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47:
2733:(SoC or SOC) is an integrated circuit in which all the components needed for a computer or other system are included on a single chip. The design of such a device can be complex and costly, and whilst performance benefits can be had from integrating all needed components on one die, the cost of licensing and developing a one-die machine still outweigh having separate devices. With appropriate licensing, these drawbacks are offset by lower manufacturing and assembly costs and by a greatly reduced power budget: because signals among the components are kept on-die, much less power is required (see
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405:, Kilby recorded his initial ideas concerning the integrated circuit in July 1958, successfully demonstrating the first working example of an integrated circuit on 12 September 1958. In his patent application of 6 February 1959, Kilby described his new device as "a body of semiconductor material … wherein all the components of the electronic circuit are completely integrated". The first customer for the new invention was the
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2726:(WSI) is a means of building very large integrated circuits that uses an entire silicon wafer to produce a single "super-chip". Through a combination of large size and reduced packaging, WSI could lead to dramatically reduced costs for some systems, notably massively parallel supercomputers. The name is taken from the term Very-Large-Scale Integration, the current state of the art when WSI was being developed.
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2768:(3D-IC) has two or more layers of active electronic components that are integrated both vertically and horizontally into a single circuit. Communication between layers uses on-die signaling, so power consumption is much lower than in equivalent separate circuits. Judicious use of short vertical wires can substantially reduce overall wire length for faster operation.
2106:. The materials and structures used in the path these electrical signals must travel have very different electrical properties, compared to those that travel to different parts of the same die. As a result, they require special design techniques to ensure the signals are not corrupted, and much more electric power than signals confined to the die itself.
2006:
969:. Advanced packaging is mainly divided into 2.5D and 3D packaging. 2.5D describes approaches such as multi-chip modules while 3D describes approaches where dies are stacked in one way or another, such as package on package and high bandwidth memory. All approaches involve 2 or more dies in a single package. Alternatively, approaches such as
162:. Since their origins in the 1960s, the size, speed, and capacity of chips have progressed enormously, driven by technical advances that fit more and more transistors on chips of the same size – a modern chip may have many billions of transistors in an area the size of a human fingernail. These advances, roughly following
5715:(TRIPs) (Annex 1C to the World Trade Organization (WTO) Agreement), went into force. Part II, section 6 of TRIPs protects semiconductor chip products and was the basis for Presidential Proclamation No. 6780, 23 March 1995, under SCPA § 902(a)(2), extending protection to all present and future WTO members.
5446:
Nathawad, L.; Zargari, M.; Samavati, H.; Mehta, S.; Kheirkhaki, A.; Chen, P.; Gong, K.; Vakili-Amini, B.; Hwang, J.; Chen, M.; Terrovitis, M.; Kaczynski, B.; Limotyrakis, S.; Mack, M.; Gan, H.; Lee, M.; Abdollahi-Alibeik, B.; Baytekin, B.; Onodera, K.; Mendis, S.; Chang, A.; Jen, S.; Su, D.; Wooley,
2694:(RAM) chips were introduced, containing more than one million transistors. Microprocessor chips passed the million-transistor mark in 1989, and the billion-transistor mark in 2005. The trend continues largely unabated, with chips introduced in 2007 containing tens of billions of memory transistors.
1717:
Integrated circuits are composed of many overlapping layers, each defined by photolithography, and normally shown in different colors. Some layers mark where various dopants are diffused into the substrate (called diffusion layers), some define where additional ions are implanted (implant layers),
727:
in an integrated circuit to double every two years, a trend known as Moore's law. Moore originally stated it would double every year, but he went on to change the claim to every two years in 1975. This increased capacity has been used to decrease cost and increase functionality. In general, as the
174:
rather than being constructed one transistor at a time. Furthermore, packaged ICs use much less material than discrete circuits. Performance is high because the IC's components switch quickly and consume comparatively little power because of their small size and proximity. The main disadvantage of
2776:
To allow identification during production, most silicon chips will have a serial number in one corner. It is also common to add the manufacturer's logo. Ever since ICs were created, some chip designers have used the silicon surface area for surreptitious, non-functional images or words. These are
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packages, which allow for a much higher pin count than other package types, were developed in the 1990s. In an FCBGA package, the die is mounted upside-down (flipped) and connects to the package balls via a package substrate that is similar to a printed-circuit board rather than by wires. FCBGA
2605:
Integrated circuits such as 1K-bit RAMs, calculator chips, and the first microprocessors, that began to be manufactured in moderate quantities in the early 1970s, had under 4,000 transistors. True LSI circuits, approaching 10,000 transistors, began to be produced around 1974, for computer main
1805:
will have memory on the chip. (See the regular array structure at the bottom of the first image.) Although the structures are intricate – with widths which have been shrinking for decades – the layers remain much thinner than the device widths. The layers of material are fabricated much like a
266:, as in Germany, radio receivers had a tax that was levied depending on how many tube holders a radio receiver had. It allowed radio receivers to have a single tube holder. One million were manufactured, and were "a first step in integration of radioelectronic devices". The device contained an
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stack multiple layers on a single die. A technique has been demonstrated to include microfluidic cooling on integrated circuits, to improve cooling performance as well as peltier thermoelectric coolers on solder bumps, or thermal solder bumps used exclusively for heat dissipation, used in
833:) into silicon chips has been actively pursued in both academic research and in industry resulting in the successful commercialization of silicon based integrated optical transceivers combining optical devices (modulators, detectors, routing) with CMOS based electronics.
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2095:(LGA) and BGA beginning in 2004, with the last PGA socket released in 2014 for mobile platforms. As of 2018, AMD uses PGA packages on mainstream desktop processors, BGA packages on mobile processors, and high-end desktop and server microprocessors use LGA packages.
2437:
when describing the theoretical concept; that term gave rise to the terms "small-scale integration" (SSI), "medium-scale integration" (MSI), "very-large-scale integration" (VLSI), and "ultra-large-scale integration" (ULSI). The early integrated circuits were SSI.
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A diplomatic conference held at
Washington, D.C., in 1989 adopted a Treaty on Intellectual Property in Respect of Integrated Circuits, also called the Washington Treaty or IPIC Treaty. The treaty is currently not in force, but was partially integrated into the
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were developed. These devices contain circuits whose logical function and connectivity can be programmed by the user, rather than being fixed by the integrated circuit manufacturer. This allows a chip to be programmed to do various LSI-type functions such as
778:
Initially, ICs were strictly electronic devices. The success of ICs has led to the integration of other technologies, in an attempt to obtain the same advantages of small size and low cost. These technologies include mechanical devices, optics, and sensors.
347:. Hoerni's invention was built on Carl Frosch and Lincoln Derick's work on surface protection and passivation by silicon dioxide masking and predeposition, as well as Fuller, Ditzenberger's and others work on the diffusion of impurities into silicon.
1879:
was first introduced by A. Coucoulas which provided a reliable means of forming these vital electrical connections to the outside world. After packaging, the devices go through final testing on the same or similar ATE used during wafer probing.
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signals (called Area-I/O) to be distributed over the entire die rather than being confined to the die periphery. BGA devices have the advantage of not needing a dedicated socket but are much harder to replace in case of device failure.
2057:(SOIC) package – a carrier which occupies an area about 30–50% less than an equivalent DIP and is typically 70% thinner. This package has "gull wing" leads protruding from the two long sides and a lead spacing of 0.050 inches.
394:), each containing a single miniaturized component. Components could then be integrated and wired into a bidimensional or tridimensional compact grid. This idea, which seemed very promising in 1957, was proposed to the US Army by
1016:
and developing a complex integrated circuit is quite high, normally in the multiple tens of millions of dollars. Therefore, it only makes economic sense to produce integrated circuit products with high production volume, so the
1718:
some define the conductors (doped polysilicon or metal layers), and some define the connections between the conducting layers (via or contact layers). All components are constructed from a specific combination of these layers.
748:). Because speed, capacity, and power consumption gains are apparent to the end user, there is fierce competition among the manufacturers to use finer geometries. Over the years, transistor sizes have decreased from tens of
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in scientific, medical, and consumer applications. Billions of these devices are now produced each year for applications such as cellphones, tablets, and digital cameras. This sub-field of ICs won the Nobel Prize in
169:
ICs have three main advantages over circuits constructed out of discrete components: size, cost and performance. The size and cost is low because the chips, with all their components, are printed as a unit by
2143:
The manufacturing date is commonly represented as a two-digit year followed by a two-digit week code, such that a part bearing the code 8341 was manufactured in week 41 of 1983, or approximately in
October 1983.
6352:
2211:, the UK, Australia, and Korea. The UK enacted the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act, 1988, c. 48, § 213, after it initially took the position that its copyright law fully protected chip topographies. See
270:, composed of three triodes, two capacitors and four resistors in a six-pin device. Radios with the Loewe 3NF were less expensive than other radios, showing one of the advantages of integration over using
3215:
Integrated circuits, which have largely replaced circuits constructed from discrete transistors, are themselves merely arrays of transistors and other components built from a single chip of semiconductor
207:, which comprises a single piece of silicon. In general usage, circuits not meeting this strict definition are sometimes referred to as ICs, which are constructed using many different technologies, e.g.
195:
A circuit in which all or some of the circuit elements are inseparably associated and electrically interconnected so that it is considered to be indivisible for the purposes of construction and commerce.
2598:), this was often done by specially hired professionals in charge of circuit layout, placed under the supervision of a team of engineers, who would also, along with the circuit designers, inspect and
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Packaged integrated circuits are usually large enough to include identifying information. Four common sections are the manufacturer's name or logo, the part number, a part production batch number and
416:
However, Kilby's invention was not a true monolithic integrated circuit chip since it had external gold-wire connections, which would have made it difficult to mass-produce. Half a year after Kilby,
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In 1986 the EC promulgated a directive requiring its members to adopt national legislation for the protection of semiconductor topographies. Council
Directive 1987/54/EEC of 16 December 1986 on the
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Further development, driven by the same MOSFET scaling technology and economic factors, led to "large-scale integration" (LSI) by the mid-1970s, with tens of thousands of transistors per chip.
398:
and led to the short-lived
Micromodule Program (similar to 1951's Project Tinkertoy). However, as the project was gaining momentum, Kilby came up with a new, revolutionary design: the IC.
136:
have ensured the rapid adoption of standardized ICs in place of designs using discrete transistors. ICs are now used in virtually all electronic equipment and have revolutionized the world of
118:, to perform various functions such as processing and storing information. They have greatly impacted the field of electronics by enabling device miniaturization and enhanced functionality.
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TAA320 had as few as two transistors. The number of transistors in an integrated circuit has increased dramatically since then. The term "large scale integration" (LSI) was first used by
5845:
2878:, Atari ST/TT/Falcon030, and NeXT families of computers, along with many models of workstations and servers from many manufacturers in the 80s, along with many other systems and devices)
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chip, as built in the early 2000s. The graphic shows LDD-MISFET's on an SOI substrate with five metallization layers and solder bump for flip-chip bonding. It also shows the section for
607:
of transistors on a chip, MOSFETs required no such steps but could be easily isolated from each other. Its advantage for integrated circuits was pointed out by Dawon Kahng in 1961. The
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The first integrated circuits contained only a few transistors. Early digital circuits containing tens of transistors provided a few logic gates, and early linear ICs such as the
2125:), is created by combining multiple dies on a small substrate often made of ceramic. The distinction between a large MCM and a small printed circuit board is sometimes fuzzy.
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can also be used. Test cost can account for over 25% of the cost of fabrication on lower-cost products, but can be negligible on low-yielding, larger, or higher-cost devices.
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The masks used to process and manufacture SSI, MSI and early LSI and VLSI devices (such as the microprocessors of the early 1970s) were mostly created by hand, often using
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The next step in the development of integrated circuits introduced devices which contained hundreds of transistors on each chip, called "medium-scale integration" (MSI).
2053:
packaging appeared in the early 1980s and became popular in the late 1980s, using finer lead pitch with leads formed as either gull-wing or J-lead, as exemplified by the
175:
ICs is the high initial cost of designing them and the enormous capital cost of factory construction. This high initial cost means ICs are only commercially viable when
1713:
are impurities intentionally introduced to a semiconductor to modulate its electronic properties. Doping is the process of adding dopants to a semiconductor material.
1218:(FPGAs) which can be programmed at any time, including during operation. Current FPGAs can (as of 2016) implement the equivalent of millions of gates and operate at
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led and motivated integrated-circuit technology, it was the
Minuteman missile that forced it into mass-production. The Minuteman missile program and various other
1895:) can cost over US$ 12 billion to construct. The cost of a fabrication facility rises over time because of increased complexity of new products; this is known as
5724:
Japan was the first country to enact its own version of the SCPA, the
Japanese "Act Concerning the Circuit Layout of a Semiconductor Integrated Circuit" of 1985.
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2679:. The complexity and density of modern VLSI devices made it no longer feasible to check the masks or do the original design by hand. Instead, engineers use
316:, on 7 May 1952. He gave many symposia publicly to propagate his ideas and unsuccessfully attempted to build such a circuit in 1956. Between 1953 and 1957,
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do not need any resistors. The ratio of the length of the resistive structure to its width, combined with its sheet resistivity, determines the resistance.
1024:
Modern semiconductor chips have billions of components, and are far too complex to be designed by hand. Software tools to help the designer are essential.
965:
with die stacking to increase performance and reduce size, without having to reduce the size of the transistors. Such techniques are collectively known as
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for its production on the basis of the photographs obtained is a reason for the introduction of legislation for the protection of layout designs. The US
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1975:) that design, manufacture and sell their own ICs, and may offer design and/or manufacturing (foundry) services to other companies (the latter often to
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1751:, are formed according to the area of the "plates", with insulating material between the plates. Capacitors of a wide range of sizes are common on ICs.
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that use light such as
Lightelligence's PACE (Photonic Arithmetic Computing Engine) also being developed, using the emerging field of physics known as
3174:
Nowadays when people say 'integrated circuit' they usually mean a monolithic IC, where the entire circuit is constructed in a single piece of silicon.
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1976:
166:, make the computer chips of today possess millions of times the capacity and thousands of times the speed of the computer chips of the early 1970s.
2021:, which continued to be used by the military for their reliability and small size for many years. Commercial circuit packaging quickly moved to the
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Integrated circuits are orders of magnitude smaller, faster, and less expensive than those constructed of discrete components, allowing a large
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3417:, Lincoln, Derick & Frosch, Carl J., "Oxidation of semiconductive surfaces for controlled diffusion", issued 1957-08-13
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The demand by the U.S. Government supported the nascent integrated circuit market until costs fell enough to allow IC firms to penetrate the
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806:(MEMS). These devices were developed in the late 1980s and are used in a variety of commercial and military applications. Examples include
440:
and included the critical on-chip aluminum interconnecting lines. Modern IC chips are based on Noyce's monolithic IC, rather than Kilby's.
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Electrical signals leaving the die must pass through the material electrically connecting the die to the package, through the conductive
1094:, and other circuits in a few square millimeters. The small size of these circuits allows high speed, low power dissipation, and reduced
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market. The average price per integrated circuit dropped from $ 50.00 in 1962 to $ 2.33 in 1968. Integrated circuits began to appear in
756:
in 2017 with a corresponding million-fold increase in transistors per unit area. As of 2016, typical chip areas range from a few square
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chip in 1960, the earliest experimental MOS chip to be fabricated was a 16-transistor chip built by Fred Heiman and Steven
Hofstein at
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1272:. Such mixed-signal circuits offer smaller size and lower cost, but must account for signal interference. Prior to the late 1990s,
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595:(metal–oxide–silicon field-effect transistors). The MOSFET invented at Bell Labs between 1955 and 1960, made it possible to build
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are now essential parts of the structure of modern societies, made possible by the small size and low cost of ICs such as modern
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4946:"Commercialisation of CMOS Integrated Circuit Technology in Multi-Electrode Arrays for Neuroscience and Cell-Based Biosensors"
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2757:(NoC) devices, which apply system-on-chip design methodologies to digital communication networks as opposed to traditional
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programs accounted for the total $ 4 million integrated circuit market in 1962, and by 1968, U.S. Government spending on
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5271:
Basu, Joydeep (9 October 2019). "From Design to Tape-out in SCL 180 nm CMOS Integrated
Circuit Fabrication Technology".
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series (the 68000 series was very successful and was used in the Apple Lisa and pre-PowerPC-based
Macintosh, Commodore
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The earliest experimental MOS IC to be fabricated was a 16-transistor chip built by Fred Heiman and Steven Hofstein at
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5123:
4891:
1677:. The main process steps are supplemented by doping and cleaning. More recent or high-performance ICs may instead use
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It is relatively common to find packages that contain other components than their designated ones, such as diodes or
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5776:"Sixteen Years after the Passage of the U.S. Semiconductor Chip Protection Act: Is International Protection Working"
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The expected shrinking of feature sizes and the needed progress in related areas was forecast for many years by the
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2278:, are still mass-produced, both to maintain old equipment and build new devices that require only a few gates. The
2068:(TSOP) packages became the most common for high pin count devices, though PGA packages are still used for high-end
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as typical industrial applications of his patent. An immediate commercial use of his patent has not been reported.
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2567:, developed by Robert Norman and Frank Wanlass. MOS chips further increased in complexity at a rate predicted by
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invented the first true monolithic IC chip. More practical than Kilby's implementation, Noyce's chip was made of
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that engineers use to design, verify, and analyze entire semiconductor chips. Some of the latest EDA tools use
803:
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includes the first integrated circuit by Kilby in 1958, Hoerni's planar process and Noyce's planar IC in 1959.
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In the early days of simple integrated circuits, the technology's large scale limited each chip to only a few
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324:) proposed similar chip designs where several transistors could share a common active area, but there was no
17:
4766:"Qualcomm and Samsung Collaborate on 10nm Process Technology for the Latest Snapdragon 835 Mobile Processor"
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National laws protecting IC layout designs have been adopted in a number of countries, including Japan, the
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5215:"Building Power Electronics with Microscopic Plumbing Could Save Enormous Amounts of Money - IEEE Spectrum"
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that stands for "ultra-large-scale integration" was proposed for chips of more than 1 million transistors.
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2615:
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2000:
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312:. Dummer presented the idea to the public at the Symposium on Progress in Quality Electronic Components in
155:
46:
5316:
2636:) is a development started with hundreds of thousands of transistors in the early 1980s, and, as of 2023,
1801:
is the most regular type of integrated circuit; the highest density devices are thus memories; but even a
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feature size shrinks, almost every aspect of an IC's operation improves. The cost per transistor and the
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321:
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Very small mechanical devices driven by electricity can be integrated onto chips, a technology known as
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5594:"AMD Zen CPU & AM4 Socket Pictured, Launching February 2017 – PGA Design With 1331 Pins Confirmed"
4711:
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Multiple developments were required to achieve this increased density. Manufacturers moved to smaller
2270:
could be placed on one chip, and good designs required thorough planning, giving rise to the field of
2177:
There are several United States patents connected to the integrated circuit, which include patents by
1709:
or to have polysilicon, insulators or metal (typically aluminium or copper) tracks deposited on them.
685:
could be contained on a single MOS LSI chip. This led to the inventions of the microprocessor and the
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133:
3376:, W. Jacobi, "Halbleiterverstärker"", published 15 May 1952, assigned to SIEMENS AG
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transistors instead of planar ones, starting at the 22 nm node (Intel) or 16/14 nm nodes.
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NASA's Apollo Program was the largest single consumer of integrated circuits between 1961 and 1965.
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Each device is tested before packaging using automated test equipment (ATE), in a process known as
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cannot be used to "expose" a layer of material, as they would be too large for the features. Thus
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from communication between modules on the same chip. This has led to an exploration of so-called
2723:
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2599:
2166:
established intellectual property protection for photomasks used to produce integrated circuits.
2102:(paths) in the package, through the leads connecting the package to the conductive traces on the
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improved, making it practical to finish designs in a reasonable time. The more energy-efficient
1484:
86:, is a small electronic device made up of multiple interconnected electronic components such as
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technology made it possible to build high-density chips. By 1964, MOS chips had reached higher
2500:
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2218:
2018:
1881:
1706:
1624:
6366:
Topol, A.W.; Tulipe, D.C.La; Shi, L; et., al (2006). "Three-dimensional integrated circuits".
6024:
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2158:
The possibility of copying by photographing each layer of an integrated circuit and preparing
856:
devices. Special sealing techniques have to be applied in such biogenic environments to avoid
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4874:"A 40-Gb/s QSFP optoelectronic transceiver in a 0.13 µm CMOS silicon-on-insulator technology"
4428:
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1841:, or wafer probing. The wafer is then cut into rectangular blocks, each of which is called a
1387:
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958:
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729:
507:
285:) filed a patent for an integrated-circuit-like semiconductor amplifying device showing five
224:
5694:
5544:"Hot Work Ultrasonic Bonding – A Method Of Facilitating Metal Flow By Restoration Processes"
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1932:
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708:, were much faster and more powerful than single-chip MOS microprocessors such as the 1972
220:
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5543:
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and the highest-speed integrated circuits. It took decades to perfect methods of creating
941:
As it becomes more difficult to manufacture ever smaller transistors, companies are using
689:
by the early 1970s. During the early 1970s, MOS integrated circuit technology enabled the
8:
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4002:. Library of Flight. American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics. pp. 18–19.
3161:
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2132:, and a four-digit date-code to identify when the chip was manufactured. Extremely small
1984:
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1904:
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are used in most applications (or for special applications, other semiconductors such as
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1343:
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1005:
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An early attempt at combining several components in one device (like modern ICs) was the
6279:
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4173:
4150:
3851:, Kilby, Jack S., "Miniaturized Electronic Circuits", published 23 June 1964
3698:
3651:
3604:
3557:
3540:
Fuller, C. S.; Struthers, J. D.; Ditzenberger, J. A.; Wolfstirn, K. B. (15 March 1954).
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projects, and aerospace projects helped inspire development of the technology. Both the
1923:
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fabricated in a single layer on one side of a chip of silicon in a flat two-dimensional
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5546:, Proc. 20th IEEE Electronic Components Conf. Washington, D.C., May 1970, pp. 549–556.]
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needed lightweight digital computers for their inertial guidance systems. Although the
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later introduced the first commercial MOS integrated circuit in 1964, a 120-transistor
600:
539:
An EPROM is a type of chip whose concept was developed by Israeli electrical engineer,
483:
471:
TTL became the dominant integrated circuit technology during the 1970s to early 1980s.
176:
145:
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At first, MOS-based computers only made sense when high density was required, such as
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To the Digital Age: Research Labs, Start-up Companies, and the Rise of MOS Technology
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To the Digital Age: Research Labs, Start-up Companies, and the Rise of MOS Technology
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2258:, and the low degree of integration meant the design process was relatively simple.
