Illegal drug trade

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domestic producers who would otherwise resort to exporting illicit drugs. Additionally, extensive free trade among states increases cross-border drug enforcement and coordination between law enforcement agencies in different countries. However, free trade also increases the sheer volume of legal cross-border trade and provides cover for drug smuggling—by providing ample opportunity to conceal illicit cargo in legal trade. While international free trade continues to expand the volume of legal trade, the ability to detect and interdict drug trafficking is severely diminished. Towards the late 1990s, the top ten seaports in the world processed 33.6 million containers. Free trade has fostered integration of financial markets and has provided drug traffickers with more opportunities to launder money and invest in other activities. This strengthens the drug industry while weakening the efforts of law enforcement to monitor the flow of drug money into the legitimate economy. Cooperation among cartels expands their scope to distant markets and strengthens their abilities to evade detection by local law enforcement. Additionally, criminal organizations work together to coordinate money-laundering activities by having separate organizations handle specific stages of laundering process. One organization structures the process of how financial transactions will be laundered, while another criminal group provides the "dirty" money to be cleaned. By fostering expansion of trade and global transportation networks, free trade encourages cooperation and formation of alliances among criminal organizations across different countries. The drug trade in Latin America emerged in the early 1930s. It saw significant growth in the Andean countries, including Peru, Bolivia, Chile, Ecuador, Colombia and Venezuela. The underground market in the early half of the 20th century mainly had ties to Europe. After World War II, the Andean countries saw an expansion of trade, specifically with cocaine.

1982: 967: 1337: 1135:(PAN). Chaos again emerged as elected government in Mexico changed drastically. As the PAN party took control, drug cartel leaders took advantage of the ensuing confusion and used their existing influence to further gain power. Instead of negotiating with the central government as was done with the PRI party, drug cartels utilized new ways to distribute their supply and continued operating through force and intimidation. As Mexico became more democratized, the corruption fell from a centralized power to the local authorities. Cartels began to bribe local authorities, thus eliminating the structure and rules placed by the government—giving cartels more freedom. As a response, Mexico saw an increase in violence caused by drug trafficking. 1891: 1435:

activity of Caribbean cartels that led to the rise of an alternate route of smuggling through Mexico. This led to the increased collaboration between major Colombian and Mexican drug traffickers. Such drastic changes in the execution of drug trade in Colombia paired with the political instabilities and rise of drug wars in Medellin and Cali, gave way for the rise of the smaller Colombian drug trafficking organizations (and the rise of heroin trade). As the drug trade's influence over the economy increased, drug lords and their networks grew in their power and influence in society. The occurrences in drug-related violence increased during this time period as drug lords fought to maintain their control in the economy.

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bankers, police, etc.). As these smaller Colombian drug cartels grew in prevalence, several notable aspects of the Colombian society gave way for further development of the Colombian drug industry. For example, until the late 1980s, the long-term effects of the drug industry were not realized by much of society. Additionally, there was a lack of regulation in prisons where captured traffickers were sent. These prisons were under-regulated, under-funded, and under-staffed, which allowed for the formation of prison gangs, for the smuggling of arms/weapons/etc., for feasible escapes, and even for captured drug lords to continue running their businesses from prison.

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traffickers and gangs increased the growth of the drug industry. Toleration of drug trafficking has undermined the authority of the Mexican government and has decreased the power of law enforcement officers in regulation over such activities. These policies of tolerance fostered the growing power of drug cartels in the Mexican economy and have made drug traders wealthier. Many states in Mexico lack policies that establish stability in governance. There also is a lack of local stability, as mayors cannot be re-elected. This requires electing a new mayor each term. Drug gangs have manipulated this, using vacuums in local leadership to their own advantage.

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GNP rose throughout the 1990s ($ 68.5bn in 1994 and $ 96.3bn in 1997), illegal drug values began to comprise a decreasing fraction of the national economy. By the early 1990s, although Colombia led in the exportation of cocaine, it found increasing confrontations within its state. These confrontations were primarily between cartels and government institutions. This led to a decrease in the drug trade's contribution to the GDP of Colombia; dropping from 5.5% to 2.6%. Though a contributor of wealth, the distribution of cocaine has had negative effects on the socio-political situation of Colombia and has weakened its economy as well.

351: 1048: 750:, who oversaw 100 such gangs for approximately $ 500,000 in monthly income. Another $ 5,000 monthly was paid for cocaine, and $ 4,000 for other non-wage expenses. J.T. took $ 8,500 monthly for his own salary. The remaining $ 9,500 monthly went to pay the employees a $ 7 per hour wage for officers and a $ 3.30 per hour wage for foot soldiers. Contrary to a popular image of drug sales as a lucrative profession, many of the employees were living with their mothers by necessity. Despite this, the gang had four times as many unpaid members who dreamed of becoming foot soldiers. 677: 1802:, the price of heroin is typically valued 8 to 10 times that of cocaine on American streets, making it a high-profit substance for smugglers and dealers. In Europe (except the transit countries Portugal and the Netherlands), for example, a purported gram of street heroin, usually consisting of 700–800 mg of a light to dark brown powder containing 5–10% heroin base, costs €30–70, making the effective value per gram of pure heroin €300–700. Heroin is generally a preferred product for smuggling and distribution—over unrefined opium due to the cost-effectiveness and increased 46: 3391: 1906:(2,788) and Illinois (1,058) than in California (764). In 2003, methamphetamine lab incidents reached new highs in Georgia (250), Minnesota (309), and Texas (677). There were only seven methamphetamine lab incidents reported in Hawaii in 2004, though nearly 59 percent of substance use treatment admissions (excluding alcohol) were for primary methamphetamine use during the first six months of 2004. As of 2007, Missouri leads the United States in drug-lab seizures, with 1,268 incidents reported. Often canine units are used for detecting 1322:

males, they typically hold more power than their culture allows and acquire some independence. The increase in power has attracted females from higher social classes. Financial gain has also prompted women to become involved in the illegal drug market. Many women in the lower levels of major drug cartels belong to a low economic class. Drug trafficking offers women an accessible way to earn income. Females from all social classes have become involved in the trade due to outside pressure from their social and economic environments.

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different cartels fought for control of export markets. Despite this strife, this power struggle led to then having multiple producers of coca leaf farms. This in turn caused an improvement in quality control and reduction of police interdiction in the distribution of cocaine. This also led to cartels attempting to repatriate their earnings which would eventually make up 5.5% of Colombia's GDP. This drive to repatriate earnings led to the pressure of legitimizing their wealth, causing an increase in violence throughout Colombia.

1142:, in the late twentieth century and early twenty-first century, implemented several different programs relating to law enforcement and regulation. In 1993, President Salinas created the National Institute for the Combat of Drugs in Mexico. From 1995 to 1998, President Zedillo established policies regarding increased punishment of organized crime, allowing ", protected witnesses, covert agents and seizures of goods", and increasing the quality of law enforcement at the federal level. From 2001 to 2005, President 1105: 1381:

in the Western Hemisphere. While the smuggling of drugs such as marijuana, poppy, opium and heroin became more ubiquitous during this time period, the activity of cocaine cartels drove the development of the Latin American drug trade. The trade emerged as a multinational effort as supplies (i.e. coca plant substances) were imported from countries such as Bolivia and Peru, were refined in Colombian cocaine labs and smuggled through Colombia, and exported to countries such as the US.

716: 1071:, opiates in the 1940s, marijuana in the 1960s, and heroin in the 1970s. Most of the US imports of drugs come from Mexican drug cartels. In the United States, around 195 cities have been infiltrated by drug trafficking that originated in Mexico. An estimated $ 10bn of the Mexican drug cartel's profits come from the United States, not only supplying the Mexican drug cartels with the profit necessary for survival, but also furthering America's economic dependence on drugs. 496:. From these producers, drugs are smuggled into the West and Central Asia to its destinations in Europe and the United States. Iran is now a common route for smugglers, having been previously a primary trading route, due to its large-scale and costly war against drug trafficking. The Border Police Chief of Iran said that his country "is a strong barrier against the trafficking of illegal drugs to Caucasus, especially the Republic of Azerbaijan." The drugs produced by the 1795:. This amounted to an export value of about US$ 4 billion, with a quarter being earned by opium farmers and the rest going to district officials, insurgents, warlords and drug traffickers. Another significant area where poppy fields are grown for the manufacture of heroin is Mexico. In November 2023, a U.N report showed that in the entirety of Afghanistan, poppy cultivation dropped by over 95%, removing it from its place as being the world's largest opium producer. 2059: 1612: 368: 455:. Police officers are often bribed. A police officer's normal monthly wage of $ 93 is less than 2% of the value of 1 kilogram (2.2 lb) of cocaine (€7000 or $ 8750). The money can also be laundered using real estate. A house is built using illegal funds, and when the house is sold, legal money is earned. When drugs are sent over land, through the Sahara, the drug traders have been forced to cooperate with terrorist organizations, such as 1623: 532: 1012:

the influence of this development on the US economy, the Reagan administration began "certifying" countries for their attempts at controlling drug trafficking. This allowed the United States to intervene in activities related to illegal drug transport in Latin America. Continuing into the 1980s, the United States instated stricter policy pertaining to drug transit through sea. As a result, there was an influx in drug-trafficking across the

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varied tremendously among cities in America, it was a common anxiety in communities across urban America. An example of this could be seen in Miami, a city with a host of ethnic enclaves. Between 1985 and 1995, the homicide rate in Miami was one of the highest in the nation—four times the national homicide average. This crime rate was correlated with regions with low employment and was not entirely dependent on ethnicity.

2073: 665: 488:(1991), borders were opened and trading and customs agreements were signed so that the routes expanded to include China, Central Asia, and Russia. There are, therefore, diversified drug trafficking routes available today, particularly in the heroin trade and these thrive due to the continuous development of new markets. A large amount of drugs are smuggled into Europe from Asia. The main sources of these drugs are 621:(DEA), accusing its representatives of spying. Following the departure of the DEA from Venezuela and the expansion of DEA's partnership with Colombia in 2005, Venezuela became more attractive to drug traffickers. Between 2008 and 2012, Venezuela's cocaine seizure ranking among other countries declined, going from being ranked fourth in the world for cocaine seizures in 2008 to sixth in the world in 2012. 895:'s close participation in the drug production and smuggling networks. The Fourth Armoured Division, being an elite military unit permitted to move freely across Assad regime's checkpoints, oversees the smuggling operations from Syria, including the trafficking of cash, weapons, illegal drugs, etc. Days after the publication of the joint BBC-OCCRP documentary; Assad government banned all activities of 38: 836:, commanded by Maher al-Assad was one of the main Ba'athist military divisions that was engaged in perpetrating brutal crackdowns and mass violence against protestors across the country. In 2018, Bashar al-Assad assigned Maher as the commander of the 4th Armoured Division, a military unit that supervised Assad regime's criminal enterprises like smuggling, drug trafficking, narcotics production and 354: 353: 359: 357: 352: 947:. Interestingly, however, the quantities the country produces far exceed its own military’s demand. ... By some estimates, this business gives Syria more money than its entire legal export, and the regime constantly works to increase its profits, primarily by expanding its market reach. To this end, criminal gangs associated with Damascus or Hezbollah have built distribution networks for 358: 711:"In many instances, the money from drugs was the only liquid investment capital. In the second half of 2008, liquidity was the banking system's main problem and hence liquid capital became an important factor ... Inter-bank loans were funded by money that originated from the drugs trade and other illegal activities...there were signs that some banks were rescued that way". 1656:

constitute the majority of many of the cartels' earnings, and the main way in which the cartels finance many other illegal activities; including the purchase of other illegal drugs for trafficking, and for acquiring weapons that are ultimately used to commit murders (causing a burgeoning in the homicide rates of many areas of the world, but particularly Latin America).

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the demand by growing more marijuana. Grown in the strategic northeast region of Colombia, marijuana soon became the leading cash crop in Colombia. This success was short-lived due to anti-marijuana campaigns that were enforced by the US military throughout the Caribbean. Instead, drug traffickers in Colombia continued their focus on exporting cocaine.

1825:). Since that time it has become more difficult for drugs to be imported into the US than it had been in previous decades, but that does not stop the heroin smugglers from getting their product across US borders. Purity levels vary greatly by region with Northeastern cities having the most pure heroin in the United States. On 17 October 2018 police in 826:, directly supervises the production, smuggling and profiteering of the drug business. Already suffering from severe financial problems as a result of corruption and civil war, profits from Captagon are said to be the "lifeline" of the Assad regime, through which it earns more than 90% of its total revenue. The smugglers receive direct training from 1394:

chief exporter of cocaine. The business of drug trafficking can be seen in several stages in Colombia towards the latter half of the 20th century. Colombia served as the dominant force in the distribution and sale of cocaine by the 1980s. As drug producers gained more power, they became more centralized and organized into what became drug cartels.

1495:. These groups keep their operations outside the Western Balkans, while staying connected to their homeland. Within the network of these groups, the dealmakers operate in a proximity of supply sources and the distribution networks are managed by foot soldiers. However, the bosses of the organized criminal groups stay and keep their wealth in the 1369:. Quantities of the drug were then smuggled throughout the US. The international drug trade created political ties between the involved countries, encouraging the governments of the countries involved to collaborate and instate common policies to eradicate drug cartels. Cuba stopped being a center for transport of cocaine following the 1530:, Edin Gačanin was living in the UAE using his extensive profits to buy property and protection in the country. Dubbed as the "European Escobar", he connected the supply network between production markets of Latin America and consumer markets of Western European. He was able to evade the arrest and investigations, including by the 1293:. Drug cartels are fundamental in local economics. A percentage of the profits seen from the trade are invested in the local community. Such profits contribute to the education and healthcare of the community. While these cartels bring violence and hazards into communities, they create jobs and provide income for its many members. 1123:. Over time, this party gained political influence and had a major impact on Mexico's social and economic policies. The party created ties with various groups as a power play in order to gain influence, and as a result created more corruption in the government. One such power play was an alliance with drug traffickers. This 1526:, were believed to be hiding in the UAE. One of such individuals, Eldi Dizdari was accused of international drug trafficking and was living in Dubai. Research revealed that these criminals invested huge amounts in the Emirates' real estate and other economical sectors to live there. Another trafficker of cocaine from 1031:, to help combat drug trafficking in Mexico. This program increased US security assistance to $ 1.4 billion over several years, which helped supply Mexican forces with "high-end equipment from helicopters to surveillance technology". Despite US aid, Mexican "narcogangs" continue to outnumber and outgun the 2038:

to 70,601. Since 2018, fentanyl and its analogues have been responsible for most drug overdose deaths in the US, causing over 71,238 deaths in 2021. Fentanyl is often mixed, cut, or ingested alongside other drugs, including cocaine and heroin. The fentanyl epidemic has erupted in a highly acrimonious

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Cocaine is a highly trafficked drug. In 2017 the value of the global market for illicit cocaine was estimated at between $ 94 and $ 143 billion. In 2022, illicit sales in Europe were estimated at $ 11.1 billion. In 2020, almost 2,000 tons of cocaine were produced for distribution through illicit

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In South Africa, methamphetamine is called "tik" or "tik-tik". Known locally as "tik", the substance was virtually unknown as late as 2003. Now, it is the country's main addictive substance, even when alcohol is included. Children as young as eight are abusing the substance, smoking it in crude glass

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As a result, Miami and Union City became the sole locations for trafficking. The relations between Cuban and Colombian organized crime remained strong until the 1970s, when Colombian cartels began to vie for power. In the 1980s and 90s, Colombia emerged as a key contributor of the drug trade industry

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started to form and expand. The proliferation of drug cartel culture largely stemmed from the ranchero culture seen in Michoacán. Ranchero culture values the individual as opposed to the society as a whole. This culture fostered the drug culture of valuing the family that is formed within the cartel.

