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353:(WNV) are influenced by changes in weather conditions such as temperature, precipitation, and humidity, which create ideal breeding grounds for mosquitoes. Shifting hydrologic conditions can alter the incidence of vector-borne disease as an increase also affects the number of WNV cases seen. Increased precipitation and land wetness can affect the transmission of mosquito-borne diseases similar to WNV. Shifting hydrologic conditions can alter the incidence of vector-borne disease as increased precipitation and land wetness can affect the transmission of mosquito-borne diseases As researchers have come to realize, biological systems are sensitive to small changes in seasonal temperatures, including the spread of infectious disease. Although changes in climate and weather patterns have the ability to contribute to more frequent outbreaks of WNV, local environmental conditions also play a role.
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reduce exposure to mosquitoes. The Culex mosquito, the primary vector of WNV, lays its eggs in standing water and is most active during later, warmer summer conditions. Humans create areas that may collect several still pools of water that are attracting and creating more mosquitoes in our own backyard. These pools can be prevented by draining any standing water that may be located in gutters, bird-baths, depressions in lawns, and any other place that collects water over time. Additionally, people who are outdoors and come into contact with mosquitoes in these areas often are most susceptible to WNV. Prevention methods include wearing mosquito spray and several layers of clothing to prevent mosquito bites from potential disease vectors. Simple acts such as these can reduce the amount of mosquitoes we interact with and, in-turn, reduce the odds of contracting West Nile.
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427:, which serves as the main source of the city's water supply. Two months following this devastating wildfire, heavy thunderstorms caused flash floods in the burned area, having the effect of washing sediment into the city's reservoir. In fact, this event washed more sediment into the reservoir than had accumulated in the 13 years prior. Water treatment costs were estimated to be $ 20 million over the next decade following the event. Denver needed a plan to make sure that the city would not be devastated by future wildfire and flash flood events. DenverWater and the U.S. Forest Service Rocky Mountain Region are working together to restore more than 40,000 acres of
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173:"Throughout the West, much of the water needed for agriculture, public supplies, and other uses comes from mountain snowpack, which melts in spring and summer and runs off into rivers and fills reservoirs. Over the past 50 years, snow has been melting earlier in the year, and more late-winter precipitation has been falling as rain instead of snow. Thus, water drains from the mountains earlier in the year. In many cases, dams capture the meltwater and retain it for use later in the year. But upstream of these dams, less water is available during droughts for ecosystems, fish, water-based recreation, and landowners who draw water directly from a flowing river".
176:"Rising temperatures also increase the rate at which water evaporates (or transpires) into the air from soils and plants. Unless rainfall increases to the same extent as evaporation, soils become drier. As a result, the soil retains more water when it rains, and thus less water runs off into rivers, streams, and reservoirs. During the last few decades, soils have become drier in most of the state, especially during summer. In the decades to come, rainfall during summer is more likely to decrease than increase in Colorado, and periods without rain are likely to become longer. All of these factors would tend to make droughts more severe in the future".
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318:. With higher winter temperatures, some pests can persist year-round, and new pests and diseases may become established. Drought also reduces the ability of trees to mount a defense against attacks from beetles and other pests. A mountain pine beetle outbreak in 2006 covered nearly half of Colorado's forests and killed nearly five million lodgepole pines".
150:"Changes in temperature and precipitation are affecting snowpack—the amount of snow that accumulates on the ground. In most of the West, snowpack has decreased since the 1950s, due to earlier melting and less precipitation falling as snow. The amount of snowpack measured in April has declined by 20 to 60 percent at most monitoring sites in Colorado".
153:"Diminishing snowpack can shorten the season for skiing and other forms of winter tourism and recreation. It also enables subalpine fir and other high-altitude trees to grow at higher elevations. The upward movement of the tree line will shrink the extent of alpine tundra and fragment these ecosystems, possibly causing the loss of some species".
257:, which is an important source of food for livestock. Increased concentrations of carbon dioxide, however, may increase yields of wheat enough to offset the impact of higher temperatures. Warmer and shorter winters may allow for a longer growing season, which could allow two crops per year instead of one in some instances".
