2052:) or simplified. Historically there are close to 12,000 surnames recorded including those from non-Han Chinese ethnic groups, of which only about 3,100 are in current use, a factor of almost 4:1 (about 75%) reduction. A 2019 figure however put the total number of Chinese family names at 6,150. Of Han Chinese surnames, the largest number ever recorded was 6,363 (3,730 single-character surnames, 2,633 multiple-character surnames), around 2,000 of which are still in use. Chinese Surname extinction is due to various factors, such as people taking the names of their rulers, orthographic simplifications, taboos against using characters from an emperor's name, and others. A recent example of near surname extinction is the rare surname Shan (𢒉). The character may not be displayed on computer systems used by government officials, and people born after the system change as well as people who want to avoid possible problems changed their name to another character such as Xian (冼). The name is still used by the older people, but some people from the village are concerned that future generations will forget their name origin.
2868:
to promote surname identity. Clan cohesion was usually encouraged by successive imperial governments since it aided in social stability. During the Qing dynasty surname associations often undertook extrajudicial roles, providing primitive legal and social security functions. They played important roles in the
Chinese diaspora to South-East Asia and elsewhere, providing the infrastructure for the establishment of trading networks. In southern China, however, clans sometimes engaged in armed conflict in competition for land. Clans continued the tradition of tracing their ancestry to the distant past as a matter of prestige. Most of these origin myths, though well established, are spurious.
3206:
2753:
3017:
2860:. To differentiate between different surnames, the Tang also choronyms before stating beforehand, for example Lǒngxī Lǐshì 隴西李氏, meaning Li of Longxi. These were generally the names of commanderies used prior to the reorganization during the Tang, so that they became exclusively associated to clans as their common use had died out. Cadet branches were also listed for further differentiation, such as Gūzāng Fáng 姑臧房, meaning Clan Li of Guzang.
2872:
San-Jiou-Lang who had no son, and he took the oath that he should be in the name of Liao when alive and should be in the name of Chang after death." In some places, there are additional taboos against marriage between people of the same surname, considered to be closely related. Conversely, in some areas, there are different clans with the same surname which are not considered to be related, but even in these cases surname
2813:. Chinese emperors sometimes passed their own surnames to subjects as honors. Unlike European practice in which some surnames are obviously noble, Chinese emperors and members of the royal family had regular surnames except in cases where they came from non-Han ethnic groups. This was a result of Chinese imperial theory in which a commoner could receive the
1421:. Those with a Western first name can write their name in English in various ways – some may add the Western first name in front and the Chinese given name last (the surname is therefore in the middle), or fully Westernised with both the Western and Chinese given names before the Chinese surname. Examples include
2867:
and his father. As competition for resources and positions in the bureaucracy intensified, individuals used their common ancestry and surname to promote solidarity. They established schools to educate their sons and held common lands to aid disadvantaged families. Ancestral temples were also erected
2107:
In a 1990 study, the top 200 family names accounted for over 96% of a random sample of 174,900 persons, with over 500 other names accounting for the remaining 4%. In a different study (1987), which combined data from Taiwan and China (sample size of 570,000 persons), the top 19 names covered 55.6%,
1404:
where the father's surname is passed on to his children, but more recently some people have opted to use both parents' surnames; although this practice has increased in recent times, it is still relatively uncommon in China, with those who adopted both parents' surnames numbering at only 1.1 million
73:
in which surnames are written last. Around 2,000 Han
Chinese surnames are currently in use, but the great proportion of Han Chinese people use only a relatively small number of these surnames; 19 surnames are used by around half of the Han Chinese people, while 100 surnames are used by around 87% of
2767:
Throughout most of
Chinese history, surnames have served sociological functions. Because of their association with the aristocratic elite in their early developments, surnames were often used as symbols of nobility. Thus nobles would use their surnames to be able to trace their ancestry and compete
677:
proposed that there are 18 sources from which
Chinese surnames may be derived, while others suggested at least 24. These may be names associated with a ruling dynasty such as the various titles and names of rulers, nobility and dynasty, or they may be place names of various territories, districts,
2821:
The Tang dynasty was the last period when the great aristocratic families, mostly descended from the nobility of pre-Qin states, held significant centralized and regional power. The surname was used as a source of prestige and common allegiance. During the period many genealogical records called
2055:
While new names have arisen for various reasons, this has been outweighed by old names disappearing. The most significant factor affecting the surname frequency is other ethnic groups identifying as Han and adopting Han names. In recent centuries some two-character surnames have often dropped a
1408:
Some
Chinese outside of mainland China, particularly those from the Chinese immigrant communities around the world and those who have acquired a Christian or Western first name, have adopted the Western convention when giving their name in English, placing their surname last. Examples of those
4428:
Why the lack of surnames, then? The reason, according to Du Ruofu of the
Chinese Academy of Sciences, is that all societies experience an 'evolutionary dwindling' of family names as less-common ones die out. Because the Chinese have used surnames for thousands of years (compared to just a few
2362:
Due to the different pronunciations and romanizations, it is sometimes easy to tell whether a
Chinese person has origins in mainland China, Hong Kong, Macau, Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore, or Taiwan. Generally, people of Mainland descent will have their surnames and names in
2871:
As a result of the importance of surnames, rules and traditions regarding family and marriage grew increasingly complex. For example, in Taiwan, there is a clan with the so-called "double Liao" surname. The story is that "Chang Yuan-zih of Liao's in Siluo married the only daughter of Liao
3161:(張簡) and Chiangfan (姜范). However, names in Taiwan show less diversity than China as a whole: the top ten comprise 52.63% of the Taiwanese population and the top hundred 96.11%. There were also only 1,989 surnames recorded by the Ministry's survey, against China's four or five thousand.
