3189:
dedication of elder speakers of the Lake
Traverse reservation community, with regular weekly meetings to create curriculum or work with learners; President Azure at the time said, "Many of our graduates are now out in the community and k-12 schools teaching what they learned and how they learned it, and are continuing to succeed in language revitalization". They also have an online Dakota/English dictionary. The University of Minnesota and the Sisseton-Wahpeton Oyate College are working together to create the Dakota Language Audio Journal, which will be the first publicly available language journal, featuring recordings of conversations and stories.
3289:. Wíyouŋkihipi Productions has free learning resources for Dakota on their website that are centered around child and family learning, such as holidays and other activities like coloring books. Further, the director of Wíyouŋkihipi Productions has more resources on their personal artist site including Dakota land maps with audio pronunciations. Another mapping project called the Makxoche Washte: The Beautiful Country, is a Dakota and Lakota language map which is arguably the most extensive map in all of Dakota history and utilizes Google Maps.
3340:
3177:
retention efforts for
American Indian students, and to create courses on issues of importance to American Indian communities". In 2022, University of Minnesota's American Indian Studies Department and the Dakota Language Program collaborated to develop the Dakota Language House Living Learning Community in hopes of it becoming a full-immersion Dakota program. It is an opportunity for students to live with others who are speaking, or learning to speak, Dakota. Dakota language instructor Šišóka Dúta (
3181:) noted, "To speak the language is to literally breathe life into the language because you're using the air to speak language, and so, in a metaphorical but in the literal way. So by speaking the language, we're breathing life into it and that's actually a phrase in our language". The University's classes currently include classes on teaching Dakota, alongside Dakota Linguistics, for years one through four. In 2023, the University introduced a Dakota language major program.
5019:
221:
3310:. Her parents taught her only the Dakota language, which meant that she had to learn English and a new way of life when she started school at a white school. She is now 93 years old and is one of the few remaining first-language speakers in Minnesota. She taught at numerous schools including the University of Minnesota when it first established its Indian Studies department in 1969 and has worked on numerous publications throughout her lifetime.
1671:(or even the whole word) is repeated exactly or with a slight change. Unlike other types of affixes, duplifixes can emphasize or intensify the meaning of the word rather than change its grammatical function, or can be used to indicate plurality or repetition, or to modify adjectives or verbs for emphasis. This is commonly called reduplication. Examples are as such;
3176:
was the first
American University to establish a Dakota language class in their American Indian studies department. In 1966 a small group petitioned the University's administration to "establish links between the University and Minnesota's eleven federally-recognized tribes to develop recruitment and
1691:
In order to show possession in Dakota, a possessive pronoun may be prefixed whichever noun is being possessed. Two forms of possessive nouns occur, the natural class and the artificial or alienable class. Natural class pronouns express possession that cannot be alienated, and when prefixed to a noun,
3208:
and also maintains online language classes to support the learning of their children and their families. The Dakota
Wicohan program on Lower Sioux works with older youth to immerse them in the language and culture. Dakota Wicohan offers curriculum on Dakota values, language and customs through their
3188:
was established. They maintain a Dakota studies program, with Dakota language specialist trainings. The college has a dictionary and other materials available on their website, created through grants at their
Kaksiza Caŋhdeṡka Center. These books and materials are hand crafted with the hard work and
3278:
takes a unique approach to
Indigenous history by centering Dakota language and oral tradition as crucial components of the decolonization framework. This is different from other works in the field, as it solely relies on Indigenous oral tradition as primary sources and gives prominence to Dakota
3256:
is a great historic resource as it highlights fluently written Dakota language letters from the time of the Camp
Kearney prison camp located in Davenport, IA, in 1863–1866. These letters are to relatives back home or to their closest representative they could find. It is the work of Dr. Clifford
1753:
Dakota is mainly a subject-object-verb (SOV) language, where nouns, whether they are the subject or object, always come before the verb. And when two nouns are used in the same clause, where one is the subject and the other is the object, the subject is most usually placed first. Verbs are also
383:
or father), while derivative nouns are nouns that are formed in various ways from words of other grammatical categories. Primitive nouns stand on their own and are separate from other words. Derivative nouns, on the other hand, are formed by the addition of affixes to words in other grammatical
1754:
usually placed after adjectives that are used to qualify either the subject or the object and adverbs that qualify the verb. When additional words are used within a clause that are not either nouns or verbs, the nouns, both subject and object, are always placed at the beginning of the clause.
3196:
funded a Dakota language training program called Voices of Our
Ancestors, which provided four tribal communities with the resources to immerse 20 students in 40 hours a week of language. The tribal colleges which participated were Cankdeska Cikana Community College in North Dakota, Fort Peck
3251:
is a historic resource for referencing dialect and historic documents. The accuracy of the work is disputed, as Riggs left provisions in the
English copy untranslated in the Dakota version and sometimes revised the meaning of Dakota words to fit a Eurocentric viewpoint.
3030:
grades as Lakota (a, e, iŋ), while in Santee-Sisseton there are only two (a, e). This significantly impacts word forms, especially in fast speech and it is another reason why
Yankton-Yanktonai has better mutual intelligibility with Lakota than with Santee-Sisseton.
365:, meaning that different morphemes in the form of affixes can be combined to form a single word. Nouns in Dakota can be broken down into two classes, primitive and derivative. Primitive nouns are nouns whose origin cannot be deduced from any other word (for example
1319:
indicates an action done by striking or hitting with a tool, such as a hammer or an axe; 2. by natural forces such as wind or water, an outer force, (creates impersonal verbs that refer to natural elements); 3. can diminish adverbs to mean "somewhat, a little"
420:, the first, the second, and the third. Person is indicated through the addition (first and second person) or subtraction (third person, the verb is used in its simplest form) of personal pronoun affixes. There are two forms of tense in the language, the
2825:
There are also numerous lexical differences between the two Dakota dialects as well as between the sub-dialects. Yankton-Yanktonai is in fact lexically closer to the Lakota language than it is to Santee-Sisseton. The following table gives some examples:
1014:
This phenomenon of affixes functioning as both prefixes and infixes in Dakota language is an example of the complex morphological structure of the language, and it requires careful attention to the specific context and meaning of the word being used.
3680:
3197:
Community College in Montana, the Nebraska Indian Community College Santee campus and the Sisseton Wahpeton College in South Dakota. The Fort Peck Culture Department create the Yanktonai Dakota Vocab Builder in the same year.
3298:
Carolyn Schommer (Waȟpéthuŋ Wiŋ) – Born in 1930, Schommer grew up in Granite Falls, alongside her 10 siblings and were raised by parents who were both Dakota first-language speakers. Her grandfather was
861:
Overall, affixes in the Dakota language play an important role in creating new words and adding nuances to the meaning of existing words. They allow speakers to express complex ideas in a concise and efficient manner.
809:
means that affixes are added to the root word without changing the form of the root word. This can result in long, complex words that can convey a lot of information in a single word. For example, the Dakota word
3742:
769:
In the Dakota language, affixes are used to change the meaning of words by attaching to the root word. Affixes can be added to both nouns and verbs, and they come in the form of prefixes and suffixes.
1822:
The two dialects differ phonologically, grammatically, and to a large extent, also lexically. They are mutually intelligible to a high extent, although Western Dakota appears lexically closer to the
2331:
In respect to phonology, Eastern and Western Dakota differ particularly in consonant clusters. The table below gives the possible consonant clusters and shows the differences between the dialects:
3672:
1465:
in regards to, on account of, because of; by, with a tool, changes active verbs into a tool object; makes ordinal numbers of cardinal numbers; prefixed to time nouns it means the following one
4049:
2669:
in Yankton-Yanktonai and in Sisseton) and in a number of other phonetic issues that are harder to categorize. The following table gives examples of words that differ in their phonology.
1331:
indicates an action of the foot or leg, such as kicking out, walking, standing; 2. of its own accord by an inside force, on its own, by itself; 3. automatically, such as by automation
4167:
3587:
882:
depending on the word they are attached to. In the case of Dakota language, some affixes can function as both a prefix and an infix, depending on the specific instance of the word.
4136:
935:
3776:
1308:
indicates impact by hitting or poking from a distance; 2. by impact via transportation; 3. by natural forces such as blowing wind, waves, lightning; 4. by blowing via mouth
4250:
4018:
440:
are placed after the verb, much in contrast to expressing the aorist tense, which requires no marking, but is instead derived from the context of what is being said.
3897:
3268:
textbooks, which are a fully illustrated series that is linguistically and pedagogically consistent. In 2023, the group released a free Dakota language app called,
3734:
4452:
1716:.) Meanwhile, artificial possessive pronouns are used to signify property and possessions that can be transferred or traded. For example, the artificial pronoun
3711:
4215:
4106:
1704:
for inalienable objects such as one's body or intellectual property, and in some cases for possessive form of relative terms such as "my little brother,"
4314:
3553:
5050:
4827:
4041:
3867:
772:
Prefixes are added to the beginning of a word, infixes inside of the word, and suffixes are added to the end of a word. For example, the verb
1834:
For a comparative table of the various writing systems conceived over time for the Dakota languages, cf. the specific section of the article
4189:
4159:
3982:
1484:
the main indefinite object marker; can create nouns from verbs, give verbs a more general or abstract meaning such as "people" or "things."