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imported substances are also adversely affected. For example, Ecuador has absorbed up to 300,000 refugees from Colombia who are running from guerrillas, paramilitaries and drug lords. While some applied for asylum, others are still illegal immigrants. The drugs that pass from Colombia through Ecuador

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Throughout the 1990s however, several factors led to the decline of these major cartels and to the rise of smaller Colombian cartels. The US demand for cocaine dropped while Colombian production rose, pressuring traffickers to find new drugs and markets. In this time period, there was an increase in

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Throughout the 1980s, estimates of illegal drug value in Colombia ranged from $ 2bn to $ 4bn. This made up about 7–10% of the $ 36bn estimated GNP of Colombia during this decade. In the 1990s, the estimates of the illegal drug value remained roughly within the same range (~$ 2.5bn). As the Colombian

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Having been an export of Colombia since the early 1950s, cocaine remained popular for a host of reasons. Colombia's location facilitated its transportation from South America into Central America, and then to its destination of North America. This continued into the 1990s, when Colombia remained the

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The effects of the illegal drug trade in the United States can be seen in a range of political, economic and social aspects. Increasing drug related violence can be tied to the racial tension that arose during the late 20th century along with the political upheaval prevalent throughout the 1960s and

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claimed illegal drug money saved the banking industry from collapse. He claimed he had seen evidence that the proceeds of organized crime were "the only liquid investment capital" available to some banks on the brink of collapse during 2008. He said that a majority of the $ 352 billion (£216bn)

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Heroin is increasingly trafficked from Afghanistan to Europe and America through eastern and southern African countries. This path is known as the "southern route" or "smack track". Repercussions of this trade include burgeoning heroin use and political corruption among intermediary African nations.

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into the country. Execution is mostly used as a deterrent, and many have called upon much more effective measures to be taken by countries to tackle drug trafficking; for example, targeting specific criminal organisations that are often also active in the smuggling of other goods (i.e. wildlife) and

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became the first country to legalize cultivation, sale, and consumption of cannabis for recreational use for adult residents. In 2018, Canada became the second country to legalize use, sale and cultivation of cannabis. The first few weeks were met with extremely high demand, most shops being out of

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Colombia has had a significant role in the illegal drug trade in Latin America. While active in the drug trade since the 1930s, Colombia's role in the drug trade did not truly become dominant until the 1970s. When Mexico eradicated marijuana plantations, demand stayed the same. Colombia met much of

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With a large wave of immigrants in the 1960s and onwards, the United States saw an increased heterogeneity in its public. In the 1980s and 90s, drug-related homicide was at a record high. This increase in drug violence became increasingly tied to these ethnic minorities. Though the rate of violence

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According to a research conducted by the Israel-based Abba Eban Institute as part of an initiative called Janus Initiative, the main routes that Hezbollah uses for smuggling drugs are from Colombia, Venezuela and Brazil into West Africa and then transported through northern Africa into Europe. This

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has contributed to the domination of Mexican cartels in the illicit drug trade. Since the beginning of the 20th century, Mexico's political environment allowed the growth of drug-related activity. The loose regulation over the transportation of illegal drugs and the failure to prosecute known drug

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By the early 1990s, so much as 50% of the cocaine available in the United States market originated from Mexico, and by the 2000s, over 90% of the cocaine in the United States was imported from Mexico. In Colombia, however, there was a fall of the major drug cartels in the mid-1990s. Visible shifts

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Marijuana was a popular drug seen through the Latin American trade route in the 1960s. Cocaine became a major drug product in the later decades. Much of the cocaine is smuggled from Colombia and Mexico via Jamaica. This led to several administrations combating the popularity of these drugs. Due to

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Drug trafficking is widely regarded by lawmakers as a serious offense around the world. Penalties often depend on the type of drug (and its classification in the country into which it is being trafficked), the quantity trafficked, where the drugs are sold and how they are distributed. If the drugs

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Cannabis use is tolerated in some areas, most notably the Netherlands, which has legalized the possession and licensed sale (but not cultivation) of the drug. Many nations have decriminalized the possession of small amounts of marijuana. Due to the hardy nature of the cannabis plant, marijuana is

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Cartels controlled the major aspects of each stage in the traffic of their product. Their organization allowed cocaine to be distributed in great amounts throughout the United States. By the late 1980s, intra-industry strife arose within the cartels. This stage was marked by increased violence as

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It was common for smugglers in Colombia to import liquor, alcohol, cigarettes and textiles, while exporting cocaine. Personnel with knowledge of the terrain were able to supply the local market while also exporting a large amount of product. The established trade initially involved Peru, Bolivia,

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There are several arguments on whether or not free trade has a correlation to an increased activity in the illicit drug trade. Currently, the structure and operation of the illicit drug industry is described mainly in terms of an international division of labor. Free trade can open new markets to

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are notorious for their contributions and influence over drug trafficking throughout Latin America. MS-13 has controlled much of the activity in the drug trade spanning from Mexico to Panama. Female involvement is present in the Mexican drug culture. Although females are not treated as equals to

1305:. In the past, Michoacán was mainly an agricultural society. This provided an initial growth of trade. Industrialization of rural areas of Mexico facilitated a greater distribution of drugs, expanding the drug market into different provinces. Once towns became industrialized, cartels such as the 1288:

Over the past few decades drug cartels have become integrated into Mexico's economy. Approximately 500 cities are directly engaged in drug trafficking and nearly 450,000 people are employed by drug cartels. Additionally, the livelihood of 3.2 million people is dependent on the drug cartels.

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Although narcotics are illegal in the US, they have become integrated into the nation's culture and are seen as a recreational activity by sections of the population. Illicit drugs are considered to be a commodity with strong demand, as they are typically sold at a high value. This high price is

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revealed an operation in 92 countries that shut down 113,000 websites and online marketplaces selling counterfeit or illicit medicines and medical products a month earlier, led to the arrests of 227 people worldwide, recovered pharmaceutical products worth $ 23 million, and led to the seizure of

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The demand for cannabis around the world, coupled with the drug's relative ease of cultivation, makes the illicit cannabis trade one of the primary ways in which organized criminal groups finance many of their activities. In Mexico, for example, the illicit trafficking of cannabis is thought to

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is illegal in most countries throughout the world, recreational distribution is legal in some countries, such as Canada, and medical distribution is permitted in some places, such as 38 of the 50 US states (although importation and distribution is still federally prohibited). Beginning in 2014,

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Typically, a drug cartel had support networks that consisted of a number of individuals. These people individuals ranged from those directly involved in the trade (such as suppliers, chemists, transporters, smugglers, etc.) as well as those involved indirectly in the trade (such as politicians,

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The baby boomer generation also felt the effects of the drug trade in their increased drug use from the 1960s to 80s. Along with substance use, criminal involvement, suicide and murder were also on the rise. Due to the large amount of baby boomers, commercial marijuana use was on the rise. This

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incidents reported to the National Clandestine Laboratory Database decreased from 1999 to 2009. During this period, methamphetamine lab incidents increased in mid-western States (Illinois, Michigan, Missouri, and Ohio), and in Pennsylvania. In 2004, more lab incidents were reported in Missouri

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obscured justice, making it difficult to identify violence when it related to drugs. By the 1940s, the tie between the drug cartels and the PRI had solidified. This arrangement created immunity for the leaders of the drug cartels and allowed drug trafficking to grow under the protection of the

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In 2022, 90% of all captagon pills manufactured in Syria exported by drug cartels affiliated with Assad regime arrived at its customer destinations across the world. Although hundreds of millions of pills were intercepted and seized by police forces, these accounted only for 10% of the total

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The Australian Crime Commission's illicit drug data report for 2011–2012 stated that the average strength of crystal methamphetamine doubled in most Australian jurisdictions within a 12-month period, and the majority of domestic laboratory closures involved small "addict-based" operations.

768: 652:. Internet-based drug trafficking is the global distribution of narcotics, making extensive use of technology. Similarly, the use of the Internet for the illegal trafficking of two controlled categories of drugs can also be identified as Internet-related drug trafficking. The platform 1860:

Penalties for smuggling heroin or morphine are often harsh in most countries. Some countries will readily hand down a death sentence (e.g. Singapore) or life in prison for the illegal smuggling of heroin or morphine, which are both internationally Schedule I drugs under the

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and cocaine, drug use was responsible for the great majority of crime, including 85% of shoplifting, 70–80% of burglaries and 54% of robberies. It concluded "he cost of crime committed to support illegal cocaine and heroin habits amounts to £16 billion a year in the UK"

1499:. The UAE is amongst the enablers of global corruption and illicit financial flows. Analysts have claimed that criminal actors across the world either operate from or through the Emirates. It was a haven for criminals, where the risk for illicit activities remains low. 1402: 101:

of US$ 78 trillion in the same year, the illegal drug trade may be estimated as nearly 1% of total global trade. Consumption of illegal drugs is widespread globally, and it remains very difficult for local authorities to reduce the rates of drug consumption.

3010: 5066: 155:, the Qing government was forced to allow British merchants to sell Indian-grown opium. Trading in opium was lucrative, and smoking it had become common for the Chinese in the 19th century, so British merchants increased trade with the Chinese. The 355: 7627: 2218: 1008:, came of age in the 1960s. Their social tendency to confront the law on specific issues, including illegal drugs, overwhelmed the understaffed judicial system. The federal government attempted to enforce the law, but with meager effect. 988:

70s. The second half of the 20th century was a period when increased wealth, and increased discretionary spending, increased the demand for illicit drugs in certain areas of the United States. Large-scale drug trafficking is one of the

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By the 1980s, Colombian cartels became the dominant cocaine distributors in the US. This led to the spread of increased violence throughout both Latin America and Miami. In the 1980s, two major drug cartels emerged in Colombia: the

3795: 3913: 2527: 2868: 1522:(FATF) to place the Gulf country on its grey list in March 2022. Consequently, the Emirates' remained a safe option for the criminals. Nearly two-thirds of the Albanian criminal groups, who were active in trade of drugs like 694:

Statistics about profits from the drug trade are largely unknown due to its illicit nature. An online report published by the UK Home Office in 2007 estimated the illicit drug market in the UK at £4–6.6 billion a year.

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family is known for its extensive involvement in drug trade since the 1970s. As of 2022, the Syrian government finances the biggest multi-billion dollar drug trade in the world, mostly focused on an illegal drug known as

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which can be concealed on large vehicles, or transported on something as small as a motorcycle. These labs are more difficult to detect than stationary ones, and can often be obscured among legal cargo in big trucks.

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Martinez, Ramiro Jr.; Matthew T. Lee; Amie L. Nielsen (Spring 2004). "Segmented Assimilation, Local Context and Determinants of Drug Violence in Miami and San Diego: Does Ethnicity and Immigration Matter?".

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captagoon exports of the drug cartels linked to the Assad regime. In 2020, Italian police seized 84 million captagon pills originating from Syrian ports while intercepting a single shipment. In June 2023,

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Between local and international sales, such as to Europe and the United States, drug cartels in Mexico see a $ 25–30 bn yearly profit, a great deal of which circulates through international banks such as

4768: 259:, a 25-year-old Australian drug smuggler, was hanged in Singapore after being convicted in March 2004. In 2010, two people were sentenced to death in Malaysia for trafficking 1 kilogram (2.2 lb) of 471:

Drugs in Asia traditionally traveled the southern routes – the main caravan axes of Southeast Asia and Southern China – and include the former opium-producing countries of

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grown all across the world and is today the world's most popular illegal drug with the highest level of availability. Cannabis is grown legally in many countries for industrial, non-drug use (known as

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caused by a combination of factors that include the potential legal ramifications that exist for suppliers of illicit drugs and their high demand. Despite the constant effort by politicians to win the

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Colombia, Venezuela and Cuba. Peasant farmers produced coca paste in Peru and Bolivia, while Colombian smugglers would process the coca paste into cocaine in Colombia, and trafficked product through

5705: 5241:"$ 22.4-Million in Heroin Found in Car at City Pier; Narcotics, Secreted in Auto Sent From France, Called Largest Seizure in U.S. $ 22.4-Million in Heroin Is Found Hidden in a Car at Pier in City" 4034: 1301:

Major cartels saw growth due to a prominent set culture of Mexican society that created the means for drug capital. One of the sites of origin for drug trafficking within Mexico, was the state of

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Costa declined to identify countries or banks that may have received any drug money, saying that would be inappropriate because his office is supposed to address the problem, not apportion blame.

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Because of the high cost per volume, heroin is easily smuggled. A US quarter-sized (2.5 cm) cylindrical vial can contain hundreds of doses. From the 1930s to the early 1970s, the so-called

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commanders and Assad family members in their involvement in Syria's drug cartel. The investigation found that Lebanese criminal and drug kingpin Hassan Daqou collaborated with Syria's

2519: 5814: 2876: 814:. Its revenues from Captagon smuggling alone is estimated to worth 57 billion dollars annually in 2022, which is approximately thrice the total trade of all Mexican cartels. General 135:

emerged. As a result, by 1838 the number of Chinese opium-addicts had grown to between four and twelve million. The Chinese government responded by enforcing a ban on the import of

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provided goods and services to 100,000 buyers before being shut down in October 2013. This prompted the creation of new platforms such as Silk Road 2.0, which were also shut down.

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estimated that 5% of murders were drug-related. In Colombia, drug violence can be caused by factors such as the economy, poor governments, and no authority within law enforcement.

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The corruption cartels created resulted in distrust of government by the Mexican public. This distrust became more prominent after the collapse of the PRI party. In response, the

5877: 1967:. The labs manufacture temazepam by chemically altering diazepam, oxazepam or lorazepam. "Jellie labs" have been identified and shut down in Russia, Ukraine, Latvia and Belarus. 3914:"Report to Congress on A Written Strategy to Disrupt and Dismantle Narcotics Production and Trafficking and Affiliated Networks Linked to the Regime of Bashar al-Assad in Syria" 5845: 5466: 5187: 6004: 5496: 4880: 3863: 3350: 2208: 1922:. "Meth" can also be inhaled, most commonly vaporized on aluminum foil or in a glass pipe. This method is reported to give "an unnatural high" and a "brief intense rush". 3538: 4941: 4699: 3233: 4890: 2752: 2334: 989: 307:, the most violent regions in Central America, particularly along the Guatemala–Honduras border, are highly correlated with an abundance of drug trafficking activity. 5274: 4973: 3841:"Council Implementing Decision (CFSP) 2023/847 of 24 April 2023 implementing Decision 2013/255/CFSP concerning restrictive measures in view of the situation in Syria" 3556: 2643: 7647: 4798: 1697:, and this has resulted in a thriving illegal trade in alcohol. The manufacture, sale, transportation, import, and export of alcoholic beverages were illegal in the 2497: 1933:

currently operates methamphetamine production facilities. There, the drug is used as medicine because no alternatives are available; it also is smuggled across the

1502:

For the Balkan criminals, a growing trend was to relocate to the UAE, which became an attraction to dirty money and kingpins from several European nations and the

922:

also consume illegal drugs in large quantities. In July 2023, German police busted a major captagon network run by two Syrian-born men in southern German state of

742:) consisted of a leader (a college graduate named J.T.), three senior officers, and 25 to 75 street level salesmen ('foot soldiers') depending on season. Selling 632:'s two nephews were found guilty of trying to ship drugs into the United States so they could "obtain a large amount of cash to help their family stay in power". 5674: 5034: 3623: 5005: 4760: 2039:

dispute between the US and Mexican governments. While US officials blame the flood of fentanyl crossing the border primarily on Mexican crime groups, President

7215: 3317: 197: 4004: 3288: 4543: 2239: 5128: 3684:

Bartilow, Horace; Kihong Eom (Summer 2009). "Free Trader and Drug Smugglers: The Effects of Trade Openness of States' Ability to Combat Drug Trafficking".

6143: 5784: 3036: 8605: 5974: 5756:

European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA), 2006. Annual Report 2006: The State of the Drugs Problem in Europe, EMCDDA, Luxembourg.

5697: 4026: 1451:

as crucial players. These groups have moved up from being small-time crooks to major drug distributors. Most of these organized crime groups belonged to

2956:

Holmes, Jennifer S.; Piñeres, Sheila Amin Gutiérrez De; Curtin, Kevin M. (2007-04-01). "A Subnational Study of Insurgency: FARC Violence in the 1990s".