1822:) are used to create the patterns for each layer. Because each feature is so small,
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processes as microprocessors. But since 1998, radio chips have been developed using
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1554:. The reddish structures are polysilicon gates, and the solid at the bottom is the
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1319:
926:
876:. Researchers have produced prototypes of several promising alternatives, such as:
720:
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171:
122:
11034:
10062:
5807:"The Need to Abolish Registration for Integrated Circuit Topographies under Trips"
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ICs can combine analog and digital circuits on a chip to create functions such as
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Dozens of TTL integrated circuits were a standard method of construction for the
382:
invented the first monolithic integrated circuit in 1959. The chip was made from
301:
231:. The choice of terminology frequently appears in discussions related to whether
149:
129:
9688:
1174:, etc. Several cores may be integrated together in a single IC or chip. Digital
262:
vacuum tube first made in 1926. Unlike ICs, it was designed with the purpose of
106:. Integrated circuits are used in a wide range of electronic devices, including
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6478:
5695:"Washington Treaty on Intellectual Property in Respect of Integrated Circuits"
4485:"Milestones:List of IEEE Milestones – Engineering and Technology History Wiki"
4061:"The Texas Instruments TMX 1795: the (almost) first, forgotten microprocessor"
3636:"Diffusion, solubility, and electrical behavior of copper in gallium arsenide"
3257:
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2188:
2182:
1000:
277:
Early concepts of an integrated circuit go back to 1949, when German engineer
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6026:
Advanced Materials Innovation: Managing Global Technology in the 21st century
5999:
We were burning: Japanese entrepreneurs and the forging of the electronic age
5898:
Bulletin de la Société fribourgeoise des sciences naturelles, Volumes 62 à 63
5530:
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3667:
3620:
3573:
3526:
3190:
3186:
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2856:
2540:
2434:
2217:
Criticisms of inadequacy of the UK copyright approach as perceived by the US
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1964:
1896:
1838:
1759:
1658:
1583:
1539:
1383:
1379:
1331:
1250:
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918:
fabricating transistors over the entire surface of a small sphere of silicon.
815:
807:
464:
390:
A precursor idea to the IC was to create small ceramic substrates (so-called
278:
263:
99:
7231:
6287:
5618:
3565:
3231:
331:
The monolithic integrated circuit chip was enabled by the inventions of the
14514:
14509:
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13971:
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9672:
9325:
9305:
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8582:
8520:
8336:
8313:
8125:
7846:
6784:
6312:, Shanefield, Daniel, "Wafer scale integration", published 1985
5760:
5346:
Gray, Paul R.; Hurst, Paul J.; Lewis, Stephen H.; Meyer, Robert G. (2009).
4989:
4944:
Graham, Anthony H. D.; Robbins, Jon; Bowen, Chris R.; Taylor, John (2011).
4930:
4907:"Technology modules from micro- and nano-electronics for the life sciences"
4853:. Tenth Annual International Workshop on Micro Electro Mechanical Systems.
3939:
3870:
Media Technology and Society: A History: From the Telegraph to the Internet
3518:
3048:
3028:
2791:
2137:
2099:
2084:
2030:
1864:
1615:, the materials were systematically studied in the 1940s and 1950s. Today,
1254:
1211:
1153:
1130:
771:(ITRS). The final ITRS was issued in 2016, and it is being replaced by the
658:
479:
417:
406:
379:
344:
31:
6200:
5666:
5571:
1004:
Virtual detail of an integrated circuit through four layers of planarized
27:
Electronic circuit formed on a small, flat piece of semiconductor material
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12959:
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3244:"Loewe 3NF radio valve, 1926-1966 | Science Museum Group Collection"
2255:
1819:
1754:
Meandering stripes of varying lengths are sometimes used to form on-chip
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410:
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137:
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1008:, down to the polysilicon (pink), wells (greyish), and substrate (green)
634:
chips. MOS chips further increased in complexity at a rate predicted by
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8093:
7355:
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6878:
6639:
6056:"Making Your First Million (and other tips for aspiring entrepreneurs)"
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4158:
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2159:
2010:
1726:
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1451: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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various approaches to stacking several layers of transistors to make a
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87:
8593:
6330:"Hungry for AI? New supercomputer contains 16 dinner-plate-size chips"
6122:
Hittinger, William C. (1973). "Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor Technology".
4922:
4667:
Hittinger, William C. (1973). "Metal–Oxide–Semiconductor Technology".
4283:. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg. p. 321.
4228:
4213:"Surface Protection and Selective Masking during Diffusion in Silicon"
3706:
3612:
3450:
3435:"Surface Protection and Selective Masking during Diffusion in Silicon"
2013:
chip made in 1977, part of a four-chip calculator set designed in 1970
1021:(NRE) costs are spread across typically millions of production units.
238:
203:
refers to the single-piece circuit construction originally known as a
13827:
13788:
13286:
13281:
13258:
13238:
12678:
12574:
12569:
12520:
12406:
12377:
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12345:
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12042:
11961:
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11815:
11756:
11596:
11571:
11539:
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11448:
11194:
10951:
10525:
10369:
10364:
10354:
10281:
10161:
9995:
9990:
9915:
9840:
9468:
9340:
9203:
8655:
8344:
8341:
8083:
7153:
7131:
6075:"Miniaturized electronic circuits [US Patent No. 3,138, 743]"
5449:"20.2: A Dual-band CMOS MIMO Radio SoC for IEEE 802.11n Wireless LAN"
2852:
2648:
2511:
2442:
2230:
Act Concerning the Layout-Design of Semiconductor Integrated Circuits
2079:
1860:
1831:
1748:
1740:
1608:
1246:
975:
857:
838:
753:
697:
674:
429:
290:
267:
259:
246:
95:
4731:"CMOS scaling for high performance and low power-the next ten years"
3539:
2995:
2041:
circuits exceeded the practical limit for DIP packaging, leading to
1426:
1098:
compared with board-level integration. These digital ICs, typically
413:
in physics for his part in the invention of the integrated circuit.
13888:
13371:
13243:
13233:
13208:
12869:
12864:
12859:
12832:
12752:
12693:
12688:
12367:
12337:
12290:
12125:
12112:
12071:
11973:
11870:
11783:
11741:
11692:
11517:
11483:
11471:
11466:
11461:
11456:
11389:
11281:
11259:
11178:
11117:
11105:
10547:
10495:
10475:
10453:
10339:
10334:
10222:
10211:
10140:
9910:
9518:
9474:
9386:
9251:
8650:
8645:
8359:
7178:
5285:
4905:
Birkholz, M.; Mai, A.; Wenger, C.; Meliani, C.; Scholz, R. (2016).
2897:
2778:
2587:
2477:
1766:
1755:
1551:
543:
in 1969 and developed in practice in 1971 while Frohman worked for
487:
468:
107:
91:
5713:
Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights
5159:
2925:
2507:
in 1962. The first practical application of MOS SSI chips was for
1534:
626:
developed by Robert Norman. By 1964, MOS chips had reached higher
12954:
12411:
12327:
12322:
12223:
12196:
12154:
12132:
11860:
11702:
11640:
11601:
11561:
11493:
11478:
11322:
11166:
11129:
10407:
10344:
10166:
10151:
10005:
9962:
9610:
9406:
9270:
7168:
7126:
5371:
Rabaey, Jan M.; Chandrakasan, Anantha; Nikolic, Borivoje (2003).
3232:(1998-2014) Loewe 3NF Multi-valve - The first integrated circuit.
3038:
2426:
2422:
2034:
1972:
1770:
1644:
1612:
1399:
1297:
1281:
970:
946:
888:, "monolithic 3D", stacked wire bonding, and other methodologies.
829:
Since the early 2000s, the integration of optical functionality (
669:
integrated circuits, was developed at Fairchild Semiconductor by
491:
425:
383:
103:
30:"Silicon chip" redirects here. For the electronics magazine, see
4729:
Davari, Bijan, Robert H. Dennard, and Ghavam G. Shahidi (1995).
3999:
Journey to the Moon: The History of the Apollo Guidance Computer
3970:"1959: Practical Monolithic Integrated Circuit Concept Patented"
3823:. 9 September 1997. Archived from the original on 18 April 2000.
2620:
2025:(DIP), first in ceramic and later in plastic, which is commonly
13276:
13248:
13029:
12634:
12537:
12500:
12169:
12120:
11924:
11845:
11798:
11729:
11719:
11505:
11438:
11384:
11254:
11221:
11209:
11204:
11183:
11144:
10760:
10748:
10730:
10718:
10646:
10634:
10480:
10171:
10135:
10100:
9660:
9632:
9605:
9580:
9255:
7183:
7148:
7113:
6623:
5431:
5324:
5243:"Wire Bond Vs. Flip Chip Packaging | Semiconductor Digest"
4878:
Proceedings of the Optical Fiber Communication Conference (OFC)
3118:
2833:
2644:
2572:
2492:
2469:
still accounted for 37% of the $ 312 million total production.
2026:
1980:
1815:
1710:
1685:
1681:
1550:, with the vertical pillars being contacts, typically plugs of
1289:
1273:
1230:
1202:. Programmability comes in various forms – devices that can be
1182:(ASICs) are examples of other families of integrated circuits.
1048:(AI) to help engineers save time and improve chip performance.
869:
845:
823:
749:
592:
495:
59:
9040:
5558:"TSMC to build 5nm fab in arizona, set to come online in 2024"
5178:"To Keep Pace With Moore's Law, Chipmakers Turn to 'Chiplets'"
4459:"Milestones:First Semiconductor Integrated Circuit (IC), 1958"
3284:
The Race for Wireless: How Radio was Invented (Or Discovered?)
1983:) only design and sell ICs and outsource all manufacturing to
1040:, including integrated circuits. The tools work together in a
513:
12827:
12780:
12725:
12564:
12549:
12466:
12191:
12179:
12149:
12137:
11909:
11773:
11768:
11746:
11687:
11680:
11522:
11409:
11367:
11276:
11214:
11199:
11139:
10712:
10706:
10700:
10694:
10620:
10557:
10468:
10227:
10000:
9793:
9655:
9650:
9495:
9401:
7641:
7173:
7143:
6350:, Klaas, Jeff, "System-on-a-chip", published 2000
5968:
Economic impact of large public programs: the NASA Experience
5229:"Startup shrinks Peltier cooler, puts it in the chip package"
4370:
4368:
3769:
Vintage Computer Chip Collectibles, Memorabilia & Jewelry
3142:
3108:
2875:
2871:
2867:
2837:
2811:
2171:
1968:
1636:
1293:
1223:
1207:
1149:
1079:, consisting of analog and digital signaling on the same IC.
791:
544:
534:
521:
245:'s original integrated circuit; the world's first. Made from
208:
4106:"Explore Intel's history- The World's First EPROM: The 1702"
12542:
12478:
12350:
12228:
12013:
11941:
11897:
11805:
11788:
11658:
11566:
11433:
11379:
11327:
11310:
11286:
11190:
11154:
11134:
10688:
10682:
10676:
10500:
9883:
9829:
9730:
9683:
9621:
9514:
8505:
7653:
7573:
7163:
4132:"Thin Film Transistor Technology—Past, Present, and Future"
3944:
2664:
2640:
continue to grow beyond 5.3 trillion transistors per chip.
2633:
2508:
2484:
by the turn of the 1970s decade. A typical application was
2266:(MOS) technology progressed, millions and then billions of
2109:
When multiple dies are put in one package, the result is a
2061:
1988:
1807:
1722:
1575:
1571:
1567:
1277:
666:
5735:
Legal Protection of Topographies of Semiconductor Products
5485:"16nm/14nm FinFETs: Enabling The New Electronics Frontier"
5038:"Samsung's Eight-Stack Flash Shows up in Apple's iPhone 4"
4504:
4502:
4500:
4498:
4365:
4306:"The mechanisms for silicon oxidation in steam and oxygen"
2836:), and the fully-backward compatible (with the 8088/8086)
2495:
chips were small-scale integration (SSI) chips. Following
2017:
The earliest integrated circuits were packaged in ceramic
1056:
12874:
12795:
12775:
12770:
12661:
12382:
12357:
11416:
11332:
11305:
11226:
7093:
7083:
6642:
including access to most of the datasheets for the parts.
6557:
4892:"Optical chipmaker focuses on high-performance computing"
2820:, generally regarded as the first commercially available
2651:. The path of process improvements was summarized by the
2504:
2430:
2005:
1942:
1729:
is formed wherever the gate layer (polysilicon or metal)
1665:
which includes three key process steps –
1546:
has been removed). The sand-colored structures are metal
1145:
1141:
693:(VLSI) of more than 10,000 transistors on a single chip.
615:
55:
5445:
4943:
4904:
4510:"Tortoise of Transistors Wins the Race – CHM Revolution"
2488:
inter-carrier sound processing in television receivers.
2136:
parts often bear only a number used in a manufacturer's
1920:
where copper wiring replaces aluminum for interconnects.
132:
capability, reliability, and building-block approach to
62:
are the dark circles surrounding the integrated circuit.
6186:"Engineering for systems using large scale integration"
4495:
3789:
Dummer, G.W.A.; Robertson, J. Mackenzie (16 May 2014).
1705:
is used to mark different areas of the substrate to be
1578:(back-end of line) and first parts of back-end process.
6266:
Meindl, J.D. (1984). "Ultra-large scale integration".
6241:"Samsung First to Mass Produce 16Gb NAND Flash Memory"
4534:
4532:
3964:
3962:
3270:(04.05.2006) The first "integrated circuit" from 1926!
2716:
To reflect further growth of the complexity, the term
2609:
2224:
Australia passed the Circuit Layouts Act of 1989 as a
704:. Computers built entirely from TTL, such as the 1970
6531:
Hodges, David; Jackson, Horace; Saleh, Resve (2003).
3589:"Diffusion of Donor and Acceptor Elements in Silicon"
3340:. @CHM Blog. Computer History Museum. 20 August 2014.
3332:
3330:
2810:, the CMOS counterpart to the 7400 series (see also:
2781:, silicon art, silicon graffiti or silicon doodling.
868:
As of 2018, the vast majority of all transistors are
6558:
Rabaey, J.M.; Chandrakasan, A.; Nikolic, B. (2003).
5439:
5054:
5005:"Why SOI is the Future Technology of Semiconductors"
3199:(2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. p.
2893:
2741:
on die, reducing the length of wiring and therefore
2680:
2590:-tape or similar. For large or complex ICs (such as
2221:
are summarized in further chip rights developments.
2213:
British Leyland Motor Corp. v. Armstrong Patents Co.
1769:
can be built as tiny on-chip coils, or simulated by
1206:, devices that can be erased and then re-programmed
1160:
Among the most advanced integrated circuits are the
1082:
Digital integrated circuits can contain billions of
158:
was made practical by technological advancements in
98:. These components are etched onto a small piece of
11064:
6183:
4794:"Inside Pascal: NVIDIA's Newest Computing Platform"
4568:"The Surprising Story of the First Microprocessors"
4529:
4172:Huff, Howard; Riordan, Michael (1 September 2007).
4071:
3959:
3542:"Diffusivity and Solubility of Copper in Germanium"
2653:
International Technology Roadmap for Semiconductors
1907:up to 300 mm in diameter (wider than a common
1701:are used). The wafer need not be entirely silicon.
1594:were identified as the most likely materials for a
1067:Integrated circuits can be broadly classified into
921:
modifications to the substrate, typically to make "
769:
International Technology Roadmap for Semiconductors
520:, an Israeli electrical engineer who developed the
506:integrated circuits, either TTL or the even faster
6533:Analysis and Design of Digital Integrated Circuits
6530:
5085:MEMS applications of Ball Semiconductor Technology
5057:"Spherical semiconductor radio temperature sensor"
3895:"Texas Instruments – 1961 First IC-based computer"
3586:
3493:Fuller, C. S.; Ditzenberger, J. A. (1 July 1953).
3492:
3327:
2140:to find the integrated circuit's characteristics.
1307:often further sub-categorize integrated circuits:
6365:
6164:
5642:"AMD's 'TR4' Threadripper CPU socket is gigantic"
5348:Analysis and Design of Analog Integrated Circuits
5011:. Archived from the original on 29 November 2014.
4639:"1968: Silicon Gate Technology Developed for ICs"
4612:"1968: Silicon Gate Technology Developed for ICs"
4582:Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
4174:"Frosch and Derick: Fifty Years Later (Foreword)"
3683:"Diffusion of Aluminum in Single Crystal Silicon"
3587:Fuller, C. S.; Ditzenberger, J. A. (1 May 1956).
3495:"Diffusion of Lithium into Germanium and Silicon"
2866:series of computer-related chips, leading to the
2517:
1979:). In the foundry model, fabless companies (like
1967:. IDMs are vertically integrated companies (like
844:Integrated circuits are also being developed for
681:, as engineers began recognizing that a complete
557:MOSFET applications § MOS integrated circuit
14750:
5943:Digital Apollo: Human and Machine in Spaceflight
2771:
2737:). Further, signal sources and destinations are
2606:memories and second-generation microprocessors.
2578:
2416:
1991:. These foundries may offer IC design services.
657:and John Sarace at Bell Labs in 1967, the first
350:
37:"Microchip" redirects here. For other uses, see
6216:"Intel enters billion-transistor processor era"
5838:"Intel enters billion-transistor processor era"
5639:
5495:
4809:"International Roadmap for Devices and Systems"
4055:
4053:
3788:
3728:
3726:
3724:
3310:Principles of VLSI and CMOS Integrated Circuits
304:(1909–2002), a radar scientist working for the
5995:
4303:
3634:Fuller, C. S.; Whelan, J. M. (1 August 1958).
2655:(ITRS), which has since been succeeded by the
1790:, CMOS devices consume much less current than
1777:Since a CMOS device only draws current on the
293:arrangement. Jacobi disclosed small and cheap
14669:
14568:
14407:
13411:Note: This template roughly follows the 2012
13387:
11050:
10596:
9546:
9056:
8609:
6666:
5804:
5667:"Federal Statutory Protection for Mask Works"
5255:
4871:
4740:. Vol. 83, no. 4. pp. 595–606.
4079:"1971: Reusable semiconductor ROM introduced"
3792:American Microelectronics Data Annual 1964–65
3681:Miller, R. C.; Savage, A. (1 December 1956).
3413:
3250:
3155:
2657:International Roadmap for Devices and Systems
2262:were also quite low by today's standards. As
2078:(BGA) packages have existed since the 1970s.
1276:could not be fabricated in the same low-cost
773:International Roadmap for Devices and Systems
760:to around 600 mm, with up to 25 million
673:in 1968. The application of MOS LSI chips to
274:, that would be seen decades later with ICs.
6434:CMOS: Circuit Design, Layout, and Simulation
6079:IEEE Solid-State Circuits Society Newsletter
5397:
4898:
4750:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
4210:
4050:
3817:"The Chip That Jack Built Changed the World"
3721:
3680:
3633:
3432:
3262:
3185:
1875:, usually found around the edge of the die.
1170:", used in personal computers, cell-phones,
740:go up, through the relationships defined by
50:A microscope image of an integrated circuit
7671:Computer performance by orders of magnitude
6640:A large chart listing ICs by generic number
6060:U. Mich. EECS Presentation / ECE Recordings
6053:
5991:
5989:
5987:
5659:
4712:"Moore's Law to roll on for another decade"
4540:"1964 – First Commercial MOS IC Introduced"
4374:
4171:
3809:
3221:
3114:Thermal simulations for integrated circuits
2697:
2154:Integrated circuit layout design protection
1959:ICs can be manufactured either in-house by
1631:are used for specialized applications like
1210:, devices that can be (re)programmed using
436:, developed in early 1959 by his colleague
300:Another early proponent of the concept was
14676:
14662:
14575:
14561:
14414:
14400:
13394:
13380:
11057:
11043:
10998:List of integrated circuit packaging types
10610:
10603:
10589:
9553:
9539:
9063:
9049:
8616:
8602:
6680:
6673:
6659:
6586:
6308:
6115:
6016:
5970:. Olympus Publishing Company. p. 57.
5501:
4937:
4848:
4310:Journal of Physics and Chemistry of Solids
3640:Journal of Physics and Chemistry of Solids
3366:
3280:
3158:"The first monolithic integrated circuits"
2228:form of chip protection. Korea passed the
1734:
550:
446:
9560:
6485:
6404:
6121:
6022:
5284:
4979:
4969:
4788:
4786:
4666:
4420:
4389:
4336:
4248:Technical Memorandum of Bell Laboratories
3372:
2164:Semiconductor Chip Protection Act of 1984
2122:
2114:
1859:) is then connected into a package using
1511:Learn how and when to remove this message
603:which required a number of steps for the
14484:Transient liquid phase diffusion bonding
6635:The first monolithic integrated circuits
6407:Nanometer CMOS ICs, from Basics to ASICs
6321:
5984:
5965:
5773:
4818:
4798:. 15,300,000,000 transistors in 610 mm.
4709:
4565:
4244:"Silicon-Silicon Dioxide Surface Device"
3457:
2619:
2547:he designed, with a then-incredible 120
2147:
2004:
1561:
1533:
1180:application-specific integrated circuits
1120:
1055:
999:
891:transistors built from other materials:
653:(silicon-gate) MOSFET by Robert Kerwin,
646:on a single MOS chip by the late 1960s.
512:
374:
237:
45:
10655:(SOD-123 / SOD-323 / SOD-523 / SOD-923)
8788:Application-specific integrated circuit
8623:
6368:IBM Journal of Research and Development
6327:
5940:
5811:IDEA: The Journal of Law and Technology
5591:
5555:
5321:Electronic Design Automation Consortium
5197:"This is the year of the CPU 'chiplet'"
5002:
4561:
4559:
4557:
4555:
4426:
4395:
3934:
3932:
3930:
3866:
3795:. Elsevier. pp. 392–397, 405–406.
3258:(20 Nov 2010) Loewe 3NF Integrated Lamp
3089:Monolithic microwave integrated circuit
2600:verify the correctness and completeness
2274:, or EDA. Some SSI and MSI chips, like
1245:, and perform analog functions such as
901:carbon nanotube field-effect transistor
864:of the exposed semiconductor materials.
432:, and Noyce's was fabricated using the
289:on a common substrate in a three-stage
14:
14779:Computer-related introductions in 1949
14751:
14111:Knowledge representation and reasoning
11078:
6265:
6213:
5914:"System on Chip – Integrated Circuits"
5835:
5416:
5194:
4783:
4710:Kanellos, Michael (11 February 2003).
4217:Journal of the Electrochemical Society
3439:Journal of the Electrochemical Society
3074:Heat generation in integrated circuits
2784:
1947:Strained silicon directly on insulator
1314:are categorized as logic ICs (such as
1028:(EDA), also referred to as electronic
591:(MOS) integrated circuits, built from
140:. Computers, mobile phones, and other
14789:Discovery and invention controversies
14657:
14556:
14395:
14136:Philosophy of artificial intelligence
13375:
13188:
12922:
11077:
11038:
10584:
9534:
9044:
8597:
6654:
6646:The History of the Integrated Circuit
6593:. Addison Wesley Publishing Company.
6458:
6431:
6346:
6268:IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices
6165:Kanellos, Michael (16 January 2002).
6072:
5911:
5746:
5592:Moammer, Khalid (16 September 2016).
5515:. Addison Wesley Publishing Company.
5258:"FinFET Rollout Slower Than Expected"
5195:Schodt, Christopher (16 April 2019).
