35:
996:
176:
27:
622:
93:) is also sown in the autumn (November–December) and harvested in late spring (April–May) the next year. This spring wheat planted in the autumn and grown over the winter is sometimes also incorrectly called "winter wheat", and is also known as a
63:
versus winter wheat is common and traditionally refers to the season during which the crop is grown. For winter wheat, the physiological stage of heading (when the ear first emerges) is delayed until the plant experiences
75:) and harvested in the summer or early autumn of the next year. In the Southern Hemisphere a winter-wheat crop fully 'completes' in a year's time before harvest. Winter wheat usually yields more than spring wheat.
330:, where temperatures are increasing throughout the year and precipitation is predicted to increase, winter wheat yields could increase by 20-40% in the north and northwestern regions between 2010 and 2050.
82:
time (15–30 days) and temperatures of 3 to 15 °C (37 to 59 °F). In many areas facultative varieties can be grown either as winter or as a spring, depending on time of sowing.
154:. Optimal growing conditions for winter wheat include high-drainage soil with medium texture. Mid-quality soil nutrient content is best for winter wheat, with an appropriate supply of
509:
452:
Qian, Budong; Zhang, Xuebin; Smith, Ward; Grant, Brian; Jing, Qi; Cannon, Alex J; Neilsen, Denise; McConkey, Brian; Li, Guilong; Bonsal, Barrie; Wan, Hui (2019-07-01).
386:
85:
In countries that experience mild winters, such as in South Asia (India, Pakistan, Nepal, Bangladesh), North Africa, the Middle East and the lower latitudes (e.g.
1023:
394:
59:
to germinate and develop into young plants that remain in the vegetative phase during the winter and resume growth in early spring. Classification into
454:"Climate change impacts on Canadian yields of spring wheat, canola and maize for global warming levels of 1.5 °C, 2.0 °C, 2.5 °C and 3.0 °C"
280:
played a major part in the spread of winter wheat as a commercial crop. Warkentin organized mills in central Kansas and imported seed from
313:
510:
https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/893671643276478711/pdf/Ukraine-Building-Climate-Resilience-in-Agriculture-and-Forestry.pdf
701:
285:
424:
686:
215:
369:
539:
158:
being critical for the wheat to be able to establish itself in time before winter dormancy. In addition, a firm
436:
197:
910:
193:
691:
426:
411:
973:
920:
900:
259:
Crop is harvested earlier in the season, which is beneficial in regions with rainy autumn weather.
293:
253:
Helps build soil (through heavy production of organic material) and cycle nutrients through soil.
186:
641:
115:
used in a wide variety of baked products. Pure soft wheat is used for specialty or cake flour.
711:
425:
Federal
Writers' Project of the Work Projects Administration for the State of Kansas (1939).
68:, a period of 30 to 60 days of cold winter temperatures (0 to 5 °C; 32 to 41 °F).
676:
465:
20:
8:
879:
532:
508:
World Bank. 2021. Ukraine: Building
Climate Resilience in Agriculture and Forestry. 151p.
72:
469:
491:
296:
researchers to develop new ones. Winter wheat production quickly spread throughout the
556:
495:
483:
432:
405:
319:
273:
34:
978:
770:
473:
277:
256:
Uses soil moisture more efficiently since it starts to grow earlier in the spring.
1028:
905:
813:
798:
706:
301:
1018:
999:
953:
948:
874:
854:
636:
606:
579:
574:
525:
478:
453:
323:
1012:
915:
803:
681:
596:
569:
487:
131:
90:
79:
65:
648:
564:
297:
47:
968:
958:
895:
808:
789:
747:
671:
663:
653:
591:
983:
963:
869:
823:
727:
696:
361:
230:
200: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
151:
943:
859:
758:
147:
94:
175:
849:
818:
155:
123:. Almost all durum wheat grown in North America is spring-planted.
104:
protein content than other wheats. They are used to make flour for
71:
Winter wheat is usually planted from
September to November (in the
322:
zones such as Canada, increases in yields for winter wheat due to
327:
300:, and was, as it still is, usually grown using the techniques of
281:
234:
159:
135:
111:, or are blended with soft spring wheats to make the all-purpose
350:. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.
78:
So-called "facultative" wheat varieties need shorter periods of
925:
828:
793:
763:
289:
269:
238:
127:
101:
86:
56:
26:
864:
844:
752:
732:
621:
611:
601:
548:
120:
116:
112:
108:
105:
52:
16:
Strain of wheat grown over the winter, rather than the summer
346:
B. C. Curtis, S. Rajaram, H. Gómez
Macpherson (eds.). 2002.