8383: 3512: 2905: 3495: 3375: 2846: 7897: 5520: 5354: 5240: 5154: 2479:

Report on the Enforcement of the Prohibition Laws of the United States. National Commission on Law Observance and Enforcement. Dated January 7th 1931

6038: 3840: 3818: 3586: 2926: 746:, they took in approximately $ 32,000 per month over a six-year period. This was spent as follows: $ 5,000 to the board of twenty directors of the 7642: 3990: 872: 337:

A report by the UK government's Drug Strategy Unit that was leaked to the press, stated that due to the expensive price of highly addictive drugs

7637: 6100: 5647: 5559: 5375: 3427: 3094: 2111: 4820: 330:

After a crackdown by US and Mexican authorities in the first decade of the 21st century as part of tightened border security in the wake of the

8630: 8610: 8388: 7195: 4738: 4091: 2460: 375:, Efraín Antonio Campo Flores and Francisco Flores de Freitas, after their arrest by the US Drug Enforcement Administration on 10 November 2015 2558: 1067:

Throughout the 20th century, narcotics other than cocaine also crossed the Mexican border, meeting the US demand for alcohol during the 1920s

8208: 3772: 2166: 451:

According to the Africa Economic Institute, the value of illicit drug smuggling in Guinea-Bissau is almost twice the value of the country's

8168: 5806: 8328: 3652: 2695: 144: 3061: 7923: 6032: 5905: 5867: 2613: 2091: 1926:

vials made from light bulbs. Since methamphetamine is easy to produce, the substance is manufactured locally in staggering quantities.

1690: 170:

In 1868, as a result of the increased use of opium in Britain, the British government restricted the sale of opium by implementing the

5098: 2283: 5837: 4858: 4488:

Salvador Maldonado, Aranda (April 2013). "Stories of Drug Trafficking in Rural Mexico: Territories, Drugs and Cartels in Michoacan".

2783: 167:, which concluded that conflict, stipulated that the Chinese authorities would open further ports to foreign trade, including opium. 5729:"Deadly 'jellies' flood city from Eastern Europe; Police chiefs fear drug-fueled crime surge as home-made tablets hit streets again" 5588: 5538: 5458: 5179: 8635: 7814: 6133: 5996: 5488: 5317: 5309: 3744:

Lopez Restrepo, Andres; Alvaro Camacho Guizado (2003). "From Smugglers to Warlords: Twentieth Century Colombian Drug Traffickers".

3453: 3395: 1766:. This resulted in the record setting April 26, 1968 seizure of 246 lb (111.6 kg) of heroin smuggled in a vehicle on the 1447:

Since the beginning of the 21st century, the global drug trade network witnessed the emergence of criminal groups from the Western

699: 500:

of Myanmar, Laos, and Thailand, on the other hand, pass through the southern routes to feed the Australian, US, and Asian markets.

2359: 363:

US Coast Guard video of drug smugglers in high-speed boat dumping 2,300 pounds (1,000 kg) of cocaine in Eastern Pacific Ocean

8393: 7933: 7612: 7185: 5151:"Violent anti-Western extremism is nothing new to Saudi Arabia, but several bombings in the past two years raise fresh questions" 3959: 3936: 3871: 3340: 2588: 1981: 1109: 966: 961: 284:

The countries of drug production and transit are some of the most affected by the trade, though countries receiving the illegally

238: 230:

have increased cooperation among each other in order to facilitate trans-Atlantic drug-trafficking. Use of another illicit drug,

5941: 4458: 730:

suggested that many low-level employees receive low wages. In a study he made in the 1990s working closely with members of the

8623: 8293: 7824: 5736: 3535: 2171: 613:

According to the United Nations, cocaine trafficking through Venezuela increased from 2002 to 2008. In 2005, the government of

5911: 4937: 2673: 860:, elucidating a strategy to eliminate the narcotics production, drug trafficking and drug cartel networks affiliated with the 210:

The beginning of the 21st century saw drug use increase in North America and Europe, with a particularly increased demand for

8303: 7622: 7165: 4691: 3225: 2736: 2432: 2405: 127:

addictive drugs throughout the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Beginning in the 18th century, British merchants from the

5433: 5217: 4027:"Drug Laws and Drug Law Enforcement – A Review and Evaluation Based on 111 Years of Experience | Office of Justice Programs" 2635: 2330: 7902: 6817: 5270: 4963: 2031: 1188: 943:"...Captagon produced in underground labs—and in actual Syrian pharmaceutical facilities—is distributed to the fighters of 5412: 4790: 8248: 7617: 2489: 2086: 1862: 1565: 1336: 517: 3615: 1518:

and for screening of suspicious transactions. The lack of regulations against illicit financial activities prompted the

636:

route serves Hezbollah in making a profit in the cocaine smuggling market in order to leverage it for their activities.

8343: 7717: 6998: 6175: 1531: 5670: 4995: 4390:

Jacobson, Mireille (Nov 2004). "Baby Booms and Drug Busts: Trends in Youth Drug Use in the United States, 1975–2000".

2305: 1898:

Methamphetamine is another popular drug among distributors. Three common street names are "meth", "crank", and "ice".

8363: 8348: 8318: 8173: 8083: 7769: 7734: 7086: 6837: 6274: 6068: 3305: 3264: 3209: 3184: 1587: 1116: 849: 574: 5618: 1648:) as well. Cannabis-hemp may also be planted for other non-drug domestic purposes, such as seasoning that occurs in 926:. Assad regime sponsors the largest Captagon production network in Syria; which is the source of about 80% of total 334:, border violence inside Mexico surged. The Mexican government estimates that 90% of the killings are drug-related. 247:

Drug smuggling carries severe penalties in many countries. Sentencing may include lengthy periods of incarceration,

203:. Prohibition proved almost impossible to enforce and resulted in the rise of organized crime, including the modern 8333: 8238: 8153: 8098: 7907: 7739: 7727: 4602:

Campbell, Howard (Winter 2008). "Female Drug Smugglers on the U.S. Mexico Border: Gender, Crime, and Empowerment".

4012: 3285: 2161: 2040: 1788: 1724: 1702: 497: 200: 17: 4574: 2422: 8572: 8496: 8398: 8093: 8057: 7892: 7799: 7160: 6064: 5120: 3891: 1799: 1792: 1729: 1036: 1013: 688: 618: 541: 513: 324: 2808: 1890: 887:

on trafficiking billions of dollars of drugs, under the command of General Ghassan Bilal, the right-hand man of

264:

even people. In many cases, links between politicians and the criminal organisations have been proven to exist.

8618: 8373: 8358: 8338: 8313: 8298: 8258: 8198: 8148: 7784: 6139: 5776: 4916: 3040: 2151: 1569: 1331: 1132: 853: 731: 591: 207:, which identified enormous business opportunities in the manufacturing, smuggling and sale of illicit liquor. 183: 117: 5966: 2030:

for cancer patients and those recovering from painful surgeries. Illicit use of fentanyl continues to fuel an

1963:) to supply the increasingly high demand for the drug internationally. Many clandestine temazepam labs are in 1914:

Methamphetamine is sometimes used intravenously, placing users and their partners at risk for transmission of

1147: 8552: 8501: 8273: 8268: 8263: 8188: 8183: 8178: 8118: 7829: 6674: 5765:

UNODC Office for Russia and Belarus, Illicit drug trends in the Russian Federation 2005. Moscow: UNODC, 2006

3644: 2901: 910:

problems amongst pro-Assad soldiers. In many instances, military officials encourage the soldiers to consume

884: 841: 823: 244:

are sold to underage people, then the penalties for trafficking may be harsher than in other circumstances.

8378: 8368: 8323: 8308: 8288: 8278: 8253: 8233: 8163: 8123: 8113: 8103: 5517: 3492: 3471: 3372: 2838: 1774: 1659:

Some studies show that the increased legalization of cannabis in the United States (beginning in 2012 with

1021: 31: 5150: 2728:

Threat Posed by the Convergence of Organized Crime, Drug Trafficking, and Terrorism: Congressional Hearing

1203: 879:

published a documentary in June 2023, revealing further details about the activities of regime officials,

844:

expanded captagon production and trafficking from Syria into a "business model controlled by the regime".

323:, but is also an issue for many developed countries worldwide. In the late 1990s in the United States the 8664: 8474: 8410: 8353: 8228: 8223: 8218: 8203: 8193: 8143: 8138: 8128: 8108: 8088: 8047: 7498: 6026: 4064:

O'Neil, Shannon (July–August 2009). "The Real War in Mexico: How Democracy Can Defeat the Drug Cartels".

3848: 3826: 1519: 1173: 132: 4656:

Thoumi, Francisco (Jul 2002). "Illegal Drugs in Colombia: From Illegal Economic Boom to Social Crisis".

8582: 8557: 8283: 8243: 8213: 8158: 6572: 3417: 304: 86: 6090: 5556: 3102: 8587: 7834: 7568: 7513: 6646: 6257: 5639: 4731:"A safe haven in the Gulf: Balkan criminals, and their money, are hiding in the United Arab Emirates" 1660: 971: 399: 111: 4730: 4404: 4099: 3128: 2970: 2466: 1821:

used to smuggle hundreds of kilograms of heroin to the US in coffins of dead American soldiers (see

7205: 4138:

Rocha Garcia, Ricardo (2003). "Drug Trafficking and Its Impact on Colombia: An Economic Overview".

2550: 944: 903: 833: 779: 5026: 3796:"Syria is largest narco-state in world as it earns more from Captagon than from its legal exports" 3780: 2047:. He believes that the crisis of a lack of family values in the US drives people to use the drug. 1047: 7887: 7854: 7844: 7794: 7789: 7414: 6733: 6728: 2121: 2101: 1558: 1259: 915: 653: 521: 509: 7877: 7968: 7404: 7399: 7135: 6936: 6740: 6669: 6168: 4399: 3280: 2965: 2219:

United Nations Convention Against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances

2015: 1506:. Besides, Dubai was also dubbed as the "new Costa del Crime", replacing the crime hideaway of 1456: 1406: 1366: 625: 545: 452: 7296: 1822: 319:

such as murder and gun violence. This is especially true in all developing countries, such as

7849: 7804: 7764: 7220: 6462: 6298: 6184: 2726: 2397: 2196: 1985:

Prostitutes buy cocaine capsules from a drug dealer in Berlin, 1930. The capsules sold for 5

1902: 1664: 935: 151:

China. The British defeated the Chinese, and in the resulting treaty that ended the war, the

82: 4276:

Naim, Moises (May–June 2009). "The American Prohibition on Thinking Smart in the Drug War".

2609: 676: 8577: 8469: 7882: 7839: 7779: 7707: 7680: 7200: 7175: 7145: 7140: 6966: 6767: 5088: 2136: 1606: 1496: 1124: 1097: 1068: 975: 331: 160: 124: 5542: 4850: 2787: 2275: 556: 8: 8547: 8484: 8052: 7988: 7722: 7424: 7346: 6793: 6777: 6723: 6607: 6095: 5584: 5061: 3597: 2146: 2141: 1139: 703: 668:

US$ 207 million and additional amounts in other currencies were confiscated from Mexican

485: 98: 7243: 5557:

Rolling Meth Labs In Vogue – Methamphetamine Makers Turn Vehicles Into Rolling Drug Labs

5322: 1358:'s Cuba. This trade route established ties between Cuban and Colombian organized crime. 8669: 8491: 7697: 7553: 7508: 7488: 7447: 6565: 6433: 6385: 6235: 6027:"U.S. Overdose Deaths In 2021 Increased Half as Much as in 2020 – But Are Still Up 15%" 4673: 4619: 4566: 4497: 4417: 4369: 4361: 4357: 4320: 4285: 4250: 4237: 4217: 4193: 4163: 4155: 4073: 3753: 3701: 3313: 2991: 2355: 1741: 1682: 1676: 1216: 1178: 1120: 798: 747: 603: 252: 128: 93:

report estimates the size of the global illicit drug market between US$ 426 and US$ 652

45: 3967: 3944: 2580: 1424: 914:

and other illegal drugs, leading to overdose or drug abuse. Pro-Assad fighters in the

131:

began to illegally sell opium to Chinese merchants, and by the early 19th century, an

8562: 8542: 8133: 7938: 7809: 7670: 7467: 7434: 7409: 6921: 6654: 6327: 6161: 5933: 4623: 4570: 4443: 4373: 4324: 4316: 4255: 4167: 3864:"A little-known drug brought billions to Syria's coffers. Now it's a bargaining chip" 3697: 3513:"Senior advisor of the 'Silk Road' website pleads guilty in Manhattan Federal Court." 3260: 3205: 3180: 2995: 2983: 2732: 2428: 2424:

Merchants of War and Peace: British Knowledge of China in the Making of the Opium War

2401: 2386: 2126: 2106: 1810: 1758: 1686: 1355: 1028: 896: 171: 164: 152: 5728: 3705: 629: 372: 8479: 8062: 7978: 7759: 7702: 7690: 7389: 7268: 7210: 7170: 7127: 7028: 6931: 6892: 6875: 6813: 6710: 5899: 4968: 4665: 4611: 4558: 4409: 4353: 4312: 4245: 4229: 4151: 4147: 3693: 2975: 2665: 2176: 2131: 2078: 1907: 1768: 1515: 1370: 1318: 727: 441: 256: 156: 70: 5437: 174:. In the United States, control of opium remained under the control of individual 8567: 8516: 8454: 7953: 7928: 7774: 7558: 7472: 7394: 7384: 7155: 7150: 7033: 6971: 6948: 6592: 6582: 6147: 5563: 5524: 5209: 5093: 3557:"'Silk Road 2.0' Launches, Promising A Resurrected Black Market For The Dark Web" 3542: 3519: 3499: 3379: 3345: 3292: 2191: 2156: 2027: 1885: 1720: 1631: 1468: 880: 876: 827: 819: 802: 775: 649: 493: 315:

In several countries, the illegal drug trade is thought to be directly linked to

272:

approximately nine million devices and drugs, including large quantities of fake

260: 219: 140: 4669: 3392:"Drug seizures Report From Year: 2009 Until Year: 2012 Drug Group: Cocaine-type" 1803: 1667:) has led Mexican cartels to smuggle less cannabis in exchange for more heroin. 8464: 8430: 8405: 7995: 7712: 7538: 7528: 7442: 7351: 7291: 7235: 6988: 6943: 6843: 6230: 6220: 5405:"Opium cultivation declines by 95 per cent in Afghanistan: UN survey | UN News" 5404: 3202:

Transnational Threats: Smuggling and Trafficking in Arms, Drugs, and Human Life

2186: 1964: 1956: 1503: 1480: 1306: 1272: 1234: 1193: 993: 907: 888: 815: 811: 792: 771: 227: 223: 204: 74: 4233: 3892:"Bashar Escobar: How the Assad family built a narco-empire to hold onto power" 2979: 1626:

Trafficked cannabis in Brazil. Each can contained 1.5 kilograms (3.3 lb).

614: 552: 8658: 8537: 8511: 8506: 8420: 7983: 7943: 7563: 7543: 7452: 7379: 7306: 7301: 7286: 7082: 6882: 6865: 6833: 6612: 6553: 6418: 6350: 6332: 6303: 6270: 6252: 5872: 4413: 2987: 2381: 2035: 1763: 1698: 1511: 1476: 1252: 1104: 743: 669: 417: 316: 121: 7281: 5089:"U.S. Legalization of Marijuana Has Hit Mexican Cartels' Cross-Border Trade" 4761:"Dubai's Role in Facilitating Corruption and Global Illicit Financial Flows" 2309: 715: 404:

Cocaine produced in Colombia and Bolivia increasingly has been shipped via

8425: 7973: 7675: 7361: 7180: 7115: 7060: 7008: 6887: 6853: 6805: 6701: 6519: 6375: 6288: 4996:"Laura Carlsen: How Legalizing Marijuana Would Weaken Mexican Drug Cartels" 3983:"No Homeland, No Future: Alawite Youth As the Backbone of the Assad Regime" 3773:"Assad cousins hit with sanctions over amphetamine trade that funds regime" 3531: 3306:"In Venezuela, Remote Areas Provide a Drug Trafficking Hub « Previous" 2356:"History of Legislative Control Over Opium, Cocaine, and Their Derivatives" 2034:. From 2011 to 2021, synthetic opioid deaths per year increased from 2,600 1838: 1818: 1694: 1484: 1374: 1150:. These policies resulted in the arrests of major drug-trafficking bosses: 1061: 1032: 1005: 861: 179: 148: 66: 6060: 4615: 4562: 4259: 2809:"Estados Unidos denuncia que el 79 porciento de cocaína pasa por Honduras" 1873: 1787:, the majority of the world's heroin was produced in an area known as the 1302: 726:

Though street-level drug sales are widely viewed as lucrative, a study by

7872: 7819: 7665: 7503: 7371: 7326: 7248: 7225: 6958: 6916: 6624: 6487: 6413: 6368: 6215: 5610: 2393: 2388:

The Opium Wars: The Addiction of One Empire and the Corruption of Another

2181: 2116: 1930: 1919: 1814: 1791:. However, by 2007, 93% of the opiates on the world market originated in 1428: 1221: 1143: 1020:

occurred in the drug market in the United States. Between 1996 and 2000,

857: 739: 607: 489: 405: 300: 6153: 5376:"Afghan opium poppy cultivation plunges by 95 percent under Taliban: UN" 4501: 4421: 4365: 4289: 4241: 4197: 4159: 4077: 3757: 3522:

Drug Enforcement Administration press release. (Retrieved 10 July 2020).