4349:Springer Science & Business Media
4342:
4304:Ligenza, J.R.; Spitzer, W.G. (1960).
4278:
4241:
4178:The Electrochemical Society Interface
4139:The Electrochemical Society Interface
3989:
3847:
3470:Springer Science & Business Media
3463:
3393:"The Hapless Tale of Geoffrey Dummer"
2675:, avoiding a prohibitive increase in
1806:photographic process, although light
1406:Three-dimensional integrated circuits
1144:running at 12 MHz, 128 bytes of
951:three-dimensional integrated circuits
715:Advances in IC technology, primarily
13455:Energy consumption (Green computing)
13401:
13189:
9985:Three-dimensional integrated circuit
8723:Three-dimensional integrated circuit
7642:Floating-point operations per second
5737:, art. 1(1)(b), 1987 O.J. (L 24) 36.
5270:
4552:
4345:History of Semiconductor Engineering
4281:History of Semiconductor Engineering
3995:
3927:
3735:"Micromodules: the ultimate package"
3466:History of Semiconductor Engineering
3352:"Integrated circuits help Invention"
2824:, which led to the 8008, the famous
2766:three-dimensional integrated circuit
2712:Three-dimensional integrated circuit
2571:, leading to chips with hundreds of
2242:List of semiconductor scale examples
2091:Intel transitioned away from PGA to
1449:adding citations to reliable sources
1420:
1284:processes. Examples include Intel's
882:three-dimensional integrated circuit
732:per transistor goes down, while the
575:Three-dimensional integrated circuit
563:List of semiconductor scale examples
14141:Distributed artificial intelligence
13413:ACM Computing Classification System
9766:Programmable unijunction transistor
6587:Mead, Carver; Conway, Lynn (1991).
5805:Kukkonen, Carl A. III (1997–1998).
5747:Stern, Richard (1985). "MicroLaw".
4872:Narasimha, A.; et al. (2008).
4129:
4123:
4031:"Computer Pioneers – James L. Buie"
2610:Very-large-scale integration (VLSI)
2532:and lower manufacturing costs than
2441:SSI circuits were crucial to early
1412:(TSV) ICs and Cu-Cu connection ICs.
630:and lower manufacturing costs than
357:Invention of the integrated circuit
24:
13646:Integrated development environment
9667:Multi-gate field-effect transistor
8735:Erasable programmable logic device
6398:
6328:Edwards, Benj (14 November 2022).
5858:
5081:
4830:, Nobel Foundation, 6 October 2009
4165:
3732:
2543:demonstrated a single-chip 16-bit
1914:As of 2022, 5 nm transistors.
1733:a diffusion layer (this is called
790:, are chips that are sensitive to
328:to separate them from each other.
25:
14810:
14121:Automated planning and scheduling
13651:Software configuration management
13156:Social construction of technology
9645:Insulated-gate bipolar transistor
8770:Complex programmable logic device
6616:
6214:Clarke, Peter (14 October 2005).
6144:10.1038/scientificamerican0873-48
5848:from the original on 8 June 2011.
5836:Clarke, Peter (14 October 2005).
5400:CMOS: Mixed-Signal Circuit Design
5003:Or-Bach, Zvi (23 December 2013).
4689:10.1038/scientificamerican0873-48
4211:Frosch, C. J.; Derick, L (1957).
3917:"The Nobel Prize in Physics 2000"
3433:Frosch, C. J.; Derick, L (1957).
2551:on a single chip. The same year,
2286:chips, for example, has become a
1818:of higher frequencies (typically
1623:used for ICs although some III-V
1305:electronic component distributors
649:Following the development of the
14375:
14365:
14356:
14355:
13352:
13340:
13329:
13328:
12923:
9889:Heterostructure barrier varactor
9616:Chemical field-effect transistor
9174:Failure of electronic components
8568:Semiconductor device fabrication
6622:
6359:
6340:
6302:
6259:
6233:
6207:
6177:
6158:
6097:
6066:
6047:
5959:
5934:
5905:
5889:
5852:
5829:
5798:
5767:
5740:
5619:"Ryzen 5 2500U – AMD – WikiChip"
4566:Shirriff, Ken (30 August 2016).
3399:. 1 October 2005. Archived from
3008:
2994:
2980:
2966:
2952:
2938:
2924:
2910:
2896:
2632:"Very-large-scale integration" (
2624:Upper interconnect layers on an
2555:introduced the first commercial
2055:small-outline integrated circuit
1425:
1416:
1372:Mixed-signal integrated circuits
597:high-density integrated circuits
160:semiconductor device fabrication
14698:and second source/clone vendors
14593:and second source/clone vendors
14366:
13769:Computational complexity theory
13341:
13144:Timeline of historic inventions
9937:Mixed-signal integrated circuit
9070:
8782:Field-programmable object array
8718:Mixed-signal integrated circuit
8543:History of general-purpose CPUs
6770:Nondeterministic Turing machine
6167:"Intel's Accidental Revolution"
6054:Boysel, Lee (12 October 2007).
6002:. Basic Books. pp. 47–48.
5780:Berkeley Technology Law Journal
5727:
5718:
5705:
5687:
5640:Ung, Gordon Mah (30 May 2017).
5633:
5611:
5585:
5564:
5549:
5537:
5477:
5391:
5364:
5339:
5309:
5264:
5256:LaPedus, Mark (16 April 2015).
5249:
5235:
5221:
5207:
5188:
5170:
5152:
5134:
5116:
5102:
5075:
5048:
5030:
4996:
4884:
4865:
4851:A decade of MEMS and its future
4842:
4827:The Nobel Prize in Physics 2009
4801:
4758:
4722:
4703:
4660:
4631:
4604:
4477:
4451:
4375:Laws, David (4 December 2013).
4297:
4272:
4235:
4204:
4098:
4023:
3909:
3887:
3860:
3841:
3782:
3757:
3674:
3627:
3580:
3533:
3486:
3426:
3407:
3385:
3344:
3079:High-temperature operating life
2808:4000-series integrated circuits
2803:7400-series integrated circuits
2518:Medium-scale integration (MSI)
1961:integrated device manufacturers
1625:compounds of the periodic table
1436:needs additional citations for
913:organic field-effect transistor
719:and larger chips, have allowed
587:Nearly all modern IC chips are
567:Mixed-signal integrated circuit
13553:Network performance evaluation
10637:(DO-7 / DO-26 / DO-35 / DO-41)
6723:Deterministic finite automaton
6023:Moskowitz, Sanford L. (2016).
5674:United States Copyright Office
4435:Johns Hopkins University Press
4404:Johns Hopkins University Press
4377:"Who Invented the Transistor?"
3301:
3274:
3236:
3179:
3149:
3131:
2855:microprocessors, used in many
2734:
2649:cleaner fabrication facilities
2579:Large-scale integration (LSI)
2417:Small-scale integration (SSI)
2235:
1523:
1408:(3D ICs) are categorized into
1216:field-programmable gate arrays
804:microelectromechanical systems
498:minicomputers and the desktop
428:, whereas Kilby's was made of
182:
13:
1:
13924:Multimedia information system
13909:Geographic information system
13899:Enterprise information system
13488:Computer systems organization
8908:Hardware description language
8776:Field-programmable gate array
7514:Simultaneous and heterogenous
5572:"145 series ICs (in Russian)"
5295:10.1080/09747338.2019.1657787
5055:Yamatake Corporation (2002).
3124:
2885:of analog integrated circuits
2772:Silicon labeling and graffiti
2575:on a chip by the late 1960s.
2563:transistors. It was a 20-bit
2400:ultra-large-scale integration
2037:. In the 1980s pin counts of
1955:such as tri-gate transistors.
1743:, in form very much like the
1651:in semiconducting materials'
992:Hardware description language
794:. They have largely replaced
351:The first integrated circuits
249:with gold-wire interconnects.
205:monolithic integrated circuit
14283:Computational social science
13871:Theoretical computer science
13684:Software development process
13460:Electronic design automation
13445:Very Large Scale Integration
11027:in transistor packages, etc.
10993:Integrated circuit packaging
9968:Silicon controlled rectifier
9830:Organic light-emitting diode
9720:Diffused junction transistor
9169:List of emerging electronics
8198:Integrated memory controller
8180:Translation lookaside buffer
7379:Memory dependence prediction
6822:Random-access stored program
6775:Probabilistic Turing machine
6590:Introduction to VLSI systems
6436:(3rd ed.). Wiley-IEEE.
5512:Introduction to VLSI systems
5424:"Stratix 10 Device Overview"
5260:. Semiconductor Engineering.
4330:10.1016/0022-3697(60)90219-5
3660:10.1016/0022-3697(58)90091-X
3281:Malanowski, Gregory (2011).
2616:Very-large-scale integration
2380:very large-scale integration
2272:electronic design automation
2001:Integrated circuit packaging
1994:
1899:. Such a facility features:
1747:of a traditional electrical
1270:digital-to-analog converters
1266:analog-to-digital converters
1026:Electronic design automation
988:Electronic design automation
907:transistor, transistor-like
835:Photonic integrated circuits
691:very large-scale integration
677:was the basis for the first
583:Very Large Scale Integration
156:Very-large-scale integration
7:
14542:Wafer bond characterization
14106:Natural language processing
13894:Information storage systems
13168:Technology acceptance model
9772:Static induction transistor
9709:Bipolar junction transistor
9661:MOS field-effect transistor
9633:Fin field-effect transistor
8920:Formal equivalence checking
7654:Synaptic updates per second
6561:Digital Integrated Circuits
5912:Safir, Ruben (March 2015).
5374:Digital Integrated Circuits
4463:IEEE Global History Network
4427:Bassett, Ross Knox (2007).
4396:Bassett, Ross Knox (2002).
4130:Kuo, Yue (1 January 2013).
3354:. Integratedcircuithelp.com
3002:Computer programming portal
2889:
2290:and remains in production.
2083:packages allow an array of
1792:bipolar junction transistor
909:nanowire electronic devices
730:switching power consumption
461:Transistor–transistor logic
456:Transistor–transistor logic
322:Electrotechnical Laboratory
10:
14815:
14022:Human–computer interaction
13992:Intrusion detection system
13904:Social information systems
13889:Database management system
9979:Static induction thyristor
8940:Hierarchical state machine
8898:Transaction-level modeling
8058:Heterogeneous architecture
6980:Orthogonal instruction set
6750:Alternating Turing machine
6738:Quantum cellular automaton
6459:Marsh, Stephen P. (2006).
6405:Veendrick, H.J.M. (2017).
6091:10.1109/N-SSC.2007.4785580
5941:Mindell, David A. (2008).
4911:WIREs Nanomed. Nanobiotech
4859:10.1109/MEMSYS.1997.581729
4590:10.1109/MSPEC.2016.7551353
4256:10.1142/9789814503464_0076
3873:. Routledge. p. 221.
3687:Journal of Applied Physics
3593:Journal of Applied Physics
3064:Integrated passive devices
3059:Integrated injection logic
2701:
2613:
2476:market and eventually the
2239:
2151:
2066:thin small-outline package
1998:
1826:are essential tools for a
1745:parallel conducting plates
1527:
1358:linear integrated circuits
1187:programmable logic devices
985:
822:used to deploy automobile
786:, and the closely related
665:, the basis of all modern
560:
554:
532:
453:
360:
354:
253:
229:hybrid integrated circuits
39:Microchip (disambiguation)
36:
29:
14703:
14598:
14534:
14497:
14489:Surface activated bonding
14479:Thermocompression bonding
14441:
14351:
14288:Computational engineering
14263:Computational mathematics
14240:
14187:
14149:
14096:
14058:
14020:
13962:
13879:
13825:
13787:
13732:
13669:
13602:
13566:
13523:
13487:
13420:
13409:
13323:
13302:Technological convergence
13267:
13199:
13195:
13184:
13161:Technological determinism
13117:
13102:Technological singularity
13070:
13012:
12975:
12933:
12929:
12918:
12751:
12590:
12452:
12336:
12244:
12111:
11994:
11814:
11649:
11582:
11447:
11353:
11237:
11088:
11084:
11073:
11021:
10980:
10928:
10897:
10860:
10804:
10788:
10662:
10618:
10516:
10416:
10383:
10315:
10252:
10180:
10148:(Hexode, Heptode, Octode)
10086:
10018:
9900:Hybrid integrated circuit
9864:
9792:
9743:Light-emitting transistor
9697:
9579:
9568:
9369:
9227:
9144:
9078:
9017:
8950:
8866:
8841:Digital signal processing
8826:Logic in computer science
8803:
8752:Programmable logic device
8712:Hybrid integrated circuit
8631:
8548:Microprocessor chronology
8535:
8511:Dynamic frequency scaling
8484:
8420:
8358:
8312:
8264:
8219:
8139:
8066:
8035:
7940:
7861:
7825:
7779:
7679:
7666:Cache performance metrics
7605:
7539:
7489:
7400:
7391:
7364:
7319:
7286:
7258:
7249:
7069:
6972:
6961:
6832:
6688:
6564:(2nd ed.). Pearson.
5377:(2nd ed.). Pearson.
5273:IETE Journal of Education
5146:Semiconductor Engineering
5128:Semiconductor Engineering
5021:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
3833:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
3268:Clive Maxfield, EE Times
3139:"Integrated circuit (IC)"
2974:History of science portal
2777:sometimes referred to as
2264:metal–oxide–semiconductor
2080:Flip-chip Ball Grid Array
1671:chemical vapor deposition
1566:Schematic structure of a
1542:with three metal layers (
1530:Semiconductor fabrication
1235:power management circuits
1060:A-to-D converter IC in a
1032:(ECAD), is a category of
1019:non-recurring engineering
996:Integrated circuit design
981:
752:in the early 1970s to 10
589:metal–oxide–semiconductor
306:Royal Radar Establishment
134:integrated circuit design
14454:Plasma-activated bonding
14298:Computational healthcare
14293:Differentiable computing
14212:Graphics processing unit
13631:Domain-specific language
13500:Computational complexity
13297:Research and development
13127:Diffusion of innovations
13092:Technological utopianism
12985:Environmental technology
11008:Surface-mount technology
10195:Backward-wave oscillator
9905:Light emitting capacitor
9761:Point-contact transistor
9731:Junction Gate FET (JFET)
8853:Switching circuit theory
8758:Programmable Array Logic
8746:Programmable logic array
8563:Hardware security module
7906:Digital signal processor
7883:Graphics processing unit
7695:Graphics processing unit
6486:Camenzind, Hans (2005).
6184:O'Donnell, C.F. (1968).
5317:"About the EDA Industry"
2946:Telecommunication portal
2698:ULSI, WSI, SoC and 3D-IC
2559:chip, consisting of 120
2553:General Microelectronics
2455:Apollo Guidance Computer
2341:medium-scale integration
2134:surface-mount technology
1847:. Each good die (plural
1661:ICs are fabricated in a
1334:memory), interface ICs (
1116:"one" and "zero" signals
1051:
933:, possibly leading to a
620:General Microelectronics
528:
14769:20th-century inventions
14273:Computational chemistry
14207:Photograph manipulation
14098:Artificial intelligence
13914:Decision support system
13020:Government by algorithm
13002:Sustainable engineering
12967:Precautionary principle
12761:Artificial intelligence
11013:Through-hole technology
10206:Crossed-field amplifier
9725:Field-effect transistor
9412:Electromagnetic warfare
8903:Register-transfer level
8516:Dynamic voltage scaling
8299:Memory address register
8193:Branch target predictor
8157:Address generation unit
7900:Physics processing unit
7689:Central processing unit
7648:Transactions per second
7636:Instructions per second
7559:Array processing (SIMT)
6703:Stored-program computer
6288:10.1109/T-ED.1984.21752
5996:Johnstone, Bob (1999).
5774:Radomsky, Leon (2000).
5711:On 1 January 1995, the
5556:Chafkin (15 May 2020).
5456:IEEE Entity Web Hosting
5067:: 58–59. Archived from
4738:Proceedings of the IEEE
4647:Computer History Museum
4617:Computer History Museum
4545:Computer History Museum
4515:Computer History Museum
4382:Computer History Museum
4084:Computer History Museum
3996:Hall, Eldon C. (1996).
3975:Computer History Museum
3867:Winston, Brian (1998).
3566:10.1103/PhysRev.93.1182
3069:Interconnect bottleneck
3024:Central processing unit
2724:Wafer-scale integration
2704:Wafer-scale integration
2685:functional verification
2661:Electronic design tools
2360:large-scale integration
2322:small-scale integration
1834:a fabrication process.
1735:"the self-aligned gate"
1617:monocrystalline silicon
1340:serializer/deserializer
1046:artificial intelligence
897:molybdenite transistors
712:until the early 1980s.
661:MOS IC technology with
642:(LSI) with hundreds of
640:large-scale integration
609:list of IEEE milestones
551:MOS integrated circuits
463:(TTL) was developed by
422:Fairchild Semiconductor
225:thick-film technologies
177:high production volumes
14525:Tape-automated bonding
14338:Educational technology
14169:Reinforcement learning
13919:Process control system
13817:Computational geometry
13807:Algorithmic efficiency
13802:Analysis of algorithms
13450:Systems on Chip (SoCs)
13085:Technology forecasting
13052:Strategy of Technology
12943:Appropriate technology
11824:Agricultural machinery
10643:(MELF / SOD-80 / LL34)
10612:Semiconductor packages
10375:Voltage-regulator tube
9942:MOS integrated circuit
9807:Constant-current diode
9783:Unijunction transistor
9382:Automotive electronics
9331:Robotic vacuum cleaner
9291:Information technology
9096:Electronic engineering
8794:Tensor Processing Unit
8322:Hardwired control unit
8204:Memory management unit
8169:Memory management unit
7918:Secure cryptoprocessor
7912:Tensor Processing Unit
7894:Vision processing unit
7628:Cycles per instruction
7622:Instructions per cycle
7569:Associative processing
7260:Instruction pipelining
6682:Processor technologies
6525:invented the 555 timer
6489:Designing Analog Chips
5966:Ginzberg, Eli (1976).
5861:"Les Microprocesseurs"
5761:10.1109/MM.1985.304489
5458:. IEEE. Archived from
3519:10.1103/PhysRev.91.193
3338:"Who Invented the IC?"
3196:The Art of Electronics
3156:Wylie, Andrew (2009).
2832:(used in the original
2683:tools to perform most
2629:
2557:MOS integrated circuit
2501:MOS integrated circuit
2491:The first application
2246:MOS integrated circuit
2062:plastic quad flat pack
2014:
1882:Industrial CT scanning
1869:thermosonically bonded
1830:engineer who might be
1669:, deposition (such as
1579:
1559:
1388:digital potentiometers
1239:operational amplifiers
1157:
1064:
1009:
784:Charge-coupled devices
605:p–n junction isolation
525:
467:in the early 1960s at
387:
367:p–n junction isolation
341:p–n junction isolation
250:
197:
63:
14799:Semiconductor devices
14308:Electronic publishing
14278:Computational biology
14268:Computational physics
14164:Unsupervised learning
14078:Distributed computing
13954:Information retrieval
13861:Mathematical analysis
13851:Mathematical software
13734:Theory of computation
13699:Software construction
13689:Requirements analysis
13567:Software organization
13495:Computer architecture
13465:Hardware acceleration
13430:Printed circuit board
13057:Technology assessment
13042:Persuasive technology
13025:Intellectual property
13013:Policy & politics
11629:Interchangeable parts
11003:Printed circuit board
10444:Electrolytic detector
10217:Inductive output tube
10033:Low-dropout regulator
9948:Organic semiconductor
9879:Printed circuit board
9715:Darlington transistor
9562:Electronic components
9316:Portable media player
9189:Molecular electronics
9184:Low-power electronics
9009:Electronic literature
8963:Hardware acceleration
8831:Computer architecture
8729:Emitter-coupled logic
8666:Printed circuit board
8405:Sum-addressed decoder
8151:Arithmetic logic unit
7278:Classic RISC pipeline
7232:Epiphany architecture
7079:Motorola 68000 series
6461:Practical MMIC design
6348:US patent 6816750
6310:US patent 4866501
6201:10.1109/AFIPS.1968.93
6105:US Patent 3138743
6073:Kilby, J. S. (2007).
6031:John Wiley & Sons
5398:Baker, Jacob (2008).
4036:IEEE Computer Society
3940:"Integrated circuits"
3849:US Patent 3138743
3765:"The RCA Micromodule"
3229:Mike's Electric Stuff
3034:CHIPS and Science Act
2798:Operational amplifier
2702:Further information:
2690:In 1986, one-megabit
2623:
2148:Intellectual property
2104:printed circuit board
2047:leadless chip carrier
2008:
1941:in a process used by
1891:(commonly known as a
1741:Capacitive structures
1574:(front-end of line),
1565:
1538:Rendering of a small
1537:
1300:and other companies.
1124:
1059:
1030:computer-aided design
1003:
959:High Bandwidth Memory
555:Further information:
516:
508:emitter-coupled logic
409:. Kilby won the 2000
378:
314:Washington, D.C.
241:
221:thin-film transistors
193:
49:
14068:Concurrent computing
14040:Ubiquitous computing
14012:Application security
14007:Information security
13836:Discrete mathematics
13812:Randomized algorithm
13764:Computability theory
13742:Model of computation
13714:Software maintenance
13709:Software engineering
13671:Software development
13621:Programming language
13616:Programming paradigm
13533:Network architecture
13307:Technology lifecycle
13097:Technocracy movement
12855:Programming language
12528:Particle accelerator
12402:Laboratory glassware
11068:and related concepts
10988:Electronic packaging
10262:Beam deflection tube
9931:Metal-oxide varistor
9824:Light-emitting diode
9678:Thin-film transistor
9639:Floating-gate MOSFET
9510:Terahertz technology
9491:Open-source hardware
9447:Consumer electronics
9417:Electronics industry
9179:Flexible electronics
9086:Analogue electronics
8935:Finite-state machine
8913:High-level synthesis
8848:Circuit minimization
8526:Performance per watt
8104:replacement policies
7770:Package on a package
7660:Performance per watt
7564:Pipelined processing
7334:Tomasulo's algorithm
7139:Clipper architecture
6995:Application-specific
6708:Finite-state machine
6631:at Wikimedia Commons
6495:. Virtual Bookworm.
6432:Baker, R.J. (2010).
6033:. pp. 165–167.
5489:electronicdesign.com
5110:"Advanced Packaging"
5044:. 13 September 2010.
