

Defence, Not Defiance: A History Of The Bermuda Volunteer Rifle Corps

2651:. Ottawa: James Hope & Co., Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. p. 29. 2515:

The Fur Trade in Canada: An Introduction to Canadian Economic History

2178: 1952: 1948: 1902:

who was responsible for implementing Durham's recommendations in the

1461: 1393:(although the Church of England continued to place Bermuda under the 1023: 863:

were divided; in some areas (notably the region between Montreal and

859: 4143: 2813:

The United Service: A Quarterly Review of Military and Naval Affairs

2031: 1639:(now Toronto). Later in the year, the Americans took control of the 1436:

at Rose Hill, St. George's. In 1813, the area of command became the

8347: 8262: 7541: 7493: 7242: 7169: 7155: 7151: 7121: 6909: 2518:(reprint ed.). Toronto, Ontario: University of Toronto Press. 1972: 1416:. Once this had been located, a base was established (initially at 1659:. The Americans were driven out of Upper Canada in 1814 after the 8256: 7589: 7549: 7142: 6899: 6858: 3578: 1381:, considered with North America prior to 1783), was grouped with 1370: 1271: 3383:

The Critical Years: The Union of British North America 1857–1873

2854:

United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization

1161:. The North West Company sought further explorations firstly by 8266: 7641: 7406: 7184: 6786: 3618: 2456:

The Nootka Connection: Europe and the Northwest Coast 1790–1795

1386: 1049:. During and after the Revolution, approximately 70,000 or 15% 983:, and raids on settlements by privateers in violation of their 784: 7767: 7489: 6961: 3556: 2952:"CIVIL LIST OF THE PROVINCE OF LOWER-CANADA 1828: GOVERNOR". 2670:. Baltimore, Maryland, USA: Johns Hopkins Press. p. 14. 1465: 1189: 965: 851:

attempted to push their insurrection into northeastern Quebec

3499:

The Quebec Gazette – first periodical in Canada – since 1764

3377:

vol 1: The Young Politician) influential scholarly biography

2571:

Stranack, Royal Navy, Lieutenant-Commander B. Ian D (1977).

2105:

began to contemplate western expansion. They questioned the

1575:; the Church of England in Bermuda, which was re-titled the 1149:

by twelve years. Shortly thereafter, Mackenzie's companion,

7318: 3268:, CHA Annual Report and Historical Papers 13 (1934), p. 25. 2715:

Bulwark Of Empire: Bermuda's Fortified Naval Base 1860–1920

1389:

in 1867, and thereafter generally with the colonies in the

69: 2020: 1169:. These men pushed into the wilderness territories of the 699:

had seen Great Britain conquer the entirety of the French

675:, initially remained outside the newly formed federation. 56: 2971:. Quebec: Neilson and Cowan, No. 3 Mountain Street. 1812. 2956:. Quebec: Neilson and Cowan, No. 3 Mountain Street. 1812. 2837:

Executive Council and a representative House of Assembly.

2690: 2613: 2367:

Histoire populaire du Québec, Tome 1, des origines à 1791

2135: 2989:. Anglican Diocese of Eastern Newfoundland and Labrador 2668:

The Dominion Partnership in Imperial Defense, 1870–1914

1951:

and the governor's control over the administration and

1022:

without loss of life. From there, part of his men took

3518:

Links related to Canada under British Imperial control

1747:"Responsible government" and the Rebellions of 1837–38 1460:

in 1907. Bermuda and Halifax, Nova Scotia, along with

1216:) and Secretary of State for War and Colonies (as the 1184:

From 1783 through 1801, the British Empire, including

1018:, marched across southern Illinois, and then captured 751:

such as allowing the French Canadians to retain their

8372: 7505:. Iraq's mandate was not enacted and replaced by the 2491:. D&M Publishers Incorporated. pp. 211–224. 1153:, founded the first permanent European settlement in 952:, migrants from Massachusetts who had settled in the 3414:

Canadian History: Beginnings to Confederation vol. 1

2570: 2240: 624:

enlarged the colony of Canada under the name of the

3365:McClelland and Stewart, 1963, the standard history 3266:

British Military Policy in the Era of Confederation

2544:

The Colonial Office in The Early Nineteenth Century

755:religion and their French system of civil law. The 3441: 3122:"1841 – The First Election after the Act of Union" 2649:Within the Empire; An Essay on Imperial Federation 2453: 1498:Beneath Prevost, the staff of the British Army in 1054:western Nova Scotia wanted political freedom from 1026:, but was soon lost to British Lieutenant Colonel 3473:Documents of the Canadian Constitution, 1759-1915 3224:Random House of Canada Limited, 2007, pp. 174–182 2830:Dawson, George M.; Sutherland, Alexander (1898). 1774:in Lower Canada. The moderate reformers, such as 1635:. The Americans invaded again in 1813, capturing 1615:warns British of an impending American attack at 1502:were under the Command of Lieutenant-General Sir 1125:led the first starting out in 1792 overland from 1085:being passed allowing for its gradual abolition. 841:Western theater of the American Revolutionary War 8540: 3410: 3035:Thompson, John Herd; Randall, Stephen J (2008). 3028: 2829: 2537: 2535: 2370:. Éditions du Septentrion, Québec. p. 270. 892:attempt against British troops at Trois-Rivières 678: 3469: 3276: 3274: 3041:. University of Georgia Press. pp. 19–24. 3038:Canada and the United States: Ambivalent Allies 3034: 2929:Fortress Malta: An Island Under Siege 1940-1943 2112: 1929:Burning of the Parliament Buildings in Montreal 4089:Areas disputed by Canada and the United States 2906:. Bermuda: The Bermuda Maritime Museum Press. 2717:. Bermuda: The Bermuda Maritime Museum Press. 2390: 1918:Legislative Assembly of the Province of Canada 1876:Report on the Affairs of British North America 1862:Report on the Affairs of British North America 1440:again, with the West Indies falling under the 1137:, reaching the Pacific ocean near present-day 8032: 6705: 4654: 4159: 3542: 3016:. Newfoundland and Labrador Heritage Web Site 2791: 2738:Harris, Dr. Edward Cecil (January 21, 2012). 2532: 2460:. Vancouver: Douglas & McIntyre. p. 1848:. They were defeated by government troops at 1809:resorted to armed resistance and planned the 1385:from 1783 until formation of the Dominion of 1088: 979:The Maritime provinces were also affected by 585: 8467:Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha 8450:South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands 8328:South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands 4094:Proposed provinces and territories of Canada 3271: 2708: 2632:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 1173:and Interior Plateau and all the way to the 4668: 3363:Upper Canada: the formative years 1784-1841 2873: 2818:attack on the American coasts and commerce. 2621:fortresses, and has a garrison of 1783 men. 2616:Principles and Problems of Imperial Defence 2600:. London: Stevens and Sons Ltd. p. 5. 2363: 1982:One noted achievement of the Union was the 1837:. On December 4, the rebels assembled near 8039: 8025: 6712: 6698: 4661: 4647: 4166: 4152: 3549: 3535: 3292: 2740:"Bermuda's role in the Sack of Washington" 2696: 2646: 2322:. Commonwealth Secretariat. Archived from 616:was a part, formally became a part of the 592: 578: 31: 3558:Former colonies and territories in Canada 3411:Taylor, Martin Brook; Doug Owram (1994). 3329: 3149:MacMillan Company of Canada, 1971, p. 7-8 2297:Former colonies and territories in Canada 2158:, the leader of powerful French Canadian 1446:North America and Lakes of Canada Station 7511:Legitimacy of territorial establishment 3350: 2478: 2434: 2134: 2030: 1922: 1756: 1721: 1712:Economic history of Canada § Timber 1604: 1399: 1045:to the new United States as part of the 873: 736:, which was expanded and renamed as the 682: 3442:Wrong, George M; H. H. Langton (1914). 3299:. University of Calgary. Archived from 2926: 2598:Responsible Government in The Dominions 2451: 2445: 2021:British colonies on the northwest coast 1855: 1671:) and battles (especially those in the 1550:) and Newfoundland was attached to the 1510:was under the immediate control of the 1311:West Coast of Africa and South Atlantic 1034:. It was later retaken by Clark in the 807:. The establishment of Halifax sparked 8541: 8496:Historical flags of the British Empire 8480:Claimed in 1908; territory formed 1985 2898: 2773:. Annapolis: Chesapeake Bay Media, LLC 2737: 2665: 2357: 1883: 909:Quebeckers living in the forts of the 830: 714: 8371: 8283: 8020: 7529: 7201: 6876: 6769: 6693: 4642: 4173: 4147: 3530: 3508: 3333:Handbook of Upper Canadian Chronology 3007: 2810: 2764: 2746:. City of Hamilton, Pembroke, Bermuda 2602:Bermuda is still an Imperial fortress 2595: 2541: 2511: 2484: 2101:By the mid-1850s, politicians in the 1450:North America and West Indies Station 857:were generally supportive of it. The 811:, which, in turn, led to the British 729:with a population of at least 70,000 8559:British colonization of the Americas 4511:Northwest Territories capital cities 2927:Holland, James (September 1, 2003). 