779:, both pushed for co-operation and accommodation with Aćimović, while Förster and Fuchs considered the puppet government to be a mere supplement to the German military administration that included a police function. When Aćimović requested the release of Serb POWs, arguing that the camps could become hotbeds of nationalist and communist agitation, and that the men were needed as labourers, Förster flatly refused and deported them to Germany. In mid-May, Aćimović's administration issued a declaration to the effect that the Serbian people wanted "sincere and loyal cooperation with their great neighbour, the German people". Most of the local administrators in the counties and districts remained in place, and the German military administration placed its own administrators at each level to supervise the local authorities. The boundaries of the occupied territory were settled on 21 May, with 51,000 square kilometres (20,000 sq mi) of land and 3.81 million inhabitants, including between 50 and 60 per cent of Yugoslav Serbs.
734:
and imposing German criminal law in the occupied territory. Förster also ordered the resumption of production, disestablished the
National Bank of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia, and established the Serbian National Bank to replace it. From the outset, the Aćimović government lacked any semblance of power. It was effectively a low-grade and basic instrument of the German military occupation regime, which performed administrative duties within the occupied territory on behalf of the Germans. The three main tasks of the Aćimović administration were to secure the acquiescence of the population to the German occupation, help restore services, and "identify and remove undesirables from public services". This included Jews, Roma and "unreliable" Serbs.
726:
961:
742:
Nazi-occupied Europe, and included the wearing of yellow armbands, the introduction of forced labour and curfews, and restricted access to food. Turner explicitly stated that "he
Serbian Authorities are responsible for the implementation of all measures contained in the order". By this means, the Commissioner Government took part, albeit under German orders, in the "registration, marking, pauperisation, and social exclusion of the Jewish community". Aćimović's Interior Ministry included a section dedicated to implementing anti-Jewish and anti-Roma laws, but the primary means for the carrying out of such tasks was the 3,000-strong Serbian
216:
430:
282:, or OKH) had issued a proclamation to the population under German occupation which included severe penalties for acts of violence and sabotage; the surrender of military firearms and radio transmitters; a list of acts punishable according to military law, including unauthorised public meetings; the continuation of the operation of government agencies including police, businesses and schools; prohibition of hoarding; fixing of prices and wages; and the use of occupation currency. The exact boundaries of the occupied territory had been fixed in a directive issued by
1227:
Serbian gendarmerie reported killing 82 rebels, wounding 14 and capturing 47. To bolster its reputation with the
Germans, the Aćimović government arranged public meetings and conferences to encourage collaboration by the populace, with the purported aim of saving the occupied territory from civil war. Such a conference was addressed by Vasiljević and Avramović in mid-July, but ongoing German reprisal killings undermined their message. In late July, Schröder died after being injured in an aircraft accident. The new German Military Commander in Serbia, Luftwaffe
738:
territory and finances of the puppet administration, to one end – maximising the contribution they made to the German war effort. This was demonstrated in the fixing of wages and prices; officially the responsibility of Letica's finance department, they were actually set by
Neuhausen's staff. Also in May, Förster ordered the Aćimović administration to investigate the causes of the invasion. The inquiry concluded that the Yugoslav government had "recklessly brushed off the peaceful intentions of the Third Reich and provoked the war".
904:. Three divisions were deployed in the occupied territory, and the fourth was deployed in the adjacent parts of the NDH. The three divisions had been transported to the occupied territory between 7 and 24 May, and were initially tasked with guarding the key railway lines to Bulgaria and Greece. By late June, Bader's headquarters had been established in Belgrade, and the three divisions in the occupied territory were deployed with headquarters at
193:, in which Aćimović initially retained the interior portfolio. The members of the Commissioner Government collaborated with the occupiers as a means to spare Serbs from political influences that they considered more dangerous than the Germans, such as democracy, communism and multiculturalism. They actively assisted the Germans in exploiting the population and the economy, and took an "extremely opportunistic" view of the
144:, and believed that Germany would win the war. The Aćimović government lacked any semblance of power, and was merely an instrument of the German occupation regime, carrying out its orders within the occupied territory. Under the overall control of the German Military Commander in Serbia, supervision of its day-to-day operations was the responsibility of the chief of the German administrative staff, SS-
1322:, refused to sign. The Aćimović administration also appealed for rebels to return to their homes and announced bounties for the killing of rebels and their leaders. In addition, Aćimović gave orders that the wives of communists and their sons older than 16 years of age be arrested and held, and the Germans burned their houses and imposed curfews.
880:(secret field police) group, and a prisoner of war processing unit. The occupation force was also supported by a military hospital and ambulances, veterinary hospital and ambulances, general transport column, and logistic units. Turner was responsible for the staffing of the four area commands and nine district commands in the occupied territory.
1378:
spare Serbs from political influences that they considered more dangerous than the
Germans: democracy, communism, and multiculturalism. He observes that despite their extremely limited powers, they actively assisted the Germans in exploiting the population and the economy, and also took an "extremely opportunistic" view of the
1013:. At the end of the first week in July, List requested that the Luftwaffe transfer an aircraft training school to the territory, as operational units were not available. Soon after, gendarmerie stations and patrols were being attacked, and German vehicles were fired upon. Armed groups first appeared in the
1364:
to replace the
Commissioner Government. The same day, Nedić wrote to Danckelmann agreeing to become the Prime Minister of the new government on the basis of five conditions and some additional concessions. Two days later, the German authorities appointed Nedić and his government. Real power continued
762:
regiments. It had been formed on 17 April on Förster's orders, and its acting head was
Colonel Jovan Trišić. The gendarmerie was also responsible for collecting taxes and overseeing the harvest, and was therefore unpopular, particularly with the rural population. German concerns about the reliability
741:
One of the first tasks of the administration involved carrying out Turner's orders for the registration of all Jews and Romani people in the occupied territory and implementation of severe restrictions on their activities. These were aimed at bringing the occupied territory into line with the rest of
733:
During May, the earlier proclamation of the OKH was followed by orders issued by Förster, requiring the registration of printing presses and imposing restrictions on the press within the occupied territory. Orders were also issued regarding the operation of theatres and other places of entertainment,
286:
on 12 April 1941, which also directed the creation of the military administration. This directive was followed up on 20 April 1941 by orders issued by the Chief of the OKH which established the
Military Commander in Serbia as the head of the occupation regime, responsible to the Quartermaster-General
1386:
as "unpleasant but unavoidable". Despite the claims of post-war apologists, Prusin concludes that there is no evidence that the collaboration of bodies like the
Commissioner Government moderated German policies in any way, as the Germans carried out reprisal killings, exploitation of the economy and
1226:
Within a few weeks of its outbreak, the uprising in the occupied territory had reached mass proportions. Between 1 July and 15 August, the rebels carried out 246 attacks against government representatives and facilities, killing 26 functionaries, wounding 11 and capturing 10. In the same period, the
420:
Despite these organs of military occupation, and the orders issued by OKH, regulating as they did a wide range of administrative, political, economic, cultural and social matters, the
Germans still needed to establish a public administrative body that would implement their directives. It was decided
1330:
The German occupation authorities considered Aćimović and his administration incompetent due to their failure to suppress the uprising, and had been considering sacking Aćimović since mid-July. To strengthen the puppet government, Danckelmann wanted to find a Serb who was both well-known and highly
1257:
persecution. They were joined by more than 37,000 refugees from Hungarian-annexed Bačka and Baranja, and 20,000 from Bulgarian-annexed Macedonia. On 13 August, Bader reneged on Danckelmann's pledge to allow the Commissioner Government to maintain control of the Serbian gendarmerie, and ordered that
737:
