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238:). It looks more like the common daisy than other pyrethrums do. Its flowers, typically white with yellow centers, grow from numerous fairly rigid stems. Plants have blue-green leaves and grow to 45 to 100 cm (18 to 39 in) in height. The plant is economically important as a natural source of pyrethrin
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Pyrethrum, specifically the pyrethrin within, is highly toxic to insects including useful pollinators like bees. The risk of killing bees and other beneficial insects is partially reduced by the compound's rapid breakdown (a half-life of approximately 12 hours on plants and on the surface of the
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levels for pyrethrum are high, with doses in some cases of about 1% of the animal's body weight required to cause significant mortality. This is similar to fatal levels in synthetic pyrethroids. Nevertheless, pyrethrum should be handled with the same caution as synthetic insecticides: safety
758:"I've also marked my pyrethrum bottle 'for pesticides only'. I have another one for herbicides. It doesn't matter whether you're organic or not, accidents can happen. It's best to keep these chemicals apart." As a precaution, safety gear should be worn when using pyrethrum.
314:. This is applied as a suspension in water or oil, or as a powder. Pyrethrins attack the nervous systems of all insects, and inhibit female mosquitoes from biting. When present in amounts less than those fatal to insects, they still appear to have an
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easily on exposure to light. They are considered to be amongst the safest insecticides for use around food. In 1998 Kenya was producing 90% (over 6,000 tonnes) of the world's pyrethrum, called
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soil, with about 3% remaining after five days, but persisting several weeks or more if it enters a body of water or is dug into the soil) and its slight insect-repellant activity.
657:
Li, Jinjin; Hu, Hao; Mao, Jing; Yu, Lu; Stoopen, Geert; Wang, Manqun; Mumm, Roland; Ruijter, Norbert C. A.; Dicke, Marcel; Jongsma, Maarten A.; Wang, Caiyun (August 2019).
272:, and the plant grows to between 30 and 60 cm (12 and 24 in) in height. The flowering period is June to July in temperate climates (Northern Hemisphere).
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The flowers are pulverized and the active components, called pyrethrins, contained in the seed cases, are extracted and sold in the form of an
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effect. They are harmful to fish, but are far less toxic to mammals and birds than many synthetic insecticides and are not persistent, being
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for short. Production in
Tanzania and Ecuador is also significant. Currently the world's major producer is Tasmania, Australia.
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A pheromone produced by these plants attracts ladybug beetles, and at the same time acts as an alarm signal to aphids.
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659:"Defense of pyrethrum flowers: repelling herbivores and recruiting carnivores by producing aphid alarm pheromone"
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358:. It is one of the most commonly used non-synthetic insecticides allowed in certified organic agriculture.
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Role of aphid alarm pheromone produced by the flowers in repelling aphids and attracting ladybug beetles
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to insects and is faster acting compared with pyrethrins used alone. These formulations are known as
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in the workplace by breathing it in, getting it in the eyes or on the skin, or swallowing it. The
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2018:
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647:, by Laura Pickett Pottorff, Colorado State University Cooperative Extension, January 5, 2010.
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is called the
Dalmatian chrysanthemum, denoting its origin in that region of the Balkans (
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449:(REL) of 5 mg/m over an 8-hour workday. At levels of 5000 mg/m, pyrethrum is
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instead by some botanists. Both genera are members of the daisy (or aster) family,
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continues to be used as a common name for plants formerly included in the genus
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equipment should be worn, and mixing with other chemicals should be avoided.
268:. It produces large white, pink or red flowers. The leaves resemble those of
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820:
National
Pesticide Information Center: Pyrethrins and Pyrethroids Fact Sheet
715:, by Frederick M. Fisher, University of Florida IFAS Extension Service, 2013
350:, also known as "Persian pellitory"). It was sold worldwide under the brand
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also contains insecticidal pyrethrins, but it is a poor source compared to
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The flowers should be dried and then crushed and mixed with water.