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WNV is an infectious disease that is spread primarily by mosquitoes. WNV is concerning as it has the capability to cause inflammation in the brain and body tissues. Most individuals do not suffer from extreme symptoms, but mild symptoms include skin rashes, body aches, fevers, and headaches making it
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is melting earlier in spring, and less water flows through the
Colorado River. Rising temperatures and recent droughts in the region have killed many trees by drying out soils, increasing the risk of forest fires, or enabling outbreaks of forest insects. In the coming decades, the changing climate is
1166:. In Reidmiller, D.R.; C.W. Avery; D.R. Easterling; K.E. Kunkel; K.L.M. Lewis; T.K. Maycock; B.C. Stewart (eds.). Impacts, Risks, and Adaptation in the United States: Fourth National Climate Assessment, Volume II (Report). Washington, DC, USA: U.S. Global Change Research Program. pp. 1101–1184.
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Cases of WNV have been reported in
Colorado every year since 2002. The 5-year historical average of WNV cases in Colorado indicates that most cases appear in late summer months, primarily August and September. Currently, there is no vaccine for WNV, and hospitalization is often required for patients
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will impact livestock and field crops in the eastern part of the state, which rely primarily on ground water pumped from the aquifer. "About 20 percent of crop land in eastern
Colorado is irrigated. Higher evaporation rates will increase irrigation demands and reduce natural recharge of the aquifer,
332:
The West Nile Virus (WNV) is the leading cause of
Mosquito-borne disease in Colorado. Most mosquito pools carrying WNV have been found in the front range of Colorado, located at the base of the foothills. Living with mosquitoes during Colorado summers are a fact of life, however, there are ways to
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has installed sensors in the reservoirs in order to monitor the quality of the water and quantity of debris or sediment. These accomplishments will have the effect of building a more resilient Denver, Colorado towards the impending increase of extreme weather events such as wildfire and flooding.
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In particular, climate change has reduced the annual flow of
Colorado River in the 21st century by almost 20 percent compared to the 20th. The decline has been linked to a reduction in the mountain snowpack through evaporation. Such a change is significant because the river supports 40 million
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difficult to differentiate between a cold or allergic reaction when evaluating one's symptoms. Severe cases of WNV are neuroinvasive, causing symptoms such as encephalitis and meningitis. From 1999 to 2018, Colorado had the fourth-highest incidence of neuroinvasive WNV in the United States.
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burned 14,000 acres and destroyed over 500 homes. Wildfire smoke can reduce air quality and increase medical visits for chest pains, respiratory problems, and heart problems. The size and number of western forest fires have increased substantially since 1985".
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Davis, Larry E.; Debiasi, Roberta; Goade, Diane E.; Haaland, Kathleen Y.; Harrington, Jennifer A.; Harnar, Joann B.; Pergam, Steven A.; King, Molly K.; Demasters, B. K.; Tyler, Kenneth L. (2006). "West Nile virus neuroinvasive disease".
349:. Models to predict future mosquito distribution indicate longer breeding seasons, which in turn, result in an increase in the abundance of mosquitoes with likely climate scenarios. Vector-borne diseases such as the
1162:
Gonzalez, P.; G.M. Garfin; D.D. Breshears; K.M. Brooks; H.E. Brown; E.H. Elias; A. Gunasekara; N. Huntly; J.K. Maldonado; N.J. Mantua; H.G. Margolis; S. McAfee; B.R. Middleton; B.H. Udall (2018).
289:"Higher temperatures and drought are likely to increase the severity, frequency, and extent of wildfires in Colorado, which could harm property, livelihoods, and human health. In 2013, the
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reported that "ndividuals living in southeastern
Colorado are more vulnerable to potential health effects from climate change than residents in other parts of the state". The
388:
In
December 2019, the Colorado Air Quality Control Commission strengthened inspection requirements for oil and gas production facilities and for pipelines in order to reduce
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further lowering the water table. Reduced water availability will force some farms to switch from irrigation to dry land farming, which typically cuts yields in half.
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314:"Warmer, drier conditions also make forests more susceptible to pests. Temperature controls the life cycle and winter mortality rates of pests such as the
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has made recent strides to combat the threat of extreme wildfires and precipitation events. In the year 1996, a fire burned nearly 12,000 acres around
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experiencing symptoms. People often outdoors where mosquitoes are present should take precaution by wearing protective clothing and mosquito spray.
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Köppen climate types in
Colorado showing half the state to be cold semi-arid, and the remainder to be a mix of other types with many microclimates.
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Colorado's agricultural sector "accounts for 9% of
Colorado’s greenhouse gas emissions, or approximately 11.4 million metric tons of CO
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117:"Colorado's climate is changing. Most of the state has warmed one or two degrees (F) in the last century. Throughout the
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471:"People living in this part of Colorado are most at risk of climate change's adverse health effects, study says"
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Shorter winters are likely to reduce yields of winter wheat. Colorado is currently the fourth largest grower of
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730:"Agriculture is part of the climate change problem. Colorado wants farmers' soil to be part of the solution"
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likely to decrease water availability and agricultural yields in
Colorado, and further increase the risk of
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Changes in Colorado's climate are likely to have both positive and negative effects on farms and ranches.