The Commissioner Government was capable of handling routine administrative tasks and maintaining law and order in a peacetime situation only, and was closely controlled by Turner and Neuhausen. Neuhausen was effectively an economic dictator, and had complete control over the economy of the occupied
589:
The new administration was experienced; like Aćimović, Jojić, Letica and Pantić had all served as ministers in various cabinets, Josifović and Protić had been assistant ministers, Kostić was a university professor, and others were experts in their respective fields. Aćimović maintained the existing
307:
The military commander's staff was divided into military and administrative branches. He was allocated personnel to form four area commands and about ten district commands, which reported to the chief of the administrative staff, and the military staff allocated the troops of the four local defence
1356:
as the best available. The Germans had to apply significant pressure to Nedić to encourage him to accept the position, including threats to bring Bulgarian and Hungarian troops into the occupied territory and to send him to Germany as a prisoner of war. Unlike most Yugoslav generals, Nedić had not
1342:
to provide assistance in establishing a new puppet government that would meet German requirements. Five months earlier, Veesenmayer had engineered the proclamation of the NDH. Veesenmayer engaged in a series of consultations with German commanders and officials in Belgrade, interviewed a number of
1004:
detachments of fighters and commence armed resistance, and call for the populace to rise up against the occupiers throughout Yugoslavia. This also coincided with the departure of the last of the German invasion force that had remained to oversee the transition to occupation. From the appearance of
173:
commenced, Aćimović reshuffled his government, replacing three commissioners and appointing deputies for most of the portfolios. By mid-July, the Germans had decided that the Aćimović regime was incompetent and unable to deal with the uprising, and began looking for a replacement. This resulted in
594:
Yugoslavia, there were some non-Serb officials in Belgrade, those who left the occupied territory had to be replaced, and most Serbian officials known or suspected to be anti-German either resigned or were removed. The administration manifested German intentions to make best use of those who were
1377:
Apart from the Zbor activists, some members of the Commissioner Government may appear on face value to have been compliant bureaucrats with few ideological convictions. The historian Alexander Prusin asserts that on closer examination, they accepted collaboration with the occupiers as a means to
766:
The makeup of the puppet administration, with representation from a number of different political parties, meant that the Germans had no concerns about it developing a unified front that might hamper German efforts to pacify the territory and exploit it economically. Its very limited powers were
522:
Förster decided on Aćimović, who in early 1939 had briefly been Minister of the Interior in Stojadinović's pro-Axis government. With Förster's approval, he formed his Commissioner Government between 27 April and 1 May, consisting of ten commissioners. Some sources refer to it as the Commissars
1309:
notes that many were known for their leftist views. The appeal called upon the Serbian population to help the authorities in every way in their struggle against the communist rebels, and called for loyalty to the Germans, condemning the Partisan-led resistance as unpatriotic. The Serbian Bar
1252:
executed 100 Jews and 22 communists. On 1 August, Benzler wrote that despite the goodwill of the Aćimović administration towards the German occupiers, the puppet government was "weak and unstable". By August, around 100,000 Serbs had crossed into the occupied territory from the NDH, fleeing
494:
Hitler preferred someone who was both flexible and had some local popularity to lead a puppet government in German-occupied Serbia. The Germans passed over Ljotić as they believed that he had a "dubious reputation among Serbs". Cincar-Marković did not want to be part of a collaborationist
1536:, pp. 105–113), which included the entire Appeal and list of signatories. Professor Jovan Byford also writes that there were 546 signatories, while Ramet mentions 545, and Prusin states "about five hundred". Tomasevich and Pavlowitch mention a much lower figure of 307 signatories.
767:
further eroded by constant German interference in its operations, and the requirement that all laws drafted by the commissioners could only be implemented after their approval by the Germans. The overall German approach to Aćimović and his administration was uneven, as Turner and the
570:, the commissioners were also strongly anti-communist, and believed that Germany would win the war. They represented a wide spectrum of pre-war Serbian political parties: Vasiljević and Ivanić both had close links to Zbor; Pantić, Kostić and Protić being members of the centre-right
1025:
Three days after the outbreak of the rebellion, Aćimović reshuffled his council. Jojić, Kostić and Protić were replaced, and deputy commissioners were appointed for all portfolios except construction and agriculture. Among the new members was Perić, another Zbor member.
287:
of the OKH. In the interim, the staff for the military government had been assembled in Germany and the duties of the Military Commander in Serbia had been detailed. These included safeguarding the lines of communication, executing the economic orders issued by
1331:
regarded by the population who could raise some sort of Serbian armed force and who would be willing to use it ruthlessly against the rebels whilst remaining under full German control. In response to a request from Benzler, the Foreign Office sent SS-
942:. While the Banat was formally under the jurisdiction of the Aćimović administration, in practical terms it was largely autonomous of Belgrade and under the direction of the military government through the military area command in
1005:
posters and pamphlets urging the population to undertake sabotage, it rapidly turned to attempted and actual sabotage of German propaganda facilities and railway and telephone lines. The first fighting occurred at the village of
1471:
According to Tomasevich, the government was formed on 30 May. This is contradicted by Prusin, who states that it was formed on 27 April, Cohen and Milosavljević who state it was 30 April, and Pavlowitch who states it was 1
836:, was appointed as the Wehrmacht Commander-in-Chief Southeast Europe, with Schröder reporting directly to him. From his headquarters in Belgrade, Schröder directly controlled four poorly-equipped local defence (German:
590:
Yugoslav government apparatus and staff, recalling personnel to their duties, and former Yugoslav officials played important roles in the administration. Despite the fact that Serbs dominated government positions in
787:
791:
562:; each commissioner ran one of the former Yugoslav ministries, except for the Ministry of Army and Navy, and the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, which had been abolished. According to the author
1163:
339:. Other than military commander's staff, there were several senior figures in Belgrade who represented key non-military arms of the German government. Prominent among these was
1279:
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it be re-organised into units of 50–100 men under the direction of local German commanders. He also directed the three divisional commanders to have their battalions form
916:
in the south. The status of Bader's command was that Schröder could order him to undertake operations against rebels, but he could not otherwise act as Bader's superior.
2852:
Byford, Jovan (2013). "Willing Bystanders: Dimitrije Ljotić, "Shield Collaboration" and the Destruction of Serbia's Jews". In Haynes, Rebecca; Rady, Martyn (eds.).
136:. Of the ten commissioners, four had previously been ministers in various Yugoslav governments, and two had been assistant ministers. The members were pro-German,
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to reside with the occupiers. Aćimović initially retained his position as Minister of the Interior, but was replaced in November 1942. In March 1945, he joined a
840:) battalions, consisting of older men. These occupation forces were supplemented by a range of force elements, including the 64th Reserve Police Battalion of the
555:
1394:
in the late 1990s there have been gradual moves to rehabilitate members of the Serbian collaborationist puppet governments on the basis of their anti-communism.
1207:
543:
2831:
Byford, Jovan (2011). "The Collaborationist Administration and the Treatment of the Jews in Nazi-occupied Serbia". In Ramet, Sabrina P.; Listhaug, Ola (eds.).
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as "unpleasant but unavoidable". There is no evidence that the collaboration of the Commissioner Government moderated German occupation policies in any way.
462:
231:. Yugoslavia was partitioned, and as part of this, the Germans established a military government of occupation in an area roughly the same as the pre-1912
535:
1180:
976:, wrote to Schröder urging him "to give the Serbian people its centuries-old ethnographic borders". In early July 1941, shortly after the launching of
559:
551:
466:
1095:
507:, had been in close contact with the German police and security services before the war. This included being appointed deputy to the German head of
527:
776:
1129:
3234:. Germany and the Second World War. Vol. 5. Translated by Derry Cook-Radmoret. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. pp. 7–293.
3230:
Umbreit, Hans (2003). "German Rule in the Occupied Territories 1942–1945". In Kroener, Bernard R.; Müller, Rolf-Dieter; Umbreit, Hans (eds.).