2505: 2177:in 1864 by representatives from the 1984:Canadian–American Reciprocity Treaty 454:Northwest Territories capital cities 39:Parliament of the Province of Canada 8307:Saint Andrew and Providence Islands 7150:. British Cameroons is now part of 6611:List of governors general of Canada 3393:George-Étienne Cartier: A Biography 3354:Canada Under British Rule 1760-1905 2713:, Lieutenant-Colonel Roger (1988). 1971:The parliament of United Canada in 1560:Diocese of Newfoundland and Bermuda 1546:in Bermuda (since 1978, titled the 1287:Secretary of State for the Colonies 1240:, of which North America included: 989:Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island 845:In 1775, American revolutionaries ( 13: 8589:19th century in the British Empire 8584:18th century in the British Empire 7166:unilaterally declared independence 6861:1708–1757, 1763–1782 and 1798–1802 6616:List of prime ministers of Canada 3463: 3316: 3014:Heritage Newfoundland and Labrador 1581:extra-provincial Anglican churches 1350:New Westminster (British Columbia) 1043:ceded parts of southwestern Canada 101: 14: 8615: 8373:Antarctica and the South Atlantic 8352:Occupied by Argentina during the 8284: 7530: 3492: 2874:Ingham-Hind, Jennifer M. (1992). 2596:Keith, Arthur Berriedale (1909). 2542:Young, Douglas MacMurray (1961). 2096:united Colony of British Columbia 1444:, and in 1816 it was renamed the 1165:, starting in 1797, and later by 770: 652:Canada were joined to become the 8604:Former colonies in North America 8516: 8507: 8506: 7919:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 6672: 6661: 6660: 4620: 4608: 4607: 4125: 4113: 4112: 4084:Territorial evolution after 1867 3511: 3323:Bibliography of Canadian history 2271: 2257: 2243: 2124: 1428:, Commander-in-Chief of the new 1373:(originally administered by the 1345:North America and North Atlantic 1335:North America and North Atlantic 1299:North America and North Atlantic 1208:, then from 1801 to 1854 by the 671:, and large territories such as 559: 68: 55: 4290:Former colonies and territories 3417:. University of Toronto Press. 3330:Armstrong, Frederick H (1985). 3258: 3245: 3236: 3227: 3214: 3188: 3179: 3170: 3161: 3152: 3139: 3114: 3084: 3071: 3062: 3001: 2975: 2960: 2945: 2920: 2892: 2867: 2842: 2823: 2804: 2785: 2765:Grove, Tim (January 22, 2021). 2758: 2731: 2702: 2678: 2666:Gordon, Donald Craigie (1965). 2659: 2640: 2607: 2589: 2564: 2550: 2435:Blackmar, Frank Wilson (1891). 2203:Reform movement of Upper Canada 1761:The Papineau Rebellion of 1837. 1705: 1456:was finally transferred to the 1420:before the construction of the 1177:on the Pacific Coast expanding 995:were subjected to these raids. 8415:Australian Antarctic Territory 7271:since 1965 (before as part of 7268:British Indian Ocean Territory 7154:, while Tanganyika is part of 6785:since 1960 (before as part of 3357:. The Project Gutenberg eBook. 2794:Blackwood's Edinburgh Magazine 2428: 2425:, in The Canadian Encyclopedia 2405: 2384: 2341: 2308: 1977:set on fire by a mob of Tories 1594: 1512:Lieutenant-Governor of Bermuda 1: 3470:Kennedy, W.P.M., ed. (1918). 3222:John A.: the Man Who Made Us, 2878:. Bermuda: The Island Press. 2441:. Hopkins Press. p. 335. 2364:Lacoursière, Jacques (1995). 2302: 1898:Lord Durham was succeeded by 1579:in 1978, is today one of six 1454:Royal Naval Dockyard, Halifax 1424:) in 1794, when Vice Admiral 1422:Royal Naval Dockyard, Bermuda 1220:was renamed). From 1824, the 933:'s last French governor, the 884:laid siege to Fort Saint-Jean 679:New France under British rule 51: 6726:British Overseas Territories 6621:Population of Canada by year 4265:Crown and Indigenous peoples 3990:British Columbia (1866–1871) 3985:British Columbia (1858–1866) 3375:(2 vols, Toronto, 1952–55), 3293:Cruikshank, Ernest (2006) . 