41:
105:
935:, who took over Baghdad and the remains of the Abbasid Caliphate in 946, drew partly on the established Abbasid practice, but was adapted to suit the nature of the rather decentralized Buyid "confederation" of autonomous emirates. The Buyid bureaucracy was headed by three great departments: the
208:
applied to specific government departments. The sense of the word evolved to "custom house" and "council chamber", then to "long, cushioned seat", such as are found along the walls in Middle-Eastern council chambers. The latter is the sense that entered
European languages as
1029:
court to their various capitals. Coupled with their frequent absence on campaign, the vizier assumed an even greater prominence, concentrating the direction of civil, military and religious affairs in his own bureau, the "supreme dīwān"
674:
for each category of the latter (e.g. cereals, cloth, etc.). Its secretary had to mark all orders of payment to make them valid, and it drew up monthly and yearly balance sheets. The
379:), which checked and kept copies of all correspondence before sealing and dispatching it. A number of more specialist departments were also established, probably by Mu'awiya: the
494:
862:
As the
Abbasid Caliphate began to fragment in the mid 9th century, its administrative machinery was copied by the emergent successor dynasties, with the already extant local
419:
controlled the government workshops that made official banners, costumes and some furniture. Aside from the central government, there was a local branch of the
1180:. The Janissaries quickly became the dominant force in Ottoman Libya. As a self-governing military guild answerable only to their own laws and protected by a
1094:). A number of lesser departments is also attested, although they may not have existed at the same time: the office charged with the redress of grievances (
1184:(in this context, a council of senior officers who advised the Pasha), the Janissaries soon reduced the Pasha to a largely ceremonial role.
1774:
1769:
407:
1137:
678:, responsible for the treasury's balance sheets, was eventually branched off from it, while the treasury domains were placed under the
1779:
995:
was established to oversee the affairs of the
Abbasid caliphs, who continued to reside in Baghdad as puppets of the Buyid emirs.
181:; on linguistic grounds this is placed after the 3rd century, which helps establish the original Middle Persian (and eventually
1678:
1657:
539:
is complex, since many were short-lived, temporary establishments for specific needs, while at times the sections of larger
721:
which re-checked all assessments, payments and receipts against its own records and, according to the 11th-century scholar
1613:
527:
increased in number and sophistication, reaching their apogee in the 9th–10th centuries. At the same time, the office of
1784:
963:, one for the Turks and one for the Daylamites, hence the department was often called "department of the two armies" (
737:, but by the end of the 9th century its role was mostly restricted to the finances of the caliphal palace. Under
1699:
1625:
857:
478:
445:), the practices of the various departments began to be standardized and Arabized: instead of the local languages (
1789:
849:
959:, is frequently mentioned in the sources of the period. Indeed, at the turn of the 11th century, there were two
469:
were to be used henceforth. The process of
Arabization was gradual: in Iraq, the transition was carried out by
774:
still existed, with the three territorial departments considered sections of the latter. In 913/4, the vizier
554:(r. 749–754) established a department for the confiscated properties of the Umayyads after his victory in the
1128:) also existed but fell into disuse. The system was apparently partly copied in provincial centres as well.