2551:"Gambino, Bonanno family members held in joint US-Italy anti-mafia raid" 1611: 7948: 7685: 7419: 7311: 6784: 6629: 6577: 6207: 4677: 2096: 2064: 1987: 1572: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 1464: 1084:

increased the supply and demand for marijuana during this time period.

413: 367: 175: 3899: 683:

seized in Operation Albatross, a joint operation of Afghan officials,

8459: 8415: 7963: 7958: 7533: 7518: 7493: 7341: 7336: 7321: 7316: 7276: 7253: 7190: 7047: 7020: 6904: 6762: 6745: 6718: 6634: 6597: 6587: 6560: 6531: 6492: 6479: 6457: 6428: 6225: 5124: 4537: 4535: 4533: 4531: 4342: 2816: 1950: 1630:

While the recreational use of (and consequently the distribution of)

1622: 1488: 919: 892: 865: 587: 299:

passes on its way to the United States, had, as of 2011, the highest

289:

to other parts of South America create economic and social problems.

255:(in Singapore, Malaysia, Indonesia and elsewhere). In December 2005, 211: 4912: 4529: 4527: 4525: 4523: 4521: 4519: 4517: 4515: 4513: 4511: 3743: 2753:"Thousands of fake online pharmacies shut in global sting: Interpol" 2058: 1547: 69:

dedicated to the cultivation, manufacture, distribution and sale of

7462: 7356: 7258: 6981: 6912: 6870: 6860: 6828: 6823: 6788: 6602: 6509: 6469: 6445: 6398: 6293: 6262: 5807:"Europe a key global hub for billion-dollar cocaine market: Report" 5568: 5347:"Opium Amounts to Half of Afghanistan's GDP in 2007, Reports UNODC" 5000: 3449: 3341:"Venezuela's Drug-Running Generals May Be Who Finally Ousts Maduro" 2213: 2023: 2005: 1850: 1616: 1027:

In 2008, the US government initiated another program, known as the

948: 927: 911: 807: 707:

of drug profits was absorbed into the economic system as a result:

645: 481: 473: 456: 421: 320: 292: 273: 268: 248: 4658:

The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science

4303:

Gootenberg, Paul (2012). "Cocaine's Long March North, 1900–2010".

1901:

According to the Community Epidemiology Work Group, the number of

1833:

discovered 270 kg of heroin hidden in a ship coming from the

7573: 7092: 7075: 7070: 7055: 7003: 6993: 6976: 6848: 6689: 6684: 6617: 6543: 6363: 6283: 4885: 4508: 3422: 2548: 1976: 1876:

port of a shipment from Iran that was headed for Western Europe.

1869: 1846: 1842: 1636: 1523: 1475:. The illicit trade activities of the Balkans primarily involved 1452: 1448: 1064:, the US is still the world's largest importer of illegal drugs. 1052: 923: 906:

in sponsorship of drug production and trade has led to pervasive

837: 767: 735: 680: 664: 460: 445: 409: 296: 231: 215: 78: 3467: 1959:, is illicitly manufactured in clandestine laboratories (called 1310:

This ideal allowed for greater organization within the cartels.

899:

media outlets and entry of affiliated media personnel in Syria.

49:

Drug trafficking air routes monitored by the US Southern Command

7523: 7457: 6926: 6772: 6752: 6514: 6438: 6403: 6342: 5997:"Fentanyl overtakes heroin as the No. 1 opioid overdose killer" 5838:"Cocaine production is at its highest level on record, UN says" 4444:"Combatting Drugs in Mexico under Calderon: The Inevitable War" 4005:"German police arrest Syrians in Bavaria captagon factory bust" 2072: 2019: 2011: 1753: 1749: 1737: 1733: 1714: 1527: 1492: 1472: 1460: 1341: 1035:, allowing for continued activities of drug cartels across the 595: 338: 6127: 4878: 3739: 3737: 3735: 3418:"Venezuelan first lady's nephews convicted in U.S. drug trial" 2462:

Opium and the People, Opiate Use in Nineteenth-Century England

37: 6659: 6497: 6450: 6313: 5350: 4821:"United Arab Emirates placed on money laundering 'gray list'" 4437: 4435: 4433: 4431: 3733: 3731: 3729: 3727: 3725: 3723: 3721: 3719: 3717: 3715: 3226:"Iran is a firm barrier against drug trafficking to Caucasus" 1934: 1854: 1830: 1826: 1507: 1362: 1314: 599: 437: 429: 159:

broke out in 1856, with the British joined this time by the

136: 41:

Main heroin-producing countries in the world (colored in red)

5489:"Romania Seizes 1.4 Tons of Heroin Bound for Western Europe" 3960:"Syria: New Captagon drug trade link to top officials found" 3937:"Syria: New Captagon drug trade link to top officials found" 3616:"Drug money saved banks in global crisis, claims UN advisor" 3204:. Westport, CT: Praeger Security International. p. 97. 3160:

Alexandre Schmidt, UNODC, Amadou Ndiaye, Mu'azu Umaru, GIABA

2209:

International Day Against Drug Abuse and Illicit Trafficking

1108:

Drug trafficking tunnel discovered near US-Mexico border in

120:

issued edicts against opium smoking in 1730, 1796 and 1800.

7548: 7065: 6679: 6548: 6536: 6504: 6322: 6245: 6240: 4881:"Uruguay becomes first country to legalize marijuana trade" 2044: 2032:

epidemic of synthetic opioid drug overdose deaths in the US

1834: 1649: 1645: 1290: 684: 477: 433: 425: 4651: 4649: 4647: 4645: 4643: 4641: 4639: 4637: 4635: 4633: 4428: 3712: 1813:

supplied the majority of US demand. Allegedly, during the

7648:

Council of the European Union decisions on designer drugs

7331: 6757: 6524: 5459:"Italian Police Make Major Heroin Haul On Ship From Iran" 5057:"Measuring America's changing drug habits, on the border" 5030: 4791:"Fraudsters 'turning Dubai into the new Costa del Crime'" 2875:. International Crisis Group. 5 June 2014. Archived from 2869:"The Tunisian Exception: Success and Limits of Consensus" 1915: 1401: 1313:

Gangs play a major role in the activity of drug cartels.

1131:

During the 1990s, the PRI lost some elections to the new

1119:(PRI) was formed to resolve the chaos resulting from the 996:

prescribed at the federal level when it involves murder.

4597: 4595: 4140:

Canadian Journal of Latin American and Caribbean Studies

3746:

Canadian Journal of Latin American and Caribbean Studies

3124: 2696:"How the Wildlife Trade Relates to Other Illicit Trades" 2636:"Outcry after Indonesia executes 6 for drug trafficking" 951:

in countries where the drug was not previously popular."

939:

news-outlet in 2024, journalist Yuriy Matsarsky stated:

5671:"Spreading Meth across the Chinese-North Korean Border" 5178:

Collins, Larry; Lapierre, Dominique (6 February 1972).

4692:"Balkan Gangs Are Now Leading Global Smugglers, Report" 4630: 4490:

European Review of Latin American and Caribbean Studies

4271: 4269: 3819:"Is the Syrian Regime the World's Biggest Drug Dealer?" 3373:

World Drug Report 2010 Statistical Annex: Drug seizures

3179:. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. p. 63. 2896: 2894: 2043:

insists that the main source of this synthetic drug is

840:

of goods and resources. Under Maher's supervision, the

6091:"As fentanyl crisis grows, U.S.-Mexico divide deepens" 4211: 4209: 4207: 2610:"Two Friends Sent To The Gallows For Drug Trafficking" 2549:

Laura Smith-Spark and Hada Messia (11 February 2014).

1016:, which increased the drug cartel activity in Mexico. 492:, along with countries that constituted the so-called 198:

Eighteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution

5989: 4879:

Malena Castaldi; Felipe Llambias (11 December 2013).

4592: 4059: 4057: 4055: 4053: 4051: 2666:"Organized Crime: The World's Largest Social Network" 719:

5 cm hashish packages taken from a smuggler by police

624:

On 18 November 2016, following what was known as the

4266: 2891: 2054: 1748:

In the 1950s and 1960s, most heroin was produced in

590:

has been a path to the United States and Europe for

4204: 2955: 1409:

was extradited from Colombia to the US in May 2008.