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was a genus of several Old World plants now classified in either
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insecticide (botanical, mineral, synthetic) toxicity to mammals
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Electronic Data
Information Source of University of Florida
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Pesticide
Toxicity Profile: Synthetic Pyrethroid Pesticides
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771:"CDC - NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards - Pyrethrum"
179:. The insecticidal compounds present in these species are
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are synthetic insecticides based on natural pyrethrum (
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National
Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
195:, such as the following two, are placed in the genus
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which are cultivated as ornamentals for their showy
421:People can be exposed to pyrethrum as a mixture of
60:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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645:Some Pesticides Permitted in Organic Gardening
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435:Occupational Safety and Health Administration
825:CDC - NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards
338:Pyrethrum has been used for centuries as an
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161:. Pyrethrum is also the name of a natural
2473:Historically recognized angiosperm genera
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120:Learn how and when to remove this message
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451:immediately dangerous to life and health
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209:with a daisy-like appearance and white
27:Genus of plants and natural insecticide
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803:national pesticide information center
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830:EXTOXNET: Pyrethrins and Pyrethroids
165:made from the dried flower heads of
58:adding citations to reliable sources
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746:Australian Broadcasting Corporation
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583:Category: Plant toxin insecticides
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437:(OSHA) has set the legal limit (
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796:"Pyrethrins general fact sheet"
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45:needs additional citations for
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342:, and as a lice remedy in the
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18:Chrysanthemum cinerariaefolium
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560:Caucasian insect powder plant
500:Chrysanthemum cinerariifolium
169:Chrysanthemum cinerariifolium
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1368:Diisopropyl fluorophosphate
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447:Recommended exposure limit
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300:Tanacetum cinerariifolium
264:and looks somewhat like a
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372:); one common example is
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231:Tanacetum cinerariifolium
225:Tanacetum cinerariifolium
2443:Plant toxin insecticides
1051:Insect growth regulators
615:The history of pyrethrum
578:List of companion plants
2453:Garden plants of Europe
2448:Biological pest control
2040:Paenibacillus popilliae
533:Chrysanthemum coccineum
518:Dalmatian insect flower
515:Dalmatian chrysanthemum
283:Other species, such as
176:Chrysanthemum coccineum
2019:Metarhizium anisopliae
1998:Beauveria brongniartii
1979:Bacillus thuringiensis
1031:Lead hydrogen arsenate
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551:Persian insect flower
548:Persian chrysanthemum
386:synergized pyrethrins
380:, which enhances the
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2288:-containing products
2254:-containing products
2127:-containing products
1180:Carbon tetrachloride
835:"What is Pyrethrum?"
627:US patent 308172
54:improve this article
2458:Household chemicals
2012:Metarhizium acridum
1742:Chlorantraniliprole
1338:Chlorpyrifos-methyl
1011:Copper(II) arsenate
996:Aluminium phosphide
988:Inorganic compounds
742:Gardening Australia
512:Dalmatian pyrethrum
251:Tanacetum coccineum
2468:Plant common names
2405:Never to phase III
2005:Isaria fumosorosea
1991:Beauveria bassiana
1887:Piperonyl butoxide
1688:chrysanthemic acid
1026:Diatomaceous earth
840:2011-01-24 at the
711:2021-04-22 at the
445:(NIOSH) has set a
393:Companion planting
378:piperonyl butoxide
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278:C. cinerariifolium
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2095:Ectoparasiticides
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1862:+milbemycin oxime
1543:Tetrachlorvinphos
1508:Pirimiphos-methyl
1468:Oxydemeton-methyl
1016:Copper(I) cyanide
738:"Using Pyrethrum"
675:10.1111/nph.15869
531:Common names for
498:Common names for
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1348:Demeton-S-methyl
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669:(3): 1607–1620.