3579:
231:
3507:
5060:
4483:
4128:
919:"to say something" uses the same affix in an infixed position, so if you want to say "she says to you", you would add the same affix
3768:
412:
affixes of the language. There are many verbal roots, all of which are only used once certain causative prefixes are added, forming
3927:
4388:
4366:
3431:
4284:
1376:
indicates an action done by hand, by pulling towards the actor or manually; 2. general causation; 3. indicates use of scissors
4242:
4010:
3837:
3889:
1443:
to, at; denotes that the action is done at a place; of some verbs starting with "i," it makes a collective plural form: as,
4820:
4438:
Riggs, S.R., & Dorsey, J.O. (Ed.). (1973). Dakota grammar, texts, and ethnography. Minneapolis: Ross & Haines, Inc.
3193:
253:
816:, means "to cover up something for one; to pass by a matter, forgive, or cancel". This word is made up of the root word
348:. It is definitely endangered, with only around 290 fluent speakers left out of an ethnic population of almost 250,000.
3807:
3233:
5055:
4349:
3486:
3225:
3703:
3409:
for a report on the long-established blunder of misnaming "Nakota" the Yankton and the Yanktonai, see the article
3361:
981:"we all, us all" (1p), can be found in both positions of prefix and infix, depending on the verb in use. The verb
5023:
4813:
4098:
243:
4919:
4476:
3371:
3201:
4306:
1471:
in, into, inside; around, abouts, in a certain area; creates certain kinds of nouns; generalizes certain words
4344:(Vol. 13, Part 2, pp. 718–760). W. C. Sturtevant (Gen. Ed.). Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution.
3647:
4441:
Shaw, P.A. (1980). Theoretical issues in Dakota phonology and morphology. New York: Garland Publishing, Inc.
3617:
178:
4677:
3545:
3286:
1940:
401:
1977:
1921:
1912:
1902:
1856:
1852:
344:, commonly known in English as the Sioux. Dakota is closely related to and mutually intelligible with the
5004:
4456:
3859:
3213:
2021:
891:" means "to ask for something". If you want to say "I ask for something from you", you add the affixes
4469:
3185:
1961:
1872:
3339:
1803:(a.k.a. Yankton-Yanktonai or Dakȟóta/Dakhóta, and erroneously classified, for a very long time, as "
4869:
4639:
4500:
1664:
130:
4457:
Boston Athenæum: Schoolcraft Collection of Books in Native American Languages. Digital Collection.
1342:
indicates an action done by pushing away from the actor, by pressure with the body or with a tool
5045:
4418:
Parks, D.R.; DeMallie, R.J. (1992). "Sioux, Assiniboine, and Stoney Dialects: A Classification".
3974:
3519:
3178:
3173:
1692:
signifies the different parts of one's self. For example, the possessive natural article pronoun
4999:
4836:
2289:
1877:
1835:
1293:
806:
362:
2297:
1289:
4216:"Feb 8, 2018 - Makȟóčhe Wašté: The Beautiful Country A Lakȟóta Landscape Map by Dakota Wind"
1712:(However most relative terms are in their base form possessive; or use the causative suffix
4851:
4661:
4563:
3248:
3229:
3221:
3205:
479:
An action that causes something to change state or action and is generalized as a concept.
8:
3955:. Contributions to North American ethnology (in Italian). U.S. Government Printing Office
3217:
2209:
2203:
2111:
2068:
1506:
and forms instrument nouns; also the classifier for human women and terms related to the
1297:
3919:
4953:
4894:
4759:
4749:
4618:
4427:
4385:
4363:
2240:
2145:
2011:
695:
417:
3423:
518:
Specifies that the action is upon one’s own, and is further generalized as a concept.
458:
An action that is for someone else's benefit and is further generalized as a concept.
211:
4608:
4345:
4072:
3367:
2032:
2016:
1277:
658:
641:
495:
3508:
University of Minnesota to add 2nd Indigenous language house, Minnesota Public Radio
3272:, containing more than 28,000 words and 40,000 audio files to aid in pronunciation.
249:
4968:
4963:
4958:
4941:
4914:
4769:
4696:
4602:
4520:
4492:
3829:
2268:
2176:
2006:
1995:
584:
453:
331:
125:
3285:
by Nicolette Knudson, Jody Snow, and Clifford Canku is an online lesson portal by
4983:
4978:
4936:
4931:
4926:
4887:
4859:
4776:
4723:
4703:
4644:
4585:
4578:
4539:
4392:
4370:
3950:
2039:
2027:
1823:
746:
646:
An action that requires two objects, whether the actor and another or two items.
540:
424:(as verbs, adjectives, and other nouns, sometimes called the indefinite) and the
345:
117:
4276:
4973:
4948:
4877:
4796:
4633:
4627:
4568:
2062:
712:
563:
141:
4359:(Vol. 13, Part 1, pp. 94–114). Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution.
3912:
3327:
3264:
worked with Dakota language speakers, teachers, and linguists to create their
5039:
4515:
2000:
1792:
1785:
1658:
1593:
plural suffix, can often make verbs into nouns equivalent to -ing in English
1427:
393:
335:
287:
273:
96:
47:
4386:
A supplementary bibliography of Lakota languages and linguistics (1887–1990)
4355:
Parks, Douglas R.; & Rankin, Robert L. (2001). The Siouan languages. In
3799:
1353:
indicates an action done by mouth, both literally and figuratively, such as
802:", which can mean "a story, a narrative" or "they are all telling stories".
4730:
729:
86:
66:
62:
3212:
In North Dakota, there are state and tribal colleges teaching Dakota. The
1286:
indicates a cutting motion, such as sawing or cutting with a knife or saw
790:, which means "to tell someone". On the other hand, by adding the suffix "
195:
4805:
4042:"New app will help preserve and teach Dakota language one word at a time"
1867:
1777:
618:
413:
4431:
4340:
DeMallie, Raymond J. (2001). Sioux until 1850. In R. J. DeMallie (Ed.),
3478:
4160:"Native artists make big splash within Twin Cities public art projects"
3332:
3236:
on the Spirit Lake reservation offers a Dakota Language Certification.
1882:
678:
513:
409:
4129:"Allison Waukau's Gift for Raising Native Representation in Libraries"
3639:
1248:
1s3s -wečhi-, 2p -yečhi-...-pi, 1d/p -uŋkičhi-.../pi, 3p -kičhi-...-pi
606:
An action that causes something or someone to change state or action.
4073:"Remember this!: Dakota decolonization and the Eli Taylor narratives"
1781:
875:
822:(meaning "to cover, knock down or take something down"), the suffix -
601:
474:
405:
204:
188:
170:
74:
4414:(Vol. 17, pp. 440–482). Washington DC: Smithsonian Institution.
3355:
3353:
3351:
3349:
1396:
indicates the possessive form of ka-, ya-, & yu- verbs, such as
500:
Does not specify an object and is further generalized as a concept.
220:
4461:
4011:"The Dakota Prisoner of War Letters: Dakota Kaskapi Okicize Wowapi"
3027:
1414:
indicates the reflexive form of ka-, ya-, & yu- verbs, such as
879:
700:
An action between two parties that is done in kind to one another.
261:
82:
70:
36:
3276:
Remember This! Dakota Decolonization and the Eli Taylor Narratives
3609:
3346:
589:
An action that is for someone else’s benefit or on their behalf.
397:
257:
78:
4190:"Telling the past and present of the Dakota people through maps"
3852:
3410:
1804:
425:
421:
361:
Dakota, similar to many Native American languages, is a mainly
228:
51:
3538:
3465:
more precisely: 'he/she/it is going (back)' (hence elsewhere).
3159:
There are other grammatical differences between the dialects.
1732:, "his or hers," can be prefixed onto nouns such as "bow," in
3702:
Language, Fort Peck; Department, Culture (January 10, 2017).
3239:
1935:
1686:
871:
558:"to ask someone questions, interrogate or interview somebody"
545:
Requires an object, and is further generalized as a concept.
340:
306:
3769:"Dakota Head Start launched at Lower Sioux Indian Community"
1696:, which means "my," can be added to nouns such as "eye," in
1668:
613:"to boil something (specified); to cause something to boil"
4015:
Tribal College Journal of American Indian Higher Education
3216:
has an Indigenous Language Education program up through a
1762:
Dakota has two major dialects with two sub-dialects each:
778:
means "to tell a story" in Dakota. By adding the infixed "
260:
characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see
4299:
3602:
3428:
Advances in the Study of Siouan Languages and Linguistics
3695:
3366:(reprint ed.). Minnesota Historical Society Press.
741:"to be large, great in size or renown; to be a grown up"
4403:(2), 146–165. (Studies in Native American languages 6).
3667:
3665:
3306:, Running Walker Boy, the son of Chief Running Walker,
3162:
2661:
The two dialects also differ in the diminutive suffix (
4243:"Former U professor works to preserve Dakota language"
4208:
1644:
negative suffix, negates any verb it follows, such as
4064:
428:. In order to express the future tense, the suffixes
227:
Dakota is classified as Definitely Endangered by the
4004:
4002:
4000:
3942:
3882:
3662:
3520:"U of M Starts First and Only Dakota Language Major"
3228:
maintains a dual Dakota/Lakota program, offering an
2840:
2837:
2834:
2831:
973:
which can mean "you and I" (1d), and is shared with
4364:
One hundred years of Lakota linguistics (1887–1987)
3822:
3632:
3388:
1,001 Dakhóta Verbs; and Their Conjugation Patterns
2677:
2674:
1437:
on, upon, over; 2. for a purpose; 3. in addition to
1385:
4307:"For the Dakota, now is a time for revitalization"
3701:
3673:"Tribe to launch Dakota language training program"
3360:Riggs, Stephen Return; Dorsey, James Owen (1983).
3292:
3167:
596:"to make something (specified) in someone’s place"
575:"to command someone, tell someone what to do (ex.