1242:. In this context, Turner suggested that Danckelmann strengthen the Aćimović administration so that it might subdue the rebellion on its own.
264:
109:
51:
3209:
Umbreit, Hans (2000). "Stages in the Territorial 'New Order' in Europe". In Kroener, Bernard R.; Müller, Rolf-Dieter; Umbreit, Hans (eds.).
1285:
795:
3215:. Germany and the Second World War. Vol. 5. Translated by John Brownjohn. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. pp. 11–167.
3232:
Organization and Mobilization of the German Sphere of Power, Part II: Wartime Administration, Economy, and Manpower Resources 1942–1944/5
566:, Aćimović, Vasiljević and Ivanić were German agents prior to the invasion of Yugoslavia. In addition to being vehemently pro-German and
300:, and establishing and maintaining peace and order. In the short-term, he was also responsible for guarding the huge numbers of Yugoslav
2913:
Lazić, Sladjana (2011). "The Re-evaluation of Milan Nedić and Draža Mihailović in Serbia". In Ramet, Sabrina P.; Listhaug, Ola (eds.).
3212:
Organization and Mobilization of the German Sphere of Power, Part I: Wartime Administration, Economy, and Manpower Resources 1939–1941
3353:
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Ramet, Sabrina P.; Lazić, Sladjana (2011). "The Collaborationist Regime of Milan Nedić". In Ramet, Sabrina P.; Listhaug, Ola (eds.).
3358:
485:
2750:
Culture and Science in the National Liberation War and Revolution: Papers from the Scientific Conference, Struga, 7–9 October 1981
3363:
1383:
198:
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417:(Order Police, or Orpo). While he was formally responsible to Turner, Fuchs also reported directly to his superiors in Berlin.
251:. The Germans did this to secure two strategic lines of communication – the Danube river, and the railway line that connected
3368:
3239:
3220:
3199:
3178:
3156:
3137:
3114:
3090:
3071:
3050:
3029:
2965:
2946:
2922:
2886:
2863:
2842:
2821:
2800:
857:
477:, but he had been sent into exile before the coup. Several high-profile men were considered by the Germans, including former
450:
883:
In addition to the occupation troops directly commanded by Schröder, in June the Wehrmacht deployed the headquarters of the
360:
general for economic affairs in the territory on 17 April. A further key figure in the initial German administration was SS-
1347:
495:
administration. He was also in poor health. Cvetković was suspected of being pro-British and harbouring sympathies towards
185:
1277:
In response to the revolt, the Aćimović administration encouraged 545 or 546 prominent and influential Serbs to sign the
984:, armed resistance began against both the Germans and the Aćimović authorities. This was a response to appeals from both
1360:
On 27 August 1941, about 75 prominent Serbs convened a meeting in Belgrade where they resolved that Nedić should form a
1414:
997:
895:
267:
was also rich in non-ferrous metals such as lead, antimony and copper, which Germany needed to support its war effort.
816:
1436:
1361:
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possible candidates to lead the new puppet government, then selected former Yugoslav Minister of the Army and Navy
972:
During June, the Aćimović government, preoccupied as it was with dreams of expanding the occupied territory into a
441:
regime. From the date of the Yugoslav capitulation, pro-German politicians, including the president of the fascist
179:
175:
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met almost daily to assist in this process. The Germans would have preferred the pro-Axis former prime minister,
340:
884:
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been interned in Germany after the capitulation, but instead had been placed under house arrest in Belgrade.
579:
575:
2745:Култура и наука у народноослободилачком рату и револуцији: радови са научног скупа, Струга, 7–9 октобар 1981
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in Belgrade on 4 July. This meeting resolved to shift from sabotage operations to a general uprising, form
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478:
725:
516:
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On 29 July, in reprisal for an arson attack on German transport in Belgrade by a 16-year-old Jewish boy,
583:
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810:
746:, which was based on elements of the former Yugoslav gendarmerie units remaining in the territory, the
442:
407:(Secret State Police, or Gestapo) detachments, and controlled the 64th Reserve Police Battalion of the
3283:
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which essentially made the region a separate civil administrative unit under the control of the local
3300:
955:
571:
515:, who was also the chief of the SD. Aćimović was also in close contact with the head of the Gestapo,
260:
170:
782:
Soon after the Aćimović government was appointed, refugees escaping persecution in the neighbouring
595:
willing to collaborate and save the available German administrative staff for higher priority work.
1238:, was unable to obtain more German troops or police to suppress the revolt due to the needs of the
2776:. Belgrade, Yugoslavia: Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Institute for Balkan Studies. 1970.
1310:
Association unanimously supported the Appeal, but some notable personalities, such as the writers
924:
In late June, the Aćimović administration issued an ordinance regarding the administration of the
1460:
1448:
1391:
1290:
989:
271:
1112:
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battalions across the area commands. The first military commander in the occupied territory was
174:
the resignation of the Commissioner Government at the end of August, and the appointment of the
1886:
1390:
In post-war communist Yugoslavia, Aćimović was referred to as a traitor, but since the fall of
1298:
772:
481:
210:
158:. One of its early tasks was the implementation of German orders regarding the registration of
1528:
Cohen lists the names of 546 signatories, drawn from a book published by the former editor of
1319:
357:
3040:
932:
820:
539:
401:
248:
224:
117:
474:
458:
3017:
1302:
1246:
1235:
1006:
977:
827:
374:
325:
officer, appointed on 20 April 1941, assisted by the chief of his administrative staff, SS-
347:
8:
1010:
965:
925:
888:
874:
454:
312:
125:
74:
1954:
446:
364:
215:
2875:
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for communist organisations across occupied Europe to draw German troops away from the
853:
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of the gendarmerie meant that it was never adequately armed or equipped for its tasks.
429:
391:
244:
3317:
1311:
960:
318:
3261:
3249:
3235:
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3195:
3174:
3152:
3133:
3126:
3110:
3086:
3067:
3046:
3025:
3005:
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2942:
2918:
2901:
2882:
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2838:
2817:
2796:
2777:
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1934:
1001:
512:
381:
232:
547:
470:
297:
3004:] (in Serbo-Croatian). Zagreb, Yugoslavia: Centar za informacije i publicitet.
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438:
102:
90:
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living in the territory, and the placing of severe restrictions on their liberty.
148:
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3210:
3189:
3166:
3104:
3100:
3061:
2983:]. Belgrade, Serbia: Ogledi (Helsinki Committee for Human Rights in Serbia).
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In the Shadow of Hitler: Personalities of the Right in Central and Eastern Europe
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other harsh actions without regard for the views of the puppet administration.
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and a construction battalion, and several military police units, comprising a
190:
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3284:"Armed Forces Commander South East Commanding General in Serbia 22 June 1941"
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336:
236:
163:
155:
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ancestry, which the Germans deemed unacceptable. Aćimović, a virulent anti-
283:
137:
121:
105:
1815:
3191:
War and Revolution in Yugoslavia, 1941–1945: Occupation and Collaboration
2019:
743:
496:
228:
113:
1305:, many of the signatories were placed under pressure to sign. Professor
1283:, which was published in the German-authorised Belgrade daily newspaper
1011:
two gendarmes were killed during an attempt to disperse a public meeting
3260:. Berkeley, California: University of California Press. pp. 3–58.
1294:
939:
901:
943:
2120:
1411:
1266:, lightly armed and mobile "hunter teams", incorporating elements of
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Förster was subsequently transferred, and on 2 June was succeeded by
504:
322:
141:
2752:]. Skopje, Yugoslavia: Savet akademija nauka i umetnosti SFRJ .
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fighting against the occupiers and the Aćimović administration began
819:, another Luftwaffe officer. On 9 June, the commander of the German
508:
256:
252:
61:
1906:
3063:
The Three Yugoslavias: State-Building and Legitimation, 1918–2005
1600:
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905:
2392:
2390:
2388:
729:
Map showing the counties and districts of the occupied territory
433:
Milan Aćimović was selected to lead the collaborationist regime.