3374:DE patent 833366
3094:Multi-threshold CMOS
2692:random-access memory
2276:discrete transistors
2260:Manufacturing yields
2198:and by R.F. Stewart
2023:dual in-line package
1963:(IDMs) or using the
1933:Silicon on insulator
1918:Copper interconnects
1889:fabrication facility
1824:electron microscopes
1799:random-access memory
1767:inductive structures
1692:Mono-crystal silicon
1460:"Integrated circuit"
1445:improve this article
1348:programmable devices
1344:power management ICs
1229:Analog ICs, such as
1204:programmed only once
963:through-silicon vias
931:flexible electronics
923:flexible transistors
893:graphene transistors
788:active-pixel sensors
326:electrical isolation
14784:Digital electronics
14774:American inventions
14759:Integrated circuits
14520:Thermosonic bonding
14425:techniques used in
14343:Document management
14333:Operations research
14258:Enterprise software
14174:Multi-task learning
14159:Supervised learning
13881:Information systems
13704:Software deployment
13661:Software repository
13515:Real-time computing
13132:Technology transfer
12823:Client–server model
12274:CRISPR gene editing
12269:Genetic engineering
11856:Internal combustion
10238:Traveling-wave tube
10038:Switching regulator
9874:Printed electronics
9851:Step recovery diode
9628:Depletion-load NMOS
9486:Nuclear electronics
9311:Networking hardware
9214:Quantum electronics
9199:Organic electronics
9121:Printed electronics
9091:Digital electronics
8982:Digital photography
8764:Generic Array Logic
8686:Combinational logic
8661:Printed electronics
8625:Digital electronics
8558:Digital electronics
8211:Instruction decoder
8163:Floating-point unit
7817:Soft microprocessor
7764:System in a package
7339:Reservation station
6869:Transport-triggered
6629:Integrated circuits
6380:10.1147/rd.504.0491
6280:1984ITED...31.1555M
6136:1973SciAm.229b..48H
6124:Scientific American
5435:. 12 December 2015.
5245:. 10 December 2016.
5166:. 28 February 2021.
4962:2011Senso..11.4943G
4849:Fujita, H. (1997).
4681:1973SciAm.229b..48H
4669:Scientific American
4322:1960JPCS...14..131L
4151:2013ECSIn..22a..55K
4065:Ken Shirriff's blog
3699:1956JAP....27.1430M
3652:1958JPCS....6..173F
3605:1956JAP....27..544F
3558:1954PhRv...93.1182F
3511:1953PhRv...91..193F
2849:MOS Technology 6502
2785:ICs and IC families
2499:'s proposal of the
2388:20 000 to 1 000 000
2060:In the late 1990s,
1985:pure play foundries
1877:Thermosonic bonding
1556:crystalline silicon
1410:through-silicon via
1398:(SC) circuits, and
1374:are categorized as
1356:are categorized as
1296:) chips created by
1288:cordless phone, or
1241:(op-amps), process
1006:copper interconnect
886:through-silicon via
601:bipolar transistors
484:mainframe computers
450:integrated circuits
371:Surface passivation
310:Ministry of Defence
272:discrete components
146:computer processors
74:), also known as a
14469:Glass frit bonding
14126:Search methodology
14073:Parallel computing
14030:Interaction design
13939:Computing platform
13866:Numerical analysis
13856:Information theory
13641:Software framework
13604:Software notations
13543:Network components
13440:Integrated circuit
12997:Sustainable design
12731:Integrated circuit
12555:Telecommunications
12511:Optical instrument
11607:Injection moulding
11294:Musical instrument
11079:Major technologies
11025:voltage regulators
10543:Crystal oscillator
10403:Variable capacitor
10078:Switched capacitor
10020:Voltage regulators
9894:Integrated circuit
9778:Tetrode transistor
9756:Pentode transistor
9749:Organic LET (OLET)
9736:Organic FET (OFET)
9464:Marine electronics
9437:Integrated circuit
9356:Video game console
9154:2020s in computing
9136:Thermal management
8930:Asynchronous logic
8706:Integrated circuit
8671:Electronic circuit
8430:Integrated circuit
8274:Processor register
7928:Baseband processor
7273:Operand forwarding
6733:Cellular automaton
5901:(in French). 1973.
5491:. 17 January 2013.
5465:on 23 October 2016
5231:. 10 January 2008.
5071:on 7 January 2009.
4971:10.3390/s110504943
4643:The Silicon Engine
4491:. 9 December 2020.
4437:. pp. 22–25.
4343:Lojek, Bo (2007).
4279:Lojek, Bo (2007).
4242:KAHNG, D. (1961).
4190:10.1149/2.F02073IF
4159:10.1149/2.F06131if
4110:timeline.intel.com
4067:. 25 October 1970.
3923:. 10 October 2000.
3464:Lojek, Bo (2007).
3313:. S. Chand. 2016.
3044:Czochralski method
2960:Engineering portal
2904:Electronics portal
2859:of the early 1980s
2630:
2628:microprocessor die
2530:transistor density
2459:United States Navy
2407:1 000 000 and more
2015:
1721:In a self-aligned
1580:
1560:
1396:switched capacitor
1243:continuous signals
1158:
1096:manufacturing cost
1065:
1038:electronic systems
1010:
967:advanced packaging
955:package on package
943:multi-chip modules
935:roll-away computer
702:pocket calculators
683:computer processor
663:self-aligned gates
628:transistor density
526:
401:Newly employed by
388:
251:
201:integrated circuit
189:integrated circuit
102:material, usually
68:integrated circuit
64:
14794:German inventions
14764:1949 in computing
14746:
14745:
14651:
14650:
14550:
14549:
14505:Compliant bonding
14442:Substrate bonding
14389:
14388:
14318:Electronic voting
14248:Quantum Computing
14241:Applied computing
14227:Image compression
13997:Hardware security
13987:Security services
13944:Digital marketing
13724:Open-source model
13636:Modeling language
13548:Network scheduler
13369:
13368:
13319:
13318:
13315:
13314:
13292:Mature technology
13180:
13179:
13176:
13175:
12914:
12913:
12910:
12909:
12880:Graphics software
12259:Blood transfusion
11920:Epicyclic gearing
11752:Archimedes' screw
11032:
11031:
10781:(Super-247) (SMT)
10775:(Super-220) (SMT)
10649:(SMA / SMB / SMC)
10578:
10577:
10538:Ceramic resonator
10350:Mercury-arc valve
10302:Video camera tube
10254:Cathode-ray tubes
10014:
10013:
9622:Complementary MOS
9528:
9527:
9505:Radio electronics
9131:Schematic capture
9116:Power electronics
9038:
9037:
8987:Digital telephone
8958:Computer hardware
8925:Synchronous logic
8591:
8590:
8480:
8479:
8099:Instruction cache
8089:Scratchpad memory
7936:
7935:
7923:Network processor
7852:Network on a chip
7807:Ultra-low-voltage
7758:Multi-chip module
7601:
7600:
7387:
7386:
7374:Branch prediction
7351:Register renaming
7245:
7244:
7227:VISC architecture
7049:Quantum computing
7044:VISC architecture
6926:Secondary storage
6842:Microarchitecture
6802:Register machines
6627:Media related to
6600:978-0-201-04358-7
6571:978-0-13-090996-1
6542:978-0-07-228365-5
6520:on 12 June 2017.
6502:978-1-58939-718-7
6470:978-1-59693-036-0
6443:978-0-470-88132-3
6416:978-3-319-47595-0
6274:(11): 1555–1561.
6009:978-0-465-09118-8
5977:978-0-913420-68-3
5952:978-0-262-13497-2
5945:. The MIT Press.
5522:978-0-201-04358-7
5409:978-0-470-29026-2
5384:978-0-13-090996-1
5357:978-0-470-24599-6
5098:on 1 January 2015
4923:10.1002/wnan.1367
4413:978-0-8018-6809-2
4406:. pp. 53–4.
4290:978-3-540-34258-8
4265:978-981-02-0209-5
4229:10.1149/1.2428650
4009:978-1-56347-185-8
3880:978-0-415-14230-4
3802:978-1-4831-8549-1
3745:on 7 January 2010
3707:10.1063/1.1722283
3693:(12): 1430–1432.
3613:10.1063/1.1722419
3451:10.1149/1.2428650
3320:978-81-219-4000-9
3294:978-1-4634-3750-3
3210:978-0-521-37095-0
3099:Silicon–germanium
3016:Telephones portal
2932:Technology portal
2759:bus architectures
2739:physically closer
2677:power consumption
2647:design rules and
2638:transistor counts
2497:Mohamed M. Atalla
2482:consumer products
2447:Minuteman missile
2414:
2413:
2410:100 000 and more
2391:10 000 to 99 999
2288:de facto standard
2119:multi-chip module
2111:system in package
1977:fabless companies
1953:Multigate devices
1893:semiconductor fab
1653:crystal structure
1592:chemical elements
1521:
1520:
1513:
1495:
831:optical computing
796:photographic film
651:self-aligned gate
599:. In contrast to
403:Texas Instruments
320:and Yasuo Tarui (
318:Sidney Darlington
199:In strict usage,
179:are anticipated.
16:(Redirected from
14806:
14678:
14671:
14664:
14655:
14654:
14577:
14570:
14563:
14554:
14553:
14474:Adhesive bonding
14464:Eutectic bonding
14416:
14409:
14402:
14393:
14392:
14379:
14378:
14369:
14368:
14359:
14358:
14179:Cross-validation
14151:Machine learning
14035:Social computing
14002:Network security
13797:Algorithm design
13719:Programming team
13679:Control variable
13656:Software library
13594:Software quality
13589:Operating system
13538:Network protocol
13403:Computer science
13396:
13389:
13382:
13373:
13372:
13356:
13344:
13343:
13332:
13331:
13197:
13196:
13190:Related concepts
13186:
13185:
12990:Clean technology
12931:
12930:
12920:
12919:
12885:Operating system
12491:Magnetic storage
12454:Electromagnetism
12084:Air conditioning
12033:Geothermal power
11779:Block and tackle
11725:Four-bar linkage
11612:Lost-wax casting
11489:Horseback riding
11086:
11085:
11075:
11074:
11059:
11052:
11045:
11036:
11035:
10605:
10598:
10591:
10582:
10581:
10432:electrical power
10317:Gas-filled tubes
10201:Cavity magnetron
10028:Linear regulator
9577:
9576:
9555:
9548:
9541:
9532:
9531:
9500:Radio navigation
9397:Data acquisition
9106:Microelectronics
9065:
9058:
9051:
9042:
9041:
8691:Sequential logic
8618:
8611:
8604:
8595:
8594:
8553:Processor design
8445:Power management
8327:Instruction unit
8188:Branch predictor
8137:
8136:
7835:System on a chip
7777:
7776:
7617:Transistor count
7541:Flynn's taxonomy
7398:
7397:
7256:
7255:
7059:Addressing modes
6970:
6969:
6916:Memory hierarchy
6780:Hypercomputation
6698:Abstract machine
6675:
6668:
6661:
6652:
6651:
6626:
6612:
6583:
6554:
6527:
6519:
6513:. Archived from
6494:
6482:
6463:. Artech House.
6455:
6428:
6392:
6391:
6374:(4.5): 491–506.
6363:
6357:
6356:
6355:
6351:
6344:
6338:
6337:
6325:
6319:
6318:
6317:
6313:
6306:
6300:
6299:
6263:
6257:
6256:
6254:
6252:
6237:
6231:
6230:
6228:
6226:
6211:
6205:
6204:
6190:
6181:
6175:
6174:
6162:
6156:
6155:
6119:
6113:
6112:
6111:
6107:
6101:
6095:
6094:
6070:
6064:
6063:
6051:
6045:
6044:
6020:
6014:
6013:
5993:
5982:
5981:
5963:
5957:
5956:
5938:
5932:
5931:
5909:
5903:
5902:
5893:
5887:
5886:
5884:
5882:
5877:on 9 August 2017
5876:
5870:. Archived from
5865:
5856:
5850:
5849:
5833:
5827:
5826:
5824:
5822:
5802:
5796:
5795:
5793:
5791:
5771:
5765:
5764:
5744:
5738:
5731:
5725:
5722:
5716:
5709:
5703:
5702:
5691:
5685:
5684:
5682:
5680:
5671:
5663:
5657:
5656:
5654:
5652:
5637:
5631:
5630:
5628:
5626:
5615:
5609:
5608:
5606:
5604:
5589:
5583:
5582:
5580:
5578:
5568:
5562:
5561:
5553:
5547:
5541:
5535:
5534:
5499:
5493:
5492:
5481:
5475:
5474:
5472:
5470:
5464:
5453:
5443:
5437:
5436:
5428:
5420:
5414:
5413:
5395:
5389:
5388:
5368:
5362:
5361:
5343:
5337:
5336:
5334:
5332:
5327:on 2 August 2015
5323:. Archived from
5313:
5307:
5306:
5288:
5268:
5262:
5261:
5253:
5247:
5246:
5239:
5233:
5232:
5225:
5219:
5218:
5211:
5205:
5204:
5192:
5186:
5185:
5174:
5168:
5167:
5156:
5150:
5149:
5138:
5132:
5131:
5120:
5114:
5113:
5106:
5100:
5099:
5097:
5091:, archived from
5090:
5079:
5073:
5072:
5061:Nature Interface
5052:
5046:
5045:
5034:
5028:
5026:
5020:
5012:
5000:
4994:
4993:
4983:
4973:
4956:(5): 4943–4971.
4941:
4935:
4934:
4902:
4896:
4895:
4888:
4882:
4881:
4869:
4863:
4862:
4846:
4840:
4838:
4837:
4835:
4822:
4816:
4815:
4813:
4805:
4799:
4797:
4790:
4781:
4780:
4778:
4776:
4770:news.samsung.com
4762:
4756:
4755:
4749:
4741:
4735:
4726:
4720:
4719:
4707:
4701:
4700:
4664:
4658:
4657:
4655:
4653:
4635:
4629:
4628:
4626:
4624:
4608:
4602:
4601:
4563:
4550:
4549:
4536:
4527:
4526:
4524:
4522:
4506:
4493:
4492:
4481:
4475:
4474:
4472:
4470:
4455:
4449:
4448:
4424:
4418:
4417:
4393:
4387:
4386:
4372:
4363:
4362:
4340:
4334:
4333:
4301:
4295:
4294:
4276:
4270:
4269:
4239:
4233:
4232:
4208:
4202:
4201:
4169:
4163:
4162:
4136:
4127:
4121:
4120:
4118:
4116:
4102:
4096:
4095:
4093:
4091:
4075:
4069:
4068:
4057:
4048:
4047:
4045:
4043:
4027:
4021:
4020:
4018:
4016:
3993:
3987:
3986:
3984:
3982:
3966:
3957:
3956:
3954:
3952:
3936:
3925:
3924:
3913:
3907:
3906:
3904:
3902:
3891:
3885:
3884:
3864:
3858:
3857:
3856:
3852:
3845:
3839:
3838:
3832:
3824:
3813:
3807:
3806:
3786:
3780:
3779:
3777:
3775:
3761:
3755:
3754:
3752:
3750:
3741:. Archived from
3733:Rostky, George.
3730:
3719:
3718:
3678:
3672:
3671:
3631:
3625:
3624:
3584:
3578:
3577:
3552:(6): 1182–1189.
3537:
3531:
3530:
3490:
3484:
3483:
3461:
3455:
3454:
3430:
3424:
3423:
3422:
3418:
3411:
3405:
3404:
3403:on 26 July 2011.
3389:
3383:
3382:
3381:
3377:
3370:
3364:
3363:
3361:
3359:
3348:
3342:
3341:
3334:
3325:
3324:
3305:
3299:
3298:
3278:
3272:
3266:
3260:
3256:Anton Pankratov
3254:
3248:
3247:
3240:
3234:
3225:
3219:
3218:
3183:
3177:
3176:
3171:
3169:
3160:. Archived from
3153:
3147:
3146:
3135:
3084:Microelectronics
3054:Ion implantation
3018:
3013:
3012:
3011:
3004:
2999:
2998:
2990:
2988:Companies portal
2985:
2984:
2983:
2976:
2971:
2970:
2969:
2962:
2957:
2956:
2948:
2943:
2942:
2941:
2934:
2929:
2928:
2920:
2915:
2914:
2906:
2901:
2900:
2749:power costs and
2731:system-on-a-chip
2708:System on a chip
2682:
2306:Transistor count
2293:
2292:
2250:Transistor count
2203:
2197:
2191:
2185:
2124:
2116:
2049:(LCC) packages.
1939:Strained silicon
1924:Low-κ dielectric
1812:visible spectrum
1703:Photolithography
1699:gallium arsenide
1667:photolithography
1629:gallium arsenide
1607:, proceeding to
1603:. Starting with
1516:
1509:
1505:
1502:
1496:
1494:
1453:
1429:
1421:
1392:clock/timing ICs
1376:data acquisition
1320:microcontrollers
1251:active filtering
1156:in the same chip
1148:, 2048 bytes of
1140:that includes a
1108:microcontrollers
927:flexible display
884:(3DIC), such as
850:medical implants
848:applications in
717:smaller features
579:Transistor count
502:were built from
172:photolithography
150:microcontrollers
123:transistor count
54:used to control
21:
14814:
14813:
14809:
14808:
14807:
14805:
14804:
14803:
14749:
14748:
14747:
14742:
14699:
14682:
14652:
14647:
14594:
14581:
14551:
14546:
14530:
14493:
14437:
14420:
14390:
14385:
14376:
14347:
14328:Word processing
14236:
14222:Virtual reality
14183:
14145:
14116:Computer vision
14092:
14088:Multiprocessing
14054:
14016:
13982:Security hacker
13958:
13934:Digital library
13875:
13826:Mathematics of
13821:
13783:
13759:Automata theory
13754:Formal language
13728:
13694:Software design
13665:
13598:
13584:Virtual machine
13562:
13558:Network service
13519:
13510:Embedded system
13483:
13416:
13405:
13400:
13370:
13365:
13364:
13311:
13263:
13201:Applied science
13191:
13172:
13113:
13080:Futures studies
13066:
13008:
12971:
12925:
12906:
12747:
12620:Electrical grid
12610:Circuit breaker
12586:
12448:
12332:
12296:Medical imaging
12279:Genetic testing
12240:
12107:
11990:
11878:Heavy equipment
11839:Washing machine
11810:
11735:Rack and pinion
11645:
11619:Mass production
11578:
11443:
11349:
11233:
11080:
11069:
11063:
11033:
11028:
11017:
10976:
10924:
10893:
10856:
10800:
10784:
10658:
10614:
10609:
10579:
10574:
10512:
10427:audio and video
10412:
10379:
10311:
10248:
10176:
10157:Photomultiplier
10082:
10010:
9958:Quantum circuit
9866:
9860:
9802:Avalanche diode
9788:
9700:
9693:
9582:
9571:
9564:
9559:
9529:
9524:
9457:Small appliance
9452:Major appliance
9432:Home automation
9422:Embedded system
9377:Audio equipment
9365:
9361:Washing machine
9286:Home theater PC
9242:Central heating
9237:Air conditioner
9229:
9223:
9194:Nanoelectronics
9146:
9140:
9111:Optoelectronics
9101:Instrumentation
9074:
9069:
9039:
9034:
9013:
8946:
8881:Place and route
8876:Logic synthesis
8862:
8858:Gate equivalent
8821:Logic synthesis
8816:Boolean algebra
8799:
8741:Macrocell array
8701:Boolean circuit
8627:
8622:
8592:
8587:
8573:Tick–tock model
8531:
8487:
8476:
8416:
8400:Address decoder
8354:
8308:
8304:Program counter
8279:Status register
8260:
8215:
8175:Load–store unit
8142:
8135:
8062:
8031:
7932:
7889:Image processor
7864:
7857:
7827:
7821:
7797:Microcontroller
7787:Embedded system
7775:
7675:
7608:
7597:
7535:
7485:
7383:
7360:
7344:Re-order buffer
7315:
7296:Data dependency
7282:
7241:
7071:
7065:
6964:
6963:Instruction set
6957:
6943:Multiprocessing
6911:Cache hierarchy
6904:Register/memory
6828:
6728:Queue automaton
6684:
6679:
6619:
6601:
6572:
6543:
6535:. McGraw-Hill.
6517:
6503:
6492:
6471:
6444:
6417:
6401:
6399:Further reading
6396:
6395:
6364:
6360:
6353:
6345:
6341:
6326:
6322:
6315:
6307:
6303:
6264:
6260:
6250:
6248:
6247:. 30 April 2007
6239:
6238:
6234:
6224:
6222:
6212:
6208:
6188:
6182:
6178:
6163:
6159:
6120:
6116:
6109:
6103:
6102:
6098:
6071:
6067:
6052:
6048:
6041:
6021:
6017:
6010:
5994:
5985:
5978:
5964:
5960:
5953:
5939:
5935:
5928:
5910:
5906:
5895:
5894:
5890:
5880:
5878:
5874:
5863:
5857:
5853:
5834:
5830:
5820:
5818:
5803:
5799:
5789:
5787:
5772:
5768:
5745:
5741:
5732:
5728:
5723:
5719:
5710:
5706:
5693:
5692:
5688:
5678:
5676:
5669:
5665:
5664:
5660:
5650:
5648:
5638:
5634:
5624:
5622:
5617:
5616:
5612:
5602:
5600:
5590:
5586:
5576:
5574:
5570:
5569:
5565:
5554:
5550:
5542:
5538:
5523:
5500:
5496:
5483:
5482:
5478:
5468:
5466:
5462:
5451:
5444:
5440:
5426:
5422:
5421:
5417:
5410:
5396:
5392:
5385:
5369:
5365:
5358:
5344:
5340:
5330:
5328:
5315:
5314:
5310:
5269:
5265:
5254:
5250:
5241:
5240:
5236:
5227:
5226:
5222:
5213:
5212:
5208:
5193:
5189:
5184:. 11 June 2018.
5176:
5175:
5171:
5158:
5157:
5153:
5140:
5139:
5135:
5122:
5121:
5117:
5108:
5107:
5103:
5095:
5088:
5082:Takeda, Nobuo,
5080:
5076:
5053:
5049:
5036:
5035:
5031:
5014:
5013:
5001:
4997:
4942:
4938:
4903:
4899:
4894:. 7 April 2022.
4890:
4889:
4885:
4870:
4866:
4847:
4843:
4833:
4831:
4824:
4823:
4819:
4811:
4807:
4806:
4802:
4796:. 5 April 2016.
4792:
4791:
4784:
4774:
4772:
4764:
4763:
4759:
4743:
4742:
4733:
4727:
4723:
4708:
4704:
4665:
4661:
4651:
4649:
4637:
4636:
4632:
4622:
4620:
4610:
4609:
4605:
4564:
4553:
4538:
4537:
4530:
4520:
4518:
4508:
4507:
4496:
4483:
4482:
4478:
4468:
4466:
4457:
4456:
4452:
4445:
4425:
4421:
4414:
4394:
4390:
4373:
4366:
4359:
4351:. p. 120.
4341:
4337:
4302:
4298:
4291:
4277:
4273:
4266:
4240:
4236:
4209:
4205:
4170:
4166:
4134:
4128:
4124:
4114:
4112:
4104:
4103:
4099:
4089:
4087:
4077:
4076:
4072:
4059:
4058:
4051:
4041:
4039:
4029:
4028:
4024:
4014:
4012:
4010:
3994:
3990:
3980:
3978:
3968:
3967:
3960:
3950:
3948:
3938:
3937:
3928:
3915:
3914:
3910:
3900:
3898:
3893:
3892:
3888:
3881:
3865:
3861:
3854:
3846:
3842:
3826:
3825:
3815:
3814:
3810:
3803:
3787:
3783:
3773:
3771:
3763:
3762:
3758:
3748:
3746:
3731:
3722:
3679:
3675:
3632:
3628:
3585:
3581:
3546:Physical Review
3538:
3534:
3499:Physical Review
3491:
3487:
3480:
3472:. p. 120.