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1927:Metaflumizone
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1752:Flubendiamide
1750:
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1724:Transfluthrin
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1621:Esfenvalerate
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1453:Monocrotophos
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1433:Methamidophos
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1064:Diflubenzuron
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748:. 25 May 2013
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572:Chrysanthemum
569:
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559:
557:
553:
550:
547:
545:Painted daisy
544:
541:
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536:
534:
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485:Other animals
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320:biodegradable
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193:Chrysanthemum
184:
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140:Chrysanthemum
136:
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121:
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102:
99:
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92:
88:
85:
81:
78:
74:
71: –
70:
66:
65:Find sources:
59:
55:
49:
48:
43:This article
41:
37:
32:
31:
19:
2358:
2351:
2224:Bioallethrin
2213:
2116:pediculicide
2045:
2038:
2031:
2024:
2017:
2010:
2003:
1996:
1989:
1977:
1912:Tebufenpyrad
1907:Tebufenozide
1813:Chlorfenapyr
1788:Azadirachtin
1719:Tralomethrin
1714:Tetramethrin
1693:
1656:Metofluthrin
1611:Deltamethrin
1606:Cyphenothrin
1601:Cypermethrin
1586:Bioallethrin
1533:Tebupirimfos
1438:Methidathion
1408:Fenitrothion
1333:Chlorpyrifos
1308:Azamethiphos
1270:Methoxychlor
1152:Thiamethoxam
1142:Paichongding
1127:Imidaclothiz
1122:Imidacloprid
1112:Clothianidin
1089:Pyriproxyfen
1069:Flufenoxuron
1059:Benzoylureas
918:Butocarboxim
887:Insecticides
883:Pest control
802:
790:
778:. Retrieved
774:
765:
757:
750:. Retrieved
741:
732:
720:
701:
666:
662:
652:
640:
621:
612:Bioaromatica
611:
607:
570:
532:
530:
499:
497:
494:Common names
488:
469:(red skin),
420:
409:
396:
385:
360:
337:
327:
309:
306:Insecticides
299:
289:C. marshalli
288:
285:C. balsamita
284:
277:
274:C. coccineum
273:
257:C. coccineum
255:
250:
240:insecticides
229:
224:
215:
196:
192:
190:
175:
174:
167:
166:
158:
154:
151:flower heads
144:
138:
133:
132:
131:
116:
107:
97:
90:
83:
76:
64:
52:Please help
47:verification
44:
2463:Anthemideae
2433:Pyrethroids
2391:from market
2347:Dimethicone
2266:Dixanthogen
2201:Pyrethrines
2112:Insecticide
1985:Baculovirus
1937:Metabolites
1902:Sulfluramid
1704:Silafluofen
1671:Prallethrin
1651:Imiprothrin
1646:Fluvalinate
1636:Fenvalerate
1596:Cyhalothrin
1571:Acrinathrin
1563:Pyrethroids
1553:Trichlorfon
1418:Fosthiazate
1363:Dicrotophos
1147:Thiacloprid
1117:Dinotefuran
1107:Acetamiprid
1036:Paris Green
943:Ethienocarb
933:Carbosulfan
780:October 23,
775:www.cdc.gov
457:(itching),
366:Pyrethroids
344:Middle East
340:insecticide
187:Description
163:insecticide
69:"Pyrethrum"
2422:Categories
2365:Crotamiton
2261:Disulfiram
2242:Ivermectin
2219:Phenothrin
2209:Permethrin
2152:Ivermectin