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2898:
The German Struggle Against Yugoslav Guerillas in World War II
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1749:
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Contemporary Yugoslavia: Twenty Years of Socialist Experiment
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124:. It operated from 30 April to 29 August 1941, was headed by
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2009:
2007:
2005:
2003:
2001:
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1803:
1801:
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159:
2881:. College Station, Texas: Texas A&M University Press.
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3171:
War and Revolution in Yugoslavia, 1941–1945: The Chetniks
3106:
Terror in the Balkans: German Armies and Partisan Warfare
3022:
Hitler's New Disorder: The Second World War in Yugoslavia
2917:. London, England: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 265–282.
2877:
Serbia's Secret War: Propaganda and the Deceit of History
2837:. London, England: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 109–127.
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1998:
1986:
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group in the NDH, and was killed battling the Partisans.
996:, and followed a meeting of the Central Committee of the
2681:
2630:
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2515:
2276:
2237:
2189:
2172:
2098:
2096:
1862:
1796:
1703:
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3085:. London, England: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 17–43.
2960:. Baltimore, Maryland: Johns Hopkins University Press.
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1834:
1786:
1784:
1782:
1780:
1778:
1715:
1612:
1578:
1576:
887:
to Belgrade to command four poorly equipped occupation
3109:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press.
2608:
2606:
2252:
1639:
1637:
1635:
1633:
1631:
1629:
1627:
2486:
2414:
2346:
2344:
2093:
1691:
1558:
3301:"12th Army LXVth Special Corps Command 22 June 1941"
3042:
Serbia Under the Swastika: A World War II Occupation
2981:
Suppressed Truth – Collaboration in Serbia 1941–1944
2498:
2474:
2462:
2368:
2078:
2035:
1831:
1775:
1573:
1345:
756:
748:
270:
Even before the Yugoslav surrender on 17 April, the
183:
3194:. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press.
3173:. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press.
3128:
The Waffen SS: Hitler's Elite Guard at War, 1939–45
2603:
2312:
1874:
1763:
1624:
304:, and safeguarding captured weapons and munitions.
3125:
3045:. Urbana, Illinois: University of Illinois Press.
2977:Potisnuta istina – Kolaboracija u Srbiji 1941–1944
2958:The Chetnik Movement & the Yugoslav Resistance
2874:
2858:. London, England: I.B. Tauris. pp. 295–312.
2426:
2356:
2341:
2213:
1510:, generally translated as "for special employment"
1030:Composition of the second Commissioner Government
3024:. New York, New York: Columbia University Press.
2900:. New York, New York: Columbia University Press.
2720:] (in Serbian). Munich, West Germany: Iskra.
599:Composition of the first Commissioner Government
3340:
1289:on 13 and 14 August. Signatories included three
356:, who had been initially appointed by Göring as
169:In early July, a few days after a communist-led
16:Puppet administration of Serbia in World War II
3132:. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press.
421:to form a puppet government for that purpose.
219:The partition of Yugoslavia by the Axis powers
3146:
2974:
2792:Churches and Religion in the Second World War
2549:
2142:
1968:
1856:
1545:Equivalent to a U.S. Army lieutenant general.
792:Albanian-annexed western Macedonia and Kosovo
437:A search began for a suitable Serb to lead a
2995:
2648:
1519:Equivalent to a U.S. Army lieutenant general
1481:Equivalent to a U.S. Army lieutenant general
1426:Equivalent to a U.S. Army lieutenant general
1333:
1268:
1260:
1229:
930:
912:roughly in the centre of the territory, and
893:
872:
862:
842:
825:
808:
409:
399:
389:
379:
362:
345:
327:
310:
289:
146:
3298:
3281:
2270:
2231:
1382:, regarding their own participation in the
3315:
3187:
3165:
3147:Thomas, Nigel; Mikulan, Krunoslav (1995).
3080:
3016:
2788:
2741:
2734:
2624:
2597:
2585:
2573:
2561:
2537:
2524:
2396:
2335:
2294:
2282:
2246:
2207:
2195:
2183:
2154:
2126:
2072:
2060:
2029:
2025:
2013:
1964:
1944:
1896:
1892:
1868:
1825:
1821:
1809:
1757:
1740:
1709:
1685:
1673:
1658:
1618:
1594:
1567:
3151:. New York, New York: Osprey Publishing.
3066:. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
2764:
2672:
263:, and thence by sea to North Africa. The
3248:
3099:
3002:Night and Fog: The Gestapo in Yugoslavia
2816:. London, England: Cornerstone Digital.
2809:
2701:
2456:
2444:
2408:
2258:
1928:
1721:
959:
724:
428:
227:was invaded and quickly defeated by the
214:
3229:
3208:
2996:Odić, Slavko; Komarica, Slavko (1977).
2955:
2420:
1697:
1582:
1221:
197:, regarding their own participation in
3341:
3038:
2931:
2851:
2830:
2708:
2660:
2492:
2379:
2306:
2166:
2130:
2114:
2102:
2087:
2048:
1992:
1980:
1948:
1916:
1900:
1790:
1606:
1533:
1297:, and at least 81 professors from the
523:Government, or Council of Commissars.
3123:
3083:Serbia and the Serbs in World War Two
3059:
2915:Serbia and the Serbs in World War Two
2912:
2872:
2834:Serbia and the Serbs in World War Two
2795:. London, UK: Bloomsbury Publishing.
2687:
2636:
2612:
2509:
2480:
2468:
2318:
1960:
1940:
1912:
1880:
1844:
1769:
1643:
578:. No representatives of the outlawed
457:, the current Belgrade police chief,
2895:
2432:
2362:
2350:
2219:
1046:Head of the Council of Commissioners
801:
796:Hungarian-occupied Bačka and Baranja
612:Head of the Council of Commissioners
574:; and Josifović was a member of the
35:27 April – 1 May 1941
3318:"Royal Yugoslav Armed Forces Ranks"
798:began to flood into the territory.
499:. He was also believed to have had
491:, Aćimović, Ljotić, and Jovanović.
449:, former Belgrade police chief and
265:German occupied territory of Serbia
110:German-occupied territory of Serbia
52:German occupied territory of Serbia
13:
2998:Noć i magla: Gestapo u Jugoslaviji
526:The other nine commissioners were
14:
3380:
3274:
3149:Axis Forces in Yugoslavia 1941–45
2813:The Origins of the Final Solution
2789:Bank, Jan; Gevers, Lieve (2016).
1490:Equivalent to a U.S. Army general
964:The village of Bela Crkva, where
128:, and is also referred to as the
3354:1941 disestablishments in Serbia
1362:Government of National Salvation
720:
424:
397:(Security Police, or SiPo), and
176:Government of National Salvation
3359:Collaboration with Nazi Germany
3256:. In Vucinich, Wayne S. (ed.).
2975:Milosavljević, Olivera (2006).
2530:
1539:
1522:
1513:
1493:
1484:
1475:
1465:
1453:
1441:
1429:
1017:district, northwest of Topola.
3364:Serbia under German occupation
2810:Browning, Christopher (2014).
1420:
1404:
1325:
387:(Security Service, or SD) and
1:
3349:1941 establishments in Serbia
2696:
1301:. According to the historian
870:(military police) company, a
204:
180:Minister of the Army and Navy
3369:Anti-communist organizations
2941:. London: Lawbook Exchange.
2938:Axis Rule in Occupied Europe
2742:Apostolski, Mihailo (1984).
1609:, pp. 591–592, 597–598.
1552:
1280:Appeal to the Serbian Nation
1274:Serbia and the gendarmerie.
1020:
919:
784:Independent State of Croatia
715:
101:) was a short-lived Serbian
7:
2956:Milazzo, Matteo J. (1975).