3462:
3458:
3431:
3427:
3420:
3412:
3408:
3391:
3390:
3386:
3379:
3371:
3367:
3357:
3355:
3350:
3349:
3345:
3336:
3335:
3328:
3321:
3307:
3306:
3302:
3295:
3287:. AuthorHouse.
3279:
3275:
3267:
3263:
3255:
3251:
3242:
3241:
3237:
3227:Mike Harrison,
3226:
3222:
3211:
3184:
3180:
3167:
3165:
3154:
3150:
3137:
3136:
3132:
3127:
3014:
3009:
3007:
3000:
2993:
2986:
2981:
2979:
2972:
2967:
2965:
2958:
2951:
2944:
2939:
2937:
2930:
2923:
2916:
2909:
2902:
2895:
2892:
2828:CPU, the 8086,
2787:
2774:
2755:Network-on-Chip
2714:
2700:
2618:
2612:
2581:
2549:MOS transistors
2520:
2419:
2268:MOS transistors
2252:
2238:
2199:
2193:
2187:
2181:
2156:
2150:
2093:land grid array
2076:Ball grid array
2070:microprocessors
2003:
1997:
1532:
1526:
1517:
1506:
1500:
1497:
1454:
1452:
1442:
1430:
1419:
1378:ICs (including
1366:radio frequency
1316:microprocessors
1172:microwave ovens
1162:microprocessors
1138:microcontroller
1112:boolean algebra
1100:microprocessors
1054:
998:
986:Main articles:
984:
905:gallium nitride
820:MEMS gyroscopes
812:inkjet printers
742:Dennard scaling
734:memory capacity
725:MOS transistors
687:microcontroller
679:microprocessors
671:Federico Faggin
585:
559:
553:
537:
531:
458:
452:
373:
359:
353:
308:of the British
302:Geoffrey Dummer
283:Siemens AG
256:
191:is defined as:
185:
142:home appliances
130:mass production
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
14812:
14802:
14801:
14796:
14791:
14786:
14781:
14776:
14771:
14766:
14761:
14744:
14743:
14741:
14740:
14735:
14730:
14725:
14720:
14715:
14710:
14704:
14701:
14700:
14696:MOS Technology
14681:
14680:
14673:
14666:
14658:
14649:
14648:
14646:
14645:
14640:
14635:
14630:
14625:
14620:
14615:
14610:
14605:
14599:
14596:
14595:
14591:MOS Technology
14580:
14579:
14572:
14565:
14557:
14548:
14547:
14545:
14544:
14538:
14536:
14532:
14531:
14529:
14528:
14522:
14517:
14512:
14507:
14501:
14499:
14495:
14494:
14492:
14491:
14486:
14481:
14476:
14471:
14466:
14461:
14459:Anodic bonding
14456:
14451:
14449:Direct bonding
14445:
14443:
14439:
14438:
14419:
14418:
14411:
14404:
14396:
14387:
14386:
14384:
14383:
14373:
14363:
14352:
14349:
14348:
14346:
14345:
14340:
14335:
14330:
14325:
14320:
14315:
14310:
14305:
14300:
14295:
14290:
14285:
14280:
14275:
14270:
14265:
14260:
14255:
14250:
14244:
14242:
14238:
14237:
14235:
14234:
14232:Solid modeling
14229:
14224:
14219:
14214:
14209:
14204:
14199:
14193:
14191:
14185:
14184:
14182:
14181:
14176:
14171:
14166:
14161:
14155:
14153:
14147:
14146:
14144:
14143:
14138:
14133:
14131:Control method
14128:
14123:
14118:
14113:
14108:
14102:
14100:
14094:
14093:
14091:
14090:
14085:
14083:Multithreading
14080:
14075:
14070:
14064:
14062:
14056:
14055:
14053:
14052:
14047:
14042:
14037:
14032:
14026:
14024:
14018:
14017:
14015:
14014:
14009:
14004:
13999:
13994:
13989:
13984:
13979:
13977:Formal methods
13974:
13968:
13966:
13960:
13959:
13957:
13956:
13951:
13949:World Wide Web
13946:
13941:
13936:
13931:
13926:
13921:
13916:
13911:
13906:
13901:
13896:
13891:
13885:
13883:
13877:
13876:
13874:
13873:
13868:
13863:
13858:
13853:
13848:
13843:
13838:
13832:
13830:
13823:
13822:
13820:
13819:
13814:
13809:
13804:
13799:
13793:
13791:
13785:
13784:
13782:
13781:
13776:
13771:
13766:
13761:
13756:
13751:
13750:
13749:
13738:
13736:
13730:
13729:
13727:
13726:
13721:
13716:
13711:
13706:
13701:
13696:
13691:
13686:
13681:
13675:
13673:
13667:
13666:
13664:
13663:
13658:
13653:
13648:
13643:
13638:
13633:
13628:
13623:
13618:
13612:
13610:
13600:
13599:
13597:
13596:
13591:
13586:
13581:
13576:
13570:
13568:
13564:
13563:
13561:
13560:
13555:
13550:
13545:
13540:
13535:
13529:
13527:
13521:
13520:
13518:
13517:
13512:
13507:
13502:
13497:
13491:
13489:
13485:
13484:
13482:
13481:
13472:
13467:
13462:
13457:
13452:
13447:
13442:
13437:
13432:
13426:
13424:
13418:
13417:
13410:
13407:
13406:
13399:
13398:
13391:
13384:
13376:
13367:
13366:
13363:
13362:
13350:
13338:
13325:
13324:
13321:
13320:
13317:
13316:
13313:
13312:
13310:
13309:
13304:
13299:
13294:
13289:
13284:
13279:
13273:
13271:
13265:
13264:
13262:
13261:
13256:
13251:
13246:
13241:
13236:
13231:
13226:
13221:
13216:
13211:
13205:
13203:
13193:
13192:
13182:
13181:
13178:
13177:
13174:
13173:
13171:
13170:
13165:
13164:
13163:
13158:
13148:
13147:
13146:
13136:
13135:
13134:
13123:
13121:
13115:
13114:
13112:
13111:
13110:
13109:
13104:
13099:
13089:
13088:
13087:
13076:
13074:
13068:
13067:
13065:
13064:
13059:
13054:
13049:
13047:Science policy
13044:
13039:
13038:
13037:
13032:
13022:
13016:
13014:
13010:
13009:
13007:
13006:
13005:
13004:
12994:
12993:
12992:
12981:
12979:
12973:
12972:
12970:
12969:
12964:
12963:
12962:
12952:
12951:
12950:
12948:Low technology
12939:
12937:
12927:
12926:
12916:
12915:
12912:
12911:
12908:
12907:
12905:
12904:
12903:
12902:
12900:Word processor
12897:
12892:
12887:
12882:
12877:
12872:
12867:
12857:
12852:
12851:
12850:
12848:World Wide Web
12845:
12840:
12835:
12830:
12825:
12815:
12814:
12813:
12808:
12803:
12798:
12793:
12788:
12783:
12778:
12773:
12763:
12757:
12755:
12749:
12748:
12746:
12745:
12743:Superconductor
12740:
12739:
12738:
12733:
12728:
12718:
12713:
12708:
12703:
12702:
12701:
12696:
12691:
12686:
12681:
12671:
12670:
12669:
12664:
12659:
12654:
12647:Electric light
12644:
12643:
12642:
12637:
12632:
12627:
12622:
12617:
12612:
12607:
12596:
12594:
12588:
12587:
12585:
12584:
12583:
12582:
12577:
12572:
12567:
12562:
12552:
12547:
12546:
12545:
12543:Motion picture
12540:
12530:
12525:
12524:
12523:
12518:
12508:
12503:
12498:
12496:Microwave oven
12493:
12488:
12487:
12486:
12476:
12475:
12474:
12464:
12458:
12456:
12450:
12449:
12447:
12446:
12441:
12436:
12435:
12434:
12429:
12424:
12422:Chromatography
12414:
12409:
12404:
12399:
12398:
12397:
12387:
12386:
12385:
12380:
12375:
12370:
12360:
12355:
12354:
12353:
12342:
12340:
12334:
12333:
12331:
12330:
12325:
12320:
12315:
12314:
12313:
12308:
12298:
12293:
12288:
12287:
12286:
12281:
12276:
12266:
12261:
12256:
12250:
12248:
12242:
12241:
12239:
12238:
12237:
12236:
12234:Spinning wheel
12231:
12221:
12220:
12219:
12209:
12204:
12199:
12194:
12189:
12184:
12183:
12182:
12177:
12172:
12167:
12157:
12152:
12147:
12142:
12141:
12140:
12130:
12129:
12128:
12117:
12115:
12109:
12108:
12106:
12105:
12104:
12103:
12093:
12092:
12091:
12086:
12076:
12075:
12074:
12064:
12063:
12062:
12057:
12047:
12046:
12045:
12038:Heat exchanger
12035:
12030:
12029:
12028:
12021:Energy storage
12018:
12017:
12016:
12011:
12000:
11998:
11992:
11991:
11989:
11988:
11987:
11986:
11981:
11971:
11970:
11969:
11964:
11959:
11954:
11944:
11939:
11938:
11937:
11932:
11927:
11922:
11917:
11912:
11902:
11901:
11900:
11895:
11890:
11880:
11875:
11874:
11873:
11868:
11863:
11858:
11853:
11851:Electric motor
11843:
11842:
11841:
11836:
11826:
11820:
11818:
11812:
11811:
11809:
11808:
11803:
11802:
11801:
11796:
11794:Potter's wheel
11791:
11786:
11781:
11771:
11766:
11761:
11760:
11759:
11754:
11744:
11739:
11738:
11737:
11732:
11727:
11722:
11717:
11707:
11706:
11705:
11700:
11695:
11685:
11684:
11683:
11673:
11672:
11671:
11661:
11655:
11653:
11651:Simple machine
11647:
11646:
11644:
11643:
11638:
11637:
11636:
11631:
11626:
11616:
11615:
11614:
11609:
11599:
11594:
11588:
11586:
11580:
11579:
11577:
11576:
11575:
11574:
11569:
11564:
11554:
11553:
11552:
11547:
11542:
11532:
11527:
11526:
11525:
11515:
11510:
11509:
11508:
11498:
11497:
11496:
11486:
11481:
11476:
11475:
11474:
11469:
11464:
11453:
11451:
11445:
11444:
11442:
11441:
11436:
11431:
11426:
11425:
11424:
11414:
11413:
11412:
11407:
11402:
11397:
11387:
11382:
11377:
11376:
11375:
11370:
11359:
11357:
11351:
11350:
11348:
11347:
11346:
11345:
11340:
11338:Printing press
11335:
11330:
11320:
11319:
11318:
11313:
11303:
11302:
11301:
11291:
11290:
11289:
11284:
11274:
11269:
11264:
11263:
11262:
11257:
11247:
11241:
11239:
11235:
11234:
11232:
11231:
11230:
11229:
11219:
11218:
11217:
11212:
11207:
11202:
11188:
11187:
11186:
11181:
11171:
11170:
11169:
11159:
11158:
11157:
11152:
11147:
11142:
11137:
11127:
11126:
11125:
11123:Sewing machine
11115:
11114:
11113:
11111:Working animal
11108:
11103:
11092:
11090:
11082:
11081:
11071:
11070:
11062:
11061:
11054:
11047:
11039:
11030:
11029:
11022:
11019:
11018:
11016:
11015:
11010:
11005:
11000:
10995:
10990:
10984:
10982:
10981:Related topics
10978:
10977:
10975:
10974:
10969:
10964:
10959:
10954:
10949:
10944:
10941:
10938:
10934:
10932:
10926:
10925:
10923:
10922:
10917:
10912:
10907:
10901:
10899:
10895:
10894:
10892:
10891:
10888:
10883:
10878:
10873:
10868:
10864:
10862:
10858:
10857:
10855:
10854:
10849:
10847:TSSOP / HTSSOP
10844:
10839:
10834:
10829:
10824:
10819:
10814:
10808:
10806:
10802:
10801:
10799:
10798:
10792:
10790:
10786:
10785:
10783:
10782:
10776:
10770:
10764:
10758:
10752:
10746:
10740:
10734:
10728:
10722:
10716:
10710:
10704:
10698:
10692:
10686:
10680:
10674:
10668:
10666:
10660:
10659:
10657:
10656:
10650:
10644:
10638:
10632:
10625:
10623:
10616:
10615:
10608:
10607:
10600:
10593:
10585:
10576:
10575:
10573:
10572:
10571:
10570:
10565:
10555:
10550:
10545:
10540:
10535:
10534:
10533:
10522:
10520:
10514:
10513:
10511:
10510:
10509:
10508:
10506:Wollaston wire
10498:
10493:
10488:
10483:
10478:
10473:
10472:
10471:
10466:
10456:
10451:
10446:
10441:
10440:
10439:
10434:
10429:
10420:
10418:
10414:
10413:
10411:
10410:
10405:
10400:
10399:
10398:
10387:
10385:
10381:
10380:
10378:
10377:
10372:
10367:
10362:
10357:
10352:
10347:
10342:
10337:
10332:
10327:
10321:
10319:
10313:
10312:
10310:
10309:
10304:
10299:
10294:
10289:
10287:Selectron tube
10284:
10279:
10277:Magic eye tube
10274:
10269:
10264:
10258:
10256:
10250:
10249:
10247:
10246:
10241:
10235:
10230:
10225:
10220:
10214:
10209:
10203:
10198:
10191:
10189:
10178:
10177:
10175:
10174:
10169:
10164:
10159:
10154:
10149:
10143:
10138:
10133:
10128:
10123:
10118:
10113:
10108:
10103:
10098:
10092:
10090:
10084:
10083:
10081:
10080:
10075:
10070:
10065:
10060:
10055:
10050:
10045:
10040:
10035:
10030:
10024:
10022:
10016:
10015:
10012:
10011:
10009:
10008:
10003:
9998:
9993:
9988:
9982:
9976:
9971:
9965:
9960:
9955:
9950:
9945:
9939:
9934:
9928:
9923:
9918:
9913:
9908:
9902:
9897:
9891:
9886:
9881:
9876:
9870:
9868:
9862:
9861:
9859:
9858:
9853:
9848:
9846:Schottky diode
9843:
9838:
9833:
9827:
9821:
9815:
9810:
9804:
9798:
9796:
9790:
9789:
9787:
9786:
9780:
9775:
9769:
9763:
9758:
9753:
9752:
9751:
9740:
9739:
9738:
9733:
9722:
9717:
9712:
9705:
9703:
9695:
9694:
9692:
9691:
9686:
9681:
9675:
9670:
9664:
9658:
9653:
9648:
9642:
9636:
9630:
9625:
9619:
9613:
9608:
9603:
9598:
9593:
9587:
9585:
9574:
9566:
9565:
9558:
9557:
9550:
9543:
9535:
9526:
9525:
9523:
9522:
9521:Communications
9512:
9507:
9502:
9493:
9488:
9483:
9478:
9472:
9466:
9461:
9460:
9459:
9454:
9449:
9442:Home appliance
9439:
9434:
9429:
9427:Home appliance
9424:
9419:
9414:
9409:
9404:
9399:
9394:
9392:Control system
9389:
9384:
9379:
9373:
9371:
9367:
9366:
9364:
9363:
9358:
9353:
9348:
9343:
9338:
9333:
9328:
9323:
9318:
9313:
9308:
9303:
9301:Microwave oven
9298:
9293:
9288:
9283:
9278:
9273:
9268:
9263:
9258:
9249:
9244:
9239:
9233:
9231:
9225:
9224:
9222:
9221:
9216:
9211:
9206:
9201:
9196:
9191:
9186:
9181:
9176:
9171:
9166:
9164:Bioelectronics
9161:
9156:
9150:
9148:
9142:
9141:
9139:
9138:
9133:
9128:
9123:
9118:
9113:
9108:
9103:
9098:
9093:
9088:
9082:
9080:
9076:
9075:
9068:
9067:
9060:
9053:
9045:
9036:
9035:
9033:
9032:
9027:
9021:
9019:
9015:
9014:
9012:
9011:
9006:
9005:
9004:
8999:
8997:cinematography
8989:
8984:
8979:
8978:
8977:
8967:
8966:
8965:
8954:
8952:
8948:
8947:
8945:
8944:
8943:
8942:
8932:
8927:
8922:
8917:
8916:
8915:
8910:
8900:
8895:
8894:
8893:
8888:
8878:
8872:
8870:
8864:
8863:
8861:
8860:
8855:
8850:
8845:
8844:
8843:
8836:Digital signal
8833:
8828:
8823:
8818:
8813:
8811:Digital signal
8807:
8805:
8801:
8800:
8798:
8797:
8791:
8785:
8779:
8773:
8767:
8761:
8755:
8749:
8743:
8738:
8732:
8726:
8720:
8715:
8709:
8703:
8698:
8693:
8688:
8683:
8678:
8673:
8668:
8663:
8658:
8653:
8648:
8643:
8637:
8635:
8629:
8628:
8621:
8620:
8613:
8606:
8598:
8589:
8588:
8586:
8585:
8580:
8578:Pin grid array
8575:
8570:
8565:
8560:
8555:
8550:
8545:
8539:
8537:
8533:
8532:
8530:
8529:
8523:
8518:
8513:
8508:
8503:
8498:
8492:
8490:
8482:
8481:
8478:
8477:
8475:
8474:
8469:
8464:
8459:
8454:
8449:
8448:
8447:
8442:
8437:
8426:
8424:
8418:
8417:
8415:
8414:
8412:Barrel shifter
8409:
8408:
8407:
8402:
8395:Binary decoder
8392:
8391:
8390:
8380:
8375:
8370:
8364:
8362:
8356:
8355:
8353:
8352:
8347:
8339:
8334:
8329:
8324:
8318:
8316:
8310:
8309:
8307:
8306:
8301:
8296:
8291:
8286:
8284:Stack register
8281:
8276:
8270:
8268:
8262:
8261:
8259:
8258:
8257:
8256:
8251:
8241:
8236:
8231:
8225:
8223:
8217:
8216:
8214:
8213:
8208:
8207:
8206:
8195:
8190:
8185:
8184:
8183:
8177:
8166:
8160:
8154:
8147:
8145:
8134:
8133:
8128:
8123:
8118:
8113:
8112:
8111:
8106:
8101:
8096:
8091:
8086:
8076:
8070:
8068:
8064:
8063:
8061:
8060:
8055:
8050:
8045:
8039:
8037:
8033:
8032:
8030:
8029:
8028:
8027:
8017:
8012:
8007:
8002:
7997:
7992:
7987:
7982:
7977:
7972:
7967:
7962:
7957:
7952:
7946:
7944:
7938:
7937:
7934:
7933:
7931:
7930:
7925:
7920:
7915:
7909:
7903:
7897:
7891:
7886:
7880:
7878:AI accelerator
7875:
7869:
7867:
7859:
7858:
7856:
7855:
7849:
7844:
7841:Multiprocessor
7838:
7831:
7829:
7823:
7822:
7820:
7819:
7814:
7809:
7804:
7799:
7794:
7792:Microprocessor
7789:
7783:
7781:
7780:By application
7774:
7773:
7767:
7761:
7755:
7750:
7745:
7740:
7735:
7730:
7725:
7723:Tile processor
7720:
7715:
7710:
7705:
7704:
7703:
7692:
7685:
7683:
7677:
7676:
7674:
7673:
7668:
7663:
7657:
7651:
7645:
7639:
7633:
7632:
7631:
7619:
7613:
7611:
7603:
7602:
7599:
7598:
7596:
7595:
7594:
7593:
7583:
7578:
7577:
7576:
7571:
7566:
7561:
7551:
7545:
7543:
7537:
7536:
7534:
7533:
7528:
7523:
7518:
7517:
7516:
7511:
7509:Hyperthreading
7501:
7495:
7493:
7491:Multithreading
7487:
7486:
7484:
7483:
7478:
7473:
7472:
7471:
7461:
7460:
7459:
7454:
7444:
7443:
7442:
7437:
7427:
7422:
7421:
7420:
7415:
7404:
7402:
7395:
7389:
7388:
7385:
7384:
7382:
7381:
7376:
7370:
7368:
7362:
7361:
7359:
7358:
7353:
7348:
7347:
7346:
7341:
7331:
7325:
7323:
7317:
7316:
7314:
7313:
7308:
7303:
7298:
7292:
7290:
7284:
7283:
7281:
7280:
7275:
7270:
7268:Pipeline stall
7264:
7262:
7253:
7247:
7246:
7243:
7242:
7240:
7239:
7234:
7229:
7224:
7221:
7220:
7219:
7217:z/Architecture
7214:
7209:
7204:
7196:
7191:
7186:
7181:
7176:
7171:
7166:
7161:
7156:
7151:
7146:
7141:
7136:
7135:
7134:
7129:
7124:
7116:
7111:
7106:
7101:
7096:
7091:
7086:
7081:
7075:
7073:
7067:
7066:
7064:
7063:
7062:
7061:
7051:
7046:
7041:
7036:
7031:
7026:
7021:
7020:
7019:
7009:
7008:
7007:
6997:
6992:
6987:
6982:
6976:
6974:
6967:
6959:
6958:
6956:
6955:
6950:
6945:
6940:
6935:
6930:
6929:
6928:
6923:
6921:Virtual memory
6913:
6908:
6907:
6906:
6901:
6896:
6891:
6881:
6876:
6871:
6866:
6861:
6860:
6859:
6849:
6844:
6838:
6836:
6830:
6829:
6827:
6826:
6825:
6824:
6819:
6814:
6809:
6799:
6794:
6789:
6788:
6787:
6782:
6777:
6772:
6767:
6762:
6757:
6752:
6745:Turing machine
6742:
6741:
6740:
6735:
6730:
6725:
6720:
6715:
6705:
6700:
6694:
6692:
6686:
6685:
6678:
6677:
6670:
6663:
6655:
6649:
6648:
6643:
6637:
6632:
6618:
6617:External links
6615:
6614:
6613:
6599:
6584:
6570:
6555:
6541:
6528:
6523:Hans Camenzind
6501:
6483:
6469:
6456:
6442:
6429:
6415:
6400:
6397:
6394:
6393:
6358:
6339:
6320:
6301:
6258:
6232:
6206:
6176:
6157:
6114:
6096:
6065:
6046:
6039:
6015:
6008:
5983:
5976:
5958:
5951:
5933:
5926:
5904:
5888:
5868:IUT de Bayonne
5851:
5828:
5797:
5766:
5739:
5726:
5717:
5704:
5686:
5658:
5632:
5621:. wikichip.org
5610:
5584:
5563:
5548:
5536:
5521:
5494:
5476:
5438:
5415:
5408:
5390:
5383:
5363:
5356:
5338:
5308:
5263:
5248:
5234:
5220:
5206:
5187:
5169:
5151:
5133:
5115:
5101:
5074:
5047:
5029:
4995:
4936:
4917:(3): 355–377.