38:
Winter wheat with autumn colors in the eastern United States
742:
737:
237:, preventing soil erosion over winter when many fields lie
517:
391:
314:
Effects of climate change on agriculture § Wheat
89:
in Mexico), spring wheat (not requiring a period of
451:
165:
119:, the hardest wheat, is primarily used for making
19:For the musical recording by John K. Samson, see
1010:
284:to meet growing demand. Carleton worked for the
250:Easy to manage while still providing good yield.
162:helps protect the wheat over the winter period.
292:to find other wheat varieties and worked with
247:Can be grown as both cover crop and cash crop.
244:Winter wheat out-competes many weed varieties.
533:
393:. Andy Clark, Communications Director. 2007.
307:
276:in the 19th century. Bernhard Warkentin and
1024:German-Russian culture in the United States
540:
526:
431:. New York: The Viking Press. p. 57.
477:
216:Learn how and when to remove this message
33:
25:
348:Bread Wheat: Improvement and Production
286:United States Department of Agriculture
1011:
428:Kansas: A Guide To The Sunflower State
288:(USDA) as a crop explorer. He went to
521:
381:
379:
198:adding citations to reliable sources
169:
13:
359:
14:
1040:
376:
126:Winter wheat is grown throughout
100:Hard winter wheats have a higher
995:
994:
620:
400:from the original on 2024-05-10.
372:from the original on 2023-09-28.
263:
174:
166:Benefits of growing winter wheat
326:are predicted to increase. For
185:needs additional citations for
502:
458:Environmental Research Letters
445:
418:
353:
340:
233:, winter wheat helps maintain
141:
1:
911:non-celiac gluten sensitivity
333:
268:Winter wheat was brought to
7:
692:International Wheat Council
146:Winter wheat is grown as a
10:
1047:
721:Plant parts and their uses
311:
18:
992:
936:
889:Associated human diseases
888:
837:
779:
720:
662:
629:
618:
555:
547:
308:Effects of climate change
921:dermatitis herpetiformis
901:Gluten-related disorders
479:10.1088/1748-9326/ab17fb
55:that are planted in the
294:Kansas State University
30:An ear of winter wheat.
672:Australian Wheat Board
410:: CS1 maint: others (
39:
31:
712:Wheat pools in Canada
702:Production statistics
312:Further information:
37:
29:
677:Canadian Wheat Board
194:improve this article
21:Winter Wheat (album)
470:2019ERL....14g4005Q
73:Northern Hemisphere
274:Russian Mennonites
40:
32:
1006:
1005:
780:Basic preparation
360:Oulton, Randall.
320:temperate climate
226:
225:
218:
51:) are strains of
48:Triticum aestivum
1036:
998:
997:
979:Tell Abu Hureyra
937:Related concepts
838:As an ingredient
624:
542:
535:
528:
519:
518:
512:
506:
500:
499:
481:
449:
443:
442:
422:
416:
415:
409:
401:
399:
383:
374:
373:
357:
351:
344:
278:Mark A. Carleton
221:
214:
210:
207:
201:
178:
170:
1046:
1045:
1039:
1038:
1037:
1035:
1034:
1033:
1009:
1008:
1007:
1002:
988:
932:
906:coeliac disease
884:
833:
775:
716:
707:Protein premium
658:
625:
616:
551:
546:
516:
515:
507:
503:
450:
446:
439:
423:
419:
403:
402:
397:
385:
384:
377:
358:
354:
345:
341:
336:
316:
310:
302:dryland farming
266:
222:
211:
205:
202:
191:
179:
168:
144:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1044:
1043:
1032:
1031:
1026:
1021:
1004:
1003:
993:
990:
989:
987:
986:
981:
976:
971:
966:
961:
956:
954:Refined grains
951:
949:Plant breeding
946:
940:
938:
934:
933:
931:
930:
929:
928:
923:
918:
913:
908:
898:
892:
890:
886:
885:
883:
882:
877:
875:Wheat germ oil
872:
867:
862:
857:
852:
847:
841:
839:
835:
834:
832:
831:
826:
821:
816:
811:
806:
801:
796:
787:
783:
781:
777:
776:
774:
773:
768:
767:
766:
756:
750:
745:
740:
735:
730:
724:
722:
718:
717:
715:
714:
709:
704:
699:
694:
689:
684:
679:
674:
668:
666:
660:
659:
657:
656:
651:
646:
645:
644:
637:Wheat diseases