682:, of which there appear at times to have been several. In addition, a department of confiscated property (
193:, despite later legends that traced the origin of the word to the latter form. The variant pronunciation
498:
486:
655:
existed in every province, but by the mid-9th century each province also maintained a branch of its
204:
In Arabic, the term was first used for the army registers, then generalized to any register, and by
314:
1170:
directly appointed by the Sultan in
Constantinople. The sultan provided the pasha with a corps of
609:
was created, staffed by judges, to hear complaints against government officials. The remit of the
465:
lands) and the traditional practices of book-keeping, seals and time-keeping, only Arabic and the
1261:
1236:
470:
435:
1174:, which was in turn divided into a number of companies under the command of a junior officer or
283:
27:
820:, existed for the huge number of slaves and other attendants of the palace. In addition, the
775:
34:
119:
The word, recorded in
English since 1586, meaning "Oriental council of a state", comes from
1194:
670:) kept the records of revenue and expenditure, both in money and in kind, with specialized
574:, probably in charge of palace service personnel, and a bureau of petitions to the Caliph (
375:), which drafted the caliph's letters and official documents, and the bureau of the seal (
8:
1240:
955:
troops. As a result, the army department was of particular importance, and its head, the
897:
474:
44:
Audience in the Diwan-i-Khas granted to the French ambassador, the vicomte d'Andrezel by
1742:
278:(636/7 CE) or, more likely, 20 A.H. (641 CE). It comprised the names of the warriors of
1726:
1635:
875:
845:
555:
535:) was also created to coordinate government. The administrative history of the Abbasid
290:, in coin or in rations) to them, according to their service and their relationship to
250:
1748:
1738:
1695:
1674:
1653:
1621:
1251:
516:
510:
384:
337:
254:
210:
174:
167:
163:
76:
20:
605:
1718:
1004:
947:
for the army. The Buyid regime was a military regime, its ruling caste composed of
913:
901:
795:
490:
466:
127:
120:
64:
1600:
1587:
1026:
908:) for keeping the lists and supervising the payment of the troops, at his capital
547:, and often a single individual was placed in charge of more than one department.
1689:
1668:
1647:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1145:
1141:
885:
866:
branches likely providing the base on which the new administrations were formed.
520:
462:
454:
349:
1583:
1203:
1163:
1008:
948:
920:, and an unnamed bureau under the chief secretary corresponding to a chancery (
853:
694:
458:
446:
322:
198:
143:
45:
892:
is almost unknown, except that their treasury was located in their capital of
1763:
1752:
1643:
1216:
1199:
1018:
980:
802:
450:
229:
109:
87:
40:
745:
was broken up into three departments, the bureaux of the eastern provinces (
1649:
The
Cambridge History of Islam, Volume 2B: Islamic Society and Civilization
1244:
1207:
783:
598:
as well as coordinators between the various bureaus, or between individual
275:
1239:
under
Ottoman rule were also called "divan" ("Divanuri" in Romanian) (see
286:
and their families, and was intended to facilitate the payment of salary (
1639:
1171:
767:
595:
523:
culture, became more elaborate and complex. As part of this process, the
353:
318:
182:
155:
83:
1747:. Translated by Margaret Graham Weir. Calcutta: University of Calcutta.
987:, which oversaw the rich lands of lower Iraq, was moved from Baghdad to
904:
who supplanted the
Tahirids, is known to have had a bureau of the army (
51:, 10 October 1724, in a contemporary painting by Jean-Baptiste van Mour.
33:"Diwan-i-Am" redirects here. For the room in the Red Fort of Delhi, see
1012:
952:
738:
722:
482:
1730:
239:
104:
1304:
1273:
1228:
829:
563:
551:
392:
333:
of the
Caliphate's other garrison centers followed its organization.
48:
713:" probably meant the vizier's palace. At the same time, the various
1722:
893:
889:
579:
364:
291:
205:
1166:. After 1565, administrative authority in Tripoli was vested in a
869:
1277:
1222:
879:
812:
755:
748:
733:
played a similar role with regards to expenses by the individual
159:
562:, administering the caliph's personal domains. Similarly, under
1211:
1022:
988:
932:
909:
808:
791:
528:
359:
310:
279:
1351:
1548:
1546:
1256:
1167:
787:
762:
623:
519:
the administration, partly under the increasing influence of
401:
302:
112:
92:
1459:
1375:
627:, both in money and in kind), while another department, the
197:
however did exist, and is the form surviving to this day in
1293:: 'Ministry of the Sea', i.e. (overseas=) Foreign Ministry.