3997:
3860:"Indigenous Language Education (B.S. Ed.) Degree"
3791:
3390:. Dakhóta iápi Okhódakičhiye. 2023. pp. xvi.
870:Infixoids are morphemes that can occur either as
828:meaning "to or for, (causative)", and the prefix
623:An action that indicates an object or recipient.
528:to hunt or hustle for one’s self or one’s family"
5037:
3726:
1619:diminutive suffix, makes nouns small or beloved
1613:to be possible, good for, to be doable, feasible
1534:"the virtue of stillness"; also when the prefix
468:to hunt or hustle for someone (on their behalf)"
416:. Like in English, Dakota verbs also have three
4406:Rood, David S.; & Taylor, Allan R. (1996).
3890:"Lakhotiyapi/Dahotiyapi - Associate of Science"
1826:with which it has high mutual intelligibility.
4270:
4268:
4151:
3762:
3760:
999:(you and I leave). The same affix in the verb
753:An action that requires an object or subject.
568:Follows an unconjugated verb and modifies it.
4821:
4477:
4417:
4412:Handbook of North American Indians: Languages
3967:
3573:
3571:
2321:
1188:"they all, plural collective (target/status)"
653:"to steal something (specified) from someone"
4182:
4033:
4008:
3797:
1205:1s -mič’i-, 2s -nič’i-, 1d/p -uŋkíč’i-.../pi
1182:
1171:
1163:
1152:
1144:
1133:
1125:
1114:
1103:
1092:
1081:
1070:
1059:
1048:
1037:
1026:
1006:
1000:
994:
988:
982:
975:
967:
957:
951:
945:
939:
929:
921:
914:
908:
901:
899:to indicate dative 1 case (to someone), and
893:
886:
853:
847:
841:
835:
829:
823:
817:
811:
797:
791:
785:
779:
773:
435:
429:
378:
372:
366:
4265:
4121:
4091:
4009:Monjeau-Marz, Corinne (November 10, 2014).
3948:
3804:Lower Sioux Early Head Start and Head Start
3757:
3732:
3359:
3283:Beginning Dakota - Tokaheya Dakota Iapi Kin
2326:
1131:"you and I; you and I, (target/status); 1p
760:"to make something bigger, enlarge, expand"
4835:
4828:
4814:
4484:
4470:
4357:Handbook of North American Indians: Plains
4342:Handbook of North American Indians: Plains
3568:
3363:Dakota Grammar: With Texts and Ethnography
3240:Curriculum, textbooks, and other materials
3021:
1687:Possessive pronouns and pronominal affixes
1224:1s -wakhi-, 2s -yakhi-, 1d/p -uŋkhi-.../pi
1139:"we all (actors); us all, (target/status)"
219:
4234:
4157:
3766:
1634:very much, really, particularly; such as
1260:1s -weči-, 2s -yeči-, 1d/p -uŋkiči-.../pi
392:Verbs in Dakota can appropriate, through
3473:
3471:
3126:
3087:
3056:
3039:
2976:
2960:
2944:
2928:
2912:
2896:
2880:
2864:
2783:
2767:
2751:
2735:
2719:
2709:
2654:
2631:
2580:
2555:
2529:
1271:
1192:
232:Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger
5051:Native American language revitalization
3798:Blackthunder, Elijah (April 25, 2023).
1667:process in which the root or part of a
1596:1p -uŋ-...-pi, 2p -ya-...-pi, 3p ...-pi
1571:1s -waye, 2s -yaye, 1p -uŋyapi/uŋyaŋpi
1236:1s -waki-, 2s -yaki-, 1d/p -uŋki-.../pi
1221:1s -waki-, 2s -yaki-, 1d/p -uŋki-.../pi
663:An action that doesn’t need an object.
254:question marks, boxes, or other symbols
5038:
4274:
4070:
4039:
3779:from the original on September 9, 2021
3733:Schmierbach, Edie (October 13, 2019).
3424:"The phonology of Lakota voiced stops"
2820:
1476:Abstract and indefinite object markers
35:
4809:
4465:
4317:from the original on January 30, 2023
4287:from the original on February 8, 2023
4170:from the original on February 4, 2023
4139:from the original on January 27, 2023
3900:from the original on February 2, 2023
3870:from the original on January 28, 2023
3840:from the original on February 1, 2023
3745:from the original on October 13, 2019
3620:from the original on December 8, 2022
3590:from the original on December 7, 2022
3577:
3556:from the original on January 27, 2023
3489:from the original on January 14, 2023
3468:
3461:
3459:
3457:
3026:Yankton-Yanktonai has the same three
1770:
1530:and creates abstract notions such as
717:An action done to or for one's self.
37:[daˈkʰodʔiapi],[daˈqˣotijapi]
4491:
4408:Sketch of Lakhota, a Siouan language
4397:Kansas Working Papers in Linguistics
4375:Kansas Working Papers in Linguistics
4275:Wilson, Diane (September 14, 2013).
4240:
4135:. Native Lights. February 17, 2022.
4021:from the original on August 28, 2020
3985:from the original on October 7, 2022
3714:from the original on August 14, 2022
3421:
3194:Shakopee Mdewakanton Sioux Community
3163:Revitalization efforts and resources
1602:
1345:1s wapá-, 2s yapá-, 1d/p uŋpá-.../pi
1334:1s nawá-, 2s nayá-, 1d/p uŋná-.../pi
1323:1s waká-, 2s yaká-, 1d/p uŋká-.../pi
1311:1s bowá-, 2s boyá-, 1d/p boúŋ-.../pi
1257:"for someone else, on their behalf"
1018:
734:A verb describing a state of being.
636:"to dye or paint someone else's red"
100:Santee, Sisseton, Yankton, Yanktonai
16:Indigenous language of North America
4253:from the original on August 9, 2022
4109:from the original on March 15, 2022
4052:from the original on March 15, 2023
4040:Katona, Robyn (February 15, 2023).
3975:"Riggs, Stephen Return (1812–1883)"
3930:from the original on March 22, 2022
1663:A duplifix is a morpheme that is a
13:
3949:Riggs, S.R.; Dorsey, J.O. (1892).
3924:Cankdeska Cikana Community College
3810:from the original on April 1, 2023
3683:from the original on July 13, 2021
3650:from the original on March 8, 2023
3580:"Revitalizing the Dakota Language"
3454:
3321:
3234:Cankdeska Cikana Community College
1829:
1748:
683:An action that targets one's own.
14:
5072:
5061:Indigenous languages of Minnesota
4446:
1622:3p -pidaŋ, -pida, -pina; such as
1379:1s bdu-, 2s du-, 1d/p uŋyú-.../pi
1368:1s bda-, 2s da-, 1d/p uŋyá-.../pi
5018:
5017:
4241:Ford, Tom (September 21, 2001).
4071:Wilson, W.A. (January 1, 2005).
3704:"Yanktonai Dakota Vocab Builder"
3578:Boyer, Paul (January 14, 2022).
3338:
3257:Canku as well as Michael Simon.
3226:Standing Rock Indian Reservation
3204:launched their Dakota immersion
3179:Sisithunwan-Wahpethunwan Dakhota
1387:Possessive instrumental prefixes
4333:
3735:"Dakota language all around us"
3512:
3501:
3434:from the original on 2022-12-03
3293:Notable first-language speakers
3186:Sisseton Wahpeton Oyate college
3168:Academic and immersion programs
1638:"very much so, it really is..."
1169:"you and I to them all"; 1p3pT
907:1s-2s (I to you) resulting in "
4158:Egerstrom, Lee (May 5, 2023).
3767:Egerstrom, Lee (May 5, 2023).
3445:
3415:
3403:
3394:
3380:
3254:Dakota Prisoner of War Letters
885:For example, the Dakota verb "
516:; (wa- + -ki; & wa- + hd-)
1:
4277:"Carrolynn (Carrie) Schommer"
3920:"Dakota Language Certificate"
3400:Formerly known as Mdewakanton
3314:
1985:
1851:Dakota has five oral vowels,
1652:
1550:to do laundry," (wa- + yužáža
443:
351:
4384:de Reuse, Willem J. (1990).
4362:de Reuse, Willem J. (1987).