2113:Trade with the United States 1916:, both with 42 seats in the 1678: 1369:The Atlantic archipelago of 929:, the French-born nephew of 7: 8549:History of Canada by period 8442:British Antarctic Territory 8152:Western Pacific Territories 8046: 3147:British Columbia: a History 2647:MacFarlane, Thomas (1891). 2421:September 27, 2007, at the 2236: 2027:History of British Columbia 1633:Battle of Queenston Heights 1200:), was administered by the 927:Louis-Philippe de Vaudreuil 10: 8620: 8180:Gilbert and Ellice Islands 7597:British Arctic Territories 6877: 6770: 3897:British Arctic Territories 3320: 3286: 2128: 2092:Colony of Vancouver Island 2024: 1887: 1871:Governor General of Canada 1859: 1780:Louis-Hippolyte Lafontaine 1750: 1715: 1709: 1682: 1598: 1577:Anglican Church of Bermuda 1562:, with the shared Bishop ( 1548:Anglican Church of Bermuda 1218:Secretary of State for War 1147:Lewis and Clark Expedition 1089:Post-American Independence 1068:Constitutional Act of 1791 834: 718: 622:Royal Proclamation of 1763 115:The Death of General Wolfe 8491: 8460: 8420:Commonwealth of Australia 8378: 8367: 8338: 8290: 8279: 8245: 8052: 8016: 7822:Newfoundland and Labrador 7536: 7525: 7503:League of Nations mandate 7484: 7208: 7197: 7178:Lancaster House Agreement 7148:League of Nations mandate 7137: 6883: 6872: 6776: 6765: 6732: 6655: 6634: 6606:List of Canadian monarchs 6598: 6478: 6407: 5604: 4676: 4602: 4571: 4451: 4401:Newfoundland and Labrador 4364: 4240: 4181: 4107: 4076: 4053: 3872: 3849: 3828: 3805: 3772: 3720: 3597: 3564: 3524: 3448:. Fireship Press (2009). 3429:; Guide to historiography 3351:Bourinot, John G (1900). 2512:Innis, Harold A (2001) . 2183:conference in Quebec City 1986:of 1855 which sanctioned 1718:Ottawa River timber trade 1573:Anglican Church of Canada 1528:George, Earl of Dalhousie 962:Battle of Fort Cumberland 837:Invasion of Quebec (1775) 709:Saint-Pierre and Miquelon 654:United Province of Canada 612:, of which the colony of 342:Newfoundland and Labrador 64: 54: 46: 30: 25: 20: 8564:Pre-Confederation Canada 7950:Turks and Caicos Islands 7257:(protectorate) 1907–1949 7202: 6829:(integrated into the UK) 3068:Gilman (1992), p. 72–74. 2205:and the French-Canadian 2144:prime minister of Canada 2000:Webster–Ashburton Treaty 1770:in Upper Canada and the 1685:North American fur trade 1665:Battle of Lake Champlain 1657:Battle of Crysler's Farm 1589:Archbishop of Canterbury 1506:. Below Sherbrooke, the 1481:Royal Garrison Battalion 1434:Admiralty House, Bermuda 1285:and War Office, and the 1234:Mediterranean and Africa 1115:North American fur trade 987:. In notable instances, 939:Battle of the Chesapeake 888:attempt to take the city 765:United States of America 8233:1919–1942 and 1945–1968 8058:18th and 19th centuries 7874:Queen Charlotte Islands 7834:North-Western Territory 7806:1665–1674 and 1702–1776 7409:1781–1784 and 1795–1819 7074:1923–1965 and 1979–1980 6757:Commonwealth of Nations 4670:List of years in Canada 4254:Persons of significance 4000:North-Western Territory 3975:Queen Charlotte Islands 3010:"The Church of England" 2904:Bermuda Forts 1612–1957 2771:Chesapeake Bay Magazine 2452:Pethick, Derek (1980). 2391:George W. Geib (1987). 2199:United States Civil War 2187:Seventy-Two Resolutions 2074:Fraser Canyon Gold Rush 1535:Beneath Dalhousie, the 1337:included the following 1214:War and Colonial Office 1123:Sir Alexander Mackenzie 1051:United Empire Loyalists 1036:Siege of Fort Vincennes 689:Treaty of Fontainebleau 631:Constitutional Act 1791 8579:19th century in Canada 8574:18th century in Canada 8569:Canadian Confederation 7983:West Indies Federation 7172:) and continued as an 6755:Current member of the 4285:Events of significance 2412:James W. St. G. Walker 2191:1864 Quebec Conference 2156:George-Étienne Cartier 2147: 2131:Canadian Confederation 2070:Yale, British Columbia 2036: 1936: 1826:Upper Canada Rebellion 1811:Lower Canada Rebellion 1803:Ninety-Two Resolutions 1792:William Lyon Mackenzie 1784:responsible government 1762: 1731: 1661:Battle of Lundy's Lane 1619: 1405: 1395:Bishop of Newfoundland 1383:the Maritime provinces 1192:, which was under the 993:Lunenburg, Nova Scotia 879: 813:expelling the Acadians 809:Father Le Loutre's War 777:colony of Newfoundland 695:In North America, the 692: 106: 66:Post-Confederation era 8554:British North America 7905:Saint Kitts and Nevis 7176:state until the 1979 6782:Akrotiri and Dhekelia 4406:Northwest Territories 4351:Territorial evolution 2485:Hayes, Derek (2009). 