1280:, several portfolio Ministries had a title based on Diwan:
1116:
979:
were directly inherited from the Abbasid government. Under
306:
297:
264:
1563:
1561:
1543:
1521:
1519:
1517:
1515:
1513:
1363:
1711:
The American Journal of Semitic Languages and Literatures
1400:
1398:
1396:
1394:
1392:
1390:
1324:
1322:
1320:
1176:
1086:(further divided into the recruitment and supply bureau,
794:, and on volunteers fighting in the holy war against the
1694:. Albany, New York: State University of New York Press.
1531:
1498:
782:), whose revenue went to the upkeep of holy places, the
778:
established a new department for charitable endowments (
1709:
Sprengling, M. (April 1939). "From Persian to Arabic".
1558:
1510:
836:, which supervised the women's quarters of the palace.
1618:
The Encyclopedia of Islam, New Edition, Volume II: C–G
1488:
1486:
1484:
1482:
1480:
1478:
1476:
1474:
1449:
1447:
1445:
1410:
1387:
1317:
301:) was soon emulated in other provincial capitals like
1443:
1441:
1439:
1437:
1435:
1433:
1431:
1429:
1427:
1425:
1341:
1339:
1337:
828:(bureau of confidential affairs) grew in importance.
399:
was a new foundation with the task of estimating the
216:
The modern French, Dutch, Spanish, and Italian words
1202:
was for many years the council of ministers of the
1150:
Following the Ottoman conquest of North Africa, the
1021:
tended to cherish their nomadic origins, with their
916:(r. 879–901) there were two further treasuries, the
697:(r. 892–902) grouped the branches of the provincial
1471:
244:
240:
Creation and development under the early caliphates
1422:
1334:
701:present in the capital into a new department, the
566:(r. 754–775) there was a bureau of confiscations (
16:High government ministry in various Islamic states
1670:Byzantium and the Turks in the Thirteenth Century
391:), which most likely indicates the survival of a
1761:
1634:
1620:. Leiden and New York: BRILL. pp. 323–327.
1357:
1114:) and the department of religious endowments or
558:. This was probably the antecedent of the later
356:(r. 661–680), added the bureau of the land tax (
1717:(2). The University of Chicago Press: 175–224.
870:Saffarids, Ziyarid, Sajids, Buyids and Samanids
643:. As in Umayyad times, miniature copies of the
586:(control bureau) for every one of the existing
805:(r. 847–861), a bureau of servants and pages (
130:
1666:
1552:
1260:is the standard word for chamber, as in the
967:). A number of junior departments, like the
86:) was a high government ministry in various
415:administered state property in cities; the
371:, as well as the bureau of correspondence (
329:during his governorship (636–638), and the
1737:
1708:
1465:
1381:
1267:
1138:Government of the Classical Ottoman Empire
839:
173:, clay tablet. The word was borrowed into
1090:, and the salary and land grants bureau,
1691:Continuity and Change in Medieval Persia
1598:
1582:
1567:
1525:
1404:
1369:
1328:
1264:or Chamber of People's Representatives.
1038:was further subdivided into a chancery (
325:, is credited with establishing Basra's
103:
39:
1687:
1537:
1131:
639:was checked by another department, the
590:, as well as a central control bureau (
1762:
1187:
19:For the type of modern furniture, see
1102:) and the sultan's private treasury (
725:, was the "guardian of the rights of
709:(great bureau of the palace), where "
635:of cattle. The correspondence of the
1611:
1504:
1492:
1453:
1416:
1345:
884:The administrative machinery of the
717:bureaux were combined into a single
1775:Government of the Abbasid Caliphate
1770:Government of the Umayyad Caliphate
1673:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
1254:and related languages, the cognate
473:under the auspices of the governor
131:
68:
13:
1594:. Vol. VII. pp. 432–438.
1154:was divided into three provinces,
14:
1801:
900:(r. 867–879), the founder of the
832:also mentions the existence of a
504:
1780:Government of the Ottoman Empire
816:), possibly an evolution of the
582:(r. 775–785) created a parallel
245:Establishment and Umayyad period
1588:"DĪVĀN – ii. GOVERNMENT OFFICE"
943:as the state chancery, and the
602:and the vizier. In addition, a
501:, governor of Iraq, in 741/42.