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lands through processes like reforestation, erosion control, and the decommissioning of roads. Further,
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Average Annual Incidence of West Nile Virus Neuroinvasive Disease reported to CDC by State, 1999-2018
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Bolling, Bethany G.; Barker, Christopher M.; Moore, Chester G.; Pape, W. John; Eisen, Lars (2009).
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701:"Climate change has stolen more than a billion tons of water from the West's most vital river"
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1122:"Colorado regulators OK rules aimed at cutting pollution, greenhouse gases from well sites"
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Final Cumulative Maps and Data | West Nile Virus | CDC. (2019, October 9). Retrieved from
8:
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Even where ample water is available, higher temperatures would reduce yields of corn.
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West Nile virus and your health. (2018, January 10). Retrieved October 13, 2019, from
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people's water consumption throughout the West and $ 1 trillion in economic activity.
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and West Nile Virus in Relation to Human Disease Cases in Northeastern Colorado"
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is increasing. A collaboration between Boulder County Parks and Open Space and
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676:"Researchers tie declining snowpack in Colorado's mountains to climate change"
541:"As Climate Warms, Colorado's Record-Setting Hot Days Outnumber Cold Ones 3:1"
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http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/impacts-adaptation/southwest-adaptation.html
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834:"Climate change impacts on West Nile virus transmission in a global context"
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1069:"Seasonal Patterns for Entomological Measures of Risk for Exposure toCulex
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West Nile Virus Data. (2019, August 1). Retrieved October 13, 2019, from
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650:"New Study Projects Severe Water Shortages in the Colorado River Basin"
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https://www.colorado.gov/pacific/cdphe/west-nile-virus-and-your-health
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838:
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
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Journal of Urban Health: Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine
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covers Arizona, California, Colorado, New Mexico, Nevada, and Utah
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EPA. “Climate Impacts and Adaptation Examples in the Southwest.”
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International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
883:"Hydrologic Conditions Describe West Nile Virus Risk in Colorado"
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in the state has the potential to remove 23.15 billion tons of CO
516:"On the Water-Starved Colorado River, Drought Is the New Normal"
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756:. Colorado Department of Public Health & Environment. 2019.
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List of U.S. states and territories by carbon dioxide emissions
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EPA map of changing snowpack levels in Colorado and New Mexico.
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https://www.cdc.gov/westnile/statsmaps/cumMapsData.html#seven
785:. Advances in Parasitology. Vol. 100. pp. 39–126.
1055:
https://www.colorado.gov/pacific/cdphe/west-nile-virus-data
881:
Shaman, Jeffrey; Day, Jonathan F.; Komar, Nicholas (2010).
565:"Over a quarter of Colorado is now officially in a drought"
233:. State level support for soil health is under discussion.
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Increasingly severe heat waves would harm livestock.
783:Climate Change and the Neglected Tropical Diseases
93:, attributed to man-made increases in atmospheric
345:as changing environmental conditions promote the
2700:
373:Climate mitigation efforts and greenhouse gases
880:
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1199:
612:United States Environmental Protection Agency
225:is working to develop techniques to improve
112:United States Environmental Protection Agency
45:. Consider transferring direct quotations to
2709:Climate change in the United States by state
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16:Climate change in the US state of Colorado
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605:"What Climate Change Means for Colorado"
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337:Human health impacts of climate change
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699:Eilperin, Juliet (20 February 2020).
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451:Plug-in electric vehicles in Colorado
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36:too many or overly lengthy quotations
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217:from the atmosphere by 2050. Use of
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1215:Climate change in the United States
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400:
211:regenerative agricultural practices
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2660:South Central Colorado Urban Area
2640:North Central Colorado Urban Area
937:"West Nile virus and the climate"
770:. City of Boulder Colorado. 2019.
673:
269:Home burned and destroyed by the
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341:Climate change is expected to
306:Warmer temperatures mean more
281:Banner thanking firefighters,
183:
1:
1120:Kohler, Judith (2019-12-19).