5434:"News from DEA, Congressional Testimony, 11/09/05" 5121:"Legal Pot in the US Is Crippling Mexican Cartels" 4964:"Blunt Trauma – Marijuana, the new blood diamonds" 4487: 4184:Quinones, Sam (March–April 2009). "State of War". 4048: 3683: 3011:"Progress in Mexico drug war is drenched in blood" 2385: 182:in 1914, after 12 international powers signed the 30:"Drug dealer" redirects here. For other uses, see 5961: 5959: 5573:Published July 17, 2002. Retrieved on 2009-02-14. 5118: 2633: 8656: 4725: 4723: 4721: 4719: 4717: 873:Organized Crime and Corruption Reporting Project 830:to successfully conduct trafficking operations. 782:, oversees the operations of Syria's drug trade. 5698:"Purity on the rise as ice tops the drugs wave" 5177: 4385: 4383: 4179: 4177: 3536:How the feds took down the Dread Pirate Roberts 2458: 2331:"The 1912 Hague International Opium Convention" 2112:Environmental impact of illicit drug production 7196:Legal history of cannabis in the United States 5956: 5777:"Transnational Crime and the Developing World" 5726: 3587:"The illicit drug trade in the United Kingdom" 2902:"Drug-Related Crime – Fact sheet – Drug Facts" 2839:"Honduras Has World's Highest Murder Rate: UN" 2459:Berridge, Virginia; Edwards, Griffith (1981). 2240:"Transnational Crime and the Developing World" 762: 6169: 5695: 5027:"Cash From Marijuana Fuels Mexico's Drug War" 4961: 4714: 4338: 4336: 4334: 3679: 3677: 3675: 3673: 3671: 3669: 3089: 3087: 2724: 2672:. Vol. 19, no. 2. 31 January 2011. 2202: 2167:Illegal drug trade in the Indian Ocean region 1841:. The ship had already passed and stopped at 1800:United States Drug Enforcement Administration 6196: 6053: 4938:"The usage of Marijuana as food ingredients" 4483: 4481: 4479: 4380: 4174: 4137: 3885: 3883: 3881: 3062:"Africa is heroin's new highway to the West" 2718: 2379: 2306:"Illegal Drugs in America: A Modern History" 1762:crime ring, with much of it arriving in the 644:Drugs are increasingly traded online on the 91:Transnational Crime and the Developing World 81:, of many types of drugs through the use of 4133: 4131: 4129: 4127: 4125: 4123: 4121: 4119: 4117: 3177:Opium: Uncovering the Politics of the Poppy 3101:. Africa Economic Institute. Archived from 3002: 1361:From Cuba, cocaine would be transported to 484:. After the 1990s, particularly after the 7924:Arguments for and against drug prohibition 6176: 6162: 6140:Illicit drug issues by country, by the CIA 6033:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 5906:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 5608: 5173: 5171: 4765:Carnegie Endowment for International Peace 4331: 4302: 4063: 3666: 3084: 3054: 3008: 2781: 2092:Arguments for and against drug prohibition 1894:Methamphetamine smuggled inside a car tire 1640:stock after operating for only four days. 1537: 1296: 555:. Please do not remove this message until 345: 6183: 5774: 5549: 4476: 4403: 4249: 3889: 3878: 3554: 3548: 3409: 3365: 3332: 3254: 2969: 2373: 1588:Learn how and when to remove this message 575:Learn how and when to remove this message 444:in countries such as Nigeria, Ghana, and 7898:Psilocybin decriminalization in the U.S. 7595: 6134:United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime 5934:"Fentanyl: MedlinePlus Drug Information" 5318:United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime 4940:. nutritionfortheworld.wikifoundry.com. 4601: 4389: 4183: 4114: 3861: 3396:United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime 3338: 1980: 1889: 1728: 1621: 1610: 1400: 1335: 1103: 1046: 965: 933:In an investigative report published by 766: 738:, he found that one gang (essentially a 714: 700:United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime 675: 663: 551:Relevant discussion may be found on the 366: 349: 44: 36: 7934:Capital punishment for drug trafficking 6989:Neocannabinoid / synthetic cannabinoids 5539:"Maps of Methamphetamine Lab Incidents" 5168: 5086: 4296: 4215: 4092:"Drug Trafficking in the United States" 3980: 3957: 3793: 3645:"Why Drug Dealers Live With Their Moms" 3415: 3297: 2775: 1092: 962:Illegal drug trade in the United States 753: 239:Capital punishment for drug trafficking 14: 8657: 7825:Office of National Drug Control Policy 7613:International drug control conventions 5527:Office of National Drug Control Policy 5238: 5210:"Agents Seize Heroin Worth Record 22M" 4913:"GDS: the world's biggest drug survey" 4655: 4541: 4441: 3770: 3303: 3236:from the original on November 11, 2017 3199: 3174: 2172:Maritime drug smuggling into Australia 1903:clandestine methamphetamine laboratory 1534:, by seeking shelter in the Emirates. 8016: 7594: 7166:List of cannabis rights organizations 7113: 6195: 6157: 6007:from the original on 12 December 2018 5977:from the original on 23 February 2023 5944:from the original on 27 November 2023 5835: 5775:Mavrellis, Channing (27 March 2017). 5708:from the original on 19 February 2014 5668: 5469:from the original on 10 November 2018 4771:from the original on 9 September 2020 4544:"Drugs, Violence, and Life in Mexico" 3934: 3430:from the original on 19 November 2016 3170: 3168: 3166: 2676:from the original on 17 November 2017 2646:from the original on 17 November 2017 2634:Los Angeles Times (18 January 2015). 2561:from the original on 17 November 2017 2530:from the original on 17 November 2017 2500:from the original on 17 November 2017 2286:from the original on 15 November 2023 2276:"History of the Opium Trade in China" 2026:; its primary clinical utility is in 1384: 818:, younger brother of Syrian dictator 639: 592:illegal drugs originating in Colombia 6071:from the original on 4 December 2018 5880:from the original on 5 November 2023 5689: 5582: 5277:from the original on 22 October 2020 5251:from the original on 21 October 2020 5220:from the original on 24 October 2020 5190:from the original on 20 October 2020 5180:"The French Connection—In Real Life" 4893:from the original on 1 December 2015 4831:from the original on 19 October 2023 4275: 3890:Matsarsky, Yuriy (1 February 2024). 3816: 3613: 3567:from the original on 6 November 2013 2763:from the original on 19 October 2023 2420: 1570:adding citations to reliable sources 1541: 617:severed ties with the United States 525: 295:, through which an estimated 79% of 6041:from the original on 10 August 2022 5609:Sommerfeld, Julia (February 2001). 5536: 4702:from the original on 5 January 2021 4305:Latin American Politics and Society 3958:Radford, Antoinette (8 July 2023). 3686:Latin American Politics and Society 3555:Greenberg, Andy (30 October 2013). 3525: 3353:from the original on 11 August 2017 3320:from the original on 11 August 2012 3259:. Sydney: HarperCollins Australia. 2958:Studies in Conflict & Terrorism 2237: 2087:Allegations of CIA drug trafficking 1863:Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs 1777:, this route was being supplanted. 1514:. The UAE had poor regulations for 1417: 1283: 1110:San Diego–Tijuana metropolitan area 999: 871:A joint investigation conducted by 856:published a detailed report to the 518:Illegal drug trade in Latin America 279: 201:banned alcohol in the United States 24: 7718:Law Enforcement Action Partnership 6103:from the original on 29 April 2023 5914:from the original on 28 April 2022 5640:""Tik": Crystal meth in Cape Town" 4741:from the original on 19 April 2022 4392:The Quarterly Journal of Economics 4358:10.1111/j.1747-7379.2004.tb00191.x 3862:AlKhaldi, Celine (11 April 2023). 3502:, notguiltyadams.com, 13 July 2022 3416:Raymond, Nate (19 November 2016). 3286:Aumenta narcotráfico por Venezuela 3163: 3095:"West Africa and Drug Trafficking" 3013:. Associated Press. Archived from 2581:"Australian executed in Singapore" 2256:from the original on 17 April 2023 1879: 1532:US Drug Enforcement Administration 1442: 25: 8681: 7735:Students for Sensible Drug Policy 6119: 5848:from the original on 17 June 2023 5817:from the original on 17 June 2023 5585:"NIDA InfoFacts: Methamphetamine" 5131:from the original on 20 June 2016 4976:from the original on 19 July 2012 4542:Morris, Stephen D. (2012-09-07). 3981:Lazkani, Alimar (4 August 2020). 3072:from the original on 1 March 2019 1991:each (equivalent to €18 in 2021). 1775:The French Connection (1971 film) 1377:'s communist government in 1959. 1348: 1117:Institutional Revolutionary Party 1042: 384: 7740:Transform Drug Policy Foundation 7634:Other treaties addressing drugs 7114: 6083: 6019: 5971:National Institute on Drug Abuse 5926: 5892: 5860: 5836:Turak, Natasha (16 March 2023). 5829: 5799: 5787:from the original on 5 June 2023 5768: 5759: 5750: 5720: 5662: 5650:from the original on 6 July 2024 5632: 5602: 5576: 5530: 5511: 5499:from the original on 21 May 2021 5481: 5451: 5426: 5397: 5368: 5339: 5302: 5289: 5263: 5119:Mary Emily O’Hara (8 May 2014). 5037:from the original on 6 July 2024 4801:from the original on 6 July 2024 4464:from the original on 27 May 2016 4317:10.1111/j.1548-2456.2012.00146.x 4218:"Drug Wars in the United States" 4216:Epstein, RJ (18 November 1989). 3698:10.1111/j.1548-2456.2009.00050.x 3493:What is Online Drug Trafficking? 3456:from the original on 2019-10-23. 3339:al-Ameri, Alaa (31 March 2014). 3304:Neuman, William (26 July 2012). 2162:Golden Triangle (Southeast Asia) 2071: 2057: 1725:Golden Triangle (Southeast Asia) 1546: 955: 598:and Caribbean countries such as 530: 503: 310: 234:, has also increased in Europe. 8573:Regulation of therapeutic goods 8497:Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder 8058:Opium production in Afghanistan 6065:Drug Enforcement Administration 5739:from the original on 2008-03-21 5677:from the original on 2012-06-14 5621:from the original on 2024-07-06 5591:from the original on 2007-10-27 5415:from the original on 2023-11-25 5386:from the original on 2023-11-06 5232: 5216:. New York City. 27 June 1968. 5202: 5157:from the original on 2013-07-28 5143: 5112: 5101:from the original on 2016-06-14 5080: 5069:from the original on 2016-04-17 5049: 5019: 5008:from the original on 2013-05-02 4988: 4955: 4944:from the original on 2014-12-16 4930: 4919:from the original on 2018-02-08 4905: 4872: 4861:from the original on 2023-02-02 4843: 4813: 4783: 4753: 4684: 4442:Chabat, Jorge (December 2010). 4084: 4037:from the original on 2024-07-06 4019: 3997: 3974: 3951: 3928: 3906: 3855: 3847:. 24 April 2023. Archived from 3833: 3810: 3794:Solomou, John (17 April 2023). 3787: 3764: 3655:from the original on 2017-12-16 3637: 3626:from the original on 2010-04-20 3607: 3594:Home Office Online Report 20/07 3579: 3511:Mulvey, Erin (30 January 2020) 3505: 3485: 3474:from the original on 2019-10-23 3460: 3442: 3384: 3273: 3248: 3218: 3193: 3154: 3142: 3131:from the original on 2018-06-14 3117: 3029: 3009:Traci Carl (November 3, 2009). 2949: 2937:from the original on 2018-08-25 2919: 2908:from the original on 2010-02-18 2861: 2849:from the original on 2017-11-17 2831: 2801: 2745: 2706:from the original on 2017-07-30 2688: 2658: 2627: 2616:from the original on 2015-09-23 2602: 2591:from the original on 2019-12-02 2573: 2542: 2512: 2482: 2441:from the original on 2024-07-06 2421:Chen, Song-Chuan (2017-01-01). 2362:from the original on 2017-04-21 2337:from the original on 2016-05-28 2308:. Deamuseum.org. Archived from 2022:and 100 times more potent than 1872:seized 1.4 tonnes of heroin at 1736:woven into a hand-made knotted 1557:needs additional citations for 1189:Joaquín Archivaldo Guzmán Loera 1148:Federal Agency of Investigation 1074: 1051:ICE arresting an individual in 619:Drug Enforcement Administration 514:Illegal drug trade in Venezuela 325:Federal Bureau of Investigation 303:in the world. According to the 8521:of tobacco or other substances 5611:"Beating an addiction to meth" 5239:Bigart, Homer (27 June 1968). 4962:Greg Campbell (13 July 2012). 4551:Latin American Research Review 4346:International Migration Review 4152:10.1080/08263663.2003.10816844 4011:. 20 July 2023. Archived from 3920:. 29 June 2023. Archived from 3817:Daly, Max (14 December 2022). 3771:Jalabi, Raya (28 March 2023). 3232:. yjc.ir. September 18, 2013. 3200:Bowman, Marion Eugene (2007). 3175:Chouvy, Pierre-Arnaud (2010). 2473: 2452: 2427:. Hong Kong University Press. 2414: 2348: 2323: 2298: 2268: 2231: 2152:Drug trafficking organizations 1705:in the 1920s and early 1930s. 1332:Illegal drug trade in Colombia 854:Bureau of Near Eastern Affairs 748:Black Gangster Disciple Nation 732:Black Gangster Disciple Nation 184:International Opium Convention 178:until the introduction of the 118:government of the Qing dynasty 97:billion in 2014 alone. With a 13: 1: 8553:Needle and syringe programmes 8502:Long-term effects of cannabis 7903:Psilocybin mushrooms legality 7830:School district drug policies 5727:Alex Robertson (2003-10-10). 5696:MARK SCHLIEBS (20 May 2013). 5518:Street Terms: Methamphetamine 5310:Afghanistan Opium Survey 2007 4851:"State Medical Cannabis Laws" 2224: 1955:Temazepam, a strong hypnotic 1781: 1701:during the time known as the 982: 902:The extensive involvement of 218:. As a result, international 190: 7623:1971 Psychotropic Substances 5353:. 2008-11-16. Archived from 5273:. Desert Sun. 26 June 1968. 3935:Nader, Emir (27 June 2023). 