440:
269:
1667:Korobeinikov, Dimitri (2014).
1652:. Cambridge University Press.
1358:Holt, Lambton & Lewis 1977
1210:, who presided, and the other
481:in 700, in Egypt under Caliph
154:, itself hearkening back, via
1:
1744:The Arab Kingdom and Its Fall
1607:. Vol. VII. p. 432.
1603:. In Yarshater, Ehsan (ed.).
1590:. In Yarshater, Ehsan (ed.).
1311:
1062:, a fiscal oversight office (
939:, charged with finances, the
858:Kharijite Rebellion (866–896)
752:), of the western provinces (
613:now included all land taxes (
479:Sulayman ibn Sa'd al-Khushani
387:; the bureau of expenditure (
90:, or its chief official (see
1054:, an accounting department (
495:Ishaq ibn Tulayq al-Nahshali
294:. This first army register (
99:
7:
1688:Lambton, Ann K. S. (1988).
1599:de Blois, François (1995).
1303:): Ministry of Complaints (
1074:, and the army department (
1056:dīwān al-zimām wa’l-istīfāʾ
1040:dīwān al-inshāʾ wa’l-ṭughrā
983:(r. 978–983), however, the
850:Abbasid civil war (865–866)
686:) and confiscated estates (
631:, dealt with assessing the
10:
1806:
1576:
1135:
1002:
998:
873:
843:
705:(bureau of the palace) or
508:
248:
32:
25:
18:
1785:Persian words and phrases
688:dīwān al-ḍiyāʿ al-maqbūḍa
662:The treasury department (
499:Yusuf ibn Umar al-Thaqafi
487:Abdallah ibn Abd al-Malik
263:was created under Caliph
228:, respectively (meaning "
1614:"Dīwān i.—The caliphate"
1124:). A postal department (
1110:), the land tax office (
824:, now also known as the
461:, Persian in the former
367:, which became the main
321:tribe who was versed in
282:who participated in the
142:It is first attested in
1268:Ministerial departments
1262:Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat
1237:Danubian Principalities
1098:), the state treasury (
840:Later Islamic dynasties
471:Salih ibn Abd al-Rahman
336:With the advent of the
317:, a statesman from the
1790:Royal and noble courts
1235:The Assemblies of the
1206:. It consisted of the
912:. Under his successor
116:
108:The winter Diwan of a
52:
28:Diwan (disambiguation)
1605:Encyclopaedia Iranica
1601:"DĪVĀN – i. THE TERM"
1592:Encyclopaedia Iranica
874:Further information:
844:Further information:
729:and the people". The
707:dīwān al-dār al-kabīr
543:might also be termed
413:dīwān al-mustaghallāt
315:Al-Mughira ibn Shu'ba
107:
43:
35:Diwan-i-Am (Red Fort)
1612:Duri, A. A. (1991).
1507:, pp. 324, 325.
1132:Ottoman Tripolitania
1104:bayt al-māl al-khaṣṣ
759:), and of the Iraq (
477:in 697, in Syria by
115:(painting from 1812)
26:For other uses, see
1468:, pp. 211–214.
1419:, pp. 323–324.
1384:, pp. 115–116.
1372:, pp. 432–433.
1241:Akkerman Convention
1188:Government councils
1060:mustawfī al-mamālik
475:al-Hajjaj ibn Yusuf
431:in every province.
232:"), also come from
1739:Wellhausen, Julius
1640:Lambton, Ann K. S.
1287:: Ministry of War.
1106:), confiscations (
1072:mushrif al-mamālik
1068:dīwān al-muʿāmalāt
876:Anarchy at Samarra
846:Anarchy at Samarra
766:), although under
684:dīwān al-musādarīn
676:dīwān al-jahbad̲ha
594:). These acted as
556:Abbasid Revolution
344:increased. To the
251:Rashidun Caliphate
117:
53:
1680:978-0-19-870826-1
1659:978-0-521-29138-5
1553:Korobeinikov 2014
1540:, pp. 28–29.