4897:
4883:
4864:
4841:
4817:
4800:
4782:
4757:
4721:
4702:
4659:
4630:
4603:
4551:
4528:
4494:
4476:
4450:
4443:
4419:
4412:
4388:
4364:
4357:
4335:
4296:
4289:
4271:
4264:
4234:
4203:
4164:
4122:
4097:
4070:
4049:
4022:
4008:
3988:
3958:
3926:
3921:NobelPrize.org
3908:
3886:
3879:
3859:
3840:
3808:
3801:
3781:
3756:
3720:
3673:
3646:(2): 173–177.
3626:
3599:(5): 544–553.
3579:
3532:
3485:
3478:
3456:
3425:
3406:
3397:epn-online.com
3384:
3365:
3343:
3326:
3319:
3300:
3293:
3273:
3261:
3249:
3235:
3220:
3209:
3191:Hill, Winfield
3187:Horowitz, Paul
3178:
3148:
3129:
3128:
3126:
3123:
3122:
3121:
3116:
3111:
3106:
3101:
3096:
3091:
3086:
3081:
3076:
3071:
3066:
3061:
3056:
3051:
3046:
3041:
3036:
3031:
3026:
3020:
3019:
3005:
2991:
2977:
2963:
2949:
2935:
2921:
2918:Physics portal
2907:
2891:
2888:
2887:
2886:
2879:
2860:
2857:home computers
2845:
2840:, 80386/i386,
2822:microprocessor
2815:
2805:
2800:
2794:
2786:
2783:
2773:
2770:
2699:
2696:
2626:Intel 80486DX2
2614:Main article:
2611:
2608:
2602:of each mask.
2580:
2577:
2565:shift register
2545:shift register
2526:MOSFET scaling
2519:
2516:
2451:Apollo program
2418:
2415:
2412:
2411:
2408:
2405:
2402:
2397:
2393:
2392:
2389:
2386:
2383:
2376:
2372:
2371:
2368:
2365:
2362:
2357:
2353:
2352:
2349:
2346:
2343:
2338:
2334:
2333:
2330:
2327:
2324:
2319:
2315:
2314:
2308:
2303:
2300:
2297:
2237:
2234:
2152:Main article:
2149:
2146:
2113:, abbreviated
2043:pin grid array
1999:Main article:
1996:
1993:
1957:
1956:
1950:
1936:
1930:
1921:
1915:
1912:
1887:As of 2022, a
1803:microprocessor
1775:
1774:
1763:
1760:logic circuits
1758:, though most
1752:
1738:
1719:
1663:planar process
1588:periodic table
1584:semiconductors
1528:Main article:
1525:
1522:
1519:
1518:
1433:
1431:
1424:
1418:
1415:
1414:
1413:
1403:
1384:D/A converters
1380:A/D converters
1369:
1351:
1336:level shifters
1208:using UV light
1185:In the 1980s,
1129:from an Intel
1053:
1050:
1036:for designing
1034:software tools
983:
980:
939:
938:
919:
916:
889:
874:planar process
866:
865:
862:biodegradation
842:
827:
816:accelerometers
808:DLP projectors
800:
746:MOSFET scaling
706:Datapoint 2200
624:shift register
552:
549:
533:Main article:
530:
527:
500:Datapoint 2200
454:Main article:
451:
445:
434:planar process
363:Planar process
355:Main article:
352:
349:
333:planar process
255:
252:
184:
181:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
14811:
14800:
14797:
14795:
14792:
14790:
14787:
14785:
14782:
14780:
14777:
14775:
14772:
14770:
14767:
14765:
14762:
14760:
14757:
14756:
14754:
14739:
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14726:
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14709:
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14578:
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14566:
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14523:
14521:
14518:
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14490:
14487:
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14482:
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14477:
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14472:
14470:
14467:
14465:
14462:
14460:
14457:
14455:
14452:
14450:
14447:
14446:
14444:
14440:
14436:
14432:
14428:
14424:
14423:Wafer bonding
14417:
14412:
14410:
14405:
14403:
14398:
14397:
14394:
14382:
14374:
14372:
14364:
14362:
14354:
14353:
14350:
14344:
14341:
14339:
14336:
14334:
14331:
14329:
14326:
14324:
14321:
14319:
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14311:
14309:
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14299:
14296:
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14286:
14284:
14281:
14279:
14276:
14274:
14271:
14269:
14266:
14264:
14261:
14259:
14256:
14254:
14251:
14249:
14246:
14245:
14243:
14239:
14233:
14230:
14228:
14225:
14223:
14220:
14218:
14217:Mixed reality
14215:
14213:
14210:
14208:
14205:
14203:
14200:
14198:
14195:
14194:
14192:
14190:
14186:
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14142:
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14134:
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14119:
14117:
14114:
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14109:
14107:
14104:
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14101:
14099:
14095:
14089:
14086:
14084:
14081:
14079:
14076:
14074:
14071:
14069:
14066:
14065:
14063:
14061:
14057:
14051:
14050:Accessibility
14048:
14046:
14045:Visualization
14043:
14041:
14038:
14036:
14033:
14031:
14028:
14027:
14025:
14023:
14019:
14013:
14010:
14008:
14005:
14003:
14000:
13998:
13995:
13993:
13990:
13988:
13985:
13983:
13980:
13978:
13975:
13973:
13970:
13969:
13967:
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13961:
13955:
13952:
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13935:
13932:
13930:
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13910:
13907:
13905:
13902:
13900:
13897:
13895:
13892:
13890:
13887:
13886:
13884:
13882:
13878:
13872:
13869:
13867:
13864:
13862:
13859:
13857:
13854:
13852:
13849:
13847:
13844:
13842:
13839:
13837:
13834:
13833:
13831:
13829:
13824:
13818:
13815:
13813:
13810:
13808:
13805:
13803:
13800:
13798:
13795:
13794:
13792:
13790:
13786:
13780:
13777:
13775:
13772:
13770:
13767:
13765:
13762:
13760:
13757:
13755:
13752:
13748:
13745:
13744:
13743:
13740:
13739:
13737:
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13731:
13725:
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13715:
13712:
13710:
13707:
13705:
13702:
13700:
13697:
13695:
13692:
13690:
13687:
13685:
13682:
13680:
13677:
13676:
13674:
13672:
13668:
13662:
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13657:
13654:
13652:
13649:
13647:
13644:
13642:
13639:
13637:
13634:
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13627:
13624:
13622:
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13613:
13611:
13609:
13605:
13601:
13595:
13592:
13590:
13587:
13585:
13582:
13580:
13577:
13575:
13572:
13571:
13569:
13565:
13559:
13556:
13554:
13551:
13549:
13546:
13544:
13541:
13539:
13536:
13534:
13531:
13530:
13528:
13526:
13522:
13516:
13513:
13511:
13508:
13506:
13505:Dependability
13503:
13501:
13498:
13496:
13493:
13492:
13490:
13486:
13480:
13476:
13473:
13471:
13468:
13466:
13463:
13461:
13458:
13456:
13453:
13451:
13448:
13446:
13443:
13441:
13438:
13436:
13433:
13431:
13428:
13427:
13425:
13423:
13419:
13414:
13408:
13404:
13397:
13392:
13390:
13385:
13383:
13378:
13377:
13374:
13361:
13360:
13355:
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13348:
13339:
13337:
13336:
13327:
13326:
13322:
13308:
13305:
13303:
13300:
13298:
13295:
13293:
13290:
13288:
13285:
13283:
13280:
13278:
13275:
13274:
13272:
13270:
13266:
13260:
13257:
13255:
13252:
13250:
13247:
13245:
13242:
13240:
13237:
13235:
13232:
13230:
13227:
13225:
13222:
13220:
13217:
13215:
13212:
13210:
13207:
13206:
13204:
13202:
13198:
13194:
13187:
13183:
13169:
13166:
13162:
13159:
13157:
13154:
13153:
13152:
13149:
13145:
13142:
13141:
13140:
13137:
13133:
13130:
13129:
13128:
13125:
13124:
13122:
13120:
13116:
13108:
13107:Transhumanism
13105:
13103:
13100:
13098:
13095:
13094:
13093:
13090:
13086:
13083:
13082:
13081:
13078:
13077:
13075:
13073:
13072:Progressivism
13069:
13063:
13062:Technorealism
13060:
13058:
13055:
13053:
13050:
13048:
13045:
13043:
13040:
13036:
13033:
13031:
13028:
13027:
13026:
13023:
13021:
13018:
13017:
13015:
13011:
13003:
13000:
12999:
12998:
12995:
12991:
12988:
12987:
12986:
12983:
12982:
12980:
12978:
12977:Ecotechnology
12974:
12968:
12965:
12961:
12958:
12957:
12956:
12953:
12949:
12946:
12945:
12944:
12941:
12940:
12938:
12936:
12932:
12928:
12921:
12917:
12901:
12898:
12896:
12893:
12891:
12888:
12886:
12883:
12881:
12878:
12876:
12873:
12871:
12868:
12866:
12863:
12862:
12861:
12858:
12856:
12853:
12849:
12846:
12844:
12841:
12839:
12836:
12834:
12831:
12829:
12826:
12824:
12821:
12820:
12819:
12816:
12812:
12809:
12807:
12804:
12802:
12799:
12797:
12794:
12792:
12789:
12787:
12784:
12782:
12779:
12777:
12774:
12772:
12769:
12768:
12767:
12764:
12762:
12759:
12758:
12756:
12754:
12750:
12744:
12741:
12737:
12734:
12732:
12729:
12727:
12724:
12723:
12722:
12721:Semiconductor
12719:
12717:
12714:
12712:
12709:
12707:
12706:Lightning rod
12704:
12700:
12697:
12695:
12692:
12690:
12687:
12685:
12684:Circuit board
12682:
12680:
12677:
12676:
12675:
12672:
12668:
12665:
12663:
12660:
12658:
12655:
12653:
12650:
12649:
12648:
12645:
12641:
12638:
12636:
12633:
12631:
12628:
12626:
12623:
12621:
12618:
12616:
12613:
12611:
12608:
12606:
12603:
12602:
12601:
12598:
12597:
12595:
12593:
12589:
12581:
12578:
12576:
12573:
12571:
12568:
12566:
12563:
12561:
12558:
12557:
12556:
12553:
12551:
12548:
12544:
12541:
12539:
12536:
12535:
12534:
12531:
12529:
12526:
12522:
12519:
12517:
12514:
12513:
12512:
12509:
12507:
12506:Optical fiber
12504:
12502:
12499:
12497:
12494:
12492:
12489:
12485:
12482:
12481:
12480:
12477:
12473:
12470:
12469:
12468:
12465:
12463:
12462:Electromagnet
12460:
12459:
12457:
12455:
12451:
12445:
12442:
12440:
12437:
12433:
12430:
12428:
12425:
12423:
12420:
12419:
12418:
12415:
12413:
12410:
12408:
12405:
12403:
12400:
12396:
12395:Haber process
12393:
12392:
12391:
12388:
12384:
12381:
12379:
12376:
12374:
12371:
12369:
12366:
12365:
12364:
12361:
12359:
12356:
12352:
12349:
12348:
12347:
12344:
12343:
12341:
12339:
12335:
12329:
12326:
12324:
12321:
12319:
12316:
12312:
12309:
12307:
12304:
12303:
12302:
12299:
12297:
12294:
12292:
12289:
12285:
12282:
12280:
12277:
12275:
12272:
12271:
12270:
12267:
12265:
12262:
12260:
12257:
12255:
12254:Birth control
12252:
12251:
12249:
12247:
12246:Biotechnology
12243:
12235:
12232:
12230:
12227:
12226:
12225:
12222:
12218:
12217:Vulcanization
12215:
12214:
12213:
12210:
12208:
12205:
12203:
12200:
12198:
12195:
12193:
12190:
12188:
12187:Nanomaterials
12185:
12181:
12178:
12176:
12173:
12171:
12168:
12166:
12163:
12162:
12161:
12158:
12156:
12153:
12151:
12148:
12146:
12145:Chipped stone
12143:
12139:
12136:
12135:
12134:
12131:
12127:
12124:
12123:
12122:
12119:
12118:
12116:
12114:
12110:
12102:
12101:Photovoltaics
12099:
12098:
12097:
12094:
12090:
12087:
12085:
12082:
12081:
12080:
12079:Refrigeration
12077:
12073:
12070:
12069:
12068:
12065:
12061:
12058:
12056:
12053:
12052:
12051:
12048:
12044:
12041:
12040:
12039:
12036:
12034:
12031:
12027:
12024:
12023:
12022:
12019:
12015:
12012:
12010:
12007:
12006:
12005:
12002:
12001:
11999:
11997:
11993:
11985:
11982:
11980:
11977:
11976:
11975:
11972:
11968:
11965:
11963:
11960:
11958:
11955:
11953:
11950:
11949:
11948:
11945:
11943:
11940:
11936:
11933:
11931:
11928:
11926:
11923:
11921:
11918:
11916:
11913:
11911:
11908:
11907:
11906:
11903:
11899:
11896:
11894:
11891:
11889:
11886:
11885:
11884:
11881:
11879:
11876:
11872:
11869:
11867:
11864:
11862:
11859:
11857:
11854:
11852:
11849:
11848:
11847:
11844:
11840:
11837:
11835:
11832:
11831:
11830:
11827:
11825:
11822:
11821:
11819:
11817:
11813:
11807:
11804:
11800:
11797:
11795:
11792:
11790:
11787:
11785:
11782:
11780:
11777:
11776:
11775:
11772:
11770:
11767:
11765:
11762:
11758:
11755:
11753:
11750:
11749:
11748:
11745:
11743:
11740:
11736:
11733:
11731:
11728:
11726:
11723:
11721:
11718:
11716:
11713:
11712:
11711:
11708:
11704:
11701:
11699:
11696:
11694:
11691:
11690:
11689:
11686:
11682:
11679:
11678:
11677:
11674:
11670:
11667:
11666:
11665:
11662:
11660:
11657:
11656:
11654:
11652:
11648:
11642:
11639:
11635:
11632:
11630:
11627:
11625:
11624:Assembly line
11622:
11621:
11620:
11617:
11613:
11610:
11608:
11605:
11604:
11603:
11600:
11598:
11595:
11593:
11590:
11589:
11587:
11585:
11584:Manufacturing
11581:
11573:
11570:
11568:
11565:
11563:
11560:
11559:
11558:
11555:
11551:
11548:
11546:
11545:Space station
11543:
11541:
11538:
11537:
11536:
11533:
11531:
11528:
11524:
11521:
11520:
11519:
11516:
11514:
11513:Motor vehicle
11511:
11507:
11504:
11503:
11502:
11499:
11495:
11492:
11491:
11490:
11487:
11485:
11482:
11480:
11477:
11473:
11470:
11468:
11465:
11463:
11460:
11459:
11458:
11455:
11454:
11452:
11450:
11446:
11440:
11437:
11435:
11432:
11430:
11427:
11423:
11420:
11419:
11418:
11415:
11411:
11408:
11406:
11403:
11401:
11398:
11396:
11395:Fortification
11393:
11392:
11391:
11388:
11386:
11383:
11381:
11378:
11374:
11371:
11369:
11366:
11365:
11364:
11361:
11360:
11358:
11356:
11352:
11344:
11341:
11339:
11336:
11334:
11331:
11329:
11326:
11325:
11324:
11321:
11317:
11314:
11312:
11309:
11308:
11307:
11304:
11300:
11297:
11296:
11295:
11292:
11288:
11285:
11283:
11280:
11279:
11278:
11275:
11273:
11270:
11268:
11265:
11261:
11258:
11256:
11253:
11252:
11251:
11248:
11246:
11243:
11242:
11240:
11236:
11228:
11225:
11224:
11223:
11220:
11216:
11213:
11211:
11208:
11206:
11203:
11201:
11198:
11197:
11196:
11192:
11189:
11185:
11182:
11180:
11177:
11176:
11175:
11172:
11168:
11165:
11164:
11163:
11160:
11156:
11153:
11151:
11148:
11146:
11143:
11141:
11138:
11136:
11133:
11132:
11131:
11128:
11124:
11121:
11120:
11119:
11116:
11112:
11109:
11107:
11104:
11102:
11101:Domestication
11099:
11098:
11097:
11094:
11093:
11091:
11087:
11083:
11076:
11072:
11067:
11060:
11055:
11053:
11048:
11046:
11041:
11040:
11037:
11026:
11020:
11014:
11011:
11009:
11006:
11004:
11001:
10999:
10996:
10994:
10991:
10989:
10986:
10985:
10983:
10979:
10973:
10970:
10968:
10965:
10963:
10960:
10958:
10955:
10953:
10950:
10948:
10945:
10942:
10939:
10936:
10935:
10933:
10931:
10927:
10921:
10918:
10916:
10913:
10911:
10908:
10906:
10903:
10902:
10900:
10896:
10889:
10887:
10884:
10882:
10879:
10877:
10874:
10872:
10869:
10866:
10865:
10863:
10859:
10853:
10850:
10848:
10845:
10843:
10840:
10838:
10835:
10833:
10830:
10828:
10825:
10823:
10820:
10818:
10815:
10813:
10810:
10809:
10807:
10803:
10797:
10794:
10793:
10791:
10787:
10780:
10777:
10774:
10771:
10769:(D3PAK) (SMT)
10768:
10765:
10763:(D2PAK) (SMT)
10762:
10759:
10757:(I2PAK) (SMT)
10756:
10753:
10750:
10747:
10744:
10741:
10738:
10735:
10732:
10729:
10726:
10723:
10720:
10717:
10714:
10711:
10708:
10705:
10702:
10699:
10696:
10693:
10690:
10687:
10684:
10681:
10678:
10675:
10673:
10670:
10669:
10667:
10665:
10661:
10654:
10651:
10648:
10645:
10642:
10639:
10636:
10633:
10630:
10627:
10626:
10624:
10622:
10617:
10613:
10606:
10601:
10599:
10594:
10592:
10587:
10586:
10583:
10569:
10568:mercury relay
10566:
10564:
10561:
10560:
10559:
10556:
10554:
10551:
10549:
10546:
10544:
10541:
10539:
10536:
10532:
10529:
10528:
10527:
10524:
10523:
10521:
10519:
10515:
10507:
10504:
10503:
10502:
10499:
10497:
10494:
10492:
10489:
10487:
10484:
10482:
10479:
10477:
10474:
10470:
10467:
10465:
10462:
10461:
10460:
10457:
10455:
10452:
10450:
10447:
10445:
10442:
10438:
10435:
10433:
10430:
10428:
10425:
10424:
10422:
10421:
10419:
10415:
10409:
10406:
10404:
10401:
10397:
10394:
10393:
10392:
10391:Potentiometer
10389:
10388:
10386:
10382:
10376:
10373:
10371:
10368:
10366:
10363:
10361:
10358:
10356:
10353:
10351:
10348:
10346:
10343:
10341:
10338:
10336:
10333:
10331:
10328:
10326:
10323:
10322:
10320:
10318:
10314:
10308:
10307:Williams tube
10305:
10303:
10300:
10298:
10295:
10293:
10290:
10288:
10285:
10283:
10280:
10278:
10275:
10273:
10270:
10268:
10265:
10263:
10260:
10259:
10257:
10255:
10251:
10245:
10242:
10239:
10236:
10234:
10231:
10229:
10226:
10224:
10221:
10218:
10215:
10213:
10210:
10207:
10204:
10202:
10199:
10196:
10193:
10192:
10190:
10187:
10183:
10179:
10173:
10170:
10168:
10165:
10163:
10160:
10158:
10155:
10153:
10150:
10147:
10144:
10142:
10139:
10137:
10134:
10132:
10129:
10127:
10126:Fleming valve
10124:
10122:
10119:
10117:
10114:
10112:
10109:
10107:
10104:
10102:
10099:
10097:
10094:
10093:
10091:
10089:
10085:
10079:
10076:
10074:
10071:
10069:
10066:
10064:
10061:
10059:
10056:
10054:
10051:
10049:
10046:
10044:
10041:
10039:
10036:
10034:
10031:
10029:
10026:
10025:
10023:
10021:
10017:
10007:
10004:
10002:
9999:
9997:
9994:
9992:
9989:
9986:
9983:
9980:
9977:
9975:
9972:
9969:
9966:
9964:
9961:
9959:
9956:
9954:
9953:Photodetector
9951:
9949:
9946:
9943:
9940:
9938:
9935:
9932:
9929:
9927:
9924:
9922:
9921:Memtransistor
9919:
9917:
9914:
9912:
9909:
9906:
9903:
9901:
9898:
9895:
9892:
9890:
9887:
9885:
9882:
9880:
9877:
9875:
9872:
9871:
9869:
9863:
9857:
9854:
9852:
9849:
9847:
9844:
9842:
9839:
9837:
9834:
9831:
9828:
9825:
9822:
9819:
9816:
9814:
9811:
9808:
9805:
9803:
9800:
9799:
9797:
9795:
9791:
9784:
9781:
9779:
9776:
9773:
9770:
9767:
9764:
9762:
9759:
9757:
9754:
9750:
9747:
9746:
9744:
9741:
9737:
9734:
9732:
9729:
9728:
9726:
9723:
9721:
9718:
9716:
9713:
9710:
9707:
9706:
9704:
9702:
9696:
9690:
9687:
9685:
9682:
9679:
9676:
9674:
9671:
9668:
9665:
9662:
9659:
9657:
9654:
9652:
9649:
9646:
9643:
9640:
9637:
9634:
9631:
9629:
9626:
9623:
9620:
9617:
9614:
9612:
9609:
9607:
9604:
9602:
9599:
9597:
9594:
9592:
9589:
9588:
9586:
9584:
9578:
9575:
9573:
9570:Semiconductor
9567:
9563:
9556:
9551:
9549:
9544:
9542:
9537:
9536:
9533:
9520:
9516:
9513:
9511:
9508:
9506:
9503:
9501:
9497:
9494:
9492:
9489:
9487:
9484:
9482:
9479:
9476:
9473:
9470:
9467:
9465:
9462:
9458:
9455:
9453:
9450:
9448:
9445:
9444:
9443:
9440:
9438:
9435:
9433:
9430:
9428:
9425:
9423:
9420:
9418:
9415:
9413:
9410:
9408:
9405:
9403:
9400:
9398:
9395:
9393:
9390:
9388:
9385:
9383:
9380:
9378:
9375:
9374:
9372:
9368:
9362:
9359:
9357:
9354:
9352:
9349:
9347:
9344:
9342:
9339:
9337:
9334:
9332:
9329:
9327:
9324:
9322:
9319:
9317:
9314:
9312:
9309:
9307:
9304:
9302:
9299:
9297:
9294:
9292:
9289:
9287:
9284:
9282:
9279:
9277:
9274:
9272:
9269:
9267:
9264:
9262:
9259:
9257:
9253:
9250:
9248:
9247:Clothes dryer
9245:
9243:
9240:
9238:
9235:
9234:
9232:
9226:
9220:
9217:
9215:
9212:
9210:
9207:
9205:
9202:
9200:
9197:
9195:
9192:
9190:
9187:
9185:
9182:
9180:
9177:
9175:
9172:
9170:
9167:
9165:
9162:
9160:
9157:
9155:
9152:
9151:
9149:
9143:
9137:
9134:
9132:
9129:
9127:
9126:Semiconductor
9124:
9122:
9119:
9117:
9114:
9112:
9109:
9107:
9104:
9102:
9099:
9097:
9094:
9092:
9089:
9087:
9084:
9083:
9081:
9077:
9073:
9066:
9061:
9059:
9054:
9052:
9047:
9046:
9043:
9031:
9028:
9026:
9025:Metastability
9023:
9022:
9020:
9018:Design issues
9016:
9010:
9007:
9003:
9000:
8998:
8995:
8994:
8993:
8992:Digital video
8990:
8988:
8985:
8983:
8980:
8976:
8973:
8972:
8971:
8970:Digital audio
8968:
8964:
8961:
8960:
8959:
8956:
8955:
8953:
8949:
8941:
8938:
8937:
8936:
8933:
8931:
8928:
8926:
8923:
8921:
8918:
8914:
8911:
8909:
8906:
8905:
8904:
8901:
8899:
8896:
8892:
8889:
8887:
8884:
8883:
8882:
8879:
8877:
8874:
8873:
8871:
8869:
8865:
8859:
8856:
8854:
8851:
8849:
8846:
8842:
8839:
8838:
8837:
8834:
8832:
8829:
8827:
8824:
8822:
8819:
8817:
8814:
8812:
8809:
8808:
8806:
8802:
8795:
8792:
8789:
8786:
8783:
8780:
8777:
8774:
8771:
8768:
8765:
8762:
8759:
8756:
8753:
8750:
8747:
8744:
8742:
8739:
8736:
8733:
8730:
8727:
8724:
8721:
8719:
8716:
8713:
8710:
8707:
8704:
8702:
8699:
8697:
8694:
8692:
8689:
8687:
8684:
8682:
8679:
8677:
8674:
8672:
8669:
8667:
8664:
8662:
8659:
8657:
8654:
8652:
8649:
8647:
8644:
8642:
8639:
8638:
8636:
8634:
8630:
8626:
8619:
8614:
8612:
8607:
8605:
8600:
8599:
8596:
8584:
8581:
8579:
8576:
8574:
8571:
8569:
8566:
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8556:
8554:
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8544:
8541:
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8519:
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8514:
8512:
8509:
8507:
8504:
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8499:
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8493:
8491:
8489:
8483:
8473:
8470:
8468:
8465:
8463:
8460:
8458:
8455:
8453:
8450:
8446:
8443:
8441:
8438:
8436:
8433:
8432:
8431:
8428:
8427:
8425:
8423:
8419:
8413:
8410:
8406:
8403:
8401:
8398:
8397:
8396:
8393:
8389:
8386:
8385:
8384:
8381:
8379:
8376:
8374:
8373:Demultiplexer
8371:
8369:
8366:
8365:
8363:
8361:
8357:
8351:
8348:
8346:
8343:
8340:
8338:
8335:
8333:
8330:
8328:
8325:
8323:
8320:
8319:
8317:
8315:
8311:
8305:
8302:
8300:
8297:
8295:
8294:Memory buffer
8292:
8290:
8289:Register file
8287:
8285:
8282:
8280:
8277:
8275:
8272:
8271:
8269:
8267:
8263:
8255:
8252:
8250:
8247:
8246:
8245:
8242:
8240:
8237:
8235:
8232:
8230:
8229:Combinational
8227:
8226:
8224:
8222:
8218:
8212:
8209:
8205:
8202:
8201:
8199:
8196:
8194:
8191:
8189:
8186:
8181:
8178:
8176:
8173:
8172:
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8149:
8148:
8146:
8144:
8138:
8132:
8129:
8127:
8124:
8122:
8119:
8117:
8114:
8110:
8107:
8105:
8102:
8100:
8097:
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8092:
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8087:
8085:
8082:
8081:
8080:
8077:
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8044:
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8021:
8018:
8016:
8013:
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7993:
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7988:
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7983:
7981:
7978:
7976:
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7968:
7966:
7963:
7961:
7958:
7956:
7953:
7951:
7948:
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7929:
7926:
7924:
7921:
7919:
7916:
7913:
7910:
7907:
7904:
7901:
7898:
7895:
7892:
7890:
7887:
7884:
7881:
7879:
7876:
7874:
7871:
7870:
7868:
7866:
7860:
7853:
7850:
7848:
7845:
7842:
7839:
7836:
7833:
7832:
7830:
7824:
7818:
7815:
7813:
7810:
7808:
7805:
7803:
7800:
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7741:
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7684:
7682:
7678:
7672:
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7640:
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7604:
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7512:
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7354:
7352:
7349:
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7342:
7340:
7337:
7336:
7335:
7332:
7330:
7329:Scoreboarding
7327:
7326:
7324:
7322:
7318:
7312:
7311:False sharing
7309:
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7299:
7297:
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7289:
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7279:
7276:
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7119:
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7110:
7107:
7105:
7104:Stanford MIPS
7102:
7100:
7097:
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7092:
7090:
7087:
7085:
7082:
7080:
7077:
7076:
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6998:
6996:
6993:
6991:
6988:
6986:
6983:
6981:
6978:
6977:
6975:
6971:
6968:
6966:
6965:architectures
6960:
6954:
6951:
6949:
6946:
6944:
6941:
6939:
6936:
6934:
6933:Heterogeneous
6931:
6927:
6924:
6922:
6919:
6918:
6917:
6914:
6912:
6909:
6905:
6902:
6900:
6897:
6895:
6892:
6890:
6887:
6886:
6885:
6884:Memory access
6882:
6880:
6877:
6875:
6872:
6870:
6867:
6865:
6862:
6858:
6855:
6854:
6853:
6850:
6848:
6845:
6843:
6840:
6839:
6837:
6835:
6831:
6823:
6820:
6818:
6817:Random-access
6815:
6813:
6810:
6808:
6805:
6804:
6803:
6800:
6798:
6797:Stack machine
6795:
6793:
6790:
6786:
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6781:
6778:
6776:
6773:
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6768:
6766:
6763:
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6743:
6739:
6736:
6734:
6731:
6729:
6726:
6724:
6721:
6719:
6716:
6714:
6713:with datapath
6711:
6710:
6709:
6706:
6704:
6701:
6699:
6696:
6695:
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6687:
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6040:9780470508923
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5954:
5948:
5944:
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5929:
5927:9781312995512
5923:
5919:
5918:NYLXS Journal
5915:
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5873:
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4814:. IEEE. 2016.