2904:. Whitehousedrugpolicy.gov. 2843:International Business Times 2238:May, Channing (March 2017). 1944: 1691:a number of Muslim countries 1615:Four ounces (110 g) of 891:. The report also unearthed 32:Drug dealer (disambiguation) 7: 8411:Pharmaceutical distribution 8048:Coca production in Colombia 7499:Counterculture of the 1960s 5967:"Drug Overdose Death Rates" 5669:Huang, Jende (2012-02-07). 4670:10.1177/0002716202058002008 3614:Syal, Rajeev (2009-12-13). 2050: 2041:Andrés Manuel López Obrador 1999: 1681:Alcohol, in the context of 1600: 1520:Financial Action Task Force 1325: 1174:Miguel Angel Felix Gallardo 974:offloads seized cocaine in 763:Drug trafficking by country 594:, through Central America, 557:conditions to do so are met 133:illegal drug trade in China 10: 8686: 8583:Substance abuse prevention 8558:Opioid replacement therapy 5781:Global Financial Integrity 5271:"Biggest Heroin Haul Told" 2520:"Of bongs and bureaucrats" 2247:Global Financial Integrity 2203:International coordination 2003: 1974: 1970: 1948: 1883: 1718: 1712: 1674: 1670: 1604: 1329: 1154:Arrested drug traffickers 959: 790: 659: 507: 397: 305:International Crisis Group 236: 109: 105: 87:Global Financial Integrity 29: 8596: 8588:Supervised injection site 8530: 8445: 8071: 8038: 8027: 8023: 8017: 8012: 7916: 7878:Anabolic steroid legality 7865: 7750: 7658: 7643:Convention Against Doping 7638:Law of the Sea Convention 7605: 7601: 7590: 7569:Urban legends about drugs 7481: 7433: 7370: 7267: 7234: 7126: 7122: 7109: 7046: 7019: 6957: 6903: 6804: 6709: 6700: 6645: 6478: 6341: 6206: 6202: 6191: 5436:. Dea.gov. Archived from 4604:Anthropological Quarterly 4234:10.1136/bmj.299.6710.1275 2980:10.1080/10576100601148456 2014:, is 20 to 40 times more 1708: 1661:Washington Initiative 502 1373:and the establishment of 1227: 1204:Héctor Luis Palma Salazar 1164: 1161: 1158: 1087: 400:Drug trade in West Africa 379: 371:The nephews of President 112:History of opium in China 8384:Turks and Caicos Islands 7893:Methamphetamine legality 7206:Marijuana Policy Project 6197:Major recreational drugs 5555:Bootie Cosgrove-Mather." 5321:(Report). Archived from 4915:. globaldrugsurvey.com. 4414:10.1162/0033553042476125 3918:U.S. Department of State 1004:A large generation, the 885:Fourth Armoured Division 824:Fourth Armoured Division 810:, making it the world's 793:Narco-state § Syria 786: 780:Syrian Republican Guards 143:(1839–1842) between the 7161:Cannabis rights leaders 4222:British Medical Journal 3255:McPhedran, Ian (2017). 3151:magazine, February 2012 2380:Hanes, William Travis; 2122:Illicit cigarette trade 2102:Counterfeit medications 1538:Trade in specific drugs 1297:Culture of drug cartels 1260:Benjamin Arellano Felix 1231:Ismael Higuera Guerrero 916:National Defence Forces 628:, Venezuelan President 522:Drug barons of Colombia 510:Corruption in Venezuela 466: 393: 346:Drug trafficking routes 222:syndicates such as the 7969:Politics of drug abuse 6937:Mandragora officinarum 5297:The Politics of Heroin 3987:Arab Reform Initiative 3230:Young Journalists Club 3039:. TDPF. Archived from 2725:Bill McCollum (2002). 2010:Fentanyl, a synthetic 1992: 1895: 1745: 1627: 1619: 1457:Bosnia and Herzegovina 1410: 1407:Diego Murillo Bejarano 1367:Union City, New Jersey 1345: 1344:, Colombia, April 2013 1128:government officials. 1112: 1056: 1022:US cocaine consumption 992:, and may result in a 979: 953: 801:of Syria ruled by the 783: 720: 713: 691: 673: 626:Narcosobrinos incident 440:). The money is often 376: 364: 276:tests and face masks. 50: 42: 8329:Saint Kitts and Nevis 7628:1988 Drug Trafficking 7221:Cannabis and religion 6185:Recreational drug use 5299:, Lawrence Hill, 2003 4616:10.1353/anq.2008.0004 4563:10.1353/lar.2012.0011 3450:"Abba Eban Institute" 2784:"Refugees in Ecuador" 2731:. Diane. p. 39. 2197:Operation Show Me How 1984: 1893: 1817:, drug lords such as 1732: 1719:Further information: 1665:Colorado Amendment 64 1625: 1614: 1404: 1339: 1133:National Action Party 1107: 1050: 969: 941: 930:supply in the world. 842:4th Armoured Division 822:and commander of the 778:and commander of the 774:, younger brother of 770: 718: 709: 679: 667: 508:Further information: 370: 362: 83:drug prohibition laws 73:. Most jurisdictions 48: 40: 8578:Responsible drug use 8389:United Arab Emirates 7708:Drug Policy Alliance 7596:Legality of drug use 7201:Legality of cannabis 7176:Cannabis Social Club 7146:Cannabis cultivation 7141:Cannabis consumption 6972:Cannabis (Marijuana) 6794:Psilocybin mushrooms 6003:. 12 December 2018. 5876:. 14 November 2018. 3284:, 24 February 2008, 2137:Wildlife trafficking 1752:and transshipped in 1607:Legality of cannabis 1566:improve this article 1497:United Arab Emirates 1405:Colombian drug lord 1140:presidents of Mexico 1125:political corruption 1098:Corruption in Mexico 1093:Political influences 978:, Florida, May 2014. 799:Ba'athist government 754:Impact of free trade 332:September 11 attacks 77:trade, except under 8636:Tobacco consumption 8606:Alcohol consumption 8548:Drug rehabilitation 8485:Effects of cannabis 8209:Indian Ocean region 7989:Philippine drug war 7618:1961 Narcotic Drugs 6299:nail polish remover 6096:The Washington Post 5973:. 9 February 2023. 5465:. 9 November 2018. 5062:The Washington Post 4228:(6710): 1275–1276. 3993:on 3 February 2023. 3924:on 9 February 2024. 3902:on 8 February 2024. 3068:. 31 January 2019. 3017:on February 2, 2014 2526:. 17 January 2014. 2358:. Druglibrary.org. 2333:. Druglibrary.org. 2147:Drug liberalization 2142:Illegal organ trade 1683:alcoholic beverages 1155: 945:Bashar Assad's army 904:Syrian Armed Forces 850:US State Department 812:largest narco-state 704:Antonio Maria Costa 702:Executive Director 544:of this section is 486:end of the Cold War 27:Global black market 8665:Illegal drug trade 8492:Drug-related crime 8169:Dominican Republic 8079:Illegal drug trade 7554:Religion and drugs 7509:Drug paraphernalia 7489:Chasing the dragon 7448:Fashion cigarettes 7029:Calea zacatechichi 6724:Psychoactive toads 6434:Mitragyna speciosa 6386:Dextropropoxyphene 6328:Nonbenzodiazepines 6236:Alcoholic beverage 6146:2010-12-29 at the 5910:. 7 October 2022. 5615:Meth's Deadly Buzz 5562:2013-11-09 at the 5523:2010-08-01 at the 5245:The New York Times 5184:The New York Times 4580:on 3 December 2013 4146:(55/56): 277–230. 3829:on 4 January 2023. 3752:(55/56): 249–275. 3541:2021-02-24 at the 3518:2020-11-24 at the 3498:2023-12-07 at the 3468:"Janus Initiative" 3378:2017-10-10 at the 3314:The New York Times 3310:The New York Times 3291:2016-10-28 at the 2757:New Indian Express 1993: 1929:The government of 1896: 1823:Cadaver Connection 1746: 1742:Manchester Airport 1677:Alcoholic beverage 1628: 1620: 1411: 1385:Colombia's economy 1346: 1217:Juan Garcia Abrego 1179:Guadalajara Cartel 1153: 1121:Mexican Revolution 1113: 1057: 980: 881:Ba'athist military 784: 721: 692: 674: 640:Online trafficking 604:Dominican Republic 377: 365: 139:; this led to the 129:East India Company 55:illegal drug trade 51: 43: 8652: 8651: 8648: 8647: 8644: 8643: 8563:Pharmacovigilance 8543:Drug legalization 8441: 8440: 8008: 8007: 8004: 8003: 7939:Cognitive liberty 7883:Cannabis legality 7671:Decriminalization 7586: 7585: 7582: 7581: 7468:Smoking fetishism 7105: 7104: 7101: 7100: 7042: 7041: 6922:Atropa belladonna 6289:contact adhesives 6231:Ethanol (alcohol) 5811:www.aljazeera.com 5349:(Press release). 4735:Global Initiative 3874:on 12 April 2023. 3851:on 28 April 2023. 3806:on 17 April 2023. 3783:on 28 March 2023. 3649:Los Angeles Times 3491:Brittingham, Tad 2738:978-0-7567-2082-7 2640:Los Angeles Times 2434:978-988-8390-56-4 2407:978-1-4022-0149-3 2394:Sourcebooks, Inc. 2127:Human trafficking 2107:Counterfeit money 1908:rolling meth labs 1837:southern port of 1811:French Connection 1798:According to the 1759:French Connection 1687:denatured alcohol 1598: 1597: 1590: 1281: 1280: 1029:Merida Initiative 698:In December 2009 585: 584: 577: 360: 189:Between 1920 and 172:1868 Pharmacy Act 165:Treaty of Tianjin 153:Treaty of Nanking 85:. The think tank 16:(Redirected from 8677: 8480:Drug harmfulness 8475:Driving impaired 8294:Papua New Guinea 8063:Rolling meth lab 8036: 8035: 8025: 8024: 8014: 8013: 7979:Mexican drug war 7888:Cocaine legality 7873:Alcohol legality 7703:Demand reduction 7691:Supply reduction 7603: 7602: 7592: 7591: 7269:Drinking culture 7211:Medical cannabis 7171:Cannabis smoking 7128:Cannabis culture 7124: 7123: 7111: 7110: 7087:recreational use 6932:Hyoscyamus niger 6893:Salvia divinorum 6876:Amanita muscaria 6838:recreational use 6818:recreational use 6707: 6706: 6275:recreational use 6204: 6203: 6193: 6192: 6178: 6171: 6164: 6155: 6154: 6131: 6130: 6128:Official website 6113: 6112: 6110: 6108: 6087: 6081: 6080: 6078: 6076: 6057: 6051: 6050: 6048: 6046: 6023: 6017: 6016: 6014: 6012: 5993: 5987: 5986: 5984: 5982: 5963: 5954: 5953: 5951: 5949: 5930: 5924: 5923: 5921: 5919: 5896: 5890: 5889: 5887: 5885: 5864: 5858: 5857: 5855: 5853: 5833: 5827: 5826: 5824: 5822: 5803: 5797: 5796: 5794: 5792: 5772: 5766: 5763: 5757: 5754: 5748: 5747: 5745: 5744: 5724: 5718: 5717: 5715: 5713: 5693: 5687: 5686: 5684: 5682: 5666: 5660: 5659: 5657: 5655: 5636: 5630: 5629: 5627: 5626: 5606: 5600: 5599: 5597: 5596: 5580: 5574: 5553: 5547: 5546: 5541:. Archived from 5534: 5528: 5515: 5509: 5508: 5506: 5504: 5485: 5479: 5478: 5476: 5474: 5455: 5449: 5448: 5446: 5445: 5430: 5424: 5423: 5421: 5420: 5401: 5395: 5394: 5392: 5391: 5372: 5366: 5365: 5363: 5362: 5343: 5337: 5336: 5334: 5333: 5327: 5314: 5306: 5300: 5293: 5287: 5286: 5284: 5282: 5267: 5261: 5260: 5258: 5256: 5236: 5230: 5229: 5227: 5225: 5206: 5200: 5199: 5197: 5195: 5175: 5166: 5165: 5163: 5162: 5147: 5141: 5140: 5138: 5136: 5116: 5110: 5109: 5107: 5106: 5084: 5078: 5077: 5075: 5074: 5053: 5047: 5046: 5044: 5042: 5023: 5017: 5016: 5014: 5013: 4992: 4986: 4985: 4983: 4981: 4969:The New Republic 4959: 4953: 4952: 4950: 4949: 4934: 4928: 4927: 4925: 4924: 4909: 4903: 4902: 4900: 4898: 4876: 4870: 4869: 4867: 4866: 4847: 4841: 4840: 4838: 4836: 4827:. 4 March 2022. 4817: 4811: 4810: 4808: 4806: 4797:. 24 June 2018. 4787: 4781: 4780: 4778: 4776: 4757: 4751: 4750: 4748: 4746: 4727: 4712: 4711: 4709: 4707: 4698:. 24 July 2020. 4688: 4682: 4681: 4653: 4628: 4627: 4599: 4590: 4589: 4587: 4585: 4579: 4573:. Archived from 4548: 4539: 4506: 4505: 4485: 4474: 4473: 4471: 4469: 4463: 4448: 4439: 4426: 4425: 4407: 4398:(4): 1481–1512. 4387: 4378: 4377: 4340: 4329: 4328: 4300: 4294: 4293: 4284:(172): 167–168. 4273: 4264: 4263: 4253: 4213: 4202: 4201: 4181: 4172: 4171: 4135: 4112: 4111: 4109: 4107: 4098:. Archived from 4088: 4082: 4081: 4061: 4046: 4045: 4043: 4042: 4023: 4017: 4016: 4015:on 22 July 2023. 4001: 3995: 3994: 3989:. Archived from 3978: 3972: 3971: 3966:. Archived from 3955: 3949: 3948: 3943:. Archived from 3932: 3926: 3925: 3910: 3904: 3903: 3898:. Archived from 3887: 3876: 3875: 3870:. Archived from 3859: 3853: 3852: 3837: 3831: 3830: 3825:. Archived from 3814: 3808: 3807: 3802:. Archived from 3791: 3785: 3784: 3779:. Archived from 3768: 3762: 3761: 3741: 3710: 3709: 3681: 3664: 3663: 3661: 3660: 3641: 3635: 3634: 3632: 3631: 3611: 3605: 3604: 3602: 3596:. Archived from 3591: 3583: 3577: 3576: 3574: 3572: 3552: 3546: 3545:, 3 October 2013 3529: 3523: 3509: 3503: 3489: 3483: 3482: 3480: 3479: 3464: 3458: 3457: 3446: 3440: 3439: 3437: 3435: 3413: 3407: 3406: 3404: 3402: 3388: 3382: 3371:United Nations, 3369: 3363: 3362: 3360: 3358: 3336: 3330: 3329: 3327: 3325: 3301: 3295: 3277: 3271: 3270: 3252: 3246: 3245: 3243: 3241: 3222: 3216: 3215: 3197: 3191: 3190: 3172: 3161: 3158: 3152: 3146: 3140: 3139: 3137: 3136: 3121: 3115: 3114: 3112: 3110: 3091: 3082: 3081: 3079: 3077: 3058: 3052: 3051: 3049: 3048: 3033: 3027: 3026: 3024: 3022: 3006: 3000: 2999: 2973: 2953: 2947: 2946: 2944: 2942: 2927:"Out of control" 2923: 2917: 2916: 2914: 2913: 2898: 2889: 2888: 2886: 2884: 2865: 2859: 2858: 2856: 2854: 2835: 2829: 2828: 2826: 2824: 2815:. Archived from 2805: 2799: 2798: 2796: 2795: 2786:. Archived from 2782:Linda Helfrich. 2779: 2773: 2772: 2770: 2768: 2749: 2743: 2742: 2722: 2716: 2715: 2713: 2711: 2700:One Green Planet 2692: 2686: 2685: 2683: 2681: 2662: 2656: 2655: 2653: 2651: 2631: 2625: 2624: 2622: 2621: 2606: 2600: 2599: 2597: 2596: 2577: 2571: 2570: 2568: 2566: 2546: 2540: 2539: 2537: 2535: 2516: 2510: 2509: 2507: 2505: 2496:. 25 June 2014. 2486: 2480: 2477: 2471: 2470: 2465:. Archived from 2456: 2450: 2449: 2447: 2446: 2418: 2412: 2411: 2391: 2377: 2371: 2370: 2368: 2367: 2352: 2346: 2345: 2343: 2342: 2327: 2321: 2320: 2318: 2317: 2302: 2296: 2295: 2293: 2291: 2272: 2266: 2265: 2263: 2261: 2255: 2244: 2235: 2177:Narco-capitalism 2132:Arms trafficking 2081: 2079:Economics portal 2076: 2075: 2067: 2062: 2061: 1786: 1783: 1769:SS France (1960) 1689:, is illegal in 1593: 1586: 1582: 1579: 1573: 1550: 1542: 1516:money laundering 1371:Cuban Revolution 1340:Seized drugs in 1319:18th Street gang 1284:Mexico's economy 1156: 1152: 1037:US–Mexico border 1024:dropped by 11%. 