1077:Journal of Medical Entomology
492:"The Colorado River Runs Dry"
456:
395:
381:Fitting insulation to pipes,
347:spread of infectious diseases
165:Drought-affected fields near
260:
7:
1178:National Climate Assessment
791:10.1016/bs.apar.2018.02.001
439:
137:
114:has more broadly reported:
89:encompasses the effects of
10:
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2630:Front Range Urban Corridor
125:are becoming more common,
87:Climate change in Colorado
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728:Clark, Moe (2019-12-04).
310:who are a vector for WNV.
223:Colorado State University
2665:Southern Rocky Mountains
2620:Denver Metropolitan Area
1516:Northern Mariana Islands
768:"Living with Mosquitoes"
390:greenhouse gas emissions
297:
200:Huerfano River Wind Farm
146:Grizzly Creek Fire, 2020
43:summarize the quotations
2714:Environment of Colorado
953:10.1093/jurban/78.2.367
935:Epstein, P. R. (2001).
97:, in the U.S. state of
2655:South-Central Colorado
2615:Colorado Western Slope
1172:10.7930/NCA4.2018.CH25
850:10.1098/rstb.2013.0561
754:"West Nile virus data"
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329:
325:Fitting solar panels,
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2645:Northwestern Colorado
2600:Colorado Mineral Belt
1176:—this chapter of the
900:10.3390/ijerph7020494
832:Paz, Shlomit (2015).
545:Colorado Public Radio
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119:western United States
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1939:Cherry Hills Village
1089:10.1603/033.046.0641
781:Booth, Mark (2018).
496:Smithsonian Magazine
316:mountain pine beetle
231:carbon sequestration
2689:Colorado portal
2625:Four Corners Region
1760:Tourist attractions
1665:Indian reservations
1526:U.S. Virgin Islands
987:Annals of Neurology
680:www.summitdaily.com
343:affect human health
241:High Plains Aquifer
2670:Southwest Colorado
654:InsideClimate News
490:Zielinski, Sarah.
417:
410:Tesla Supercharger
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157:Water availability
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2189:Steamboat Springs
2064:Greenwood Village
1745:Statistical areas
1715:Prehistoric sites
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999:10.1002/ana.20959
479:. April 23, 2019.
291:Black Forest Fire
283:West Fork Complex
239:Depletion of the
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2610:Colorado Plateau
2590:Central Colorado
2044:Glenwood Springs
1944:Colorado Springs
1700:National Forests
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1490:Washington, D.C.
1484:Federal district
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1083:(6): 1519–1531.
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401:Denver, Colorado
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2650:San Luis Valley
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2139:Manitou Springs
2004:Federal Heights
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1725:Protected areas
1650:Historic places
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1156:Further reading
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1126:The Denver Post
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351:West Nile Virus
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204:Huerfano County
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107:The Denver Post
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49:or excerpts to
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2054:Grand Junction
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1506:American Samoa
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1424:South Carolina
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1389:North Carolina
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993:(3): 286–300.
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893:(2): 494–508.
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614:. August 2016.
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2229:Woodland Park
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800:9780128151693
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539:Hood, Grace.
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425:Buffalo Creek
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383:Pueblo County
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271:Marshall Fire
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209:Implementing
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32:This article