4103:Minnesota Historical Society
3830:"Mni Sóta Maḳoce Curriculum"
3287:Minnesota Historical Society
3202:Lower Sioux Indian Community
3148:
3142:
3135:
3129:
3113:
3103:
3096:
3090:
3078:
3072:
3065:
3059:
3051:
3045:
3014:
3011:
3008:
3005:
3000:
2995:
2992:
2989:
2986:
2981:
2973:
2970:
2965:
2957:
2954:
2949:
2941:
2938:
2933:
2925:
2922:
2917:
2909:
2906:
2901:
2893:
2890:
2885:
2877:
2874:
2869:
2861:
2858:
2853:
2848:
2845:
2811:
2808:
2805:
2802:
2799:
2792:
2789:
2786:
2776:
2773:
2770:
2760:
2757:
2754:
2744:
2741:
2738:
2728:
2725:
2722:
2712:
2706:
2703:
2696:
2693:
2690:
2687:
2504:
2501:
2498:
2472:
2469:
2466:
2441:
2438:
2435:
2409:
2406:
2403:
1841:
1773:Santee-Sisseton or Dakhóta)
1728:, is equivalent to the verb
987:"to leave or pass by" in 1s
865:
7:
5005:Plains Indian Sign Language
4420:Anthropological Linguistics
3952:A Dakota-English Dictionary
3610:"Dakota-English Dictionary"
3245:A Dakota-English Dictionary
3232:degree in Dakhótiyapi. The
1816:Upper Yanktonai (Wičhíyena)
1813:Lower Yanktonai (Húŋkpathi)
1757:
1559:
1266:
1005:"to walk" is infixed as 1d
396:and synthesis, many of the
10:
5077:
4920:Minnesota regional dialect
3864:University of North Dakota
3270:Dakhód Iápi Wičhóie Wówapi
3262:Dakhóta Iápi Okhódakičhiye
3214:University of North Dakota
2337:Dakota consonant clusters
2336:
2322:Comparison of the dialects
1855:, and three nasal vowels,
1683:"bad things, ugly things"
1656:
1540:contracts with the prefix
1404:"to bless one's own", and
1400:"to comb one's own hair",
1275:
1218:to someone, or to theirs"
927:as an infix instead, with
764:
534:"to wash one’s own things"
5013:
4992:
4907:
4868:
4850:
4843:
4790:
4757:
4748:
4713:
4686:
4675:
4653:
4617:
4594:
4556:
4549:
4529:
4508:
4499:
4281:Phillips Indian Educators
3614:Dakota-English Dictionary
3550:Sisseton Wahpeton College
2379:
2341:
2296:
2202:
2061:
2038:
1992:
1948:
1888:
1864:
1846:
1743:
301:
293:
283:
272:
240:
218:
202:
186:
168:
163:
135:Mississippi Valley Siouan
114:
104:
92:
57:
43:
31:
26:
21:
5056:Western Siouan languages
2327:Phonological differences
1679:"it is very foggy", and
1522:comes before the vowel "
1496:comes before the vowel "
507:"to make things, create"
387:
356:
324:Dakhód'iapi, Dakȟótiyapi
27:Dakhód'iapi, Dakȟótiyapi
3800:"Dakota Iapi Resources"
3483:College of Liberal Arts
3174:University of Minnesota
3052:he/she/it will go back
3022:Grammatical differences
1418:"to judge one's self",
1183:
1172:
1164:
1153:
1145:
1134:
1126:
1120:"you/you all to us all"
1115:
1104:
1093:
1082:
1071:
1060:
1049:
1038:
1027:
1007:
1001:
995:
993:(I leave), while in 1d
989:
983:
976:
968:
958:
952:
946:
940:
930:
922:
915:
909:
902:
894:
887:
854:
848:
842:
836:
830:
824:
818:
812:
798:
792:
786:
780:
774:
630:"to eat someone else’s"
604:; (-ye, -ya & -yaŋ)
579:tell someone to look’)"
552:"to steal from someone"
436:
430:
379:
373:
367:
326:), also referred to as
323:
5000:American Sign Language
4837:Languages of Minnesota
3279:language in the text.
1459:, "they all have gone"
1408:"to improve one's own"
1253:Dative 2, Benefactive
1087:"you, (target/status)"
807:agglutinative language
715:; (-ič’i- & -ihd-)
363:polysynthetic language
242:This article contains
4453:Dakota Language Texts
4133:Minnesota Native News
3866:. February 23, 2023.
3836:. December 19, 2016.
3640:"Minnesota Transform"
3584:Native Science Report
3552:. November 29, 2022.
3524:Mpls.St.Paul Magazine
1272:Instrumental prefixes
1193:Grammatical infixoids
965:Similarly, the affix
913:". However, the verb
796:," the word becomes "
707:"to help one another"
621:1; (-ki- & -khi-)
4311:West Central Tribune
3926:. October 21, 2021.
3894:Sitting Bull College
3526:. September 16, 2024
3422:Rood, David (2016).
3249:Stephen Return Riggs
3230:Associate of Science
3222:Sitting Bull College
2859:šičéča / wakháŋheža
1583:possessive causative
1451:, "they all stand";
1422:"to wash one's self"
1177:"we all to them all"
1150:"we all to you"; 1p
1043:"I, (target/status)"
784:", the word becomes
724:"to help one’s self"
681:; (-ki-, & -hd-)
587:; Dative 2; (-kíči-)
69:, but also northern
4313:. October 8, 2012.
4247:The Minnesota Daily
3708:Apps on Google Play
3644:Minnesota Transform
3224:, which serves the
3218:Bachelor of Science
2821:Lexical differences
2704:hokšídaŋ / hokšída
1810:Yankton (Iháŋktȟuŋ)
1736:, and "friend," in
1720:, which may become
1158:"we all to you all"
698:; (-kičhi- +/- -pi)
690:"to hide one’s own"
4715:Mississippi Siouan
4550:Mississippi Valley
4391:2010-06-25 at the
4369:2007-06-12 at the
4222:. February 8, 2018
4099:"Beginning Dakota"
3739:Mankato Free Press
3451:in Upper Yanktonay
3088:yankton-yanktonai
2838:Yankton-Yanktonai
1776:Santee (Isáŋathi:
1708:or "my daughter,"
1577:dative 1 causative
5033:
5032:
4903:
4902:
4803:
4802:
4797:extinct languages
4786:
4785:
4744:
4743:
4740:
4739:
4671:
4670:
4595:Chiwere–Winnebago
4220:Last Real Indians
3336:(19th ed., 2016)
3157:
3156:
3019:
3018:
2818:
2817:
2659:
2658:
2319:
2318:
2271:
2243:
2212:
2179:
2148:
2114:
2071:
1983:
1982:
1700:, or "words," in
1605:
1604:Enclitic suffixes
1568:causative suffix
1388:
1278:Instrumental case
1109:"you to them all"
1019:Pronoun infixoids
688:NakíȟmA / NakíȟbA
384:categories, such
312:
311:
279:
268:
267:
250:rendering support
246:phonetic symbols.
5068:
5021:
5020:
4915:American English
4848:
4847:
4830:
4823:
4816:
4807:
4806:
4755:
4754:
4684:
4683:
4554:
4553:
4506:
4505:
4493:Siouan languages
4486:
4479:
4472:
4463:
4462:
4435:
4426:(1–4): 233–255.
4327:
4326:
4324:
4322:
4303:
4297:
4296:
4294:
4292:
4272:
4263:
4262:
4260:
4258:
4238:
4232:
4231:
4229:
4227:
4212:
4206:
4205:
4203:
4201:
4186:
4180:
4179:
4177:
4175:
4155:
4149:
4148:
4146:
4144:
4125:
4119:
4118:
4116:
4114:
4095:
4089:
4088:
4086:
4084:
4079:. pp. 1–277
4068:
4062:
4061:
4059:
4057:
4037:
4031:
4030:
4028:
4026:
4006:
3995:
3994:
3992:
3990:
3971:
3965:
3964:
3962:
3960:
3946:
3940:
3939:
3937:
3935:
3916:
3910:
3909:
3907:
3905:
3886:
3880:
3879:
3877:
3875:
3856:
3850:
3849:
3847:
3845:
3826:
3820:
3819:
3817:
3815:
3795:
3789:
3788:
3786:
3784:
3764:
3755:
3754:
3752:
3750:
3730:
3724:
3723:
3721:
3719:
3699:
3693:
3692:
3690:
3688:
3679:. June 1, 2017.
3669:
3660:
3659:
3657:
3655:
3636:
3630:
3629:
3627:
3625:
3606:
3600:
3599:
3597:
3595:
3575:
3566:
3565:
3563:
3561:
3546:"Dakota Studies"
3542:
3536:
3535:
3533:
3531:
3516:
3510:
3505:
3499:
3498:
3496:
3494:
3475:
3466:
3463:
3452:
3449:
3443:
3442:
3440:
3439:
3419:
3413:
3407:
3401:
3398:
3392:
3391:
3384:
3378:
3377:
3357:
3344:
3343:
3342:
3325:
3057:santee-sisseton
3037:
3036:
2849:Southern Lakota
2846:Northern Lakota
2835:Santee-Sisseton
2829:
2828:
2672:
2671:
2334:
2333:
2267:
2239:
2208:
2175:
2144:
2110:
2067:
1990:
1989:
1979:
1923:
1914:
1904:
1862:
1861:
1858:
1854:
1772:
1603:
1455:, "to be gone",
1386:
1245:"to each other"
1186:
1175:
1167:
1156:
1148:
1137:
1129:
1118:
1107:
1096:
1085:
1074:
1063:
1052:
1041:
1030:
1010:
1004:
998:
992:
986:
979:
971:
961:
955:
949:
943:
933:
925:
918:
912:
905:
897:
890:
857:
851:
845:
839:
833:
827:
821:
815:
805:Dakota being an
801:
795:
789:
783:
777:
456:; (wa- + -kíči-)
439:
433:
382:
376:
370:
305:Dakȟóta Makóce,
277:
270:
269:
234:
223:
214:
198:
191:
182:
181:
173:
120:
39:
19:
18:
5076:
5075:
5071:
5070:
5069:
5067:
5066:
5065:
5036:
5035:
5034:
5029:
5009:
4988:
4899:
4864:
4839:
4834:
4804:
4799:
4782:
4736:
4709:
4688:Virginia Siouan
4667:
4649:
4613:
4590:
4545:
4525:
4495:
4490:
4449:
4444:
4393:Wayback Machine
4371:Wayback Machine
4336:
4331:
4330:
4320:
4318:
4305:
4304:
4300:
4290:
4288:
4273:
4266:
4256:
4254:
4239:
4235:
4225:
4223:
4214:
4213:
4209:
4199:
4197:
4196:. March 2, 2023
4188:
4187:
4183:
4173:
4171:
4164:The Circle News
4156:
4152:
4142:
4140:
4127:
4126:
4122:
4112:
4110:
4097:
4096:
4092:
4082:
4080:
4069:
4065:
4055:
4053:
4038:
4034:
4024:
4022:
4007:
3998:
3988:
3986:
3981:. May 5, 2023.