1014:Mexico–US border 1000:Political impact 834:Republican Guard 728:Sudhir Venkatesh 580: 573: 569: 566: 560: 534: 533: 526: 361: 287: 280:Societal effects 257:Van Tuong Nguyen 195: 192: 157:Second Opium War 96: 71:prohibited drugs 63:narcotrafficking 59:drug trafficking 21: 18:Drug trafficking 8685: 8684: 8680: 8679: 8678: 8676: 8675: 8674: 8655: 8654: 8653: 8640: 8598: 8592: 8568:Reagent testing 8526: 8517:Passive smoking 8447: 8437: 8067: 8053:Drug precursors 8040: 8031: 8029: 8019: 8000: 7954:Drug possession 7929:Cannabis rights 7912: 7908:Salvia legality 7861: 7752: 7746: 7654: 7597: 7578: 7559:Self-medication 7477: 7473:Tobacco smoking 7435:Smoking culture 7429: 7366: 7263: 7230: 7186:Cannabis vaping 7156:Cannabis rights 7151:Cannabis edible 7118: 7097: 7038: 7034:Silene capensis 7015: 6953: 6949:Diphenhydramine 6899: 6800: 6696: 6641: 6593:Methylphenidate 6583:Methamphetamine 6474: 6337: 6221:Benzodiazepines 6198: 6187: 6182: 6148:Wayback Machine 6126: 6125: 6122: 6117: 6116: 6106: 6104: 6089: 6088: 6084: 6074: 6072: 6059: 6058: 6054: 6044: 6042: 6037:. 11 May 2022. 6025: 6024: 6020: 6010: 6008: 5995: 5994: 5990: 5980: 5978: 5965: 5964: 5957: 5947: 5945: 5932: 5931: 5927: 5917: 5915: 5898: 5897: 5893: 5883: 5881: 5866: 5865: 5861: 5851: 5849: 5834: 5830: 5820: 5818: 5805: 5804: 5800: 5790: 5788: 5773: 5769: 5764: 5760: 5755: 5751: 5742: 5740: 5725: 5721: 5711: 5709: 5694: 5690: 5680: 5678: 5667: 5663: 5653: 5651: 5638: 5637: 5633: 5624: 5622: 5607: 5603: 5594: 5592: 5581: 5577: 5564:Wayback Machine 5554: 5550: 5535: 5531: 5525:Wayback Machine 5516: 5512: 5502: 5500: 5495:. 20 May 2021. 5487: 5486: 5482: 5472: 5470: 5457: 5456: 5452: 5443: 5441: 5432: 5431: 5427: 5418: 5416: 5403: 5402: 5398: 5389: 5387: 5374: 5373: 5369: 5360: 5358: 5345: 5344: 5340: 5331: 5329: 5325: 5312: 5308: 5307: 5303: 5294: 5290: 5280: 5278: 5269: 5268: 5264: 5254: 5252: 5237: 5233: 5223: 5221: 5208: 5207: 5203: 5193: 5191: 5176: 5169: 5160: 5158: 5153:. Sptimes.com. 5149: 5148: 5144: 5134: 5132: 5117: 5113: 5104: 5102: 5085: 5081: 5072: 5070: 5055: 5054: 5050: 5040: 5038: 5033:. 19 May 2010. 5025: 5024: 5020: 5011: 5009: 4994: 4993: 4989: 4979: 4977: 4960: 4956: 4947: 4945: 4936: 4935: 4931: 4922: 4920: 4911: 4910: 4906: 4896: 4894: 4877: 4873: 4864: 4862: 4849: 4848: 4844: 4834: 4832: 4819: 4818: 4814: 4804: 4802: 4789: 4788: 4784: 4774: 4772: 4759: 4758: 4754: 4744: 4742: 4729: 4728: 4715: 4705: 4703: 4690: 4689: 4685: 4654: 4631: 4600: 4593: 4583: 4581: 4577: 4546: 4540: 4509: 4486: 4477: 4467: 4465: 4461: 4446: 4440: 4429: 4405:10.1.1.525.5505 4388: 4381: 4341: 4332: 4301: 4297: 4274: 4267: 4214: 4205: 4182: 4175: 4136: 4115: 4105: 4103: 4090: 4089: 4085: 4066:Foreign Affairs 4062: 4049: 4040: 4038: 4025: 4024: 4020: 4003: 4002: 3998: 3979: 3975: 3970:on 9 July 2023. 3956: 3952: 3947:on 5 July 2023. 3933: 3929: 3912: 3911: 3907: 3888: 3879: 3860: 3856: 3839: 3838: 3834: 3815: 3811: 3792: 3788: 3777:Financial Times 3769: 3765: 3742: 3713: 3682: 3667: 3658: 3656: 3643: 3642: 3638: 3629: 3627: 3612: 3608: 3600: 3589: 3585: 3584: 3580: 3570: 3568: 3553: 3549: 3543:Wayback Machine 3530: 3526: 3520:Wayback Machine 3510: 3506: 3500:Wayback Machine 3490: 3486: 3477: 3475: 3466: 3465: 3461: 3448: 3447: 3443: 3433: 3431: 3414: 3410: 3400: 3398: 3390: 3389: 3385: 3380:Wayback Machine 3370: 3366: 3356: 3354: 3337: 3333: 3323: 3321: 3302: 3298: 3293:Wayback Machine 3278: 3274: 3267: 3257:The Smack Track 3253: 3249: 3239: 3237: 3224: 3223: 3219: 3212: 3198: 3194: 3187: 3173: 3164: 3159: 3155: 3147: 3143: 3134: 3132: 3123: 3122: 3118: 3108: 3106: 3105:on 29 July 2017 3093: 3092: 3085: 3075: 3073: 3060: 3059: 3055: 3046: 3044: 3035: 3034: 3030: 3020: 3018: 3007: 3003: 2971:10.1.1.553.6185 2954: 2950: 2940: 2938: 2925: 2924: 2920: 2911: 2909: 2900: 2899: 2892: 2882: 2880: 2873:CrisisGroup.org 2867: 2866: 2862: 2852: 2850: 2837: 2836: 2832: 2822: 2820: 2819:on 11 June 2016 2807: 2806: 2802: 2793: 2791: 2780: 2776: 2766: 2764: 2759:. 8 June 2021. 2751: 2750: 2746: 2739: 2723: 2719: 2709: 2707: 2694: 2693: 2689: 2679: 2677: 2664: 2663: 2659: 2649: 2647: 2632: 2628: 2619: 2617: 2612:. Bernama.com. 2608: 2607: 2603: 2594: 2592: 2579: 2578: 2574: 2564: 2562: 2547: 2543: 2533: 2531: 2518: 2517: 2513: 2503: 2501: 2488: 2487: 2483: 2478: 2474: 2457: 2453: 2444: 2442: 2435: 2419: 2415: 2408: 2378: 2374: 2365: 2363: 2354: 2353: 2349: 2340: 2338: 2329: 2328: 2324: 2315: 2313: 2304: 2303: 2299: 2289: 2287: 2280:Druglibrary.org 2274: 2273: 2269: 2259: 2257: 2253: 2242: 2236: 2232: 2227: 2205: 2192:Organized crime 2157:Golden Crescent 2077: 2070: 2063: 2056: 2053: 2028:pain management 2008: 2002: 1979: 1973: 1953: 1947: 1888: 1886:Methamphetamine 1882: 1880:Methamphetamine 1789:Golden Triangle 1784: 1773:By the time of 1727: 1721:Golden Crescent 1717: 1711: 1679: 1673: 1609: 1603: 1594: 1583: 1577: 1574: 1563: 1551: 1540: 1469:North Macedonia 1445: 1443:Western Balkans 1420: 1387: 1365:, Florida; and 1351: 1334: 1328: 1299: 1286: 1264:Tijuana Cartel 1244:Tijuana Cartel 1208:Sinaloa Cartel 1095: 1090: 1077: 1045: 1002: 985: 964: 958: 877:BBC News Arabic 828:Syrian military 820:Bashar al-Assad 795: 789: 776:Bashar al-Assad 765: 756: 662: 650:darknet markets 642: 581: 570: 564: 561: 550: 535: 531: 524: 506: 498:Golden Triangle 494:Golden Crescent 469: 408:(especially in 402: 396: 387: 382: 350: 348: 313: 285: 282: 241: 220:organized crime 193: 141:First Opium War 114: 108: 94: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 8683: 8673: 8672: 8667: 8650: 8649: 8646: 8645: 8642: 8641: 8639: 8638: 8633: 8628: 8627: 8626: 8621: 8613: 8608: 8602: 8600: 8594: 8593: 8591: 8590: 8585: 8580: 8575: 8570: 8565: 8560: 8555: 8550: 8545: 8540: 8534: 8532: 8531:Harm reduction 8528: 8527: 8525: 8524: 8523: 8522: 8514: 8509: 8504: 8499: 8494: 8489: 8488: 8487: 8477: 8472: 8467: 8465:Date rape drug 8462: 8457: 8451: 8449: 8443: 8442: 8439: 8438: 8436: 8435: 8434: 8433: 8431:Liquor license 8428: 8423: 8418: 8408: 8406:Darknet market 8403: 8402: 8401: 8396: 8391: 8386: 8381: 8376: 8371: 8366: 8361: 8356: 8351: 8346: 8341: 8336: 8331: 8326: 8321: 8316: 8311: 8306: 8301: 8296: 8291: 8286: 8281: 8276: 8271: 8266: 8261: 8256: 8251: 8246: 8241: 8236: 8231: 8226: 8221: 8216: 8211: 8206: 8201: 8196: 8191: 8186: 8181: 8176: 8171: 8166: 8161: 8156: 8151: 8146: 8141: 8136: 8131: 8126: 8121: 8116: 8111: 8106: 8101: 8096: 8091: 8086: 8075: 8073: 8069: 8068: 8066: 8065: 8060: 8055: 8050: 8044: 8042: 8033: 8021: 8020: 8010: 8009: 8006: 8005: 8002: 8001: 7999: 7998: 7996:Zero tolerance 7993: 7992: 7991: 7986: 7981: 7971: 7966: 7961: 7956: 7951: 7946: 7941: 7936: 7931: 7926: 7920: 7918: 7914: 7913: 7911: 7910: 7905: 7900: 7895: 7890: 7885: 7880: 7875: 7869: 7867: 7863: 7862: 7860: 7859: 7858: 7857: 7852: 7847: 7842: 7837: 7832: 7827: 7822: 7812: 7807: 7802: 7797: 7792: 7787: 7782: 7777: 7772: 7770:Czech Republic 7767: 7762: 7756: 7754: 7748: 7747: 7745: 7744: 7743: 7742: 7737: 7732: 7731: 7730: 7723:Liberalization 7720: 7715: 7713:Harm reduction 7710: 7705: 7695: 7694: 7693: 7688: 7683: 7678: 7673: 7662: 7660: 7656: 7655: 7653: 7652: 7651: 7650: 7645: 7640: 7632: 7631: 7630: 7625: 7620: 7609: 7607: 7599: 7598: 7588: 7587: 7584: 7583: 7580: 7579: 7577: 7576: 7571: 7566: 7561: 7556: 7551: 7546: 7541: 7539:Party and play 7536: 7531: 7529:Needle sharing 7526: 7521: 7516: 7511: 7506: 7501: 7496: 7491: 7485: 7483: 7479: 7478: 7476: 7475: 7470: 7465: 7460: 7455: 7450: 7445: 7443:Cigarette card 7439: 7437: 7431: 7430: 7428: 7427: 7422: 7417: 7412: 7407: 7402: 7397: 7392: 7387: 7382: 7376: 7374: 7368: 7367: 7365: 7364: 7359: 7354: 7352:Tailgate party 7349: 7344: 7339: 7334: 7329: 7324: 7319: 7314: 7309: 7304: 7302:Drinking games 7299: 7294: 7292:Binge drinking 7289: 7284: 7279: 7273: 7271: 7265: 7264: 7262: 7261: 7256: 7251: 7246: 7240: 7238: 7236:Coffee culture 7232: 7231: 7229: 7228: 7223: 7218: 7213: 7208: 7203: 7198: 7193: 7188: 7183: 7178: 7173: 7168: 7163: 7158: 7153: 7148: 7143: 7138: 7132: 7130: 7120: 7119: 7107: 7106: 7103: 7102: 7099: 7098: 7096: 7095: 7090: 7080: 7079: 7078: 7073: 7063: 7058: 7052: 7050: 7044: 7043: 7040: 7039: 7037: 7036: 7031: 7025: 7023: 7017: 7016: 7014: 7013: 7012: 7011: 7006: 7001: 6996: 6986: 6985: 6984: 6979: 6974: 6963: 6961: 6955: 6954: 6952: 6951: 6946: 6944:Dimenhydrinate 6941: 6940: 6939: 6934: 6929: 6924: 6909: 6907: 6901: 6900: 6898: 6897: 6896: 6895: 6885: 6880: 6879: 6878: 6868: 6863: 6858: 6857: 6856: 6851: 6846: 6844:alkyl nitrites 6841: 6826: 6821: 6810: 6808: 6802: 6801: 6799: 6798: 6797: 6796: 6782: 6781: 6780: 6775: 6770: 6768:Peruvian torch 6760: 6755: 6750: 6749: 6748: 6738: 6737: 6736: 6731: 6726: 6715: 6713: 6704: 6698: 6697: 6695: 6694: 6693: 6692: 6687: 6677: 6672: 6667: 6666: 6665: 6657: 6651: 6649: 6643: 6642: 6640: 6639: 6638: 6637: 6632: 6622: 6621: 6620: 6615: 6610: 6600: 6595: 6590: 6585: 6580: 6575: 6570: 6569: 6568: 6558: 6557: 6556: 6551: 6541: 6540: 6539: 6529: 6528: 6527: 6522: 6517: 6507: 6502: 6501: 6500: 6490: 6484: 6482: 6476: 6475: 6473: 6472: 6467: 6466: 6465: 6455: 6454: 6453: 6443: 6442: 6441: 6431: 6426: 6425: 6424: 6416: 6411: 6410: 6409: 6401: 6396: 6395: 6394: 6391: 6383: 6382: 6381: 6373: 6372: 6371: 6361: 6360: 6359: 6356: 6347: 6345: 6339: 6338: 6336: 6335: 6333:Quinazolinones 6330: 6325: 6320: 6319: 6318: 6317: 6316: 6308: 6307: 6306: 6301: 6296: 6291: 6280: 6279: 6278: 6260: 6255: 6253:Gabapentinoids 6250: 6249: 6248: 6243: 6238: 6228: 6223: 6218: 6212: 6210: 6200: 6199: 6189: 6188: 6181: 6180: 6173: 6166: 6158: 6152: 6151: 6137: 6121: 6120:External links 6118: 6115: 6114: 6082: 6052: 6018: 5988: 5955: 5925: 5891: 5859: 5828: 5813:. 6 May 2022. 5798: 5767: 5758: 5749: 5719: 5702:The Australian 5688: 5661: 5631: 5601: 5575: 5548: 5545:on 2009-09-09. 5529: 5510: 5493:Balkan Insight 5480: 5450: 5425: 5411:. 2023-11-05. 5396: 5367: 5338: 5301: 5295:See McCoy, A; 5288: 5262: 5231: 5201: 5167: 5142: 5111: 5079: 5048: 5018: 4987: 4954: 4929: 4904: 4871: 4842: 4812: 4782: 4752: 4713: 4696:Balkan Insight 4683: 4664:(2): 102–116. 4629: 4610:(1): 233–267. 4591: 4557:(2): 216–223. 4507: 4475: 4427: 4379: 4352:(1): 131–157. 4330: 4311:(1): 159–180. 4295: 4278:Foreign Policy 4265: 4203: 4192:(171): 76–80. 4186:Foreign Policy 4173: 4113: 4102:on 29 May 2016 4096:Policy Almanac 4083: 4047: 4018: 3996: 3973: 3950: 3927: 3905: 3877: 3854: 3832: 3809: 3786: 3763: 3711: 3692:(2): 117–145. 3665: 3651:. 2005-04-24. 3636: 3606: 3603:on 2011-02-18. 3578: 3547: 3524: 3504: 3484: 3459: 3441: 3408: 3383: 3364: 3331: 3296: 3272: 3265: 3247: 3217: 3210: 3192: 3185: 3162: 3153: 3141: 3116: 3099:africaecon.org 3083: 3053: 3028: 3001: 2964:(3): 249–265. 2948: 2933:. 2013-03-09. 2918: 2890: 2860: 2845:. 2011-11-23. 2830: 2800: 2774: 2744: 2737: 2717: 2702:. 2014-08-20. 2687: 2657: 2626: 2601: 2587:. 2005-12-02. 2572: 2541: 2511: 2481: 2472: 2469:on 2013-12-25. 2451: 2433: 2413: 2406: 2382:Sanello, Frank 2372: 2347: 2322: 2297: 2267: 2229: 2228: 2226: 2223: 2222: 2221: 2216: 2211: 2204: 2201: 2200: 2199: 2194: 2189: 2187:Narcoterrorism 2184: 2179: 2174: 2169: 2164: 2159: 2154: 2149: 2144: 2139: 2134: 2129: 2124: 2119: 2114: 2109: 2104: 2099: 2094: 2089: 2083: 2082: 2068: 2052: 2049: 2004:Main article: 2001: 1998: 1975:Main article: 1972: 1969: 1965:Eastern Europe 1957:benzodiazepine 1949:Main article: 1946: 1943: 1884:Main article: 1881: 1878: 1713:Main article: 1710: 1707: 1675:Main article: 1672: 1669: 1605:Main article: 1602: 1599: 1596: 1595: 1554: 1552: 1545: 1539: 1536: 1504:United Kingdom 1481:Western Europe 1444: 1441: 1419: 1418:Social impacts 1416: 1386: 1383: 1350: 1349:Political ties 1347: 1330:Main article: 1327: 1324: 1307:Sinaloa Cartel 1298: 1295: 1285: 1282: 1279: 1278: 1275: 1273:Osiel Cardenas 1270: 1266: 1265: 1262: 1256: 1255: 1250: 1246: 1245: 1242: 1238: 1237: 1235:Tijuana Cartel 1232: 1229: 1225: 1224: 1219: 1214: 1210: 1209: 1206: 1201: 1197: 1196: 1194:Sinaloa Cartel 1191: 1186: 1182: 1181: 1176: 1171: 1167: 1166: 1163: 1160: 1094: 1091: 1089: 1086: 1076: 1073: 1055:, October 2011 1044: 1043:Social impacts 1041: 1001: 998: 994:death sentence 990:capital crimes 984: 981: 972:US Coast Guard 960:Main article: 957: 954: 908:drug addiction 889:Maher al-Assad 816:Maher al-Assad 788: 785: 772:Maher al-Assad 764: 761: 755: 752: 661: 658: 641: 638: 630:Nicolás Maduro 583: 582: 538: 536: 529: 505: 502: 468: 465: 395: 392: 386: 385:East and South 383: 381: 378: 373:Nicolás Maduro 347: 344: 317:violent crimes 312: 309: 281: 278: 267:In June 2021, 224:Sinaloa Cartel 205:American Mafia 145:United Kingdom 107: 104: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8682: 8671: 8668: 8666: 8663: 8662: 8660: 8637: 8634: 8632: 8629: 8625: 8622: 8620: 8617: 8616: 8614: 8612: 8609: 8607: 8604: 8603: 8601: 8597:Countries by 8595: 8589: 8586: 8584: 8581: 8579: 8576: 8574: 8571: 8569: 8566: 8564: 8561: 8559: 8556: 8554: 8551: 8549: 8546: 8544: 8541: 8539: 8538:Drug checking 8536: 8535: 8533: 8529: 8520: 8519: 8518: 8515: 8513: 8510: 8508: 8507:Neurotoxicity 8505: 8503: 8500: 8498: 8495: 8493: 8490: 8486: 8483: 8482: 8481: 8478: 8476: 8473: 8471: 8468: 8466: 8463: 8461: 8458: 8456: 8453: 8452: 8450: 8444: 8432: 8429: 8427: 8424: 8422: 8421:Cannabis shop 8419: 8417: 8414: 8413: 8412: 8409: 8407: 8404: 8400: 8397: 8395: 8394:United States 8392: 8390: 8387: 8385: 8382: 8380: 8377: 8375: 8372: 8370: 8367: 8365: 8362: 8360: 8357: 