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4573:IEEE Spectrum
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3475:
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3212:
3206:
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3175:
3164:on 4 May 2018
3163:
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3110:
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2869:
2865:
2864:Motorola 6800
2861:
2858:
2854:
2850:
2846:
2843:
2839:
2835:
2831:
2827:
2823:
2819:
2816:
2813:
2812:74HC00 series
2809:
2806:
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2799:
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2570:
2566:
2562:
2561:p-channel MOS
2558:
2554:
2550:
2546:
2542:
2541:Frank Wanlass
2537:
2535:
2531:
2527:
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2464:
2460:
2456:
2452:
2448:
2444:
2439:
2436:
2435:Rolf Landauer
2432:
2428:
2425:SL201 or the
2424:
2409:
2406:
2403:
2401:
2398:
2395:
2394:
2390:
2387:
2384:
2382:
2381:
2377:
2374:
2373:
2369:
2367:500 to 20 000
2366:
2363:
2361:
2358:
2355:
2354:
2350:
2347:
2344:
2342:
2339:
2336:
2335:
2331:
2328:
2325:
2323:
2320:
2317:
2316:
2312:
2309:
2307:
2304:
2301:
2298:
2295:
2294:
2291:
2289:
2285:
2281:
2277:
2273:
2269:
2265:
2261:
2257:
2251:
2247:
2243:
2233:
2231:
2227:
2222:
2220:
2219:chip industry
2215:
2214:
2210:
2205:
2202:
2196:
2190:
2184:
2180:
2175:
2173:
2167:
2165:
2161:
2155:
2145:
2141:
2139:
2135:
2131:
2130:serial number
2126:
2120:
2112:
2107:
2105:
2101:
2096:
2094:
2089:
2086:
2081:
2077:
2073:
2071:
2067:
2063:
2058:
2056:
2052:
2051:Surface mount
2048:
2044:
2040:
2036:
2032:
2028:
2024:
2020:
2012:
2009:A Soviet MSI
2007:
2002:
1992:
1990:
1986:
1982:
1978:
1974:
1970:
1966:
1965:foundry model
1962:
1954:
1951:
1948:
1944:
1940:
1937:
1934:
1931:
1928:
1925:
1922:
1919:
1916:
1913:
1910:
1906:
1902:
1901:
1900:
1898:
1894:
1890:
1885:
1883:
1878:
1874:
1870:
1866:
1862:
1858:
1854:
1850:
1846:
1845:
1840:
1839:wafer testing
1835:
1833:
1829:
1825:
1821:
1817:
1813:
1809:
1804:
1800:
1795:
1793:
1789:
1786:
1782:
1781:
1772:
1768:
1765:More rarely,
1764:
1761:
1757:
1753:
1750:
1746:
1742:
1739:
1736:
1732:
1728:
1724:
1720:
1716:
1715:
1714:
1712:
1708:
1704:
1700:
1696:
1693:
1689:
1687:
1683:
1680:
1676:
1672:
1668:
1664:
1660:
1659:Semiconductor
1656:
1654:
1650:
1647:with minimal
1646:
1642:
1638:
1634:
1630:
1626:
1622:
1618:
1614:
1610:
1606:
1602:
1601:
1598:
1593:
1589:
1585:
1577:
1573:
1569:
1564:
1557:
1553:
1549:
1545:
1541:
1540:standard cell
1536:
1531:
1515:
1512:
1504:
1493:
1490:
1486:
1483:
1479:
1476:
1472:
1469:
1465:
1462: –
1461:
1457:
1456:Find sources:
1450:
1446:
1440:
1439:
1434:This section
1432:
1428:
1423:
1422:
1417:Manufacturing
1411:
1407:
1404:
1401:
1397:
1393:
1389:
1385:
1381:
1377:
1373:
1370:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1352:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1337:
1333:
1332:floating-gate
1329:
1325:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1310:
1309:
1308:
1306:
1301:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1271:
1267:
1262:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1247:amplification
1244:
1240:
1236:
1232:
1227:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1188:
1183:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1168:
1163:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1123:
1119:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1080:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1063:
1058:
1049:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1022:
1020:
1015:
1007:
1002:
997:
993:
989:
979:
977:
972:
968:
964:
960:
956:
952:
948:
944:
936:
932:
928:
924:
920:
917:
914:
910:
906:
902:
898:
894:
890:
887:
883:
879:
878:
877:
875:
871:
863:
859:
855:
854:bioelectronic
851:
847:
843:
840:
836:
832:
828:
825:
821:
817:
813:
809:
805:
801:
797:
793:
789:
785:
782:
781:
780:
776:
774:
770:
765:
763:
759:
755:
751:
747:
743:
739:
735:
731:
726:
722:
718:
713:
711:
707:
703:
699:
694:
692:
688:
684:
680:
676:
672:
668:
664:
660:
656:
652:
647:
645:
641:
638:, leading to
637:
633:
629:
625:
621:
617:
612:
610:
606:
602:
598:
594:
590:
584:
580:
576:
572:
568:
564:
558:
548:
546:
542:
536:
523:
519:
515:
511:
509:
505:
501:
497:
493:
489:
485:
481:
480:minicomputers
477:
472:
470:
466:
465:James L. Buie
462:
457:
449:
444:
441:
439:
435:
431:
427:
423:
419:
414:
412:
408:
404:
399:
397:
393:
385:
381:
377:
372:
368:
364:
358:
348:
346:
342:
338:
334:
329:
327:
323:
319:
315:
311:
307:
303:
298:
296:
292:
288:
284:
280:
279:Werner Jacobi
275:
273:
269:
265:
264:tax avoidance
261:
248:
244:
240:
236:
234:
230:
226:
222:
218:
214:
210:
206:
202:
196:
192:
190:
180:
178:
173:
167:
165:
161:
157:
153:
151:
147:
143:
139:
135:
131:
126:
124:
119:
117:
113:
109:
105:
101:
100:semiconductor
97:
93:
89:
85:
81:
80:computer chip
77:
73:
69:
61:
57:
53:
48:
44:
40:
33:
19:
18:Computer chip
14691:
14586:
14515:Ball bonding
14510:Wire bonding
14426:
14313:Cyberwarfare
13972:Cryptography
13439:
13358:
13346:
13334:
13219:Construction
13214:Architecture
13035:Trade secret
12924:Perspectives
12843:Social media
12838:Peer-to-peer
12730:
12716:Oscilloscope
12657:Incandescent
12560:Mobile phone
12472:Optical disc
12439:Spectrometer
12427:Distillation
12202:Rammed earth
12089:Refrigerator
12067:Oil drilling
11915:Differential
11669:Ball bearing
11634:Machine tool
11429:Stonemasonry
11355:Construction
11272:Lock and key
11267:Cryptography
11162:Food storage
10972:WL-CSP / WLP
10842:TSOP / HTSOP
10751:(DPAK) (SMT)
10745:(IPAK) (SMT)
10739:(TH / Panel)
10733:(TH / Panel)
10727:(TH / Panel)
10721:(TH / Panel)
10709:(TH / Panel)
10679:(TH / Panel)
10325:Cold cathode
10292:Storage tube
10182:Vacuum tubes
10131:Neutron tube
10106:Beam tetrode
10088:Vacuum tubes
9893:
9673:Power MOSFET
9436:
9370:Applications
9351:Water heater
9326:Refrigerator
9306:Mobile phone
9209:Piezotronics
8951:Applications
8705:
8583:Chip carrier
8521:Clock gating
8440:Mixed-signal
8429:
8337:Write buffer
8314:Control unit
8126:Clock signal
7865:accelerators
7847:Cypress PSoC
7504:Simultaneous
7321:Out-of-order
6953:Neuromorphic
6834:Architecture
6792:Belt machine
6785:Zeno machine
6718:Hierarchical
6589:
6560:
6532:
6521:
6515:the original
6488:
6460:
6433:
6409:. Springer.
6406:
6371:
6367:
6361:
6342:
6334:Ars Technica
6333:
6323:
6304:
6271:
6267:
6261:
6249:. Retrieved
6244:
6235:
6223:. Retrieved
6219:
6209:
6192:
6179:
6170:
6160:
6130:(2): 48–59.
6127:
6123:
6117:
6099:
6085:(2): 44–54.
6082:
6078:
6068:
6059:
6049:
6025:
6018:
5998:
5967:
5961:
5942:
5936:
5917:
5907:
5897:
5891:
5879:. Retrieved
5872:the original
5867:
5854:
5841:
5831:
5821:13 September
5819:. Retrieved
5814:
5810:
5800:
5790:13 September
5788:. Retrieved
5783:
5779:
5769:
5755:(4): 90–92.
5752:
5748:
5742:
5734:
5729:
5720:
5712:
5707:
5699:www.wipo.int
5698:
5689:
5677:. Retrieved
5673:
5661:
5649:. Retrieved
5645:
5635:
5623:. Retrieved
5613:
5601:. Retrieved
5597:
5587:
5575:. Retrieved
5566:
5560:. Anandtech.
5551:
5539:
5511:
5507:Conway, Lynn
5503:Mead, Carver
5497:
5488:
5479:
5467:. Retrieved
5460:the original
5455:
5441:
5430:
5418:
5399:
5393:
5373:
5366:
5347:
5341:
5329:. Retrieved
5325:the original
5311:
5279:(2): 51–64.
5276:
5272:
5266:
5251:
5237:
5223:
5209:
5200:
5190:
5181:
5172:
5163:
5154:
5145:
5136:
5127:
5118:
5104:
5093:the original
5084:
5077:
5069:the original
5064:
5060:
5050:
5041:
5032:
5008:
4998:
4953:
4949:
4939:
4914:
4910:
4900:
4886:
4877:
4867:
4850:
4844:
4832:, retrieved
4826:
4820:
4803:
4773:. Retrieved
4769:
4760:
4737:
4724:
4715:
4705:
4675:(2): 48–59.
4672:
4668:
4662:
4650:. Retrieved
4642:
4633:
4621:. Retrieved
4615:
4606:
4577:
4571:
4543:
4519:. Retrieved
4513:
4488:
4479:
4467:. Retrieved
4462:
4453:
4429:
4422:
4398:
4391:
4380:
4344:
4338:
4313:
4309:
4299:
4280:
4274:
4247:
4237:
4220:
4216:
4206:
4181:
4177:
4167:
4145:(1): 55–61.
4142:
4138:
4125:
4113:. Retrieved
4109:
4100:
4088:. Retrieved
4082:
4073:
4064:
4040:. Retrieved
4034:
4025:
4013:. Retrieved
3998:
3991:
3979:. Retrieved
3973:
3949:. Retrieved
3943:
3920:
3911:
3899:. Retrieved
3889:
3869:
3862:
3843:
3820:
3811:
3791:
3784:
3772:. Retrieved
3768:
3759:
3747:. Retrieved
3743:the original
3738:
3690:
3686:
3676:
3643:
3639:
3629:
3596:
3592:
3582:
3549:
3545:
3535:
3502:
3498:
3488:
3465:
3459:
3442:
3438:
3428:
3409:
3401:the original
3396:
3387:
3368:
3356:. Retrieved
3346:
3309:
3303:
3283:
3276:
3264:
3252:
3238:
3228:
3223:
3214:
3195:
3181:
3173:
3166:. Retrieved
3162:the original
3151:
3133:
3049:Dark silicon
3029:Chip carrier
2792:555 timer IC
2775:
2763:
2747:transmission
2728:
2722:
2717:
2715:
2689:
2642:
2631:
2604:
2585:
2582:
2538:
2524:
2521:
2490:
2471:
2440:
2420:
2399:
2378:
2370:100 to 9999
2359:
2340:
2321:
2253:
2229:
2225:
2223:
2216:
2206:
2176:
2168:
2157:
2142:
2138:lookup table
2127:
2108:
2097:
2090:
2085:input-output
2074:
2059:
2031:formaldehyde
2016:
1958:
1909:dinner plate
1892:
1886:
1872:
1856:
1852:
1848:
1842:
1836:
1796:
1778:
1776:
1690:
1657:
1619:is the main
1605:copper oxide
1595:
1581:
1548:interconnect
1507:
1498:
1488:
1481:
1474:
1467:
1455:
1443:Please help
1438:verification
1435:
1324:memory chips
1302:
1263:
1255:demodulation
1228:
1212:flash memory
1184:
1176:memory chips
1165:
1159:
1092:multiplexers
1081:
1077:mixed signal
1066:
1023:
1012:The cost of
1011:
940:
867:
777:
766:
714:
695:
659:silicon-gate
655:Donald Klein
648:
613:
586:
538:
524:in 1969-1971
494:mainframes,
473:
459:
442:
418:Robert Noyce
415:
407:US Air Force
400:
392:micromodules
391:
389:
380:Robert Noyce
345:Kurt Lehovec
330:
299:
295:hearing aids
276:
257:
235:is obsolete.
204:
200:
198:
194:
188:
186:
168:
154:
127:
120:
83:
82:, or simply
79:
75:
71:
67:
65:
43:
32:Silicon Chip
14718:6567 VIC-II
14498:Connections
14323:Video games
14303:Digital art
14060:Concurrency
13929:Data mining
13841:Probability
13574:Interpreter
13224:Engineering
12960:Neo-Luddism
12895:Web browser
12890:Spreadsheet
12811:Touchscreen
12786:Motherboard
12699:Vacuum tube
12674:Electronics
12652:Fluorescent
12640:Transformer
12592:Electricity
12533:Photography
12175:Ironworking
12096:Solar power
11967:Vacuum pump
11935:Whippletree
11592:3D printing
11405:Scaffolding
11250:Calculation
11096:Agriculture
11089:Necessities
10890:QUIP / QUIL
10491:Transformer
10233:Sutton tube
10073:Charge pump
9926:Memory cell
9856:Zener diode
9818:Laser diode
9701:transistors
9583:transistors
9477:electronics
9281:Home cinema
9219:Spintronics
9159:Atomtronics
9072:Electronics
8681:Memory cell
8368:Multiplexer
8332:Data buffer
8043:Single-core
8015:bit slicing
7873:Coprocessor
7728:Coprocessor
7609:performance
7531:Cooperative
7521:Speculative
7481:Distributed
7440:Superscalar
7425:Instruction
7393:Parallelism
7366:Speculative
7198:System/3x0
7070:Instruction
6847:Von Neumann
6760:Post–Turing
6220:EETimes.com
5859:Dalmau, M.
4775:11 February
4316:: 131–136.
4250:: 583–596.
2569:Moore's law
2311:Logic gates
2280:7400 series
2256:transistors
2236:Generations
2226:sui generis
2201:US3,138,747
2195:US3,434,015
2189:US3,261,081
2183:US3,138,743
2174:agreement.
2064:(PQFP) and
1820:ultraviolet
1725:process, a
1641:solar cells
1600:vacuum tube
1597:solid-state
1524:Fabrication
1362:RF circuits
1312:Digital ICs
1220:frequencies
1192:logic gates
1133:, an 8-bit
1114:to process
1084:logic gates
1042:design flow
762:transistors
758:millimeters
644:transistors
636:Moore's law
571:Moore's law
541:Dov Frohman
518:Dov Frohman
438:Jean Hoerni
411:Nobel Prize
337:Jean Hoerni
287:transistors
233:Moore's Law
183:Terminology
164:Moore's law
138:electronics
116:televisions
112:smartphones
88:transistors
14753:Categories
14633:6530 RRIOT
14381:Glossaries
14253:E-commerce
13846:Statistics
13789:Algorithms
13747:Stochastic
13579:Middleware
13435:Peripheral
13269:Innovation
13254:Navigation
13151:Philosophy
12818:Networking
12736:Transistor
12711:Multimeter
12580:Television
12516:Microscope
12484:Eyeglasses
12432:Filtration
12417:Separation
12390:Fertilizer
12318:Prosthesis
12311:Antibiotic
12306:Anesthesia
12301:Medication
12160:Metallurgy
11957:Jackhammer
11952:Compressor
11947:Pneumatics
11883:Hydraulics
11866:Waterwheel
11834:Dishwasher
11557:Watercraft
11550:Space suit
11535:Spacecraft
11501:Jet engine
11400:Foundation
11373:Irrigation
11343:Typewriter
11316:Video game
11299:Phonograph
11245:Accounting
11174:Sanitation
11066:Technology
10898:Grid array
10837:SOP / SSOP
10789:Single row
10672:SOT / TSOT
10563:reed relay
10553:Parametron
10486:Thermistor
10464:resettable
10423:Connector
10384:Adjustable
10360:Nixie tube
10330:Crossatron
10297:Trochotron
10272:Iconoscope
10267:Charactron
10244:X-ray tube
10116:Compactron
10096:Acorn tube
10053:Buck–boost
9974:Solaristor
9836:Photodiode
9813:Gunn diode
9809:(CLD, CRD)
9591:Transistor
9481:Multimedia
9471:technology
9346:Television
9276:Home robot
9266:Dishwasher
9228:Electronic
9030:Runt pulse
9002:television
8696:Logic gate
8641:Transistor
8633:Components
8488:management
8383:Multiplier
8244:Logic gate
8234:Sequential
8141:Functional
8121:Clock rate
8094:Data cache
8067:Components
8048:Multi-core
8036:Core count
7526:Preemptive
7430:Pipelining
7413:Bit-serial
7356:Wide-issue
7301:Structural
7223:Tilera ISA
7189:MicroBlaze
7159:ETRAX CRIS
7054:Comparison
6899:Load–store
6879:Endianness
6479:1261968369
6193:Afips 1968
5749:IEEE Micro
5679:22 October
5469:22 October
5286:1908.10674
5042:Siliconica
5009:semimd.com
4652:13 October
4223:(9): 547.