3973:
3972:
3968:
3958:
3956:
3947:
3943:
3933:
3931:
3918:
3917:
3913:
3903:
3901:
3888:
3887:
3883:
3873:
3871:
3858:
3857:
3853:
3843:
3841:
3828:
3827:
3823:
3813:
3811:
3796:
3792:
3782:
3780:
3773:The Circle News
3765:
3758:
3748:
3746:
3731:
3727:
3717:
3715:
3700:
3696:
3686:
3684:
3677:SWNewsMedia.com
3671:
3670:
3663:
3653:
3651:
3638:
3637:
3633:
3623:
3621:
3608:
3607:
3603:
3593:
3591:
3576:
3569:
3559:
3557:
3544:
3543:
3539:
3529:
3527:
3518:
3517:
3513:
3506:
3502:
3492:
3490:
3477:
3476:
3469:
3464:
3455:
3450:
3446:
3437:
3435:
3420:
3416:
3408:
3404:
3399:
3395:
3386:
3385:
3381:
3374:
3358:
3347:
3337:
3326:
3322:
3317:
3295:
3242:
3170:
3165:
3034:Some examples:
3024:
2823:
2678:Western Dakota
2675:Eastern Dakota
2665:in Santee, and
2345:
2329:
2324:
2100:
2086:
2077:
2019:
2010:
1998:
1988:
1849:
1844:
1832:
1830:Writing systems
1824:Lakota language
1760:
1751:
1749:Nouns and verbs
1746:
1689:
1675:"good things",
1661:
1655:
1607:
1562:
1390:
1280:
1274:
1269:
1202:to one's self"
1195:
1065:"I to them all"
1021:
868:
855:Akáȟpekičičhiye
834:meaning "upon"
813:akáȟpekičičhiyA
767:
668:InáȟmA / InáȟbA
489:to boil things"
446:
390:
359:
354:
346:Lakota language
341:Očhéthi Šakówiŋ
332:Siouan language
316:Dakota language
307:Očhéthi Šakówiŋ
278:"ally / friend"
276:
248:Without proper
236:
235:
226:
210:
194:
187:
177:
176:
169:
159:
121:
118:Language family
116:
110:290 (2016)
107:
106:Native speakers
99:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5074:
5064:
5063:
5058:
5053:
5048:
5046:Dakota culture
5031:
5030:
5028:
5027:
5014:
5011:
5010:
5008:
5007:
5002:
4996:
4994:
4993:Sign languages
4990:
4989:
4987:
4986:
4981:
4976:
4971:
4966:
4961:
4956:
4951:
4946:
4945:
4944:
4934:
4929:
4924:
4923:
4922:
4911:
4909:
4908:Non-Indigenous
4905:
4904:
4901:
4900:
4898:
4897:
4892:
4891:
4890:
4885:
4874:
4872:
4870:Western Siouan
4866:
4865:
4863:
4862:
4856:
4854:
4845:
4841:
4840:
4833:
4832:
4825:
4818:
4810:
4801:
4800:
4791:
4788:
4787:
4784:
4783:
4781:
4780:
4773:
4765:
4763:
4752:
4746:
4745:
4742:
4741:
4738:
4737:
4735:
4734:
4727:
4719:
4717:
4711:
4710:
4708:
4707:
4700:
4692:
4690:
4681:
4673:
4672:
4669:
4668:
4666:
4665:
4657:
4655:
4654:(unclassified)
4651:
4650:
4648:
4647:
4642:
4637:
4623:
4621:
4615:
4614:
4612:
4611:
4606:
4598:
4596:
4592:
4591:
4589:
4588:
4583:
4582:
4581:
4576:
4566:
4560:
4558:
4551:
4547:
4546:
4544:
4543:
4535:
4533:
4527:
4526:
4524:
4523:
4518:
4512:
4510:
4509:Missouri River
4503:
4497:
4496:
4489:
4488:
4481:
4474:
4466:
4460:
4459:
4448:
4447:External links
4445:
4443:
4442:
4439:
4436:
4415:
4404:
4382:
4360:
4353:
4337:
4335:
4332:
4329:
4328:
4298:
4264:
4233:
4207:
4181:
4150:
4120:
4090:
4063:
4032:
3996:
3966:
3941:
3911:
3881:
3851:
3834:Dakota Wicohan
3821:
3790:
3756:
3725:
3694:
3661:
3631:
3601:
3567:
3537:
3511:
3500:
3467:
3453:
3444:
3414:
3402:
3393:
3379:
3372:
3345:
3319:
3318:
3316:
3313:
3312:
3311:
3294:
3291:
3241:
3238:
3169:
3166:
3164:
3161:
3155:
3154:
3147:
3141:
3134:
3128:
3124:
3123:
3112:
3102:
3095:
3089:
3085:
3084:
3077:
3071:
3064:
3058:
3054:
3053:
3050:
3047:
3044:
3041:
3040:English gloss
3023:
3020:
3017:
3016:
3013:
3010:
3007:
3004:
2998:
2997:
2994:
2991:
2988:
2985:
2979:
2978:
2975:
2972:
2969:
2963:
2962:
2959:
2956:
2953:
2947:
2946:
2943:
2940:
2937:
2931:
2930:
2927:
2924:
2921:
2915:
2914:
2911:
2908:
2905:
2899:
2898:
2895:
2892:
2889:
2883:
2882:
2879:
2876:
2873:
2867:
2866:
2863:
2860:
2857:
2851:
2850:
2847:
2843:
2842:
2839:
2836:
2833:
2832:English gloss
2822:
2819:
2816:
2815:
2810:
2807:
2804:
2801:
2797:
2796:
2791:
2788:
2785:
2781:
2780:
2775:
2772:
2769:
2765:
2764:
2759:
2756:
2753:
2749:
2748:
2743:
2740:
2737:
2733:
2732:
2727:
2724:
2721:
2717:
2716:
2711:
2708:
2705:
2701:
2700:
2698:
2695:
2692:
2689:
2685:
2684:
2679:
2676:
2657:
2656:
2653:
2651:
2649:
2647:
2644:
2642:
2640:
2638:
2634:
2633:
2630:
2628:
2626:
2624:
2621:
2619:
2617:
2615:
2611:
2610:
2608:
2606:
2604:
2601:
2598:
2595:
2593:
2591:
2589:
2587:
2583:
2582:
2579:
2577:
2575:
2572:
2569:
2566:
2564:
2562:
2558:
2557:
2554:
2552:
2549:
2546:
2543:
2540:
2538:
2536:
2532:
2531:
2528:
2526:
2523:
2520:
2518:
2515:
2513:
2511:
2507:
2506:
2503:
2500:
2497:
2495:
2492:
2489:
2487:
2484:
2481:
2479:
2475:
2474:
2471:
2468:
2465:
2463:
2460:
2457:
2455:
2452:
2450:
2448:
2444:
2443:
2440:
2437:
2434:
2432:
2429:
2426:
2424:
2421:
2419:
2416:
2412:
2411:
2408:
2405:
2402:
2400:
2398:
2395:
2393:
2390:
2388:
2386:
2382:
2381:
2378:
2375:
2372:
2369:
2366:
2363:
2360:
2357:
2354:
2353:
2350:
2347:
2342:
2339:
2338:
2328:
2325:
2323:
2320:
2317:
2316:
2314:
2312:
2307:
2305:
2300:
2294:
2293:
2291:
2284:
2279:
2274:
2272:
2264:
2263:
2261:
2256:
2251:
2246:
2244:
2236:
2235:
2230:
2225:
2220:
2215:
2213:
2206:
2200:
2199:
2197:
2192:
2190:
2185:
2180:
2172:
2171:
2169:
2164:
2159:
2154:
2149:
2141:
2140:
2135:
2130:
2125:
2120:
2115:
2107:
2106:
2104:
2095:
2090:
2081:
2072:
2065:
2059:
2058:
2056:
2054:
2052:
2047:
2042:
2036:
2035:
2030:
2025:
2014:
2004:
1993:
1987:
1984:
1981:
1980:
1975:
1973:
1971:
1969:
1965:
1964:
1959:
1957:
1955:
1953:
1950:
1946:
1945:
1943:
1938:
1933:
1931:
1929:
1925:
1924:
1919:
1917:
1915:
1910:
1906:
1905:
1900:
1898:
1896:
1893:
1890:
1886:
1885:
1880:
1875:
1870:
1865:
1848:
1845:
1843:
1840:
1836:Sioux language
1831:
1828:
1820:
1819:
1818:
1817:
1814:
1811:
1801:Western Dakota
1798:
1797:
1796:
1789:
1767:Eastern Dakota
1759:
1756:
1750:
1747:
1745:
1742:
1688:
1685:
1654:
1651:
1650:
1649:
1639:
1629:
1628:
1627:
1617:-daŋ, -da, -na
1614:
1606:
1601:
1600:
1599:
1598:
1597:
1588:
1587:
1586:
1585:
1584:
1578:
1575:-khiyA, khiyAŋ
1561:
1558:
1557:
1556:
1555:
1554:
1511:
1473:
1472:
1466:
1460:
1447:, "to stand",
1438:
1424:
1423:
1409:
1389:
1384:
1383:
1382:
1381:
1380:
1371:
1370:
1369:
1348:
1347:
1346:
1337:
1336:
1335:
1326:
1325:
1324:
1314:
1313:
1312:
1303:
1302:
1301:
1273:
1270:
1268:
1265:
1264:
1263:
1262:
1261:
1251:
1250:
1249:
1239:
1238:
1237:
1233:to one’s own"
1227:
1226:
1225:
1222:
1208:
1207:
1206:
1194:
1191:
1190:
1189:
1178:
1173:-wičhuŋ-...+pi
1159:
1140:
1121:
1110:
1099:
1088:
1077:
1066:
1055:
1044:
1033:
1020:
1017:
938:resulting in "
867:
864:
766:
763:
762:
761:
743:
742:
726:
725:
709:
708:
692:
691:
675:
674:
655:
654:
638:
637:
631:
615:
614:
598:
597:
581:
580:
560:
559:
553:
536:
535:
529:
509:
508:
491:
490:
470:
469:
445:
442:
389:
386:
358:
355:
353:
350:
334:spoken by the
310:
309:
303:
299:
298:
295:
291:
290:
285:
281:
280:
266:
265:
252:, you may see
238:
237:
225:
224:
216:
215:
208:
200:
199:
192:
184:
183:
174:
166:
165:
164:Language codes
161:
160:
158:
157:
156:
155:
154:
153:
152:
151:
150:
149:
131:Western Siouan
124:
122:
115:
112:
111:
108:
105:
102:
101:
94:
90:
89:
59:
55:
54:
45:
44:Native to
41:
40:
33:
29:
28:
24:
23:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5073:
5062:
5059:
5057:
5054:
5052:
5049:
5047:
5044:
5043:
5041:
5026:
5025:
5016:
5015:
5012:
5006:
5003:
5001:
4998:
4997:
4995:
4991:
4985:
4982:
4980:
4977:
4975:
4972:
4970:
4967:
4965:
4962:
4960:
4957:
4955:
4952:
4950:
4947:
4943:
4940:
4939:
4938:
4935:
4933:
4930:
4928:
4925:
4921:
4918:
4917:
4916:
4913:
4912:
4910:
4906:
4896:
4893:
4889:
4886:
4884:
4881:
4880:
4879:
4876:
4875:
4873:
4871:
4867:
4861:
4858:
4857:
4855:
4853:
4849:
4846:
4842:
4838:
4831:
4826:
4824:
4819:
4817:
4812:
4811:
4808:
4798:
4794:
4789:
4779:
4778:
4774:
4772:
4771:
4767:
4766:
4764:
4762:
4761:
4756:
4753:
4751:
4747:
4733:
4732:
4728:
4726:
4725:
4721:
4720:
4718:
4716:
4712:
4706:
4705:
4704:Tutelo-Saponi
4701:
4699:
4698:
4694:
4693:
4691:
4689:
4685:
4682:
4680:
4679:
4674:
4664:
4663:
4659:
4658:
4656:
4652:
4646:
4643:
4641:
4638:
4636:
4635:
4630:
4629:
4625:
4624:
4622:
4620:
4616:
4610:
4607:
4605:
4604:
4600:
4599:
4597:
4593:
4587:
4584:
4580:
4577:
4575:
4572:
4571:
4570:
4567:
4565:
4562:
4561:
4559:
4555:
4552:
4548:
4542:
4541:
4537:
4536:
4534:
4532:
4528:
4522:
4519:
4517:
4514:
4513:
4511:
4507:
4504:
4502:
4498:
4494:
4487:
4482:
4480:
4475:
4473:
4468:
4467:
4464:
4458:
4454:
4451:
4450:
4440:
4437:
4433:
4429:
4425:
4421:
4416:
4413:
4409:
4405:
4402:
4398:
4394:
4390:
4387:
4383:
4380:
4376:
4372:
4368:
4365:
4361:
4358:
4354:
4351:
4350:0-16-050400-7
4347:
4343:
4339:
4338:
4316:
4312:
4308:
4302:
4286:
4282:
4278:
4271:
4269:
4252:
4248:
4244:
4237:
4221:
4217:
4211:
4195:
4191:
4185:
4169:
4165:
4161:
4154:
4138:
4134:
4130:
4124:
4108:
4104:
4100:
4094:
4078:
4074:
4067:
4051:
4047:
4043:
4036:
4020:
4016:
4012:
4005:
4003:
4001:
3984:
3980:
3976:
3970:
3954:
3953:
3945:
3929:
3925:
3921:
3915:
3899:
3895:
3891:
3885:
3869:
3865:
3861:
3855:
3839:
3835:
3831:
3825:
3809:
3805:
3801:
3794:
3778:
3774:
3770:
3763:
3761:
3744:
3740:
3736:
3729:
3713:
3709:
3705:
3698:
3682:
3678:
3674:
3668:
3666:
3649:
3645:
3641:
3635:
3619:
3615:
3611:
3605:
3589:
3585:
3581:
3574:
3572:
3555:
3551:
3547:
3541:
3530:September 19,
3525:
3521:
3515:
3509:
3504:
3488:
3484:
3480:
3474:
3472:
3462:
3460:
3458:
3448:
3433:
3429:
3425:
3418:
3412:
3406:
3397:
3389:
3383:
3375:
3369:
3365:
3364:
3356:
3354:
3352:
3350:
3341:
3335:
3334:
3329:
3324:
3320:
3309:
3305:
3302:
3297:
3296:
3290:
3288:
3284:
3280:
3277:
3273:
3271:
3267:
3266:Speak Dakota!
3263:
3258:
3255:
3250:
3246:
3237:
3235:
3231:
3227:
3223:
3219:
3215:
3210:
3207:
3203:
3200:In 2018, the
3198:
3195:
3192:In 2017, the
3190:
3187:
3184:In 1979, the
3182:
3180:
3175:
3160:
3152:
3146:
3139:
3133:
3125:
3121:
3117:
3111:
3107:
3100:
3094:
3086:
3082:
3076:
3069:
3063:
3055:
3048:
3042:
3038:
3035:
3032:
3029:
3003:
2999:
2984:
2980:
2968:
2964:
2952:
2948:
2936:
2932:
2920:
2916:
2904:
2900:
2888:
2884:
2872:
2868:
2856:
2852:
2844:
2830:
2827:
2814:
2798:
2795:
2782:
2779:
2766:
2763:
2750:
2747:
2734:
2731:
2718:
2715:
2702:
2699:
2686:
2683:
2680:
2673:
2670:
2668:
2664:
2652:
2650:
2648:
2645:
2643:
2641:
2639:
2636:
2635:
2629:
2627:
2625:
2622:
2620:
2618:
2616:
2613:
2612:
2609:
2607:
2605:
2602:
2599:
2596:
2594:
2592:
2590:
2588:
2585:
2584:
2578:
2576:
2573:
2570:
2567:
2565:
2563:
2560:
2559:
2553:
2550:
2547:
2544:
2541:
2539:
2537:
2534:
2533:
2527:
2524:
2521:
2519:
2516:
2514:
2512:
2509:
2508:
2496:
2493:
2490:
2488:
2485:
2482:
2480:
2477:
2476:
2464:
2461:
2458:
2456:
2453:
2451:
2449:
2446:
2445:
2433:
2430:
2427:
2425:
2422:
2420:
2417:
2414:
2413:
2401:
2399:
2396:
2394:
2391:
2389:
2387:
2384:
2383:
2376:
2373:
2370:
2367:
2364:
2361:
2358:
2356:
2355:
2351:
2348:
2343:
2340:
2335:
2332:
2315:
2313:
2311:
2308:
2306:
2304:
2301:
2299:
2295:
2292:
2290:
2288:
2285:
2283:
2280:
2278:
2275:
2273:
2270:
2266:
2265:
2262:
2260:
2257:
2255:
2252:
2250:
2247:
2245:
2242:
2238:
2237:
2234:
2231:
2229:
2226:
2224:
2221:
2219:
2216:
2214:
2211:
2207:
2205:
2201:
2198:
2196:
2193:
2191:
2189:
2186:
2184:
2181:
2178:
2174:
2173:
2170:
2168:
2165:
2163:
2160:
2158:
2155:
2153:
2150:
2147:
2143:
2142:
2139:
2136:
2134:
2131:
2129:
2126:
2124:
2121:
2119:
2116:
2113:
2109:
2108:
2105:
2103:
2099:
2096:
2094:
2091:
2089:
2085:
2082:
2080:
2076:
2073:
2070:
2066:
2064:
2060:
2057:
2055:
2053:
2051:
2048:
2046:
2043:
2041:
2037:
2034:
2031:
2029:
2026:
2023:
2018:
2015:
2013:
2008:
2005:
2002:
1997:
1994:
1991:
1976:
1974:
1972:
1970:
1967:
1966:
1963:
1960:
1958:
1956:
1954:
1951:
1947:
1944:
1942:
1939:
1937:
1934:
1932:
1930:
1927:
1926:
1920:
1918:
1916:
1911:
1908:
1907:
1901:
1899:
1897:
1894:
1891:
1887:
1884:
1881:
1879:
1876:
1874:
1871:
1869:
1866:
1863:
1860:
1839:
1837:
1827:
1825:
1815:
1812:
1809:
1808:
1806:
1802:
1799:
1794:
1790:
1787:
1783:
1779:
1778:Bdewákhaŋthuŋ
1775:
1774:
1768:
1765:
1764:
1763:
1755:
1741:
1739:
1735:
1731:
1727:
1723:
1719:
1715:
1711:
1707:
1703:
1699:
1695:
1684:
1682:
1678:
1674:
1670:
1666:
1665:morphological
1660:
1659:Reduplication
1647:
1643:
1640:
1637:
1633:
1630:
1626:"little boys"
1625:
1621:
1620:
1618:
1615:
1612:
1609:
1608:
1595:
1594:
1592:
1589:
1582:
1579:
1576:
1573:
1572:
1570:
1569:
1567:
1564:
1563:
1553:
1549:
1545:
1544:
1539:
1538:
1533:
1529:
1525:
1521:
1520:
1515:
1512:
1509:
1505:
1504:
1499:
1495:
1494:
1489:
1486:
1485:
1483:
1480:
1479:
1478:
1477:
1470:
1467:
1464:
1461:
1458:
1454:
1450:
1446:
1442:
1439:
1436:
1433:
1432:
1431:
1430:
1429:
1421:
1417:
1413:
1410:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1395:
1392:
1391:
1378:
1377:
1375:
1372:
1367:
1366:
1364:
1360:
1356:
1352:
1349:
1344:
1343:
1341:
1338:
1333:
1332:
1330:
1327:
1322:
1321:
1318:
1315:
1310:
1309:
1307:
1304:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1288:
1287:
1285:
1282:
1281:
1279:
1259:
1258:
1256:
1252:
1247:
1246:
1244:
1240:
1235:
1234:
1232:
1228:
1223:
1220:
1219:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1204:
1203:
1201:
1197:
1196:
1187:
1185:
1179:
1176:
1174:
1168:
1166:
1160:
1157:
1155:
1149:
1147:
1141:
1138:
1136:
1130:
1128:
1122:
1119:
1117:
1111:
1108:
1106:
1100:
1097:
1095:
1089:
1086:
1084:
1078:
1075:
1073:
1067:
1064:
1062:
1056:
1053:
1051:
1045:
1042:
1040:
1034:
1031:
1029:
1023:
1022:
1016:
1012:
1009:
1003:
997:
991:
985:
980:
978:
972:
970:
963:
960:
954:
948:
942:
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934:
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926:
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917:
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904:
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844:
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832:
826:
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759:
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748:
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736:
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723:
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718:
716:
714:
706:
703:
702:
701:
699:
697:
689:
686:
685:
684:
682:
680:
673:to be hiding"
672:
669:
666:
665:
664:
662:
660:
652:
649:
648:
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645:
643:
635:
632:
629:
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515:
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497:
488:
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482:
481:
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478:
477:; (wa- + -yA)
476:
467:
464:
461:
460:
459:
457:
455:
449:
441:
438:
432:
427:
423:
419:
415:
411:
407:
403:
402:prepositional
399:
395:
394:agglutination
385:
381:
377:or fire, and
375:
369:
364:
349:
347:
343:
342:
337:
336:Dakota people
333:
329:
325:
321:
317:
308:
304:
300:
296:
292:
289:
288:Dakȟóta Oyáte
286:
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275:
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68:
64:
60:
56:
53:
49:
48:United States
46:
42:
38:
34:
32:Pronunciation
30:
25:
20:
5022:
4882:
4792:
4775:
4768:
4758:
4729:
4722:
4714:
4702:
4695:
4687:
4676:
4660:
4632:
4626:
4601:
4573:
4538:
4530:
4423:
4419:
4411:
4407:
4400:
4396:
4378:
4374:
4356:
4341:
4334:Bibliography
4319:. Retrieved
4310:
4301:
4289:. Retrieved
4280:
4255:. Retrieved
4246:
4236:
4224:. Retrieved
4219:
4210:
4198:. Retrieved
4193:
4184:
4172:. Retrieved
4163:
4153:
4141:. Retrieved
4132:
4123:
4111:. Retrieved
4102:
4093:
4081:. Retrieved
4077:ResearchGate
4076:
4066:
4054:. Retrieved
4045:
4035:
4023:. Retrieved
4014:
3987:. Retrieved
3978:
3969:
3957:. Retrieved
3951:
3944:
3932:. Retrieved
3923:
3914:
3902:. Retrieved
3893:
3884:
3872:. Retrieved
3863:
3854:
3842:. Retrieved
3833:
3824:
3812:. Retrieved
3803:
3793:
3781:. Retrieved
3772:
3747:. Retrieved
3738:
3728:
3716:. Retrieved
3707:
3697:
3685:. Retrieved
3676:
3652:. Retrieved
3643:
3634:
3622:. Retrieved
3613:
3604:
3592:. Retrieved
3583:
3558:. Retrieved
3549:
3540:
3528:. Retrieved
3523:
3514:
3503:
3491:. Retrieved
3482:
3447:
3436:. Retrieved
3427:
3417:
3405:
3396:
3387:
3382:
3362:
3331:
3323:
3307:
3303:
3300:
3282:
3281:
3275:
3274:
3269:
3265:
3261:
3259:
3253:
3244:
3243:
3211:
3199:
3191:
3183:
3171:
3158:
3150:
3144:
3137:
3131:
3119:
3115:
3109:
3105:
3098:
3092:
3080:
3074:
3067:
3061:
3049:to go back
3033:
3025:
3001:
2982:
2966:
2950:
2934:
2918:
2902:
2891:isáŋ / mína
2886:
2870:
2854:
2824:
2812:
2793:
2777:
2761:
2745:
2729:
2726:nína / dína
2713:
2681:
2666:
2662:
2660:
2330:
2309:
2302:
2286:
2281:
2276:
2258:
2253:
2248:
2232:
2227:
2222:
2217:
2194:
2187:
2182:
2166:
2161:
2156:
2151:
2137:
2132:
2127:
2122:
2117:
2101:
2097:
2092:
2087:
2083:
2078:
2074:
2049:
2044:
1850:
1833:
1821:
1800:
1766:
1761:
1752:
1737:
1733:
1729:
1725:
1721:
1717:
1713:
1709:
1705:
1701:
1697:
1693:
1690:
1680:
1676:
1672:
1662:
1645:
1641:
1635:
1631:
1623:
1616:
1610:
1590:
1581:-kiyA, kiyAŋ
1580:
1574:
1565:
1551:
1547:
1542:
1541:
1536:
1535:
1531:
1527:
1523:
1518:
1517:
1513:
1507:
1502:
1501:
1497:
1492:
1491:
1487:
1481:
1475:
1474:
1468:
1462:
1456:
1452:
1448:
1444:
1440:
1434:
1426:
1425:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1405:
1401:
1397:
1393:
1373:
1362:
1361:"blessing,"
1358:
1354:
1350:
1339:
1328:
1316:
1305:
1283:
1254:
1242:
1230:
1229:Possessive -
1215:
1211:
1199:
1181:
1170:
1162:
1154:-uŋni-...+pi
1151:
1143:
1132:
1124:
1116:-uŋya-...-pi
1113:
1102:
1091:
1080:
1069:
1058:
1047:
1036:
1025:
1013:
974:
966:
964:
928:
920:
900:
892:
884:
869:
860:
804:
771:
768:
757:
749:
745:
744:
738:
728:
727:
721:
711:
710:
704:
694:
693:
687:
677:
676:
670:
667:
659:Intransitive
657:
656:
650:
642:Ditransitive
640:
639:
633:
627:
617:
616:
610:
600:
599:
593:
583:
582:
576:
572:
562:
561:
555:
549:
538:
537:
531:
525:
522:
511:
510:
504:
496:intransitive
493:
492:
486:
483:
472:
471:
465:
462:
451:
450:
447:
391:
360:
339:
327:
319:
315:
313:
241:
203:
146:
87:Saskatchewan
67:South Dakota
63:North Dakota
4678:Ohio Valley
4662:Mitchigamea
4640:Omaha–Ponca
4564:Assiniboine
4455:, from the
3430:: 233–255.
3046:I shall go
2865:wakȟáŋyeža
2862:wakȟáŋyeža
2800:ahdéškadaŋ
2298:Approximant
1526:it becomes
1500:it becomes
1300:baúŋ-.../pi
1241:Reciprocal
1098:"you to me"
876:circumfixes
585:Benefactive
577:waŋyág ší ’
454:benefactive
414:participles
297:Dakȟótiyapi
256:instead of
85:, southern
81:; southern
77:; Northern
73:, southern
5040:Categories
4852:Algonquian
4844:Indigenous
3438:2023-05-03
3373:0873514726
3333:Ethnologue
3315:References
3308:Íŋyaŋgmani
3301:Íŋyaŋgmani
3220:degree.
3206:Head Start
2945:naháŋȟčiŋ
2942:naháŋȟčiŋ
2929:wapȟóštaŋ
2926:wapȟóštaŋ
2809:agdéškana
2806:akdéškana
2803:ahdéškana
2778:to deceive
2746:to go back
2694:Yanktonai
2349:Yanktonai
1986:Consonants
1791:Sisseton (
1782:Waȟpékhute
1738:thakhódaku
1710:mičhúŋkši.
1657:See also:
1653:Duplifixes
1648:"not good"
1624:hokšípidaŋ
1365:"honoring
1357:"biting,"
1276:See also:
1198:Reflexive
1135:-uŋ-...+pi
1054:"I to you"
977:-uŋ-...-pi
880:transfixes
747:Transitive
705:Ókičhiyapi
696:Reciprocal
679:Possessive
541:transitive
514:possessive
444:Verb types
398:pronominal
371:or earth,
352:Morphology
61:Primarily
4954:Norwegian
4942:Hutterite
4895:Winnebago
4795:indicate
3479:"History"
3209:website.
3015:glak'óǧa
2996:híŋhaŋni
2993:híŋhaŋna
2990:híŋhaŋna
2987:haȟ'áŋna
2955:wičhášta
2691:Sisseton
2663:-daŋ, -da
2346:Sisseton
2210:voiceless
2204:Fricative
2112:voiceless
2069:aspirated
1873:Mid-Front
1842:Phonology
1786:Waȟpéthuŋ
1734:thinázipe
1646:wašté šni
1566:-yA, -yAŋ
1428:Locatives
1210:Dative 1
1105:-wičhaya-
1061:-wičhawa-
866:Infixoids
825:kičičhiyA
713:Reflexive
602:Causative
564:Auxiliary
539:Abstract
532:Wahdúžaža
512:Abstract
494:Abstract
475:causative
473:Abstract
463:Wíkičihni
452:Abstract
406:adverbial
205:Glottolog
189:ISO 639-3
171:ISO 639-2
93:Ethnicity
75:Minnesota
5024:Category
4760:Catawban
4619:Dhegihan
4609:Ho-Chunk
4432:30028376
4389:Archived
4381:, 13–42.