8355: 8352: 8350: 8347: 8345: 8342: 8340: 8337: 8335: 8332: 8330: 8327: 8325: 8322: 8320: 8317: 8315: 8312: 8310: 8307: 8305: 8302: 8300: 8297: 8295: 8292: 8290: 8287: 8285: 8282: 8280: 8277: 8275: 8272: 8270: 8267: 8265: 8262: 8260: 8257: 8255: 8252: 8250: 8249:Latin America 8247: 8245: 8242: 8240: 8237: 8235: 8232: 8230: 8227: 8225: 8222: 8220: 8217: 8215: 8212: 8210: 8207: 8205: 8202: 8200: 8197: 8195: 8192: 8190: 8187: 8185: 8182: 8180: 8177: 8175: 8172: 8170: 8167: 8165: 8162: 8160: 8157: 8155: 8152: 8150: 8147: 8145: 8142: 8140: 8137: 8135: 8132: 8130: 8127: 8125: 8122: 8120: 8117: 8115: 8112: 8110: 8107: 8105: 8102: 8100: 8097: 8095: 8092: 8090: 8087: 8085: 8082: 8081: 8080: 8077: 8076: 8074: 8070: 8064: 8061: 8059: 8056: 8054: 8051: 8049: 8046: 8045: 8043: 8037: 8034: 8026: 8022: 8015: 8011: 7997: 7994: 7990: 7987: 7985: 7984:Plan Colombia 7982: 7980: 7977: 7976: 7975: 7972: 7970: 7967: 7965: 7962: 7960: 7957: 7955: 7952: 7950: 7947: 7945: 7944:Designer drug 7942: 7940: 7937: 7935: 7932: 7930: 7927: 7925: 7922: 7921: 7919: 7915: 7909: 7906: 7904: 7901: 7899: 7896: 7894: 7891: 7889: 7886: 7884: 7881: 7879: 7876: 7874: 7871: 7870: 7868: 7866:Drug legality 7864: 7856: 7853: 7851: 7848: 7846: 7843: 7841: 7838: 7836: 7833: 7831: 7828: 7826: 7823: 7821: 7818: 7817: 7816: 7815:United States 7813: 7811: 7808: 7806: 7803: 7801: 7798: 7796: 7793: 7791: 7788: 7786: 7783: 7781: 7778: 7776: 7773: 7771: 7768: 7766: 7763: 7761: 7758: 7757: 7755: 7749: 7741: 7738: 7736: 7733: 7729: 7728:Latin America 7726: 7725: 7724: 7721: 7719: 7716: 7714: 7711: 7709: 7706: 7704: 7701: 7700: 7699: 7698:Policy reform 7696: 7692: 7689: 7687: 7684: 7682: 7679: 7677: 7674: 7672: 7669: 7668: 7667: 7664: 7663: 7661: 7657: 7649: 7646: 7644: 7641: 7639: 7636: 7635: 7633: 7629: 7626: 7624: 7621: 7619: 7616: 7615: 7614: 7611: 7610: 7608: 7606:International 7604: 7600: 7593: 7589: 7575: 7572: 7570: 7567: 7565: 7564:Sex and drugs 7562: 7560: 7557: 7555: 7552: 7550: 7547: 7545: 7544:Poly drug use 7542: 7540: 7537: 7535: 7532: 7530: 7527: 7525: 7522: 7520: 7517: 7515: 7512: 7510: 7507: 7505: 7502: 7500: 7497: 7495: 7492: 7490: 7487: 7486: 7484: 7480: 7474: 7471: 7469: 7466: 7464: 7461: 7459: 7456: 7454: 7453:Cloud-chasing 7451: 7449: 7446: 7444: 7441: 7440: 7438: 7436: 7432: 7426: 7423: 7421: 7418: 7416: 7413: 7411: 7408: 7406: 7403: 7401: 7398: 7396: 7393: 7391: 7388: 7386: 7383: 7381: 7380:Psychonautics 7378: 7377: 7375: 7373: 7369: 7363: 7360: 7358: 7355: 7353: 7350: 7348: 7345: 7343: 7340: 7338: 7335: 7333: 7330: 7328: 7325: 7323: 7320: 7318: 7315: 7313: 7310: 7308: 7307:Drinking song 7305: 7303: 7300: 7298: 7297:Diethyl ether 7295: 7293: 7290: 7288: 7287:Beer festival 7285: 7283: 7280: 7278: 7275: 7274: 7272: 7270: 7266: 7260: 7257: 7255: 7252: 7250: 7247: 7245: 7242: 7241: 7239: 7237: 7233: 7227: 7224: 7222: 7219: 7217: 7214: 7212: 7209: 7207: 7204: 7202: 7199: 7197: 7194: 7192: 7189: 7187: 7184: 7182: 7179: 7177: 7174: 7172: 7169: 7167: 7164: 7162: 7159: 7157: 7154: 7152: 7149: 7147: 7144: 7142: 7139: 7137: 7134: 7133: 7131: 7129: 7125: 7121: 7117: 7112: 7108: 7094: 7091: 7088: 7084: 7083:Nitrous oxide 7081: 7077: 7074: 7072: 7069: 7068: 7067: 7064: 7062: 7059: 7057: 7054: 7053: 7051: 7049: 7045: 7035: 7032: 7030: 7027: 7026: 7024: 7022: 7018: 7010: 7007: 7005: 7002: 7000: 6997: 6995: 6992: 6991: 6990: 6987: 6983: 6980: 6978: 6975: 6973: 6970: 6969: 6968: 6965: 6964: 6962: 6960: 6956: 6950: 6947: 6945: 6942: 6938: 6935: 6933: 6930: 6928: 6925: 6923: 6920: 6919: 6918: 6914: 6911: 6910: 6908: 6906: 6902: 6894: 6891: 6890: 6889: 6886: 6884: 6881: 6877: 6874: 6873: 6872: 6869: 6867: 6864: 6862: 6859: 6855: 6852: 6850: 6847: 6845: 6842: 6839: 6835: 6834:Nitrous oxide 6832: 6831: 6830: 6827: 6825: 6822: 6819: 6815: 6812: 6811: 6809: 6807: 6806:Dissociatives 6803: 6795: 6792: 6791: 6790: 6786: 6783: 6779: 6776: 6774: 6771: 6769: 6766: 6765: 6764: 6761: 6759: 6756: 6754: 6751: 6747: 6744: 6743: 6742: 6739: 6735: 6732: 6730: 6727: 6725: 6722: 6721: 6720: 6717: 6716: 6714: 6712: 6708: 6705: 6703: 6702:Hallucinogens 6699: 6691: 6688: 6686: 6683: 6682: 6681: 6678: 6676: 6673: 6671: 6668: 6663: 6662: 6661: 6658: 6656: 6653: 6652: 6650: 6648: 6644: 6636: 6633: 6631: 6628: 6627: 6626: 6623: 6619: 6616: 6614: 6611: 6609: 6606: 6605: 6604: 6601: 6599: 6596: 6594: 6591: 6589: 6586: 6584: 6581: 6579: 6576: 6574: 6571: 6567: 6564: 6563: 6562: 6559: 6555: 6552: 6550: 6547: 6546: 6545: 6542: 6538: 6535: 6534: 6533: 6530: 6526: 6523: 6521: 6520:Energy drinks 6518: 6516: 6513: 6512: 6511: 6508: 6506: 6503: 6499: 6496: 6495: 6494: 6491: 6489: 6486: 6485: 6483: 6481: 6477: 6471: 6468: 6464: 6461: 6460: 6459: 6456: 6452: 6449: 6448: 6447: 6444: 6440: 6437: 6436: 6435: 6432: 6430: 6427: 6422: 6421: 6420: 6419:Hydromorphone 6417: 6415: 6412: 6407: 6406: 6405: 6402: 6400: 6397: 6392: 6389: 6388: 6387: 6384: 6379: 6378: 6377: 6374: 6370: 6367: 6366: 6365: 6362: 6357: 6354: 6353: 6352: 6351:Buprenorphine 6349: 6348: 6346: 6344: 6340: 6334: 6331: 6329: 6326: 6324: 6321: 6315: 6312: 6311: 6309: 6305: 6304:Paint thinner 6302: 6300: 6297: 6295: 6292: 6290: 6287: 6286: 6285: 6281: 6276: 6272: 6271:Nitrous oxide 6269: 6268: 6266: 6265: 6264: 6261: 6259: 6256: 6254: 6251: 6247: 6244: 6242: 6239: 6237: 6234: 6233: 6232: 6229: 6227: 6224: 6222: 6219: 6217: 6214: 6213: 6211: 6209: 6205: 6201: 6194: 6190: 6186: 6179: 6174: 6172: 6167: 6165: 6160: 6159: 6156: 6149: 6145: 6141: 6138: 6135: 6129: 6124: 6123: 6102: 6098: 6097: 6092: 6086: 6070: 6066: 6063:(factsheet). 6062: 6056: 6040: 6036: 6034: 6028: 6022: 6006: 6002: 5998: 5992: 5976: 5972: 5968: 5962: 5960: 5943: 5939: 5935: 5929: 5913: 5909: 5907: 5901: 5895: 5879: 5875: 5874: 5873:Health Canada 5869: 5863: 5847: 5843: 5839: 5832: 5816: 5812: 5808: 5802: 5786: 5782: 5778: 5771: 5762: 5753: 5738: 5734: 5733:Evening Times 5730: 5723: 5707: 5703: 5699: 5692: 5676: 5672: 5665: 5649: 5645: 5641: 5635: 5620: 5616: 5612: 5605: 5590: 5586: 5583:NIDA (2008). 5579: 5572: 5570: 5565: 5561: 5558: 5552: 5544: 5540: 5533: 5526: 5522: 5519: 5514: 5498: 5494: 5490: 5484: 5468: 5464: 5460: 5454: 5440:on 2008-05-16 5439: 5435: 5429: 5414: 5410: 5406: 5400: 5385: 5381: 5377: 5371: 5357:on 2007-12-02 5356: 5352: 5348: 5342: 5328:on 2008-01-28 5324: 5320: 5319: 5311: 5305: 5298: 5292: 5276: 5272: 5266: 5250: 5246: 5242: 5235: 5219: 5215: 5211: 5205: 5189: 5185: 5181: 5174: 5172: 5156: 5152: 5146: 5130: 5126: 5122: 5115: 5100: 5096: 5095: 5090: 5087:Ioan Grillo. 5083: 5068: 5064: 5063: 5058: 5052: 5036: 5032: 5028: 5022: 5007: 5003: 5002: 4997: 4991: 4975: 4971: 4970: 4965: 4958: 4943: 4939: 4933: 4918: 4914: 4908: 4892: 4888: 4887: 4882: 4875: 4860: 4856: 4852: 4846: 4830: 4826: 4822: 4816: 4800: 4796: 4792: 4786: 4770: 4766: 4762: 4756: 4740: 4736: 4732: 4726: 4724: 4722: 4720: 4718: 4701: 4697: 4693: 4687: 4679: 4675: 4671: 4667: 4663: 4659: 4652: 4650: 4648: 4646: 4644: 4642: 4640: 4638: 4636: 4634: 4625: 4621: 4617: 4613: 4609: 4605: 4598: 4596: 4576: 4572: 4568: 4564: 4560: 4556: 4552: 4545: 4538: 4536: 4534: 4532: 4530: 4528: 4526: 4524: 4522: 4520: 4518: 4516: 4514: 4512: 4503: 4499: 4496:(94): 43–66. 4495: 4491: 4484: 4482: 4480: 4460: 4456: 4452: 4445: 4438: 4436: 4434: 4432: 4423: 4419: 4415: 4411: 4406: 4401: 4397: 4393: 4386: 4384: 4375: 4371: 4367: 4363: 4359: 4355: 4351: 4347: 4339: 4337: 4335: 4326: 4322: 4318: 4314: 4310: 4306: 4299: 4291: 4287: 4283: 4279: 4272: 4270: 4261: 4257: 4252: 4247: 4243: 4239: 4235: 4231: 4227: 4223: 4219: 4212: 4210: 4208: 4199: 4195: 4191: 4187: 4180: 4178: 4169: 4165: 4161: 4157: 4153: 4149: 4145: 4141: 4134: 4132: 4130: 4128: 4126: 4124: 4122: 4120: 4118: 4101: 4097: 4093: 4087: 4079: 4075: 4071: 4067: 4060: 4058: 4056: 4054: 4052: 4036: 4032: 4028: 4022: 4014: 4010: 4006: 4000: 3992: 3988: 3984: 3977: 3969: 3965: 3961: 3954: 3946: 3942: 3938: 3931: 3923: 3919: 3915: 3909: 3901: 3897: 3893: 3886: 3884: 3882: 3873: 3869: 3865: 3858: 3850: 3846: 3842: 3836: 3828: 3824: 3820: 3813: 3805: 3801: 3797: 3790: 3782: 3778: 3774: 3767: 3759: 3755: 3751: 3747: 3740: 3738: 3736: 3734: 3732: 3730: 3728: 3726: 3724: 3722: 3720: 3718: 3716: 3707: 3703: 3699: 3695: 3691: 3687: 3680: 3678: 3676: 3674: 3672: 3670: 3654: 3650: 3646: 3640: 3625: 3621: 3617: 3610: 3599: 3595: 3588: 3582: 3566: 3562: 3558: 3551: 3544: 3540: 3537: 3533: 3528: 3521: 3517: 3514: 3508: 3501: 3497: 3494: 3488: 3473: 3469: 3463: 3455: 3451: 3445: 3429: 3425: 3424: 3419: 3412: 3397: 3393: 3387: 3381: 3377: 3374: 3368: 3352: 3348: 3347: 3342: 3335: 3319: 3315: 3311: 3307: 3300: 3294: 3290: 3287: 3283: 3282: 3276: 3268: 3266:9781460707555 3262: 3258: 3251: 3240:September 18, 3235: 3231: 3227: 3221: 3213: 3211:9780275994044 3207: 3203: 3196: 3188: 3186:9780674051348 3182: 3178: 3171: 3169: 3167: 3157: 3150: 3145: 3130: 3126: 3120: 3104: 3100: 3096: 3090: 3088: 3071: 3067: 3066:The Economist 3063: 3057: 3043:on 2011-11-07 3042: 3038: 3032: 3016: 3012: 3005: 2997: 2993: 2989: 2985: 2981: 2977: 2972: 2967: 2963: 2959: 2952: 2936: 2932: 2931:The Economist 2928: 2922: 2907: 2903: 2897: 2895: 2879:on 2014-08-08 2878: 2874: 2870: 2864: 2848: 2844: 2840: 2834: 2818: 2814: 2810: 2804: 2790:on 2010-06-04 2789: 2785: 2778: 2762: 2758: 2754: 2748: 2740: 2734: 2730: 2729: 2721: 2705: 2701: 2697: 2691: 2675: 2671: 2667: 2661: 2645: 2641: 2637: 2630: 2615: 2611: 2605: 2590: 2586: 2582: 2576: 2560: 2556: 2552: 2545: 2529: 2525: 2524:The Economist 2521: 2515: 2499: 2495: 2494:The Economist 2491: 2490:"Narconomics" 2485: 2476: 2468: 2464: 2463: 2455: 2440: 2436: 2430: 2426: 2425: 2417: 2409: 2403: 2399: 2395: 2390: 2389: 2383: 2376: 2361: 2357: 2351: 2336: 2332: 2326: 2312:on 2004-12-04 2311: 2307: 2301: 2285: 2281: 2277: 2271: 2252: 2248: 2241: 2234: 2230: 2220: 2217: 2215: 2212: 2210: 2207: 2206: 2198: 2195: 2193: 2190: 2188: 2185: 2183: 2180: 2178: 2175: 2173: 2170: 2168: 2165: 2163: 2160: 2158: 2155: 2153: 2150: 2148: 2145: 2143: 2140: 2138: 2135: 2133: 2130: 2128: 2125: 2123: 2120: 2118: 2115: 2113: 2110: 2108: 2105: 2103: 2100: 2098: 2095: 2093: 2090: 2088: 2085: 2084: 2080: 2074: 2069: 2066: 2060: 2055: 2048: 2046: 2042: 2037: 2033: 2029: 2025: 2021: 2017: 2013: 2007: 1997: 1990: 1989: 1983: 1978: 1968: 1966: 1962: 1958: 1952: 1942: 1938: 1936: 1932: 1927: 1923: 1921: 1917: 1912: 1909: 1904: 1899: 1892: 1887: 1877: 1875: 1871: 1868:In May 2021, 1866: 1864: 1858: 1856: 1852: 1848: 1844: 1840: 1836: 1832: 1828: 1824: 1820: 1816: 1812: 1807: 1805: 1801: 1796: 1794: 1790: 1778: 1776: 1772: 1770: 1765: 1764:United States 1761: 1760: 1755: 1751: 1743: 1739: 1735: 1731: 1726: 1722: 1716: 1706: 1704: 1700: 1699:United States 1696: 1692: 1688: 1684: 1678: 1668: 1666: 1662: 1657: 1653: 1651: 1647: 1641: 1638: 1633: 1624: 1618: 1613: 1608: 1592: 1589: 1581: 1571: 1567: 1561: 1560: 1555:This section 1553: 1549: 1544: 1543: 1535: 1533: 1529: 1525: 1521: 1517: 1513: 1512:Costa del Sol 1509: 1505: 1500: 1498: 1494: 1490: 1486: 1482: 1478: 1477:Latin America 1474: 1470: 1466: 1462: 1458: 1454: 1450: 1440: 1436: 1432: 1430: 1426: 1415: 1408: 1403: 1399: 1395: 1391: 1382: 1378: 1376: 1372: 1368: 1364: 1359: 1357: 1343: 1338: 1333: 1323: 1320: 1316: 1311: 1308: 1304: 1294: 1292: 1276: 1274: 1271: 1268: 1267: 1263: 1261: 1258: 1257: 1254: 1253:Colima Cartel 1251: 1248: 1247: 1243: 1240: 1239: 1236: 1233: 1230: 1226: 1223: 1220: 1218: 1215: 1212: 1211: 1207: 1205: 1202: 1199: 1198: 1195: 1192: 1190: 1187: 1184: 1183: 1180: 1177: 1175: 1172: 1169: 1168: 1157: 1151: 1149: 1145: 1141: 1136: 1134: 1129: 1126: 1122: 1118: 1115:In 1929, the 1111: 1106: 1102: 1099: 1085: 1081: 1072: 1070: 1065: 1063: 1054: 1049: 1040: 1038: 1034: 1030: 1025: 1023: 1017: 1015: 1009: 1007: 997: 995: 991: 977: 973: 968: 963: 956:United States 952: 950: 946: 940: 938: 937: 931: 929: 925: 921: 917: 913: 909: 905: 900: 898: 894: 890: 886: 882: 878: 874: 869: 867: 863: 859: 855: 851: 845: 843: 839: 835: 831: 829: 825: 821: 817: 813: 809: 804: 800: 794: 781: 777: 773: 769: 760: 751: 749: 745: 744:crack cocaine 741: 737: 733: 729: 724: 717: 712: 708: 705: 701: 696: 690: 686: 682: 678: 671: 670:Zhenli Ye Gon 666: 657: 655: 651: 647: 637: 633: 631: 627: 622: 620: 616: 611: 609: 605: 601: 597: 593: 589: 579: 576: 568: 558: 554: 548: 547: 543: 537: 528: 527: 523: 519: 515: 511: 504:South America 501: 499: 495: 491: 487: 483: 479: 475: 464: 462: 458: 454: 449: 447: 443: 439: 435: 431: 427: 423: 419: 418:Guinea-Bissau 415: 411: 407: 401: 391: 374: 369: 343: 340: 335: 333: 328: 326: 322: 318: 311:Violent crime 308: 306: 302: 298: 294: 290: 277: 275: 270: 265: 262: 258: 254: 253:death penalty 251:and even the 250: 245: 240: 235: 233: 229: 225: 221: 217: 213: 208: 206: 202: 199: 187: 185: 181: 177: 173: 168: 166: 162: 158: 154: 150: 146: 142: 138: 134: 130: 126: 123: 119: 113: 103: 100: 92: 88: 84: 80: 76: 72: 68: 64: 60: 56: 47: 39: 33: 19: 8624:Lifetime use 8426:Liquor store 8344:South Africa 8078: 7974:War on drugs 7800:Soviet Union 7676:Legalization 7514:Drug tourism 7362:Wine tasting 7282:Beer culture 7244:Coffee break 7181:Cannabis tea 7116:Drug culture 6959:Cannabinoids 6888:Salvinorin A 6854:amyl nitrite 6711:Psychedelics 6463:/paracetamol 6376:Desomorphine 6216:Barbiturates 6105:. 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