1297:Diwan al-Shikayat
1108:dīwān al-muṣādara
1052:munshī al-mamālik
991:. In addition, a
965:dīwān al-jayshayn
770:(r. 908–932) the
741:(r. 902–908) the
568:dīwān al-muṣādara
517:Abbasid Caliphate
511:Abbasid Caliphate
497:on the orders of
395:institution; the
383:in charge of the
338:Umayyad Caliphate
255:Umayyad Caliphate
211:divan (furniture)
21:Divan (furniture)
1797:
1756:
1734:
1705:
1684:
1663:
1631:
1608:
1595:
1571:
1565:
1556:
1550:
1541:
1535:
1529:
1523:
1508:
1502:
1496:
1490:
1469:
1463:
1457:
1451:
1420:
1414:
1408:
1402:
1385:
1379:
1373:
1367:
1361:
1355:
1349:
1343:
1332:
1326:
1096:dīwān al-maẓālim
1088:dīwān al-rawātib
1044:dīwān al-rasāʾil
1005:Seljuk Sultanate
993:dīwān al-khilāfa
941:dīwān al-rasāʾil
922:dīwān al-rasāʾil
914:Amr ibn al-Layth
902:Saffarid dynasty
898:Ya'qub al-Saffar
796:Byzantine Empire
731:dīwān al-nafaḳāt
659:in the capital.
653:dīwān al-rasāʾil
570:), as well as a
467:Islamic calendar
444:
442:
429:dīwān al-rasāʾil
389:dīwān al-nafaqāt
373:dīwān al-rasāʾil
340:, the number of
284:Muslim conquests
273:
271:
166:, ultimately to
134:
133:
70:
49:Sultan Ahmed III
1805:
1804:
1800:
1799:
1798:
1796:
1795:
1794:
1760:
1759:
1702:
1681:
1660:
1646:, eds. (1977).
1628:
1584:Bosworth, C. E.
1579:
1574:
1566:
1559:
1551:
1544:
1536:
1532:
1524:
1511:
1503:
1499:
1491:
1472:
1466:Sprengling 1939
1464:
1460:
1452:
1423:
1415:
1411:
1403:
1388:
1382:Wellhausen 1927
1380:
1376:
1368:
1364:
1356:
1352:
1344:
1335:
1327:
1318:
1314:
1270:
1195:Divan-ı Hümayun
1190:
1148:
1146:Ottoman Tunisia
1142:Ottoman Algeria
1134:
1112:dīwān al-kharāj
1064:dīwān al-ishrāf
1015:
1001:
926:dīwān al-inshāʾ
882:
872:
860:
842:
822:dīwān al-khātam
818:dīwān al-aḥshām
784:two holy cities
657:dīwān al-kharāj
645:dīwān al-kharāj
641:dīwān al-khātam
637:dīwān al-kharāj
629:dīwān al-ṣadaqa
611:dīwān al-kharāj
592:zimām al-azimma
572:dīwān al-aḥshām
513:
507:
489:in 706, and in
439:
421:dīwān al-kharāj
397:dīwān al-ṣadaqa
377:dīwān al-khātam
268:
257:
247:
242:
102:
38:
31:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1803:
1793:
1792:
1787:
1782:
1777:
1772:
1758:
1757:
1735:
1723:10.1086/370538
1706:
1700:
1685:
1679:
1664:
1658:
1644:Lewis, Bernard
1632:
1626:
1609:
1596:
1578:
1575:
1573:
1572:
1570:, p. 435.
1557:
1542:
1530:
1528:, p. 434.
1509:
1497:
1495:, p. 325.
1470:
1458:
1456:, p. 324.
1421:
1409:
1407:, p. 433.
1386:
1374:
1362:
1360:, p. 533.
1350:
1348:, p. 323.
1333:
1331:, p. 432.