4367:Archived
4315:Archived
4285:Archived
4251:Archived
4194:MPR News
4168:Archived
4137:Archived
4107:Archived
4050:Archived
4046:MPR News
4019:Archived
3983:Archived
3979:MNopedia
3928:Archived
3898:Archived
3868:Archived
3838:Archived
3808:Archived
3777:Archived
3743:Archived
3712:Archived
3681:Archived
3648:Archived
3618:Archived
3588:Archived
3554:Archived
3487:Archived
3432:Archived
3002:to shave
2971:wótehda
2961:wičháša
2958:wičháša
2939:hináȟče
2923:wapháha
2913:ažúŋtka
2910:ažúŋtka
2907:phakšíŋ
2881:čhaŋkpé
2878:čhaŋkpé
2875:hupháhu
2710:hokšína
2707:hokšína
2697:Yankton
2352:Yankton
2241:ejective
2146:ejective
2012:Alveolar
1878:Mid-Back
1793:Sisíthuŋ
1758:Dialects
1673:waštéšte
1632:-ȟčA, -ȟ
1560:Suffixes
1548:wóžaža "
1546:such as
1420:ihdúžaža
1406:hduwášte
1402:hdawášte
1363:yaónihaŋ
1267:Prefixes
1200:-ič’i- "
1165:-wičhuŋ-
1112:2s/p1pT
996:uŋkíyaye
799:wóyakapi
787:wókiyakA
758:Yutháŋka
634:DudkhíyA
594:KíčičaǧA
550:Awámanuŋ
448:Source:
294:Language
262:Help:IPA
212:dako1258
83:Manitoba
71:Nebraska
4969:Finnish
4964:Swedish
4959:Spanish
4793:Italics
4770:Catawba
4750:Eastern
4697:Moneton
4603:Chiwere
4557:Dakotan
4521:Hidatsa
4501:Western
3304:Hokšída
3127:lakota
3043:to go
2983:morning
2977:ločhíŋ
2974:dočhíŋ
2903:kidneys
2841:Lakota
2794:to trap
2790:gmúŋkA
2787:kmúŋkA
2784:hmúŋkA
2774:gnayÁŋ
2771:knayÁŋ
2768:hnayÁŋ
2688:Santee
2344:Santee
2033:Glottal
2017:Palatal
1853:/ɑeiou/
1681:šigšíčA
1636:nínaȟče
1532:wóinina
1416:ihdáčho
1359:yawášte
1355:yaȟtákA
1296:bayá-,
1292:bawá-,
1243:-kičhi-
1216:-khi- "
1184:-wičha-
990:ibdábde
941:eníčiye
910:čhičída
872:infixes
765:Affixes
730:Stative
722:Óič’iyA
556:WíwaŋǧA
543:; (wa-)
523:Wíkihni
498:; (wa-)
484:WapíȟyA
418:persons
338:of the
330:, is a
328:Dakhóta
302:Country
258:Unicode
138:Dakotan
79:Montana
4984:Somali
4979:Arabic
4937:German
4932:French
4927:Danish
4888:Lakota
4883:Dakota
4860:Ojibwe
4777:Woccon
4724:Biloxi
4645:Quapaw
4586:Stoney
4579:Lakota
4574:Dakota
4540:Mandan
4531:Mandan
4430:
4348:
4321:May 5,
4291:May 5,
4257:May 5,
4226:May 5,
4200:May 5,
4174:May 5,
4143:May 5,
4113:May 5,
4083:May 5,
4056:May 5,
4025:May 5,
3989:May 5,
3959:May 5,
3934:May 5,
3904:May 5,
3874:May 5,
3844:May 5,
3814:May 5,
3783:May 5,
3749:May 5,
3718:May 5,
3687:May 5,
3654:May 5,
3624:May 5,
3594:May 5,
3560:May 5,
3493:May 5,
3411:Nakota
3370:
3328:Dakota
3028:ablaut
3012:kasáŋ
3009:kasáŋ
3006:kasáŋ
2967:hungry
2813:lizard
2762:ridged
2758:gbéza
2755:kbéza
2752:hbéza
2380:h/k/g
2269:voiced
2177:voiced
2007:Dental
1996:Labial
1968:nasal
1909:nasal
1847:Vowels
1805:Nakota
1771:a.k.a.
1744:Syntax
1724:, and
1706:misúŋ,
1702:mióie;
1698:miíšta
1677:p’op’ó
1611:-phiča
1449:énažiŋ
1445:inážiŋ
1398:hdakčá
1255:-kiči-
1231:ki-² "
1214:&
1161:1d3pT
1146:-uŋni-
1142:1p2sT
1101:2s3pT
1094:-maya-
1090:2s1sT
1057:1s3pT
1008:maúŋni
849:-čhiyA
837:AkáȟpA
775:wóyakA
739:Tháŋka
651:Amánuŋ
628:KiyútA
619:Dative
505:WakáǧA
426:future
422:aorist
404:, and
320:Dakota
284:People
274:Dakota
229:UNESCO
147:Dakota
126:Siouan
97:Dakota
58:Region
52:Canada
22:Dakota
4974:Hmong
4949:Irish
4878:Sioux
4634:Osage
4628:Kansa
4569:Sioux
4428:JSTOR
4410:. In
2935:still
2897:míla
2894:mína
2887:knife
2855:child
2723:nína
2720:nína
2682:gloss
2040:Nasal
2028:Velar
2022:-ized
2001:-ized
1952:oral
1892:oral
1889:high
1868:Front
1857:/ãĩũ/
1730:tháwa
1516:When
1508:thípi
1490:When
1457:éyayA
1453:iyáyA
1212:-ki-¹
1076:"you"
1050:-čhi-
1046:1s2T
984:iyáyA
878:, or
843:-kiči
819:kaȟpÁ
611:PiȟyÁ
410:modal
388:Verbs
374:phéta
368:makhá
357:Nouns
142:Sioux
4516:Crow
4346:ISBN
4323:2023
4293:2023
4259:2023
4228:2023
4202:2023
4176:2023
4145:2023
4115:2023
4085:2023
4058:2023
4027:2023
3991:2023
3961:2023
3936:2023
3906:2023
3876:2023
3846:2023
3816:2023
3785:2023
3751:2023
3720:2023
3689:2023
3656:2023
3626:2023
3596:2023
3562:2023
3532:2024
3495:2023
3368:ISBN
3260:The
3172:The
3153:kte
3140:kte
3122:kte
3101:kte
3083:kte
3070:kte
2871:knee
2742:gdÁ
2739:kdÁ
2736:hdÁ
2730:very
2063:Stop
1949:low
1928:mid
1883:Back
1726:tho-
1722:thi-
1718:tha-
1669:word
1412:Ihd-
1298:1d/p
1127:-uŋ-
1083:-ni-
1072:-ya-
1039:-ma-
1035:1sT
1028:-wa-
1002:máni
969:-uŋ-
903:čhi-
781:-ki-
314:The
65:and
4731:Ofo
3330:at
3247:by
3118:/gn
3108:/gd
2951:man
2919:hat
2714:boy
2667:-na
2655:kš
2646:pš
2632:ks
2623:ps
2603:tk
2600:šk
2597:sk
2581:kč
2574:sč
2571:pč
2568:ȟč
2556:kt
2551:št
2548:st
2545:pt
2542:ȟt
2530:kp
2525:šp
2522:sp
2517:ȟp
2505:gd
2502:kd
2499:hd
2494:šd
2491:sd
2486:ȟd
2483:bd
2473:gb
2470:kb
2467:hb
2462:šb
2459:sb
2454:ȟb
2442:gn
2439:kn
2436:hn
2431:šn
2428:sn
2423:ȟn
2418:mn
2410:gm
2407:km
2404:hm
2397:sm
2392:ȟm
1807:")
1714:-yA
1694:mi-
1642:šni
1591:-pi
1543:yu-
1537:wa-
1519:Wa-
1514:Wo-
1503:wi-
1493:Wa-
1488:Wi-
1482:Wa-
1394:Hd-
1374:Yu-
1351:Ya-
1340:Pa-
1329:Na-
1317:Ka-
1306:Bo-
1284:Ba-
1180:3T
1123:1d
1079:2T
1068:2s
1032:"I"
1024:1s
962:).
959:eyÁ
953:ki-
947:ni-
944:" (
936:2sT
931:ni-
923:ki-
916:eyÁ
895:ki-
793:-pi
437:kte
434:or
431:kta
408:or
380:até
244:IPA
196:dak
179:dak
5042::
4424:34
4422:.
4401:15
4399:,
4395:.
4379:12
4377:,
4373:.
4309:.
4283:.
4279:.
4267:^
4249:.
4245:.
4218:.
4192:.
4166:.
4162:.
4131:.
4105:.
4101:.
4075:.
4048:.
4044:.
4017:.
4013:.
3999:^
3977:.
3922:.
3896:.
3892:.
3862:.
3832:.
3806:.
3802:.
3775:.
3771:.
3759:^
3741:.
3737:.
3710:.
3706:.
3675:.
3664:^
3646:.
3642:.
3616:.
3612:.
3586:.
3582:.
3570:^
3548:.
3522:.
3485:.
3481:.
3470:^
3456:^
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