2279:British Empire portal 2138: 2034: 1926: 1796:Louis-Joseph Papineau 1760: 1725: 1683:Further information: 1653:Battle of Châteauguay 1608: 1564:Aubrey George Spencer 1520:Burning of Washington 1504:John Coape Sherbrooke 1438:North America Station 1403: 1362:Kingston, Canada West 1186:British North America 1179:British North America 904:2nd Canadian Regiment 896:1st Canadian Regiment 877: 801:Nova Scotia peninsula 686: 661:British North America 352:Northwest Territories 295:Territorial evolution 105: 8433:Realm of New Zealand 8431:(transferred to the 8418:(transferred to the 8251:Realm of New Zealand 7852:Prince Edward Island 7730:1671–1816, 1833–1960 4426:Prince Edward Island 4099:Population of Canada 3950:Prince Edward Island 3145:Margaret A. Ormsby, 3077:Phillip A. Buckner, 3008:Piper, Liza (2000). 2767:"Fighting The Power" 2107:Hudson's Bay Company 2044:had himself visited 1856:Lord Durham's report 1831:Bank of Upper Canada 1726:Timber booms on the 1649:Battle of the Thames 1622:In the War of 1812, 1468:would be designated 1267:Prince Edward Island 1016:Louisville, Kentucky 935:Marquis de Vaudreuil 825:New England Planters 821:Prince Edward Island 793:Wabanaki Confederacy 606:1763 Treaty of Paris 367:Prince Edward Island 21:British colonial era 8464:Since 2009 part of 8356:of April–June 1982. 7943:Trinidad and Tobago 7557:Antigua and Barbuda 7457:Straits Settlements 4341:Population history 4312:Chinese immigration 3892:Newfoundland (1583) 3371:Creighton, Donald. 3200:PrimaryDocuments.ca 2685:The Quebec Almanack 2329:on October 12, 2007 2050:Alexander Mackenzie 1884:Act of Union (1840) 1839:Montgomery's Tavern 1645:Battle of Lake Erie 1470:Imperial fortresses 1458:Royal Canadian Navy 1432:, set up the first 1391:British West Indies 1319:Egypt and The Sudan 1145:which preceded the 1083:Act Against Slavery 1030:, the commander at 1008:George Rogers Clark 1000:southwestern Quebec 976:for several years. 831:American Revolution 721:Canada (New France) 715:St. Lawrence valley 61:French colonial era 7616:Cape Breton Island 7507:Anglo-Iraqi Treaty 7349:Unfederated States 7164:Southern Rhodesia 6751:Commonwealth realm 6480:Canadian electoral 5605:Post-Confederation 4686:Prehistory to 1 BC 4677:Pre-Confederation 3923:Nova Scotia (1710) 3787:Nova Scotia (1621) 3589:L'Anse aux Meadows 3432:Wrong, George M. 3391:Sweeny, Alastair. 3102:on August 23, 2017 2148: 2103:Province of Canada 2037: 2015:Battle of Ridgeway 1937: 1894:Province of Canada 1763: 1753:Rebellions of 1837 1732: 1620: 1524:Raid on Port Dover 1406: 1295:Dominion of Canada 1212:(which became the 1194:East India Company 1119:North West Company 880: 817:Cape Breton Island 797:Conquest of Acadia 759:became one of the 738:Province of Quebec 727:St. Lawrence River 693: 626:Province of Quebec 604:Starting with the 107: 8536: 8535: 8530: 8529: 8487: 8486: 8363: 8362: 8295:Providence Island 8275: 8274: 8240: 8239: 8108:Western Australia 8076:Van Diemen's Land 8012: 8011: 7989:Associated States 7687:Columbia District 7521: 7520: 7375:Manila and Cavite 7193: 7192: 7072:Southern Rhodesia 7066:South-West Africa 7016:Northern Rhodesia 6928:Cape of Good Hope 6868: 6867: 6745:Current territory 6687: 6686: 6679:Canada portal 4636: 4635: 4627:Canada portal 4197:18000 BCE–1500 CE 4175:History of Canada 4141: 4140: 4132:Canada portal 3970:Columbia District 3797:Port Royal Colony 3764:Pacific Northwest 3574:Named territories 3373:John A. Macdonald 3336:. Dundurn Press. 3242:Gwyn, pp. 323–324 3048:978-0-8203-2403-6 2900:Harris, Edward C. 2744:The Royal Gazette 2525:978-0-8020-8196-4 2498:978-1-926706-59-7 2471:978-0-88894-279-1 2401:. pp. 42–44. 2399:Butler University 2316:"Canada: History" 2292:History of Canada 2231:Morning Chronicle 2152:John A. Macdonald 2142:became the first 2140:John A. Macdonald 1992:Rush–Bagot Treaty 1905:Act of Union 1840 1890:Act of Union 1840 1673:Niagara Peninsula 1585:Church of England 1569:Bishop of Bermuda 1544:Church of England 1426:Sir George Murray 1175:Strait of Georgia 1099:Nootka Convention 985:letters of marque 954:Chignecto Isthmus 923:Siege of Yorktown 855:Thirteen Colonies 641:Act of Union 1840 628:, which with the 602: 601: 566:Canada portal 95:History of Canada 80: 79: 76: 75: 41:in Montreal, 1848 8611: 8520: 8510: 8509: 8475:Antarctic Treaty 8436: 8423: 8408:Falkland Islands 8400:Tristan da Cunha 8392:Ascension Island 8369: 8368: 8320:Falkland Islands 8281: 8280: 8249:Now part of the 8121:Pitcairn