633:
631:
627:
626:
619:
617:
615:
614:
609:
604:
599:
594:
589:
588:
587:
582:
577:
572:
561:
559:
553:
552:
545:
544:
537:
530:
522:
514:
513:
501:
444:
437:
417:
387:"Winter Wheat"
375:
352:
338:
337:
335:
332:
324:climate change
309:
306:
265:
262:
261:
260:
257:
254:
251:
248:
245:
242:
224:
223:
182:
180:
173:
167:
164:
143:
140:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1042:
1041:
1030:
1027:
1025:
1022:
1020:
1017:
1016:
1014:
1001:
991:
985:
982:
980:
977:
975:
972:
970:
967:
965:
962:
960:
957:
955:
952:
950:
947:
945:
942:
941:
939:
935:
927:
924:
922:
919:
917:
916:wheat allergy
914:
912:
909:
907:
904:
903:
902:
899:
897:
894:
893:
891:
887:
881:
878:
876:
873:
871:
868:
866:
863:
861:
858:
856:
853:
851:
848:
846:
843:
842:
840:
836:
830:
827:
825:
822:
820:
817:
815:
812:
810:
807:
805:
802:
800:
797:
795:
791:
788:
785:
784:
782:
778:
772:
769:
765:
762:
761:
760:
757:
754:
751:
749:
746:
744:
741:
739:
736:
734:
731:
729:
726:
725:
723:
719:
713:
710:
708:
705:
703:
700:
698:
695:
693:
690:
688:
685:
683:
682:Corn exchange
680:
678:
675:
673:
670:
669:
667:
665:
661:
655:
652:
650:
647:
643:
640:
639:
638:
635:
634:
632:
628:
623:
613:
610:
608:
605:
603:
600:
598:
595:
593:
590:
586:
583:
581:
578:
576:
573:
571:
568:
567:
566:
563:
562:
560:
558:
554:
550:
543:
538:
536:
531:
529:
524:
523:
520:
511:
505:
497:
493:
489:
485:
480:
475:
471:
467:
464:(7): 074005.
463:
459:
455:
448:
440:
434:
430:
429:
421:
413:
407:
396:
392:
388:
382:
380:
371:
367:
366:CooksInfo.com
363:
362:"Durum Wheat"
356:
349:
343:
339:
331:
329:
325:
321:
315:
305:
303:
299:
295:
291:
287:
283:
279:
275:
271:
264:United States
258:
255:
252:
249:
246:
243:
240:
236:
232:
228:
227:
220:
217:
209:
199:
195:
189:
188:
183:This section
181:
177:
172:
171:
163:
161:
157:
153:
149:
139:
137:
133:
132:North America
129:
124:
122:
118:
114:
110:
107:
103:
98:
96:
92:
91:vernalization
88:
83:
81:
80:vernalization
76:
74:
69:
67:
66:vernalization
62:
58:
54:
50:
49:
44:
36:
28:
22:
880:Wheat gluten
649:Wheat mildew
585:Winter wheat
584:
504:
461:
457:
447:
427:
420:
390:
365:
355:
347:
342:
317:
298:Great Plains
267:
212:
203:
192:Please help
187:verification
184:
145:
125:
99:
84:
77:
70:
61:spring wheat
60:
46:
43:Winter wheat
42:
41:
969:Whole grain
959:Staple food
896:Anaphylaxis
654:Hessian fly
229:If used as
142:Cultivation
1013:Categories
984:Tell Aswad
974:Shattering
964:Wheatpaste
944:Bread riot
870:Wheat beer
824:Parboiling
697:Peak wheat
438:0403021677
334:References
272:by German-
231:cover crop
152:cover crop
860:Flatbread
814:Middlings
759:Endosperm
496:159213414
488:1748-9326
206:June 2021
148:cash crop
134:, and in
95:Rabi crop
45:(usually
1000:Category
850:Couscous
819:Semolina
630:Agronomy
607:Khorasan
580:Red Fife
575:Norin 10
406:cite web
395:Archived
370:Archived
156:nitrogen
855:Cracker
799:Milling
790:Berries
771:Sprouts
687:Exports
597:Einkorn
570:Marquis
466:Bibcode
328:Ukraine
282:Ukraine
235:topsoil
160:seedbed
136:Siberia
1029:Winter
926:ataxia
829:Bulgur
804:Farina
794:groats
764:Gluten
755:(husk)
565:Common
494:
486:
435:
290:Russia
270:Kansas
239:fallow
128:Europe
109:breads
102:gluten
87:Sonora
57:autumn
1019:Wheat
865:Pasta
845:Bread
809:Flour
753:Chaff
733:Straw
728:Stalk
664:Trade
612:Spelt
602:Emmer
592:Durum
557:Types
549:Wheat
492:S2CID
398:(PDF)
150:or a
121:pasta
117:Durum
113:flour
106:yeast
53:wheat
786:None
748:Germ
743:Bran
738:Seed
642:list
484:ISSN
433:ISBN
412:link
318:For
130:and
792:or
474:doi
196:by
1015::
490:.
482:.
472:.
462:14
460:.
456:.
408:}}
404:{{
389:.
378:^
368:.
364:.
304:.
138:.
97:.
541:e
534:t
527:v
498:.
476::
468::
441:.
414:)
241:.
219:)
213:(
208:)
204:(
190:.
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