1917:Veracevine
1848:Indoxacarb
1838:Fluralaner
1828:Fenoxycarb
1823:Fenazaquin
1818:Cyromazine
1798:Buprofezin
1778:Afoxolaner
1709:Tefluthrin
1699:Resmethrin
1666:Phenothrin
1661:Permethrin
1641:Flumethrin
1626:Etofenprox
1616:Empenthrin
1591:Cyfluthrin
1581:Bifenthrin
1576:Allethrins
1513:Quinalphos
1483:Phenthoate
1423:Isoxathion
1403:Fenamiphos
1388:Disulfoton
1383:Dioxathion
1378:Dimethoate
1358:Dichlorvos
1280:Tetradifon
1255:Heptachlor
1245:Endosulfan
1190:Cyclodiene
1137:Nithiazine
1132:Nitenpyram
1084:Methoprene
1074:Hydroprene
1001:Boric acid
953:Isoprocarb
948:Fenobucarb
928:Carbofuran
913:Bendiocarb
895:Carbamates
752:3 November
599:References
588:Permethrin
521:Dalmatian
471:rhinorrhea
459:dermatitis
374:permethrin
370:pyrethrins
356:J. Zacherl
203:Asteraceae
181:pyrethrins
80:newspapers
2401:Phase III
2389:Withdrawn
2360:toluidine
2331:Malathion
2214:Pyrethrum
2192:scabicide
2184:Acaricide
2170:Malathion
2099:arthropod
1883:Adjuvants
1878:Sarolaner
1873:Pyriprole
1868:Pyridaben
1858:Lotilaner
1793:Bensultap
1757:Ryanodine
1694:Pyrethrum
1676:Pyrethrin
1493:Phosalone
1473:Parathion
1463:Omethoate
1443:Mevinphos
1428:Malathion
1343:Coumaphos
1318:Bensulide
1285:Toxaphene
1185:Chlordane
1079:Lufenuron
973:Promecarb
963:Metolcarb
908:Aminocarb
593:Pyrethrin
556:pellitory
539:Pyrethrum
535:include:
527:Big daisy
523:pellitory
506:Pyrethrum
502:include:
431:pyrethrin
352:Zacherlin
324:decompose
322:and also
312:oleoresin
198:Tanacetum
159:Pyrethrum
155:Pyrethrum
146:Tanacetum
134:Pyrethrum
2305:Benzoate
2286:Chlorine
2271:Mesulfen
2188:miticide
2125:Chlorine
2053:Spinosad
1955:Paraoxon
1950:Malaoxon
1922:Xanthone
1897:Spinosad
1853:Limonene
1833:Fipronil
1762:Ryanodol
1734:Ryanoids
1548:Tribufos
1538:Terbufos
1523:Schradan
1413:Fenthion
1398:Ethoprop
1353:Diazinon
1303:Acephate
1240:Dieldrin
1175:Beta-HCH
1021:Cryolite
978:Propoxur
958:Methomyl
923:Carbaryl
903:Aldicarb
838:Archived
709:Archived
693:31087371
565:See also
554:Persian
475:sneezing
467:erythema
455:pruritus
427:jasmolin
401:Toxicity
382:toxicity
262:Caucasus
236:Dalmatia
110:May 2011
2353:Quassia
2295:Lindane
2134:Lindane
1891:Sesamex
1783:Amitraz
1528:Temefos
1518:R-16661
1498:Phosmet
1488:Phorate
1448:Mipafox
1373:Dimefox
1265:Lindane
1235:Dicofol
1210:1,2-DCE
1205:1,1-DCE
1200:1,4-DCB
1195:1,2-DCB
684:6772172
463:papules
423:cinerin
406:Mammals
94:scholar
2384:WHO-EM
2276:Thiram
2252:Sulfur
1803:Cartap
1503:Phoxim
1393:Ethion
1260:Kepone
1250:Endrin
1170:Aldrin
968:Oxamyl
691:
681:
633:
479:asthma
477:, and
429:, and
334:Sprays
211:petals
96:
89:
82:
75:
67:
1458:Naled
1275:Mirex
799:(PDF)
270:ferns
266:daisy
101:JSTOR
87:books
2103:P03A
1960:TCPy
1945:Oxon
1230:DFDT
782:2015
754:2018
689:PMID
287:and
173:and
73:news
1225:DDT
1220:DDE
1215:DDD
679:PMC
671:doi
667:223
143:or
56:by
2424::
2397::
2097:/
1889:,
1686:;
1684:II
1682:,
885::
801:.
773:.
756:.
744:.
740:.
687:.
677:.
665:.
661:.
481:.
465:,
461:,
425:,
414:50
412:LD
328:py
213:.
183:.
153:.
2367:)
2363:(
2190:/
2186:/
2114:/
2105:)
2101:(
2087:e
2080:t
2073:v
1893:)
1885:(
1864:)
1860:(
1690:)
1680:I
1678:(
875:e
868:t
861:v
805:.
784:.
695:.
673::
388:.
346:(
280:.
242:.
123:)
117:(
112:)
108:(
98:·
91:·
84:·
77:·
50:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