3505:(1): 193.
3445:(9): 547.
3415:US2802760A
3125:References
3104:Sound chip
2818:Intel 4004
2751:waste heat
2596:processors
2512:satellites
2474:industrial
2433:scientist
2240:See also:
2179:J.S. Kilby
2160:photomasks
2045:(PGA) and
2019:flat packs
1927:insulators
1897:Rock's law
1867:which are
1865:bond wires
1863:(or gold)
1780:transition
1727:transistor
1679:multi-gate
1544:dielectric
1471:newspapers
1368:circuits).
1354:Analog ICs
1328:MOS memory
1088:flip-flops
754:nanometers
721:the number
710:Intel 8008
561:See also:
476:processors
396:Jack Kilby
361:See also:
243:Jack Kilby
96:capacitors
14708:6545 CRTC
14643:6551 ACIA
14638:6532 RIOT
14584:Interface
14202:Rendering
14197:Animation
13828:computing
13779:Semantics
13470:Processor
13287:Invention
13282:High tech
13259:Surveying
13239:Logistics
13229:Forensics
12935:Criticism
12679:Capacitor
12630:Generator
12575:Telephone
12570:Telegraph
12521:Telescope
12444:Synthesis
12407:Pesticide
12378:Gunpowder
12373:Fireworks
12363:Explosive
12346:Detergent
12264:Dentistry
12207:Recycling
12043:Heat pump
11962:Rivet gun
11930:Gyroscope
11905:Mechanism
11829:Appliance
11816:Machinery
11757:Propeller
11597:Carpentry
11572:Submarine
11540:Satellite
11530:Scuba set
11449:Transport
11195:Equipment
10952:Flip Chip
10871:QIP / QIL
10832:SO / SOIC
10822:Flat Pack
10817:DIP / DIL
10796:SIP / SIL
10664:3...5-pin
10526:Capacitor
10370:Trigatron
10365:Thyratron
10355:Neon lamp
10282:Monoscope
10162:Phototube
10146:Pentagrid
10111:Barretter
9996:Trancitor
9991:Thyristor
9916:Memristor
9841:PIN diode
9618:(ChemFET)
9469:Microwave
9341:Telephone
9230:equipment
9204:Photonics
8886:Placement
8676:Flip-flop
8656:Capacitor
8422:Circuitry
8342:Microcode
8266:Registers
8109:coherence
8084:CPU cache
7942:Word size
7607:Processor
7251:Execution
7154:DEC Alpha
7132:Power ISA
6948:Cognitive
6755:Universal
6609:634332043
6580:893541089
6551:840380650
6511:926613209
6452:699889340
6425:990149326
5531:634332043
5402:. Wiley.
5350:. Wiley.
5303:201657819
5160:"Chiplet"
4834:6 October
4746:cite news
4584:: 48–54.
4198:1064-8208
4184:(3): 29.
4015:5 October
3981:13 August
3951:13 August
3901:13 August
3715:0021-8979
3668:0022-3697
3621:0021-8979
3574:0031-899X
3527:0031-899X
3358:13 August
3216:material.
2883:LM-series
2853:Zilog Z80
2735:Packaging
2667:replaced
2539:In 1964,
2443:aerospace
2351:13 to 99
2348:10 to 500
2232:in 1992.
1995:Packaging
1945:known as
1861:aluminium
1832:debugging
1794:devices.
1756:resistors
1749:capacitor
1621:substrate
1609:germanium
1402:circuits.
1342:, etc.),
1326:(such as
1200:registers
1014:designing
976:flip-chip
929:or other
858:corrosion
852:or other
839:photonics
698:aerospace
675:computing
618:in 1962.
488:Computers
430:germanium
291:amplifier
268:amplifier
260:Loewe 3NF
247:germanium
128:The IC's
108:computers
92:resistors
76:microchip
14738:8568 VDC
14733:8563 VDC
14728:7360 TED
14723:6581 SID
14713:6560 VIC
14628:6529 SPI
14623:6526 CIA
14618:6525 TPI
14613:6523 TPI
14608:6522 VIA
14603:6520 PIA
14535:See also
14361:Category
14189:Graphics
13964:Security
13626:Compiler
13525:Networks
13422:Hardware
13335:Category
13244:Medicine
13234:Forestry
13209:Agronomy
12870:Database
12865:Compiler
12860:Software
12833:Internet
12766:Hardware
12753:Computer
12694:Inductor
12689:Resistor
12368:Dynamite
12338:Chemical
12291:Hospital
12165:Aluminum
12126:Concrete
12113:Material
12072:Fracking
12009:Charcoal
11974:Robotics
11893:Manifold
11888:Cylinder
11871:Windmill
11784:Flywheel
11742:Pendulum
11693:Catapult
11518:Railroad
11484:Elevator
11472:Seaplane
11467:Airplane
11462:Aerostat
11457:Aircraft
11390:Building
11363:Aqueduct
11282:Banknote
11260:Calendar
11179:Plumbing
11118:Clothing
11106:Grafting
10861:Quad row
10805:Dual row
10548:Inductor
10518:Reactive
10496:Varistor
10476:Resistor
10454:Antifuse
10340:Ignitron
10335:Dekatron
10223:Klystron
10212:Gyrotron
10141:Nuvistor
10058:Split-pi
9944:(MOS IC)
9911:Memistor
9669:(MuGFET)
9663:(MOSFET)
9635:(FinFET)
9519:Wireless
9475:Military
9407:e-health
9387:Avionics
9256:Notebook
9252:Computer
9145:Advanced
9079:Branches
8651:Inductor
8646:Resistor
8360:Datapath
8053:Manycore
8025:variable
7863:Hardware
7499:Temporal
7179:OpenRISC
6874:Cellular
6864:Dataflow
6857:modified
6388:18432328
6296:19237178
6245:phys.org
6152:24923169
5846:Archived
5842:EE Times
5598:Wccftech
5577:22 April
5509:(1991).
5201:Engadget
5164:WikiChip
5142:"3D ICs"
5017:cite web
4990:22163884
4931:26391194
4697:24923169
4598:32003640
4489:ethw.org
4469:3 August
3897:. Ti.com
3829:cite web
3774:23 April
3749:23 April
3739:EE Times
3193:(1989).
3168:14 March
2890:See also
2779:chip art
2659:(IRDS).
2592:memories
2588:Rubylith
2478:consumer
2332:1 to 12
1987:such as
1949:(SSDOI).
1783:between
1771:gyrators
1645:crystals
1627:such as
1552:tungsten
1501:May 2022
1222:up to 1
947:chiplets
925:" for a
764:per mm.
490:such as
469:TRW Inc.
14371:Outline
13347:Outline
13139:History
13119:Studies
12955:Luddite
12806:Storage
12600:Circuit
12412:Pigment
12328:Vaccine
12323:Surgery
12224:Textile
12197:Plastic
12155:Masonry
12133:Ceramic
12050:Nuclear
12026:Battery
11861:Turbine
11710:Linkage
11703:Shadoof
11664:Bearing
11641:Welding
11602:Casting
11562:Sailing
11494:Stirrup
11479:Compass
11422:Caisson
11323:Writing
11167:Pottery
11150:Milling
11130:Cooking
10631:(DO-27)
10619:Single
10449:Ferrite
10417:Passive
10408:Varicap
10396:digital
10345:Krytron
10167:Tetrode
10152:Pentode
10006:Varicap
9987:(3D IC)
9963:RF CMOS
9867:devices
9641:(FGMOS)
9572:devices
9271:Freezer
8891:Routing
8725:(3D IC)
8536:Related
8467:Quantum
8457:Digital
8452:Boolean
8350:Counter
8249:Quantum
8010:512-bit
8005:256-bit
8000:128-bit
7843:(MPSoC)
7828:on chip
7826:Systems
7644:(FLOPS)
7457:Process
7306:Control
7288:Hazards
7174:Itanium
7169:Unicore
7127:PowerPC
6852:Harvard
6812:Pointer
6807:Counter
6765:Quantum
6276:Bibcode
6195:: 870.
6132:Bibcode
5646:PCWorld
5331:29 July
5027:. 2013.
4981:3231360
4958:Bibcode
4950:Sensors
4880:: OMK7.
4677:Bibcode
4623:22 July
4521:22 July
4318:Bibcode
4147:Bibcode
4090:19 June
3695:Bibcode
3648:Bibcode
3601:Bibcode
3554:Bibcode
3507:Bibcode
3039:Chipset
2743:latency
2573:MOSFETs
2536:chips.
2534:bipolar
2467:defense
2427:Philips
2423:Plessey
2329:1 to 10
2313:number
2296:Acronym
2035:novolac
1973:Samsung
1828:process
1816:photons
1810:in the
1731:crosses
1711:Dopants
1675:etching
1673:), and
1649:defects
1613:silicon
1611:, then
1590:of the
1586:of the
1485:scholar
1400:RF CMOS
1303:Modern
1298:Atheros
1282:RF CMOS
1231:sensors
1073:digital
971:3D NAND
870:MOSFETs
824:airbags
750:microns
632:bipolar
593:MOSFETs
510:(ECL).
504:bipolar
492:IBM 360
426:silicon
384:silicon
254:History
213:2.5D IC
104:silicon
60:pinouts
14433:, and
13359:Portal
13277:Design
13249:Mining
13030:Patent
12801:Router
12635:Switch
12538:Camera
12501:Mirror
12212:Rubber
12170:Bronze
12121:Cement
12060:Weapon
11996:Energy
11925:Gimbal
11846:Engine
11799:Pulley
11764:Spring
11730:Piston
11720:Clutch
11506:Rocket
11439:Tunnel
11385:Bridge
11255:Abacus
11238:Social
11222:Weapon
11210:Plough
11205:Hammer
11184:Toilet
11145:Cheese
10779:TO-274
10773:TO-273
10767:TO-268
10761:TO-263
10755:TO-262
10749:TO-252
10743:TO-251
10737:TO-247
10731:TO-220
10725:TO-202
10719:TO-126
10647:DO-214
10641:DO-213
10635:DO-204
10629:DO-201
10481:Switch
10172:Triode
10136:Nonode
10101:Audion
9981:(SITh)
9865:Other
9832:(OLED)
9794:Diodes
9745:(LET)
9727:(FET)
9699:Other
9647:(IGBT)
9624:(CMOS)
9611:BioFET
9606:BiCMOS
9402:e-book
9336:Tablet
9296:Cooker
9261:Camera
9147:topics
8868:Design
8804:Theory
8790:(ASIC)
8784:(FPOA)
8778:(FPGA)
8772:(CPLD)
8737:(EPLD)
8472:Switch
8462:Analog
8200:(IMC)
8171:(MMU)
8020:others
7995:64-bit
7990:48-bit
7985:32-bit
7980:24-bit
7975:16-bit
7970:15-bit
7965:12-bit
7802:Mobile
7718:Stream
7713:Barrel
7708:Vector
7697:(GPU)
7656:(SUPS)
7624:(IPC)
7476:Memory
7469:Vector
7452:Thread
7435:Scalar
7237:Others
7184:RISC-V
7149:SuperH
7118:Power
7114:MIPS-X
7089:PDP-11
6938:Fabric
6690:Models
6607:
6597:
6578:
6568:
6549:
6539:
6509:
6499:
6477:
6467:
6450:
6440:
6423:
6413:
6386:
6354:
6316:
6294:
6251:23 May
6225:23 May
6150:
6110:
6037:
6006:
5974:
5949:
5924:
5881:7 June
5786:: 1069
5651:20 May
5625:20 May
5603:20 May
5529:
5519:
5432:Altera
5406:
5381:
5354:
5301:
5124:"2.5D"
4988:
4978:
4929:
4695:
4596:
4465:. IEEE
4441:
4410:
4355:
4287:
4262:
4196:
4115:8 July
4042:25 May
4006:
3877:
3855:
3821:ti.com
3799:
3713:
3666:
3619:
3572:
3525:
3476:
3421:
3380:
3317:
3291:
3207:
3119:Hybrot
2844:, etc.
2834:IBM PC
2710:, and
2687:work.
2645:MOSFET
2248:, and
2100:traces
2027:cresol
1981:Nvidia
1935:(SOI).
1905:wafers
1788:states
1695:wafers
1686:GAAFET
1682:FinFET
1637:lasers
1487:
1480:
1473:
1466:
1458:
1346:, and
1290:802.11
1274:radios
1259:mixing
1257:, and
1237:, and
1214:, and
1196:adders
1152:, and
1110:, use
1106:, and
1069:analog
994:, and
982:Design
915:, etc.
846:sensor
814:, and
581:, and
496:PDP-11
369:, and
114:, and
94:, and
58:. The
14694:from
14692:chips
14689:sound
14685:Video
14589:from
14587:chips
14527:(TAB)
13774:Logic
13608:tools
12828:Email
12791:Mouse
12781:Modem
12726:Diode
12565:Radio
12550:Radar
12467:Laser
12192:Paper
12180:Steel
12150:Glass
12138:Brick
12055:Power
11910:Clock
11774:Wheel
11769:Valve
11747:Screw
11698:Crane
11688:Lever
11681:Chain
11523:Train
11410:Tower
11368:Canal
11277:Money
11215:Wedge
11200:Blade
11140:Bread
10930:Wafer
10713:TO-92
10707:TO-66
10701:TO-39
10695:TO-18
10621:diode
10558:Relay
10531:types
10469:eFUSE
10240:(TWT)
10228:Maser
10219:(IOT)
10208:(CFA)
10197:(BWO)
10121:Diode
10068:SEPIC
10048:Boost
10001:TRIAC
9970:(SCR)
9933:(MOV)
9907:(LEC)
9826:(LED)
9785:(UJT)
9774:(SIT)
9768:(PUT)
9711:(BJT)
9680:(TFT)
9656:LDMOS
9651:ISFET
9515:Wired
9496:Radar
9321:Radio
8975:radio
8796:(TPU)
8766:(GAL)
8760:(PAL)
8754:(PLD)
8748:(PLA)
8731:(ECL)
8714:(HIC)
8528:(PPW)
8486:Power
8378:Adder
8254:Array
8221:Logic
8182:(TLB)
8165:(FPU)
8159:(AGU)
8153:(ALU)
8143:units
8079:Cache
7960:8-bit
7955:4-bit
7950:1-bit
7914:(TPU)
7908:(DSP)
7902:(PPU)
7896:(VPU)
7885:(GPU)
7854:(NoC)
7837:(SoC)
7772:(PoP)
7766:(SiP)
7760:(MCM)
7701:GPGPU
7691:(CPU)
7681:Types
7662:(PPW)
7650:(TPS)
7638:(IPS)
7630:(CPI)
7401:Level
7212:S/390
7207:S/370
7202:S/360
7144:SPARC
7122:POWER
7005:TRIPS
6973:Types
6518:(PDF)
6493:(PDF)
6384:S2CID
6292:S2CID
6189:(PDF)
6148:JSTOR
5875:(PDF)
5864:(PDF)
5817:: 126
5670:(PDF)
5463:(PDF)
5452:(PDF)
5427:(PDF)
5299:S2CID
5281:arXiv
5182:Wired
5096:(PDF)
5089:(PDF)
4812:(PDF)
4734:(PDF)
4693:JSTOR
4594:S2CID
4580:(9).
4135:(PDF)
3143:JEDEC
3109:SPICE
2876:Amiga
2872:88000
2868:68000
2838:80286
2463:space
2172:TRIPS
1969:Intel
1855:, or
1808:waves
1785:logic
1707:doped
1558:bulk.
1492:JSTOR
1478:books
1294:Wi-Fi
1167:cores
1150:EPROM
1052:Types
799:2009.
792:light
738:speed
545:Intel
535:EPROM
529:EPROM
522:EPROM
227:, or
209:3D IC
14435:NEMS
14431:MEMS
13606:and
13479:Form
13475:Size
12667:Neon
12625:Fuse
12479:Lens
12351:Soap
12229:Loom
12014:Oven
12004:Fire
11942:MEMS
11898:Pump
11806:Wing
11789:Gear
11676:Belt
11659:Axle
11567:Ship
11434:Road
11380:Arch
11328:Book
11311:Game
11287:Coin
11191:Tool
11155:Wine
11135:Beer
10967:UICC
10910:eWLB
10876:PLCC
10827:MSOP
10715:(TH)
10703:(TH)
10697:(TH)
10691:(TH)
10689:TO-8
10685:(TH)
10683:TO-5
10677:TO-3
10501:Wire
10459:Fuse
10043:Buck
9896:(IC)
9884:DIAC
9820:(LD)
9689:UMOS
9684:VMOS
9601:PMOS
9596:NMOS
9581:MOS
9517:and
9498:and
8708:(IC)
8506:ACPI
8239:Glue
8131:FIFO
8074:Core
7812:ASIP
7753:CPLD
7748:FPOA
7743:FPGA
7738:ASIC
7591:SPMD
7586:MIMD
7581:MISD
7574:SWAR
7554:SIMD
7549:SISD
7464:Data
7447:Task
7418:Word
7164:M32R
7109:MIPS
7072:sets
7039:ZISC
7034:NISC
7029:OISC
7024:MISC
7017:EPIC
7012:VLIW
7000:EDGE
6990:RISC
6985:CISC
6894:HUMA
6889:NUMA
6605:OCLC
6595:ISBN
6576:OCLC
6566:ISBN
6547:OCLC
6537:ISBN
6507:OCLC
6497:ISBN
6475:OCLC
6465:ISBN
6448:OCLC
6438:ISBN
6421:OCLC
6411:ISBN
6253:2022
6227:2022
6171:CNET
6035:ISBN
6004:ISBN
5972:ISBN
5947:ISBN
5922:ISBN
5883:2015
5823:2022
5792:2022
5681:2016
5653:2018
5627:2018
5605:2018
5579:2012
5527:OCLC
5517:ISBN
5471:2016
5404:ISBN
5379:ISBN
5352:ISBN
5333:2015
5023:link
4986:PMID
4927:PMID
4836:2009
4777:2017
4752:link
4716:CNET
4654:2019
4625:2019
4523:2019
4471:2011
4439:ISBN
4408:ISBN
4353:ISBN
4285:ISBN
4260:ISBN
4194:ISSN
4117:2024
4092:2019
4044:2020
4017:2023
4004:ISBN
3983:2019
3953:2019
3945:NASA
3903:2012
3875:ISBN
3835:link
3797:ISBN
3776:2018
3751:2018
3711:ISSN
3664:ISSN
3617:ISSN
3570:ISSN
3523:ISSN
3474:ISBN
3360:2012
3315:ISBN
3289:ISBN
3205:ISBN
3170:2011
2881:The
2870:and
2862:The
2851:and
2847:The
2842:i486
2830:8088
2826:8080
2796:The
2790:The
2718:ULSI
2673:PMOS
2671:and
2669:NMOS
2665:CMOS
2634:VLSI
2509:NASA
2465:and
2449:and
2404:1984
2396:ULSI
2385:1980
2375:VLSI
2364:1971
2345:1968
2326:1964
2302:Year
2299:Name
2117:. A
2039:VLSI
2011:nMOS
1989:TSMC
1971:and
1903:The
1873:pads
1853:dies
1849:dice
1723:CMOS
1633:LEDs
1582:The
1576:BEOL
1572:FEOL
1568:CMOS
1464:news
1360:and
1330:and
1318:and
1286:DECT
1278:CMOS
1268:and
1198:and
1178:and
1164:or "
1135:NMOS
1131:8742
1125:The
1104:DSPs
1075:and
961:and
818:and
736:and
700:and
667:CMOS
482:and
339:and
148:and
84:chip
56:LCDs
14427:ICs
12875:GUI
12796:RAM
12776:GPU
12771:CPU
12662:LED
12383:TNT
12358:Dye
12284:PCR
11984:Leg
11979:Arm
11715:Cam
11417:Dam
11333:Map
11306:Toy
11227:Gun
10957:PoP
10947:CSP
10943:COG
10940:COF
10937:COB
10920:PGA
10915:LGA
10905:BGA
10886:QFP
10881:QFN
10867:LCC
10852:ZIP
10812:DFN
10653:SOD
10063:Ćuk
8501:APM
8496:PMU
8388:CPU
8345:ROM
8116:Bus
7733:PAL
7408:Bit
7194:LMC
7099:ARM
7094:x86
7084:VAX
6376:doi
6284:doi
6197:doi
6140:doi
6128:229
6087:doi
5757:doi
5447:B.
5291:doi
4976:PMC
4966:doi
4919:doi
4855:doi
4685:doi
4673:229
4586:doi
4326:doi
4252:doi
4225:doi
4221:104
4186:doi
4155:doi
3703:doi
3656:doi
3609:doi
3562:doi
3515:doi
3447:doi
3443:104
2681:EDA
2594:or
2505:RCA
2493:MOS
2431:IBM
2356:LSI
2337:MSI
2318:SSI
2284:TTL
2282:of
2123:MCM
2115:SiP
1943:IBM
1871:to
1857:die
1844:die
1684:or
1447:by
1390:),
1322:),
1224:GHz
1154:I/O
1146:RAM
1142:CPU
1127:die
1062:DIP
860:or
723:of
616:RCA
478:of
448:TTL
420:at
343:by
335:by
217:MCM
187:An
66:An
52:die
14755::
14429:,
13477:/
12615:DC
12605:AC
11193:/
10962:QP
10437:RF
10186:RF
8435:3D
6603:.
6574:.
6545:.
6505:.
6473:.
6446:.
6419:.
6382:.
6372:50
6370:.
6332:.
6290:.
6282:.
6272:31
6270:.
6243:.
6218:.
6191:.
6169:.
6146:.
6138:.
6126:.
6083:12
6081:.
6077:.
6058:.
6029:.
5986:^
5920:.
5916:.
5866:.
5844:.
5840:.
5815:38
5813:.
5809:.
5784:15
5782:.
5778:.
5751:.
5697:.
5672:.
5644:.
5596:.
5525:.
5505:;
5487:.
5454:.
5429:.
5319:.
5297:.
5289:.
5277:60
5275:.
5199:.
5180:.
5162:.
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