1502:is an abbreviation for the
1372:
1346:
949:
788:Bulgarian-annexed Macedonia
757:
749:
184:
10:
3385:
3060:Ramet, Sabrina P. (2006).
3039:Prusin, Alexander (2017).
1459:Equivalent to a U.S. Army
1447:Equivalent to a U.S. Army
1435:Equivalent to a U.S. Army
953:
811:General der Flakartillerie
786:(NDH), and others fleeing
489:Aleksandar Cincar-Marković
208:
27:Puppet government overview
3299:Niehorster, Leo (2015b).
3282:Niehorster, Leo (2015a).
3188:Tomasevich, Jozo (2001).
3124:Stein, George H. (1984).
2873:Cohen, Philip J. (1996).
2143:Thomas & Mikulan 1995
1508:zur besonderen Verwendung
1318:and university professor
1040:
1037:
1034:
956:Uprising in Serbia (1941)
852:regiment consisting of a
606:
603:
94:
67:
57:
47:
39:
31:
26:
3316:Niehorster, Leo (2020).
2649:Odić & Komarica 1977
2309:, pp. 251, 602–606.
1397:
1079:Vladimir Velmar-Janković
1048:Ministry of the Interior
998:Yugoslav Communist Party
451:Minister of the Interior
272:German Army High Command
2735:Secondary print sources
990:Communist International
891:, under the control of
280:Oberkommando des Heeres
241:northern part of Kosovo
87:Commissioner Government
22:Commissioner Government
2896:Hehn, Paul N. (1979).
2562:Ramet & Lazić 2011
2208:Ramet & Lazić 2011
2184:Ramet & Lazić 2011
1869:Bank & Gevers 2016
1758:Ramet & Lazić 2011
1334:
1299:University of Belgrade
1269:
1261:
1230:
969:
931:
896:General der Artillerie
894:
873:
863:
843:
837:
826:
809:
730:
584:Serbian Agrarian Party
582:or the British-backed
572:People's Radical Party
434:
410:
400:
390:
380:
363:
346:
328:
311:
290:
279:
220:
211:Invasion of Yugoslavia
147:
3254:"Interwar Yugoslavia"
3018:Pavlowitch, Stevan K.
2702:Primary print sources
963:
728:
432:
402:Geheime Staatspolizei
377:, which consisted of
335:and State Councillor
225:Kingdom of Yugoslavia
218:
154:and State Councillor
134:Council of Commissars
130:Commissars Government
118:Kingdom of Yugoslavia
1947:, pp. 177–178;
1899:, pp. 177–178;
1303:Stevan K. Pavlowitch
1236:Heinrich Danckelmann
1222:Resistance increases
1113:Milorad Dimitrijević
978:Operation Barbarossa
828:Generalfeldmarschall
375:Einsatzgruppe Serbia
68:Minister responsible
2770:Balcanica (Beograd)
2718:General Milan Nedić
2714:Генерал Милан Недић
2690:, pp. 265–266.
2663:, pp. 181–183.
2639:, pp. 154–155.
2576:, pp. 68, 179.
2399:, pp. 178–179.
2117:, pp. 116–117.
1995:, pp. 599–601.
1983:, pp. 592–598.
1903:, pp. 116–117.
1231:General der Flieger
1192:Stanislav Josifović
1031:
875:Geheime Feldpolizei
817:Ludwig von Schröder
698:Stanislav Josifović
654:Ministry of Justice
600:
556:Stanislav Josifović
313:General der Flieger
223:In April 1941, the
108:established in the
23:
3250:Vucinich, Wayne S.
2550:Milosavljević 2006
1969:Milosavljević 2006
1857:Milosavljević 2006
1415:lieutenant general
1392:Slobodan Milošević
1340:Edmund Veesenmayer
1208:Budimir Cvijanović
1141:Milosav Vasiljević
1103:Post and Telegraph
1029:
970:
731:
668:Milosav Vasiljević
644:Post and Telegraph
598:
544:Milisav Vasiljević
475:Milan Stojadinović
459:Dragomir Jovanović
435:
392:Sicherheitspolizei
245:Kosovska Mitrovica
221:
21:
3241:978-0-19-820873-0
3222:978-0-19-822887-5
3201:978-0-8047-3615-2
3180:978-0-8047-0857-9
3158:978-1-85532-473-2
3139:978-0-8014-9275-4
3116:978-0-674-04891-1
3092:978-0-23034-781-6
3073:978-0-253-34656-8
3052:978-0-252-09961-8
3031:978-0-231-70050-4
2967:978-0-8018-1589-8
2948:978-1-58477-901-8
2924:978-0-23034-781-6
2888:978-0-89096-760-7
2865:978-1-78076-808-3
2844:978-0-230-34781-6
2823:978-1-4481-6586-5
2802:978-1-4725-0480-7
2710:Krakov, Stanislav
2651:, pp. 82–85.
2588:, pp. 52–55.
2210:, pp. 20–21.
2169:, pp. 46–47.
1931:, pp. 10–11.
1919:, pp. 45–46.
1760:, pp. 19–20.
1661:, pp. 65–66.
1437:brigadier general
1219:
1218:
1157:Ranisav Avramović
802:Occupation troops
713:
712:
513:Reinhard Heydrich
482:Dragiša Cvetković
382:Sicherheitsdienst
348:Obergruppenführer
233:Kingdom of Serbia
106:puppet government
83:
82:
3376:
3329:
3327:
3325:
3320:. Leo Niehorster
3312:
3310:
3308:
3303:. Leo Niehorster
3295:
3293:
3291:
3286:. Leo Niehorster
3269:
3245:
3226:
3205:
3184:
3167:Tomasevich, Jozo
3162:
3143:
3131:
3120:
3096:
3077:
3056:
3035:
3013:
2992:
2971:
2952:
2928:
2909:
2892:
2880:
2869:
2848:
2827:
2806:
2785:
2761:
2729:
2691:
2685:
2679:
2670:
2664:
2658:
2652:
2646:
2640:
2634:
2628:
2622:
2616:
2610:
2601:
2595:
2589:
2583:
2577:
2571:
2565:
2559:
2553:
2547:
2541:
2534:
2528:
2522:
2513:
2507:
2496:
2490:
2484:
2478:
2472:
2466:
2460:
2454:
2448:
2442:
2436:
2430:
2424:
2418:
2412:
2406:
2400:
2394:
2383:
2377:
2366:
2360:
2354:
2348:
2339:
2333:
2322:
2316:
2310:
2304:
2298:
2292:
2286:
2280:
2274:
2271:Niehorster 2015b
2268:
2262:
2256:
2250:
2244:
2235:
2232:Niehorster 2015a
2229:
2223:
2217:
2211:
2205:
2199:
2193:
2187:
2181:
2170:
2164:
2158:
2152:
2146:
2140:
2134:
2124:
2118:
2112:
2106:
2100:
2091:
2085:
2076:
2070:
2064:
2058:
2052:
2046:
2033:
2023:
2017:
2011:
1996:
1990:
1984:
1978:
1972:
1958:
1952:
1938:
1932:
1926:
1920:
1910:
1904:
1890:
1884:
1878:
1872:
1866:
1860:
1854:
1848:
1842:
1829:
1819:
1813:
1807:
1794:
1788:
1773:
1767:
1761:
1755:
1744:
1738:
1725:
1719:
1713:
1707:
1701:
1695:
1689:
1683:
1677:
1671:
1662:
1656:
1647:
1641:
1622:
1616:
1610:
1604:
1598:
1592:
1586:
1580:
1571:
1565:
1546:
1543:
1537:
1526:
1520:
1517:
1511:
1497:
1491:
1488:
1482:
1479:
1473:
1469:
1463:
1457:
1451:
1445:
1439:
1433:
1427:
1424:
1418:
1410:Equivalent to a
1408:
1351:
1348:Armijski đeneral
1337:
1335:Standartenführer
1291:Serbian Orthodox
1272:
1264:
1233:
1137:National Economy
1124:Momčilo Janković
1032:
1028:
936:
899:
878:
868:
846:
831:
814:
760:
752:
664:National Economy
658:Momčilo Janković
601:
597:
576:Democratic Party
540:Momčilo Janković
486:Foreign Minister
447:Dimitrije Ljotić
439:collaborationist
415:
405:
395:
385:
373:, who commanded
368:
365:Standartenführer
351:
333:
316:
302:prisoners of war
295:
235:, consisting of
189:
186:Armijski đeneral
152:
103:collaborationist
99:Komesarska vlada
96:
95:Комесарска влада
24:
20:
3384:
3383:
3379:
3378:
3377:
3375:
3374:
3373:
3339:
3338:
3334:
3332:
3323:
3321:
3306:
3304:
3289:
3287:
3277:
3272:
3242:
3223:
3202:
3181:
3159:
3140:
3117:
3093:
3074:
3053:
3032:
2968:
2949:
2933:Lemkin, Raphael
2925:
2889:
2866:
2845:
2824:
2803:
2737:
2732:
2704:
2699:
2694:
2686:
2682:
2671:
2667:
2659:
2655:
2647:
2643:
2635:
2631:
2625:Tomasevich 2001
2623:
2619:
2611:
2604:
2598:Tomasevich 2001
2596:
2592:
2586:Tomasevich 2001
2584:
2580:
2574:Tomasevich 2001
2572:
2568:
2560:
2556:
2548:
2544:
2538:Apostolski 1984
2535:
2531:
2525:Pavlowitch 2008
2523:
2516:
2508:
2499:
2491:
2487:
2479:
2475:
2467:
2463:
2455:
2451:
2443:
2439:
2431:
2427:
2419:
2415:
2407:
2403:
2397:Tomasevich 2001
2395:
2386:
2378:
2369:
2361:
2357:
2349:
2342:
2336:Tomasevich 1975
2334:
2325:
2317:
2313:
2305:
2301:
2295:Tomasevich 2001
2293:
2289:
2283:Tomasevich 2001
2281:
2277:
2269:
2265:
2257:
2253:
2247:Tomasevich 1975
2245:
2238:
2230:
2226:
2218:
2214:
2206:
2202:
2196:Tomasevich 2001
2194:
2190:
2182:
2173:
2165:
2161:
2155:Tomasevich 1975
2153:
2149:
2141:
2137:
2129:, p. 197;
2127:Tomasevich 1975
2125:
2121:
2113:
2109:
2101:
2094:
2086:
2079:
2073:Tomasevich 2001
2071:
2067:
2061:Tomasevich 1975
2059:
2055:
2047:
2036:
2030:Pavlowitch 2008
2028:, p. 178;
2026:Tomasevich 2001
2024:
2020:
2014:Tomasevich 2001
2012:
1999:
1991:
1987:
1979:
1975:
1967:, p. 177;
1965:Tomasevich 2001
1963:, p. 153;
1959:
1955:
1945:Tomasevich 2001
1943:, p. 153;
1939:
1935:
1927:
1923:
1911:
1907:
1897:Tomasevich 2001
1895:, p. 108;
1893:Tomasevich 1975
1891:
1887:
1879:
1875:
1867:
1863:
1855:
1851:
1843:
1832:
1826:Tomasevich 2001
1824:, p. 108;
1822:Tomasevich 1975
1820:
1816:
1810:Pavlowitch 2008
1808:
1797:
1789:
1776:
1768:
1764:
1756:
1747:
1741:Tomasevich 2001
1739:
1728:
1720:
1716:
1710:Tomasevich 2001
1708:
1704:
1696:
1692:
1686:Tomasevich 2001
1684:
1680:
1674:Tomasevich 2001
1672:
1665:
1659:Tomasevich 2001
1657:
1650:
1642:
1625:
1619:Tomasevich 1975
1617:
1613:
1605:
1601:
1595:Tomasevich 2001
1593:
1589:
1581:
1574:
1568:Niehorster 2020
1566:
1559:
1555:
1550:
1549:
1544:
1540:
1527:
1523:
1518:
1514:
1504:German language
1498:
1494:
1489:
1485:
1480:
1476:
1470:
1466:
1458:
1454:
1446:
1442:
1434:
1430:
1425:
1421:
1409:
1405:
1400:
1380:Jewish question
1375:
1328:
1312:Isidora Sekulić
1307:Jozo Tomasevich
1224:
1215:
1210:
1198:
1193:
1183:
1176:
1166:
1159:
1147:
1142:
1132:
1125:
1115:
1108:
1098:
1096:Milan Horvatski
1091:
1081:
1074:
1062:
1059:
1058:
1053:
1047:
1023:
1009:on 7 July when
958:
952:
922:
865:Feldgendarmerie
858:bridging column
804:
769:plenipotentiary
723:
718:
709:
708:Jeremija Protić
699:
689:
679:
669:
659:
649:
639:
629:
619:
613:
586:were included.
580:Communist Party
564:Philip J. Cohen
517:Heinrich Müller
427:
412:Ordnungspolizei
358:plenipotentiary
354:Franz Neuhausen
319:Helmuth Förster
292:Reichsmarschall
261:occupied Greece
213:
207:
195:Jewish question
79:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3382:
3372:
3371:
3366:
3361:
3356:
3351:
3331:
3330:
3313:
3296:
3278:
3276:
3275:Online sources
3273:
3271:
3270:
3246:
3240:
3227:
3221:
3206:
3200:
3185:
3179:
3163:
3157:
3144:
3138:
3121:
3115:
3097:
3091:
3078:
3072:
3057:
3051:
3036:
3030:
3014:
2993:
2972:
2966:
2953:
2947:
2929:
2923:
2910:
2893:
2887:
2870:
2864:
2849:
2843:
2828:
2822:
2807:
2801:
2786:
2762:
2738:
2736:
2733:
2731:
2730:
2705:
2703:
2700:
2698:
2695:
2693:
2692:
2680:
2678:, p. 389.
2665:
2653:
2641:
2629:
2627:, p. 182.
2617:
2602:
2600:, p. 180.
2590:
2578:
2566:
2554:
2542:
2540:, p. 111)
2529:
2514:
2512:, p. 129.
2497:
2495:, p. 302.
2485:
2483:, p. 169.
2473:
2471:, p. 137.
2461:
2459:, p. 102.
2449:
2447:, p. 106.
2437:
2425:
2413:
2411:, p. 100.
2401:
2384:
2367:
2355:
2340:
2338:, p. 134.
2323:
2311:
2299:
2297:, p. 205.
2287:
2275:
2263:
2251:
2236:
2224:
2212:
2200:
2188:
2171:
2159:
2157:, p. 197.
2147:
2135:
2119:
2107:
2105:, p. 116.
2092:
2077:
2075:, p. 619.
2065:
2063:, p. 108.
2053:
2034:
2018:
2016:, p. 178.
1997:
1985:
1973:
1953:
1933:
1921:
1915:, p. 31;
1905:
1885:
1873:
1861:
1849:
1847:, p. 153.
1830:
1828:, p. 177.
1814:
1795:
1774:
1762:
1745:
1743:, p. 177.
1726:
1724:, p. 334.
1714:
1702:
1690:
1678:
1676:, p. 179.
1663:
1648:
1646:, p. 295.
1623:
1611:
1599:
1597:, p. 175.