Islands 8086:Auckland Islands 8055: 8054: 8041: 8034: 8027: 8018: 8017: 8003:Windward Islands 7957:Vancouver Island 7734:MassachusettsBay 7603:British Columbia 7527: 7526: 7343:Federated States 7199: 7198: 7109:Tristan da Cunha 7078:Southern Nigeria 7010:Northern Nigeria 6889:Ascension Island 6874: 6873: 6830: 6767: 6766: 6741:Former territory 6738: 6714: 6707: 6700: 6691: 6690: 6677: 6676: 6675: 6664: 6663: 4663: 4656: 4649: 4640: 4639: 4625: 4624: 4623: 4611: 4610: 4562:Name etymologies 4442:Name etymologies 4381:British Columbia 4296:Heritage Minutes 4168: 4161: 4154: 4145: 4144: 4130: 4129: 4128: 4116: 4115: 4068:Sverdrup Islands 4064: 4016: 3980:Vancouver Island 3888: 3860: 3837: 3816: 3793: 3783: 3755: 3741: 3731: 3664: 3608: 3585: 3575: 3551: 3544: 3537: 3528: 3527: 3519: 3516: 3515: 3514: 3506: 3505: 3487: 3459: 3428: 3395:(Toronto, 1976) 3385:(Toronto, 1964) 3361:Craig, Gerald M 3358: 3347: 3312: 3310: 3308: 3281: 3278: 3269: 3262: 3256: 3249: 3243: 3240: 3234: 3231: 3225: 3218: 3212: 3211: 3209: 3207: 3192: 3186: 3183: 3177: 3174: 3168: 3165: 3159: 3156: 3150: 3143: 3137: 3136: 3134: 3132: 3118: 3112: 3111: 3109: 3107: 3098:. Archived from 3088: 3082: 3075: 3069: 3066: 3060: 3059: 3057: 3055: 3032: 3026: 3025: 3023: 3021: 3005: 2999: 2998: 2996: 2994: 2987:Anglican East NL 2979: 2973: 2972: 2964: 2958: 2957: 2949: 2943: 2942: 2924: 2918: 2917: 2896: 2890: 2889: 2871: 2865: 2864: 2862: 2860: 2846: 2840: 2839: 2827: 2821: 2820: 2808: 2802: 2801: 2789: 2783: 2782: 2780: 2778: 2762: 2756: 2755: 2753: 2751: 2735: 2729: 2728: 2706: 2700: 2694: 2688: 2682: 2676: 2675: 2663: 2657: 2656: 2644: 2638: 2637: 2631: 2623: 2611: 2605: 2604: 2593: 2587: 2586: 2568: 2562: 2561: 2554: 2548: 2547: 2539: 2530: 2529: 2509: 2503: 2502: 2482: 2476: 2475: 2459: 2449: 2443: 2442: 2432: 2426: 2409: 2403: 2402: 2388: 2382: 2381: 2361: 2355: 2345: 2339: 2338: 2336: 2334: 2328: 2320:Country Profiles 2312: 2287:Heritage Minutes 2281: 2276: 2275: 2274: 2267: 2262: 2261: 2260: 2253: 2248: 2247: 2246: 2087:British Columbia 2055:George Vancouver 1945:Charles Metcalfe 1815:Frères chasseurs 1736:Saint John River 1587:overseen by the 1542:The established 1514:, Major-General 1508:Bermuda Garrison 1486:Bermuda Garrison 1414:Hamilton Harbour 1375:Virginia Company 1341:(or garrisons): 1238:Eastern Colonies 1196:, and later the 1155:British Columbia 1111:Vancouver Island 1107:George Vancouver 1103:naval expedition 1004:Virginia militia 915:Clément Gosselin 869:James Livingston 799:(which included 761:Intolerable Acts 701:colony of Canada 697:Seven Years' War 669:British Columbia 634:became known as 594: 587: 580: 564: 563: 562: 505:Name etymologies 327:British Columbia 177: 139:Pre-colonization 82: 81: 72: 59: 52: 35: 18: 17: 8619: 8618: 8614: 8613: 8612: 8610: 8609: 8608: 8599:1860s in Canada 8594:1760s in Canada 8539: 8538: 8537: 8532: 8531: 8526: 8483: 8456: 8430: 8428:Ross Dependency 8417: 8374: 8359: 8334: 8286: 8271: 8241: 8236: 8192: 8187:Solomon Islands 8134:North Australia 8114:South Australia 8070:New South Wales 8048: 8045: 8008: 7728:Leeward Islands 7532: 7517: 7480: 7387:Muscat and Oman 7204: 7189: 7133: 6879: 6864: 6828: 6772: 6761: 6736: 6728: 6718: 6688: 6683: 6673: 6671: 6651: 6630: 6594: 6481: 6474: 6403: 5606: 5600: 4679:Prehistory–1866 4678: 4672: 4667: 4637: 4632: 4621: 4619: 4598: 4567: 4447: 4368:and territories 4367: 4360: 4236: 4185: 4177: 4172: 4142: 4137: 4126: 4124: 4103: 4072: 4062: 4049: 4015:Important sites 4014: 3886: 3877: 3868: 3858: 3845: 3835: 3824: 3820:Russian America 3814: 3801: 3791: 3781: 3768: 3753: 3745:Fort San Miguel 3740:Important sites 3739: 3729: 3716: 3672:Annapolis Royal 3663:Important sites 3662: 3606: 3593: 3583: 3573: 3560: 3555: 3520: 3517: 3512: 3510: 3503: 3495: 3484: 3466: 3464:Primary sources 3456: 3425: 3344: 3325: 3319: 3317:Further reading 3306: 3304: 3303:on May 27, 2011 3289: 3284: 3279: 3272: 3263: 3259: 3250: 3246: 3241: 3237: 3232: 3228: 3219: 3215: 3205: 3203: 3194: 3193: 3189: 3184: 3180: 3175: 3171: 3166: 3162: 3158:Ormsby, pp 9–11 3157: 3153: 3144: 3140: 3130: 3128: 3120: 3119: 3115: 3105: 3103: 3096:slmc.uottawa.ca 3090: 3089: 3085: 3076: 3072: 3067: 3063: 3053: 3051: 3049: 3033: 3029: 3019: 3017: 3006: 3002: 2992: 2990: 2981: 2980: 2976: 2966: 2965: 2961: 2951: 2950: 2946: 2939: 2925: 2921: 2914: 2897: 2893: 2886: 2872: 2868: 2858: 2856: 2848: 2847: 2843: 2828: 2824: 2809: 2805: 2790: 2786: 2776: 2774: 2763: 2759: 2749: 2747: 2736: 2732: 2725: 2707: 2703: 2697:Cruikshank 2006 2695: 2691: 2683: 2679: 2664: 2660: 2645: 2641: 2625: 2624: 2612: 2608: 2594: 2590: 2583: 2569: 2565: 2556: 2555: 2551: 2540: 2533: 2526: 2510: 2506: 2499: 2483: 2479: 2472: 2450: 2446: 2433: 2429: 2423:Wayback Machine 2410: 2406: 2389: 2385: 2378: 2362: 2358: 2346: 2342: 2332: 2330: 2326: 2314: 2313: 2309: 2305: 2277: 2272: 2270: 2263: 2258: 2256: 2249: 2244: 2242: 2239: 2133: 2127: 2119:trade agreement 2115: 2072:, sparking the 2029: 2023: 1957:Colonial Office 1896: 1888:Main articles: 1886: 1864: 1858: 1755: 1749: 1730:, Canada, 1872. 