1315:
1313:
1310:
1309:
1308:
1294:
1288:
1269:
1266:
1204:Ottoman Empire
1189:
1186:
1133:
1130:
1126:dīwān al-barīd
1122:dīwān al-awqāf
1092:dīwān al-iqṭāʾ
1080:dīwān al-jaysh
1042:, also called
1009:Seljuk dynasty
1000:
997:
985:dīwān al-sawād
977:dīwān al-barīd
973:dīwān al-ḍiyāʿ
969:dīwān al-zimām
957:ʿariḍ al-jaysh
945:dīwān al-jaysh
937:dīwān al-wazīr
871:
868:
854:Zanj Rebellion
841:
838:
834:dīwān al-ḥaram
719:dīwān al-zimām
680:dīwān al-ḍiyāʿ
584:dīwān al-zimām
576:dīwān al-riḳāʿ
560:dīwān al-ḍiyāʿ
506:
505:Abbasid period
503:
443: 685–705
417:dīwān al-ṭirāz
385:postal service
381:dīwān al-barīd
272: 634–644
246:
243:
241:
238:
199:Tajiki Persian
144:Middle Persian
101:
98:
88:Islamic states
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1802:
1791:
1788:
1786:
1783:
1781:
1778:
1776:
1773:
1771:
1768:
1767:
1765:
1754:
1750:
1746:
1745:
1740:
1736:
1732:
1728:
1724:
1720:
1716:
1712:
1707:
1703:
1701:0-88706-133-8
1697:
1693:
1692:
1686:
1682:
1676:
1672:
1671:
1665:
1661:
1655:
1651:
1650:
1645:
1641:
1637:
1633:
1629:
1627:90-04-07026-5
1623:
1619:
1615:
1610:
1606:
1602:
1597:
1593:
1589:
1585:
1581:
1580:
1569:
1568:Bosworth 1995
1564:
1562:
1555:, p. 84.
1554:
1549:
1547:
1539:
1534:
1527:
1526:Bosworth 1995
1522:
1520:
1518:
1516:
1514:
1506:
1501:
1494:
1489:
1487:
1485:
1483:
1481:
1479:
1477:
1475:
1467:
1462:
1455:
1450:
1448:
1446:
1444:
1442:
1440:
1438:
1436:
1434:
1432:
1430:
1428:
1426:
1418:
1413:
1406:
1405:Bosworth 1995
1401:
1399:
1397:
1395:
1393:
1391:
1383:
1378:
1371:
1370:Bosworth 1995
1366:
1359:
1354:
1347:
1342:
1340:
1338:
1330:
1329:de Blois 1995
1325:
1323:
1321:
1316:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1295:
1292:
1291:Diwan al-Bahr
1289:
1286:
1285:Diwan al-Alaf
1283:
1282:
1281:
1279:
1275:
1265:
1263:
1259:
1258:
1253:
1248:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1233:
1231:
1230:
1225:
1224:
1219:
1218:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1200:Sublime Porte
1197:
1196:
1185:
1183:
1179:
1178:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1129:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1118:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1076:dīwān al-ʿarḍ
1073:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1036:dīwān al-aʿlā
1033:
1032:dīwān al-aʿlā
1028:
1024:
1020:
1019:Great Seljuks
1014:
1010:
1006:
996:
994:
990:
986:
982:
981:Adud al-Dawla
978:
974:
970:
966:
962:
958:
954:
950:
946:
942:
938:
934:
929:
927:
923:
919:
915:
911:
907:
906:dīwān al-ʿarḍ
903:
899:
895:
891:
888:governors of
887:
881:
877:
867:
865:
859:
855:
851:
847:
837:
835:
831:
827:
826:dīwān al-sirr
823:
819:
815:
814:
810:
804:
803:al-Mutawakkil
801:Under Caliph
799:
797:
793:
789:
785:
781:
780:dīwān al-birr
777:
773:
769:
765:
764:
758:
757:
751:
750:
744:
740:
736:
732:
728:
724:
720:
716:
712:
708:
704:
700:
696:
691:
689:
685:
681:
677:
673:
669:
668:dīwān al-sāmī
665:
660:
658:
654:
650:
649:dīwān al-jund
646:
642:
638:
634:
630:
626:
625:
620:
616:
612:
608:
607:
601:
597:
593:
589:
585:
581:
577:
573:
569:
565:
561:
557:
553:
548:
546:
542:
538:
534:
530:
526:
522:
518:
512:
502:
500:
496:
492:
488:
484:
480:
476:
472:
468:
464:
460:
457:and Greek in
456:
452:
448:
437:
434:Under Caliph
432:
430:
426:
425:dīwān al-jund
422:
418:
414:
410:
409:
404:
403:
398:
394:
390:
386:
382:
378:
374:
370:
366:
362:
361:
355:
351:
347:
346:dīwān al-jund
343:
339:
334:
332:
328:
324:
320:
316:
312:
308:
304:
300:
299:
293:
289:
285:
281:
277:
266:
262:
256:
252:
237:
235:
231:
230:customs house
227:
223:
219:
214:
212:
207:
202:
200:
196:
192:
188:
184:
180:
176:
172:
169:
165:
161:
157:
153:
149:
145:
140:
138:
129:
125:
122:
114:
111:
106:
97:
95:
94:
89:
85:
81:
78:
74:
66:
62:
58:
50:
47:
42:
36:
29:
22:
1743:
1714:
1710:
1690:
1669:
1648:
1617:
1604:
1591:
1538:Lambton 1988
1533:
1500:
1461:
1412:
1377:
1365:
1353:
1300:
1296:
1290:
1284:
1271:
1255:
1249:
1245:ad hoc Divan
1234:
1227:
1221:
1215:
1208:Grand Vizier
1193:
1191:
1181:
1175:
1149:
1125:
1121:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1082:) under the
1079:
1075:
1071:
1070:) under the
1067:
1063:
1059:
1058:) under the
1055:
1051:
1047:
1046:) under the
1043:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1016:
992:
984:
976:
972:
968:
964:
960:
956:
944:
940:
936:
930:
925:
921:
918:māl-e khāṣṣa
917:
905:
883:
863:
861:
833:
825:
821:
817:
806:
800:
779:
772:dīwān al-dār
771:
760:
753:
746:
743:dīwān al-dār
742:
734:
730:
726:
718:
714:
710:
706:
703:dīwān al-dār
702:
698:
692:
687:
683:
679:
675:
671:
667:
663:
661:
656:
652:
648:
644:
640:
636:
632:
628:
622:
618:
614:
610:
603:
599:
596:comptrollers
591:
587:
583:
575:
571:
567:
559:
549:
544:
540:
536:
532:
524:
514:
485:'s governor
436:Abd al-Malik
433:
428:
424:
420:
416:
412:
411:levies; the
406:
400:
396:
388:
380:
376:
372:
368:
357:
348:, the first
345:
341:
335:
330:
326:
295:
287:
260:
258:
233:
225:
221:
217:
215:
203:
194:
190:
186:
178:
170:
151:
147:
141:
136:
123:
118:
91:
79:
72:
60:
56:
54:
1636:Holt, P. M.
1217:kadi'askers
1172:Janissaries
1100:bayt al-māl
1027:peripatetic
776:Ali ibn Isa
768:al-Muqtadir
727:bayt al-māl
695:al-Mu'tadid
690:) existed.
664:bayt al-māl
185:) form was
183:New Persian
177:as well as
156:Old Persian
146:spelled as
84:clay tablet
1764:Categories
1312:References
1301:- Chikayat
1229:defterdars
1226:, and the
1136:See also:
1025:leading a
1013:Al-Muqtadi
1003:See also:
813:’l-ghilmān
756:al-maghrib
749:al-mashriq
739:al-Muktafi
723:al-Mawardi
606:al-maẓālim
578:). Caliph
515:Under the
509:See also:
483:al-Walid I
274:CE) in 15
259:The first
249:See also:
1753:752790641
1505:Duri 1991
1493:Duri 1991
1454:Duri 1991
1417:Duri 1991
1346:Duri 1991
1305:Ombudsman
1274:sultanate
975:, or the
953:Daylamite
830:Miskawayh
809:al-mawālī
564:al-Mansur
552:al-Saffah
393:Byzantine
360:al-kharāj
100:Etymology
1741:(1927).