1587:
1572:
1556:
1554:
1551:
1548:
1547:
1538:
1521:
1512:
1492:
1483:
1474:
1464:
1452:
1440:
1428:
1419:
1402:
1401:
1399:
1396:
1374:
1371:
1327:
1324:
1320:Miloš N. Đurić
1293:bishops, four
1223:
1220:
1217:
1216:
1213:
1211:
1206:
1204:
1200:
1199:
1196:
1194:
1191:
1189:
1185:
1184:
1181:Darko Petrović
1179:
1177:
1174:
1172:
1168:
1167:
1162:
1160:
1155:
1153:
1149:
1148:
1146:Dr. Mihajlović
1145:
1143:
1140:
1138:
1134:
1133:
1128:
1126:
1123:
1121:
1117:
1116:
1111:
1109:
1106:
1104:
1100:
1099:
1094:
1092:
1089:
1087:
1083:
1082:
1077:
1075:
1070:
1068:
1064:
1063:
1060:
1057:Tanasije Dinić
1056:
1054:
1052:Milan Aćimović
1051:
1049:
1043:
1042:
1039:
1036:
1022:
1019:
974:Greater Serbia
951:
948:
921:
918:
838:Landesschützen
803:
800:
773:Foreign Office
722:
719:
717:
714:
711:
710:
707:
705:
701:
700:
697:
695:
691:
690:
687:
685:
681:
680:
678:Lazo M. Kostić
677:
675:
671:
670:
667:
665:
661:
660:
657:
655:
651:
650:
647:
645:
641:
640:
637:
635:
631:
630:
627:
625:
621:
620:
618:Milan Aćimović
617:
615:
609:
608:
605:
548:Lazo M. Kostić
479:Prime Minister
471:Tanasije Dinić
455:Milan Aćimović
426:
423:
298:Hermann Göring
206:
203:
178:led by former
126:Milan Aćimović
81:
80:
78:
77:
75:Milan Aćimović
71:
69:
65:
64:
59:
55:
54:
49:
45:
44:
43:29 August 1941
41:
37:
36:
33:
29:
28:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3381:
3370:
3367:
3365:
3362:
3360:
3357:
3355:
3352:
3350:
3347:
3346:
3344:
3337:
3335:
3319:
3314:
3302:
3297:
3285:
3280:
3279:
3267:
3263:
3259:
3255:
3251:
3247:
3243:
3237:
3233:
3228:
3224:
3218:
3214:
3213:
3207:
3203:
3197:
3193:
3192:
3186:
3182:
3176:
3172:
3168:
3164:
3160:
3154:
3150:
3145:
3141:
3135:
3130:
3129:
3122:
3118:
3112:
3108:
3107:
3102:
3101:Shepherd, Ben
3098:
3094:
3088:
3084:
3079:
3075:
3069:
3065:
3064:
3058:
3054:
3048:
3044:
3043:
3037:
3033:
3027:
3023:
3019:
3015:
3011:
3007:
3003:
2999:
2994:
2990:
2986:
2982:
2978:
2973:
2969:
2963:
2959:
2954:
2950:
2944:
2940:
2939:
2934:
2930:
2926:
2920:
2916:
2911:
2907:
2903:
2899:
2894:
2890:
2884:
2879:
2878:
2871:
2867:
2861:
2857:
2856:
2850:
2846:
2840:
2836:
2835:
2829:
2825:
2819:
2815:
2814:
2808:
2804:
2798:
2794:
2793:
2787:
2783:
2779:
2775:
2771:
2767:
2763:
2759:
2755:
2751:
2747:
2746:
2740:
2739:
2727:
2723:
2719:
2715:
2711:
2707:
2706:
2689:
2684:
2677:
2675:
2669:
2662:
2657:
2650:
2645:
2638:
2633:
2626:
2621:
2615:, p. 33.
2614:
2609:
2607:
2599:
2594:
2587:
2582:
2575:
2570:
2564:, p. 21.
2563:
2558:
2552:, p. 16.
2551:
2546:
2539:
2533:
2527:, p. 57.
2526:
2521:
2519:
2511:
2506:
2504:
2502:
2494:
2489:
2482:
2477:
2470:
2465:
2458:
2457:Shepherd 2012
2453:
2446:
2445:Shepherd 2012
2441:
2435:, p. 29.
2434:
2429:
2423:, p. 11.
2422:
2417:
2410:
2409:Shepherd 2012
2405:
2398:
2393:
2391:
2389:
2382:, p. 48.
2381:
2376:
2374:
2372:
2365:, p. 23.
2364:
2359:
2353:, p. 21.
2352:
2347:
2345:
2337:
2332:
2330:
2328:
2321:, p. 53.
2320:
2315:
2308:
2303:
2296:
2291:
2285:, p. 66.
2284:
2279:
2272:
2267:
2261:, p. 81.
2260:
2259:Shepherd 2012
2255:
2249:, p. 96.
2248:
2243:
2241:
2233:
2228:
2222:, p. 17.
2221:
2216:
2209:
2204:
2198:, p. 75.
2197:
2192:
2186:, p. 20.
2185:
2180:
2178:
2176:
2168:
2163:
2156:
2151:
2145:, p. 21.
2144:
2139:
2133:, p. 46.
2132:
2128:
2123:
2116:
2111:
2104:
2099:
2097:
2090:, p. 47.
2089:
2084:
2082:
2074:
2069:
2062:
2057:
2051:, p. 46.
2050:
2045:
2043:
2041:
2039:
2032:, p. 51.
2031:
2027:
2022:
2015:
2010:
2008:
2006:
2004:
2002:
1994:
1989:
1982:
1977:
1971:, p. 64.
1970:
1966:
1962:
1957:
1951:, p. 46.
1950:
1946:
1942:
1937:
1930:
1929:Vucinich 1969
1925:
1918:
1914:
1909:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1889:
1883:, p. 31.
1882:
1877:
1871:, p. 64.
1870:
1865:
1859:, p. 64.
1858:
1853:
1846:
1841:
1839:
1837:
1835:
1827:
1823:
1818:
1812:, p. 51.
1811:
1806:
1804:
1802:
1800:
1793:, p. 45.
1792:
1787:
1785:
1783:
1781:
1779:
1772:, p. 30.
1771:
1766:
1759:
1754:
1752:
1750:
1742:
1737:
1735:
1733:
1731:
1723:
1722:Browning 2014
1718:
1712:, p. 78.
1711:
1706:
1700:, p. 38.
1699:
1694:
1688:, p. 76.
1687:
1682:
1675:
1670:
1668:
1660:
1655:
1653:
1645:
1640:
1638:
1636:
1634:
1632:
1630:
1628:
1621:, p. 95.
1620:
1615:
1608:
1603:
1596:
1591:
1585:, p. 94.