1720: 1714: 1708: 1687: 1681: 1603: 1597: 1516:George Horsford 1475:A British Army 1442:Jamaica Station 1283:Colonial Office 1171:Rocky Mountains 1091: 1075:African descent 1047:Treaty of Paris 972:from a base in 958:Fort Cumberland 843: 833: 773: 734:Roman Catholics 723: 717: 681: 598: 560: 558: 551: 550: 521: 513: 512: 511: 510: 397: 387: 386: 317: 307: 306: 245:Former colonies 220: 210: 209: 190: 182: 181: 175: 134: 119: 118: 50: 42: 12: 11: 5: 8617: 8607: 8606: 8601: 8596: 8591: 8586: 8581: 8576: 8571: 8566: 8561: 8556: 8551: 8534: 8533: 8528: 8527: 8525: 8524: 8514: 8504: 8498: 8492: 8489: 8488: 8485: 8484: 8482: 8481: 8478: 8471: 8461: 8458: 8457: 8455: 8454: 8446: 8438: 8425: 8412: 8404: 8396: 8388: 8379: 8376: 8375: 8365: 8364: 8361: 8360: 8358: 8357: 8350: 8339: 8336: 8335: 8333: 8332: 8324: 8316: 8310: 8304: 8301:Willoughbyland 8298: 8291: 8288: 8287: 8277: 8276: 8273: 8272: 8270: 8269: 8259: 8253: 8246: 8243: 8242: 8238: 8237: 8235: 8234: 8228: 8222: 8215: 8208: 8202: 8195: 8193: 8191: 8190: 8183: 8177: 8171: 8161: 8155: 8149: 8143: 8137: 8131: 8125: 8117: 8111: 8101: 8095: 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7298: 7292: 7286: 7280: 7264: 7258: 7252: 7246: 7236: 7230: 7229: 7228: 7216: 7209: 7206: 7205: 7195: 7194: 7191: 7190: 7188: 7187: 7181: 7162:Self-governing 7159: 7145: 7138: 7135: 7134: 7132: 7131: 7125: 7119: 7113: 7105: 7099: 7093: 7087: 7081: 7075: 7069: 7063: 7057: 7051: 7045: 7039: 7031: 7025: 7019: 7013: 7007: 7001: 6995: 6989: 6983: 6977: 6971: 6965: 6955: 6949: 6943: 6937: 6934:Central Africa 6931: 6925: 6919: 6913: 6903: 6893: 6884: 6881: 6880: 6870: 6869: 6866: 6865: 6863: 6862: 6856: 6855: 6854: 6848: 6839: 6838: 6837: 6822: 6819:Ionian Islands 6816: 6810: 6802: 6796: 6790: 6777: 6774: 6773: 6763: 6762: 6760: 6759: 6753: 6747: 6742: 6739: 6733: 6730: 6729: 6722:British Empire 6717: 6716: 6709: 6702: 6694: 6685: 6684: 6682: 6681: 6669: 6656: 6653: 6652: 6650: 6649: 6647:Historiography 6644: 6638: 6636: 6632: 6631: 6629: 6628: 6623: 6618: 6613: 6608: 6602: 6600: 6596: 6595: 6593: 6592: 6587: 6582: 6577: 6572: 6567: 6562: 6557: 6552: 6547: 6542: 6537: 6532: 6527: 6522: 6517: 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links 3491: 3490: 3489: 3482: 3465: 3462: 3461: 3460: 3454: 3439: 3430: 3423: 3408: 3389: 3381:Morton, W. 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June 5, 1854 3187: 3185:Ormsby, p. 148 3178: 3176:Ormsby, p. 130 3169: 3160: 3151: 3138: 3113: 3083: 3070: 3061: 3047: 3027: 3000: 2974: 2959: 2944: 2937: 2919: 2912: 2891: 2884: 2866: 2841: 2822: 2803: 2784: 2757: 2730: 2723: 2701: 2699:, p. 402. 2689: 2677: 2658: 2639: 2606: 2588: 2581: 2563: 2549: 2531: 2524: 2504: 2497: 2477: 2470: 2444: 2427: 2404: 2383: 2376: 2356: 2340: 2306: 2304: 2301: 2300: 2299: 2294: 2289: 2283: 2282: 2268: 2254: 2251:History portal 2238: 2235: 2173:being held in 2129:Main article: 2126: 2123: 2114: 2111: 2025:Main article: 2022: 2019: 1996:Treaty of 1818 1931: – 1849, 1885: 1882: 1869:was appointed 1860:Main article: 1857: 1854: 1835:Canada Company 1776:Robert Baldwin 1772:Château Clique 1768:Family Compact 1751:Main article: 1748: 1745: 1710:Main article: 1707: 1704: 1680: 1677: 1599:Main article: 1596: 1593: 1491:George Prevost 1367: 1366: 1363: 1360: 1357: 1354: 1351: 1279: 1278: 1269: 1256: 1222:British Empire 1206:Home Secretary 1163:David Thompson 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4394: 4392: 4389: 4387: 4384: 4382: 4379: 4377: 4374: 4373: 4371: 4369: 4363: 4357: 4354: 4352: 4349: 4347: 4344: 4342: 4339: 4337: 4334: 4330: 4327: 4325: 4322: 4321: 4320: 4317: 4313: 4310: 4309: 4308: 4305: 4303: 4300: 4298: 4297: 4293: 4291: 4288: 4286: 4283: 4281: 4278: 4276: 4273: 4271: 4268: 4266: 4263: 4261: 4258: 4255: 4251: 4248: 4247: 4245: 4243: 4239: 4233: 4230: 