Clyde Summers - Knowledge

31: 385:, 412 U.S. 1 (1973), in which the Supreme Court interpreted the Landrum–Griffin Act to permit the awarding of attorney's fees to successful plaintiffs. His arguments "and the legitimacy his presence in the case lent to those arguments no doubt influenced the outcome of this case..." He participated in two landmark Landrum–Griffin decisions of the US Supreme Court, 368:, which itself was incorporated into the Landrum–Griffin Act. The New York legislation Summers helped write became the basis for Title V of the Act. His testimony before the Senate "played a pivotal role in the Senate's narrow vote, during the next session of Congress, to add a Union Members' Bill of Rights to the bill..." 379:, whom he had worked closely with in supporting early cases filed under the LMRDA. He was also a member of the AUD Legal Review Committee, which helped decide which lawsuits the organization would participate in. Summers deeply influenced Supreme Court decisions several times. He submitted the AUD's brief in 321:

that discussed how labor unions were violating their members' rights and the lack of democratic procedures and due process in union constitutions and processes. His 1947 article, "The Right to Join a Union", proved to be a critical piece in the development of his legal thinking, because it advocated

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believed a similar commission should be created to address problems in his state. Subsequently, Harriman established the Governor's Committee on Improper Labor and Management Practices and appointed Summers chair. Summers and the committee drafted legislation which eventually became the New York

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Summers' theory of union democracy was that transparency and democracy make it very unlikely that organized crime will gain a foothold in a union, or that union leaders will act against their members' best interests. His 1960

401:, 421 U.S. 560 (1975) (which upheld the authority of federal courts to review the Department of Labor's decision to proceed or not proceed with prosecutions under Landrum–Griffin). Indeed, he wrote most of the legal brief in 433:, "is one of the few casebooks to provide a thorough discussion of union democracy." His most influential later work was the article "Democracy in a One-Party State: Perspectives from Landrum–Griffin," published in 1984. 326: 233:

admitted he was of high moral character and exhibited excellent knowledge of the law, but denied him admission in 1942 due to his conscientious objector status. In a highly controversial but important decision, the

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to put together a panel of experts to draft labor law reform legislation that would address the issues raised by the Select Committee. The draft legislation which Summers helped write was the foundation of the

266:, and protested discrimination against African Americans at local restaurants. While teaching at Toledo, he met and married Evelyn Wahlgren, a music teacher. They had two sons and two daughters. 957:. 43:93 (1984); the assessment of the importance of this article is from Goldberg, "Present at the Creation: Clyde Summers and the Field of Union Democracy Law," 1136: 1131: 345: 410: 157:

professor Michael J. Goldberg in the summer of 2010. "Summers, like Brandeis, provided the theoretical foundation for an important new field of law."

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that union members do not merely gain the right to work on a job but gain the right to actively participate in the union's decision-making processes.

149:, authoring more than 150 publications on the issue of union democracy alone. He was considered the nation's leading expert on union democracy. "What 381: 186: 417:

Local 506, a favorable decision which eventually led to the establishment of federal trusteeship over the entire international union in 1989.

409:(UMWA), he later was asked to draft new constitutions for many UMWA locals as well as the international union. He also testified in a federal 142: 36: 348:. His 1952 ACLU report helped frame the legislative proposals the Senate Select Committee considered as its work came to an end. In 1957, 1116: 341:

Labor and Management Improper Practices Act of 1958. That same year, Summers drafted a "bill of rights for union members" for the ACLU.

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History of the Supreme Court of the United States: The Birth of the Modern Constitution: The United States Supreme Court, 1941–1953.

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from 1942 to 1945. In the summer of 1945, although a law professor and no longer a student, he participated in the Chicago

137:(November 21, 1918 – October 30, 2010) was an American lawyer and educator who advocated for more democratic procedures in 1096: 235: 391:, 404 U.S. 528 (1972) (which upheld the right of union members to intervene in enforcement proceedings brought by the 1091: 392: 1146: 1081: 281:. He taught law at the University of Buffalo from 1949 to 1956. While at Buffalo, Summers was also employed by the 154: 1086: 387: 372: 294: 245: 230: 1111: 1106: 764:

47:33 (1947); Goldberg, "Present at the Creation: Clyde Summers and the Field of Union Democracy Law,"

483:'Worker Participation in the U.S. and West Germany: A Comparative Study from an American Perspective’, 185:, in 1929. His mother died that same year. Summers attended high school in Winchester, and entered the 101: 1030:

Smith, Russell A. "Panel Discussion: The National Labor Relations Act and Collective Bargaining." In

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Goldberg, Michael J. "Present at the Creation: Clyde Summers and the Field of Union Democracy Law."

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of 1959 (also known as the Landrum–Griffin Act or LMRDA) and was highly influential in the field of

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in 1975, where he was Jefferson B. Fordham Professor of Law. He retired in 2005 at the age of 87.

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at the beginning of World War II. But Summers, opposed to the use of force, declared himself a

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from 1956 to 1975, but left after he felt marginalized by the faculty there. He joined the

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Smith, "Panel Discussion: The National Labor Relations Act and Collective Bargaining," in

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For nearly four decades starting in 1969, Summers served on the board of directors of the

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was to the field of privacy law, Clyde Summers is to the field of union democracy," wrote

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