1584:
1579:
1577:
1569:
1564:
1562:
1557:
1542:
1535:
1531:
1525:
1516:
1509:
1505:
1501:
1496:
1487:
1478:
1468:
1462:
1456:
1450:
1444:
1438:
1432:
1423:
1416:
1413:
1407:
1403:
1395:
1393:
1388:
1385:
1381:
1370:
1368:
1363:
1358:
1355:
1352:
1350:
1349:
1341:
1338:
1336:
1323:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1308:
1304:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1287:
1282:
1281:
1275:
1273:
1271:
1270:Einsatzgruppe
1265:
1263:
1262:Jagdkommandos
1256:
1251:
1249:
1248:Einsatzgruppe
1243:
1241:
1240:Eastern Front
1237:
1234:
1232:
1212:
1209:
1205:
1202:
1201:
1195:
1190:
1187:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1175:Stevan Ivanić
1173:
1171:Social Policy
1170:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1158:
1154:
1151:
1150:
1144:
1139:
1136:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1122:
1119:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1105:
1102:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1088:
1085:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1073:
1072:Velibor Jonić
1069:
1066:
1065:
1055:
1050:
1045:
1044:
1038:Commissioner
1033:
1027:
1018:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1003:
999:
995:
994:Eastern Front
991:
987:
986:Joseph Stalin
983:
979:
975:
967:
962:
957:
947:
945:
941:
937:
935:
934:
933:Volksdeutsche
927:
917:
915:
911:
908:in the west,
907:
903:
900:
898:
897:
890:
886:
885:LXV Corps zbV
881:
879:
877:
876:
869:
867:
866:
859:
856:battalion, a
855:
851:
847:
845:
839:
835:
832:
830:
829:
822:
818:
815:
813:
812:
799:
797:
793:
789:
785:
780:
778:
777:Felix Benzler
774:
770:
764:
761:
759:
753:
751:
745:
739:
735:
727:
721:Initial tasks
706:
703:
702:
696:
693:
692:
688:Stevan Ivanić
686:
684:Social Policy
683:
682:
676:
673:
672:
666:
663:
662:
656:
653:
652:
646:
643:
642:
636:
633:
632:
626:
623:
622:
616:
611:
610:
607:Commissioner
602:
596:
593:
587:
585:
581:
577:
573:
569:
565:
561:
560:Jevrem Protić
557:
553:
552:Stevan Ivanić
549:
545:
541:
537:
533:
529:
524:
520:
518:
514:
510:
506:
502:
498:
492:
490:
487:
483:
480:
476:
472:
468:
467:Steven Klujić
464:
461:, along with
460:
456:
452:
448:
444:
440:
431:
425:Establishment
422:
418:
416:
414:
413:
406:
404:
403:
396:
394:
393:
386:
384:
383:
376:
372:
371:Wilhelm Fuchs
369:
367:
366:
359:
355:
352:
350:
349:
342:
338:
337:Harald Turner
334:
332:
331:
330:Brigadeführer
324:
320:
317:
315:
314:
305:
303:
299:
296:
294:
293:
285:
281:
277:
273:
268:
266:
262:
258:
254:
250:
246:
242:
238:
237:Serbia proper
234:
230:
226:
217:
212:
202:
200:
199:the Holocaust
196:
192:
188:
187:
181:
177:
172:
171:mass uprising
167:
165:
164:Romani people
161:
157:
156:Harald Turner
153:
151:
150:
149:Brigadeführer
143:
139:
135:
131:
127:
123:
119:
116:-partitioned
115:
111:
107:
104:
100:
92:
88:
76:
73:
72:
70:
66:
63:
60:
56:
53:
50:
46:
42:
38:
34:
30:
25:
19:
3336:
3333:
3322:. Retrieved
3305:. Retrieved
3288:. Retrieved
3257:
3231:
3211:
3190:
3170:
3148:
3127:
3105:
3082:
3062:
3041:
3021:
3001:
2997:
2980:
2976:
2957:
2937:
2914:
2897:
2876:
2854:
2833:
2812:
2791:
2773:
2769:
2749:
2744:
2717:
2713:
2683:
2673:
2668:
2656:
2644:
2632:
2620:
2593:
2581:
2569:
2557:
2545:
2532:
2488:
2476:
2464:
2452:
2440:
2428:
2421:Milazzo 1975
2416:
2404:
2358:
2314:
2302:
2290:
2278:
2266:
2254:
2227:
2215:
2203:
2191:
2162:
2150:
2138:
2122:
2110:
2068:
2056:
2021:
1988:
1976:
1956:
1936:
1924:
1908:
1888:
1876:
1864:
1852:
1817:
1765:
1717:
1705:
1698:Umbreit 2003
1693:
1681:
1614:
1602:
1590:
1583:Umbreit 2000
1541:
1529:
1524:
1515:
1507:
1495:
1486:
1477:
1467:
1455:
1443:
1431:
1422:
1406:
1389:
1376:
1359:
1344:
1332:
1329:
1284:
1278:
1276:
1267:
1259:
1247:
1244:
1228:
1225:
1188:Construction
1164:Nikola Đurić
1107:Dušan Pantić
1090:Dušan Letica
1024:
982:Soviet Union
980:against the
971:
929:
923:
892:
882:
871:
861:
841:
834:Wilhelm List
824:
807:
805:
781:
765:
755:
747:
740:
736:
732:
694:Construction
648:Dušan Pantić
638:Dušan Letica
588:
536:Dušan Pantić
532:Dušan Letica
525:
521:
493:
436:
419:
408:
398:
388:
378:
361:
344:
326:
309:
306:
288:
284:Adolf Hitler
269:
222:
168:
145:
138:anti-semitic
133:
129:
122:World War II
98:
86:
84:
58:Headquarters
48:Jurisdiction
18:
2766:"Balcanica"
2661:Prusin 2017
2493:Byford 2013
2380:Prusin 2017
2307:Lemkin 2008
2167:Prusin 2017
2131:Prusin 2017
2115:Byford 2011
2103:Byford 2011
2088:Prusin 2017
2049:Prusin 2017
1993:Lemkin 2008
1981:Lemkin 2008
1949:Prusin 2017
1917:Prusin 2017
1901:Byford 2011
1791:Prusin 2017
1607:Lemkin 2008
1534:Krakov 1963
1354:Milan Nedić
1326:Replacement
1295:archpriests
1203:Agriculture
1061:Đorđe Perić
1015:Aranđelovac
744:gendarmerie
704:Agriculture
628:Risto Jojić
568:antisemitic
528:Risto Jojić
497:Freemasonry
463:Đorđe Perić
247:), and the
229:Axis powers
191:Milan Nedić
112:within the
3343:Categories
2697:References
2688:Lazić 2011
2637:Cohen 1996
2613:Cohen 1996
2510:Ramet 2006
2481:Cohen 1996
2469:Cohen 1996
2319:Cohen 1996
1961:Cohen 1996
1941:Cohen 1996
1913:Cohen 1996
1881:Cohen 1996
1845:Cohen 1996
1770:Cohen 1996
1644:Stein 1984
1530:Novo vreme
1316:Ivo Andrić
1286:Novo vreme
1130:Đura Kotur
1007:Bela Crkva
954:See also:
940:Sepp Janko
902:Paul Bader
445:movement,
209:See also:
205:Background
3266:652337606
3010:440780197
2989:609332278
2906:884667320
2782:0350-7653
2674:Balcanica
2433:Hehn 1979
2363:Hehn 1979
2351:Hehn 1979
2220:Hehn 1979
1553:Footnotes
1532:in 1963 (
1412:U.S. Army
1384:Holocaust
1152:Transport
1067:Education
1035:Ministry
1021:Reshuffle
968:on 7 July
920:The Banat
889:divisions
821:12th Army
716:Operation
674:Transport
624:Education
604:Ministry
505:communist
484:, former
323:Luftwaffe
142:communist
140:and anti-
40:Dissolved
3252:(1969).
3169:(1975).
3103:(2012).
3020:(2008).
2935:(2008).
2758:13034889
2712:(1963).
1373:Analysis
1002:Partisan
988:and the
950:Uprising
850:engineer
758:Dunavski
614:Interior
592:interwar
509:Interpol
257:Salonika
253:Belgrade
243:(around
62:Belgrade
3324:20 June
2726:7336721
1461:colonel
1449:general
1367:Chetnik
1120:Justice
1086:Finance
1041:Deputy
944:Pančevo
938:led by
906:Valjevo
854:pioneer
771:of the
750:Drinski
634:Finance
120:during
91:Serbian
3307:31 May
3290:31 May
3264:
3238:
3219:
3198:
3177:
3155:
3136:
3113:
3089:
3070:
3049:
3028:
3008:
2987:
2964:
2945:
2921:
2904:
2885:
2862:
2841:
2820:
2799:
2780:
2756:
2724:
1255:Ustaše
1250:Serbia
910:Topola
794:, and
276:German
239:, the
32:Formed
3000:[
2979:[
2748:[
2716:[
1506:term
1398:Notes
926:Banat
848:, an
255:with
249:Banat
3326:2020
3309:2015
3292:2015
3262:OCLC
3236:ISBN
3217:ISBN
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