4228: 4225: 4223: 4220: 4218: 4215: 4213: 4210: 4208: 4205: 4203: 4200: 4198: 4195: 4194: 4192: 4189: 4184: 4180: 4176: 4169: 4164: 4162: 4157: 4155: 4150: 4149: 4146: 4134: 4133: 4122: 4120: 4119: 4110: 4109: 4106: 4100: 4097: 4095: 4092: 4090: 4087: 4085: 4082: 4081: 4079: 4075: 4069: 4066: 4061: 4060: 4058: 4056: 4052: 4046: 4043: 4041: 4038: 4036: 4033: 4031: 4028: 4026: 4025:Avalon (1620) 4023: 4021: 4018: 4013: 4011: 4008: 4005: 4001: 3998: 3996: 3993: 3991: 3988: 3986: 3983: 3981: 3978: 3976: 3973: 3971: 3968: 3966: 3965:New Caledonia 3963: 3961: 3960:United Canada 3958: 3956: 3953: 3951: 3948: 3946: 3945:New Brunswick 3943: 3941: 3938: 3934: 3931: 3929: 3926: 3924: 3921: 3919: 3918:Rupert's Land 3916: 3914: 3913:New Yorkshire 3911: 3909: 3906: 3903: 3900: 3898: 3895: 3893: 3890: 3885: 3884: 3882: 3880: 3875: 3871: 3865: 3862: 3857: 3856: 3854: 3852: 3848: 3842: 3839: 3834: 3833: 3831: 3827: 3821: 3818: 3813: 3812: 3810: 3808: 3804: 3798: 3795: 3790: 3788: 3785: 3780: 3779: 3777: 3775: 3771: 3765: 3762: 3760: 3757: 3752: 3750: 3746: 3743: 3738: 3736: 3733: 3728: 3727: 3725: 3723: 3719: 3713: 3712: 3711:List of forts 3708: 3706: 3705: 3704:List of towns 3701: 3699: 3696: 3694: 3691: 3689: 3686: 3684: 3681: 3679: 3676: 3673: 3669: 3666: 3661: 3660: 3655: 3652: 3650: 3647: 3645: 3642: 3640: 3637: 3635: 3632: 3630: 3627: 3625: 3622: 3620: 3617: 3616: 3615: 3614: 3610: 3605: 3604: 3602: 3600: 3596: 3590: 3587: 3582: 3580: 3577: 3572: 3571: 3569: 3567: 3563: 3559: 3552: 3547: 3545: 3540: 3538: 3533: 3532: 3529: 3523: 3507: 3500: 3497: 3496: 3485: 3483:9780722267325 3479: 3476:. Oxford UP. 3475: 3474: 3468: 3467: 3457: 3455:1-934757-47-0 3451: 3447: 3446: 3440: 3437: 3436: 3431: 3426: 3424:0-8020-5016-6 3420: 3416: 3415: 3409: 3406: 3405:0-7710-8363-7 3402: 3398: 3394: 3390: 3388: 3384: 3380: 3378: 3374: 3370: 3368: 3364: 3360: 3356: 3355: 3349: 3345: 3343:0-919670-92-X 3339: 3335: 3334: 3328: 3327: 3324: 3302: 3298: 3297: 3291: 3290: 3277: 3275: 3267: 3264:Stacey, C.P. 3261: 3254: 3251:Paul Romney, 3248: 3239: 3230: 3223: 3217: 3201: 3197: 3191: 3182: 3173: 3167:Ormsby, p. 89 3164: 3155: 3148: 3142: 3127: 3123: 3117: 3101: 3097: 3093: 3087: 3080: 3074: 3065: 3050: 3044: 3040: 3039: 3031: 3015: 3011: 3004: 2988: 2984: 2983:"Our History" 2978: 2970: 2963: 2955: 2948: 2940: 2938:9781401351861 2934: 2930: 2923: 2915: 2913:9780921560111 2909: 2905: 2901: 2895: 2887: 2881: 2877: 2870: 2855: 2851: 2845: 2838: 2833: 2826: 2819: 2814: 2807: 2800: 2795: 2788: 2772: 2768: 2761: 2745: 2741: 2734: 2726: 2724:9780921560005 2720: 2716: 2712: 2705: 2698: 2693: 2686: 2681: 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127:Timeline 87:a series 85:Part of 8503:culture 8257:Vanuatu 8047:Oceania 7722:Jamaica 7715:Georgia 7635:Grenada 7590:Bermuda 7564:Bahamas 7550:Antigua 7431:Sarawak 7143:Namibia 7004:Nigeria 6980:Madeira 6900:Lesotho 6859:Minorca 6825:Ireland 6793:Corsica 6720:Former 6599:Related 4594:Surveys 4546:Toronto 4501:Moncton 4496:Markham 4481:Halifax 4416:Nunavut 4391:Ontario 4376:Alberta 4077:Related 4035:Halifax 3879:British 3874:English 3807:Russian 3722:Spanish 3579:Vinland 3488:; 707pp 3307:May 11, 3287:Sources 3206:May 24, 2687:, 1815. 2654:Lucia). 1850:Windsor 1631:at the 1452:. The 1371:Bermuda 1365:Bermuda 1359:Halifax 1293:of the 1272:Bermuda 1105:led by 1056:Halifax 1006:leader 974:Machias 805:Halifax 789:Mi'kmaq 745:of 1774 546:Surveys 541:Studies 489:Toronto 444:Moncton 439:Markham 424:Halifax 362:Ontario 347:Nunavut 322:Alberta 176:present 8522:Portal 8342:Now a 8313:Guiana 8267:Tuvalu 7870:Quebec 7642:Canada 7583:Belize 7475:Weihai 7419:Penang 7407:Padang 7337:Malaya 7331:Labuan 7325:Kuwait 7301:Cyprus 7295:Ceylon 7289:Brunei 7261:Borneo 7255:Bhutan 7249:Bengal 7185:Zambia 7116:Uganda 6878:Africa 6851:Colony 6841:Malta 6799:Cyprus 6787:Cyprus 6771:Europe 6737:Legend 6408:Quebec 4531:Regina 4516:Ottawa 4453:Cities 4421:Quebec 4346:Sports 4242:Topics 4063:Claims 3940:Canada 3928:Quebec 3887:Claims 3859:Claims 3851:Danish 3836:Claims 3815:Claims 3782:Claims 3730:Claims 3678:Quebec 3634:Canada 3619:Acadia 3607:Claims 3599:French 3584:Sites: 3480: 3452: 3438:(1935) 3421: 3403: 3387:online 3367:online 3340: 3045: 2935: 2910: 2882: 2721: 2579: 2522: 2495: 2468: 2374: 2351: 2208:rouges 2185:. 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Knowledge

History of Canada (1763–1867)

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