30:
21:
20:
2680:
2014:Fort Collins
1934:Central City
1924:Castle Pines
1831:Homelessness
1811:Demographics
1780:Wildernesses
1710:Paleontology
1614:
1600:Bibliography
1580:
1521:Puerto Rico
1429:South Dakota
1419:Rhode Island
1414:Pennsylvania
1394:North Dakota
1253:
1140:
1129:. Retrieved
1125:
1115:
1080:
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1070:
1062:
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990:
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837:
827:
782:
776:
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748:
737:. Retrieved
733:
708:. Retrieved
704:
694:
683:. Retrieved
679:
669:
658:. Retrieved
656:. 2020-02-20
653:
644:
634:, retrieved
632:, 2020-02-10
629:
620:
573:. Retrieved
571:. 2019-10-05
568:
559:
548:. Retrieved
544:
534:
523:. Retrieved
519:
510:
499:. Retrieved
495:
485:
474:
465:
419:The city of
418:
387:
367:
363:
340:
331:
313:
288:
255:winter wheat
252:
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238:
235:
208:
187:
178:
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172:
152:
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116:
105:
103:
86:
85:
56:
41:Please help
33:
2635:High Plains
2307:Clear Creek
2224:Wheat Ridge
2219:Westminster
2144:Monte Vista
2024:Fort Morgan
2019:Fort Lupton
1836:LGBT rights
1498:Territories
1344:Mississippi
1259:Connecticut
1164:"Southwest"
710:24 February
227:soil health
219:cover crops
184:Agriculture
2703:Categories
2562:Washington
2542:San Miguel
2522:Rio Grande
2517:Rio Blanco
2437:Las Animas
2417:Kit Carson
2292:Broomfield
2214:Walsenburg
2174:Rocky Ford
2154:Northglenn
2129:Louisville
2104:Las Animas
1929:Centennial
1919:Cañon City
1914:Burlington
1904:Broomfield
1889:Black Hawk
1720:Prehistory
1645:Government
1625:Coloradans
1459:Washington
1379:New Mexico
1374:New Jersey
1249:California
1131:2019-12-21
739:2019-12-27
685:2020-04-22
660:2020-04-22
636:2020-04-22
626:"Snowpack"
575:2020-04-22
550:2020-04-22
525:2020-04-22
501:2020-04-22
457:References
396:Adaptation
308:mosquitoes
285:fire, 2013
123:heat waves
51:Wikisource
2467:Montezuma
2407:Jefferson
2272:Archuleta
2119:Lone Tree
2114:Littleton
2109:Leadville
2089:Lafayette
1994:Englewood
1989:Edgewater
1821:Education
1730:Railroads
1685:Mountains
1640:Geography
1630:Elections
1585:(capital)
1469:Wisconsin
1434:Tennessee
1339:Minnesota
1314:Louisiana
630:Knowledge
520:Yale E360
261:Wildfires
167:Strasburg
132:wildfires
59:June 2020
47:Wikiquote
34:contains
2547:Sedgwick
2537:San Juan
2532:Saguache
2497:Phillips
2472:Montrose
2422:La Plata
2397:Huerfano
2392:Hinsdale
2387:Gunnison
2372:Garfield
2317:Costilla
2302:Cheyenne
2267:Arapahoe
2249:Counties
2204:Trinidad
2199:Thornton
2194:Sterling
2184:Sheridan
2149:Montrose
2134:Loveland
2124:Longmont
2094:Lakewood
2084:La Junta
2069:Gunnison
2039:Glendale
2029:Fountain
2009:Florence
1899:Brighton
1846:Religion
1841:Politics
1826:Gun laws
1796:Abortion
1755:Timeline
1680:Military
1620:Colleges
1572:Colorado
1454:Virginia
1404:Oklahoma
1384:New York
1359:Nebraska
1349:Missouri
1334:Michigan
1324:Maryland
1309:Kentucky
1289:Illinois
1264:Delaware
1254:Colorado
1244:Arkansas
1107:19960707
1015:30778922
1007:16983682
971:11419587
919:20616987
868:25688020
844:(1665).
819:29753342
440:See also
414:Trinidad
138:Snowpack
104:In 2019
99:Colorado
2582:Regions
2507:Prowers
2457:Mineral
2442:Lincoln
2432:Larimer
2402:Jackson
2367:Fremont
2357:El Paso
2347:Douglas
2342:Dolores
2322:Crowley
2312:Conejos
2297:Chaffee
2287:Boulder
2262:Alamosa
2074:Holyoke
2059:Greeley
1984:Durango
1894:Boulder
1869:Alamosa
1816:Economy
1806:Culture
1789:Society
1750:Symbols
1740:Slavery
1695:Museums
1655:History
1610:Outline
1474:Wyoming
1449:Vermont
1354:Montana
1294:Indiana
1274:Georgia
1269:Florida
1239:Arizona
1229:Alabama
1098:2802831
1071:Vectors
962:3456354
910:2872291
859:4342965
810:7103135
327:Norwood
2557:Teller
2552:Summit
2512:Pueblo
2502:Pitkin
2477:Morgan
2462:Moffat
2377:Gilpin
2362:Elbert
2337:Denver
2327:Custer
2209:Victor
2179:Salida
2164:Pueblo
2049:Golden
2034:Fruita
1979:Denver
1969:Dacono
1954:Cortez
1884:Aurora
1874:Arvada
1861:Cities
1851:Sports
1770:Trails
1735:Rivers
1660:Images
1592:Topics
1582:Denver
1409:Oregon
1364:Nevada
1304:Kansas
1279:Hawaii
1234:Alaska
1222:States
1105:
1095:
1013:
1005:
969:
959:
917:
907:
866:
856:
817:
807:
797:
433:Denver
421:Denver
169:, 2012
2527:Routt
2487:Ouray
2482:Otero
2447:Logan
2412:Kiowa
2382:Grand
2352:Eagle
2332:Delta
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