1586:(1995).
1252:Javanese
1048:ṭughrāʾī
894:Nishapur
890:Khurasan
763:al-sawād
651:and the
580:al-Mahdi
491:Khurasan
463:Sasanian
427:and the
365:Damascus
354:Mu'awiya
352:caliph,
292:Muhammad
206:metonymy
175:Armenian
168:Sumerian
164:Akkadian
77:Sumerian
1577:Sources
1278:Morocco
1272:In the
1223:nisanci
1212:viziers
1164:Tripoli
1156:Algiers
1152:Maghreb
1034:). The
1023:sultans
999:Seljuks
949:Turkish
886:Tahirid
880:Al-Muti
693:Caliph
550:Caliph
521:Iranian
350:Umayyad
323:Persian
298:al-jund
160:Elamite
128:Persian
126:, from
121:Turkish
75:; from
65:Persian
46:Ottoman
1751:
1731:528934
1729:
1698:
1677:
1656:
1624:
1220:, the
1214:, the
1162:, and
1144:, and
1011:, and
989:Shiraz
971:, the
961:ʿariḍs
933:Buyids
910:Zarang
856:, and
807:dīwān
792:Medina
761:dīwān
754:dīwān
747:dīwān
735:dīwāns
711:al-dār
699:dīwāns
672:dīwāns
647:, the
621:, and
615:kharāj
604:dīwān
600:dīwāns
588:dīwāns
545:dīwāns
537:dīwāns
529:vizier
525:dīwāns
455:Coptic
423:, the
358:dīwān
342:dīwāns
319:Thaqif
311:Fustat
296:dīwān
280:Medina
226:dogana
224:, and
222:aduana
218:douane
189:, not
148:dpywʾn
110:Mughal
1727:JSTOR
1257:Dewan
1182:Divan
1168:Pasha
1160:Tunis
1117:waqfs
1084:ʿariḍ
864:dīwān
788:Mecca
715:zimām
633:zakāt
624:jizya
619:zakāt
541:dīwān
533:wazīr
459:Egypt
451:Syria
447:Greek
408:ʿushr
402:zakāt
369:dīwān
363:) in
331:dīwān
327:dīwān
303:Basra
288:ʿaṭāʾ
261:dīwān
234:diwan
195:dēvān
191:dēvān
187:dīvān
179:divan
152:dywʾn
137:dêvân
132:دیوان
124:divan
113:Nawab
93:dewan
73:dīvān
69:دیوان
61:diwan
57:divan
1749:OCLC
1696:ISBN
1675:ISBN
1654:ISBN
1622:ISBN
1299:(or
1192:The
1017:The
951:and
931:The
878:and
790:and
405:and
309:and
307:Kufa
276:A.H.
265:Umar
253:and
162:and
150:and
1719:doi
1276:of
1250:In
1247:).
1198:or
1177:Bey
1078:or
1066:or
1050:or
928:).
924:or
811:wa
786:of
666:or
493:by
449:in
171:dub
139:).
96:).
80:dub
59:or
1766::
1725:.
1715:56
1713:.
1642:;
1638:;
1616:.
1560:^
1545:^
1512:^
1473:^
1424:^
1389:^
1336:^
1319:^
1307:).
1243:,
1232:.
1158:,
1140:,
1007:,
896:.
852:,
848:,
798:.
617:,
453:,
441:r.
313:.
305:,
270:r.
236:.
220:,
213:.
201:.
158:,
82:,
71:,
67::
55:A
1755:.
1733:.
1721::
1704:.
1683:.
1662:.
1630:.
1120:(
1030:(
531:(
438:(
267:(
135:(
63:(
37:.
30:.
23:.
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