1441:). Some Chinese surnames that appear to be the same written in English may also be different in Chinese due to different characters having the same or similar pronunciations, dialectal differences, or non-standard romanizations (see section on variation in romanization below).
4409:
Only 3,100 surnames are now in use in China compared with nearly 12,000 in the past. An 'evolutionary dwindling' of surnames is common to all societies. ut in China, says, where surnames have been in use far longer than in most other places, the paucity has become
1428:
Due to the different spelling conventions and dialects as well as the different spelling preferences in the various countries these
Chinese find themselves in, many people of the same Chinese surname can appear differently when written in English, for example the
2266:
of the surnames based on different languages and
Chinese dialects. Countries that have adopted the system of Chinese surnames such as Vietnam and Korea also spell them according to their own pronunciations. As a result, it is common for the same surname to be
556:
sinogram could reflect the fact that in the royal court of Zhou, at least in the beginning, only females (wives married into the Zhou family from other clans) were called by their birth clan name, while the men were usually designated by their title or fief.
2981:
cover 84.77% of China's population. The top 10 surnames each have populations greater than 20 million. The MPS survey revealed that the top 3 surnames in China have a combined population larger than
Indonesia, the world's fourth-most-populous country.
2184:). Sima, Zhuge, and Ouyang also happen to be the surnames of four extremely famous premodern Chinese historical figures. There are family names with three or more characters, but usually those are not ethnically Han Chinese. For example, Aixinjueluo (
1400:) and not "Wei Zhang". Chinese women generally retain their maiden name and use their name unchanged after marriage, but in modern times in some communities, some women may choose to attach their husband's surname to the front. Chinese surname is
810:: Fiefdoms were often granted to collateral branches of the aristocracy and it was natural as part of the process of sub-surnaming for their names to be used. An example is Di, Marquis of Ouyang Village, whose descendants took the surname
1941:
has found that of all the people with a particular surname, there tends to be a population concentration in a certain province, as tabulated to the right. It does not show, however, the most common surnames in any one province.
788:: Many nobles and commoners took the name of their state, either to show their continuing allegiance or as a matter of national and ethnic identity. These are some of the most common Chinese surnames in the present day such as
678:
towns, villages, and specific locations, the title of official posts or occupations, or names of objects, or they may be derived from the names of family members or clans, and in a few cases, names of contempt given by a ruler.
209:, and Chinese people may view their surnames as part of their shared kinship and Han Chinese identity. Women do not normally change their surnames upon marriage, except sometimes in places with more western influences such as
673:(風俗通姓氏篇), there are 9 origins of Chinese surnames: dynasty names, posthumous titles, ranks of nobility, state names, official positions, style names, places of residence, occupations, and events. Modern scholars such as
3100: – are similar to those in southeast China but differ somewhat from the distribution of names among all Han Chinese. According to a comprehensive survey of residential permits released by the Taiwanese
2012:
dialect. As with the concentration of family names, this can also be explained statistically, as a person with an uncommon name moving to an unsettled area and leaving his family name to large number of descendants.
2817:
and become emperor. Upon becoming emperor, the emperor would retain his original surname. Also as a consequence, many people also had the same surname as the emperor, but had no direct relation to the royal family.
2258:) into foreign languages poses a number of problems. Chinese surnames are shared by people speaking a number of dialects and languages which often have different pronunciations of their surnames. The spread of the
1918:
both on the provincial and county levels. Additionally, it was found that counties with the highest values of isonymy were distributed in the provinces with high proportions of ethnic minorities. According to the
2075:, which make up 7.9%, 7.4% and 7.1% respectively. Together they number close to 300 million and are easily the most common surnames in the world. In Chinese, the phrase "third son of Zhang, fourth son of Li" (
1961:(Xiāo) was rather common while the surname 肖 (Xiào) was extremely rare, if not non-existent (it is mentioned only sporadically in historical texts). The first round of simplification in 1956 simplified 蕭 into
1969:
in 1977, which has long been abolished, merged 萧 and 肖 into 肖. Despite the retraction of the second round, some people have kept 肖 as their surname, so that there are now two separate surnames, 萧 and 肖.
539:
were not permitted to marry each other and a woman married into an aristocratic clan needed to be of a different name. Based on observation of the evolution of characters in oracular scripture from the
511:, however, are unconvinced by the matriarchy theory of Chinese surnames due to a lack of independent evidence. An alternative hypothesis has been proposed, suggesting that the use of female radical in
2008:), which is only the 47th most common overall, is much more common in San Francisco's Chinatown in the United States, although the surname is more often than not romanized as Fong, as based on the
263:(with the surname Feng), who was said to have established the system of Chinese surnames to distinguish different families and prevent marriage of people with the same family names. Prior to the
572:
and the surname was transmitted paternally, the practice continued, but it had changed to marriage between families of men on the paternal side being prohibited, but not on the maternal side.
4495:
3481:
The Eclectic Magazine of Foreign Literature, Science, and Art, Volume 38; Volume 101, Harry Houdini Collection, John Davis Batchelder Collection, Leavitt, Trow, & Company, 1883 p. 852
2383:
languages. The younger generation from Singapore often has their surname in dialect ((Hokkien, Teochew, Hainanese, Cantonese, and Hakka) and given names in English, Mandarin, or both.
2327:
so it is common for family names to appear ambiguous when transliterated. Translating Chinese surnames from foreign transliteration often presents ambiguity. For example, the surname "
3002:
estimated that Zhang was the most common surname in the world, but no comprehensive information from China was available at the time and more recent editions have omitted the claim.
1923:
of surname distances, several clusters could be identified. Most provinces in a cluster were conterminous with one another. The one exception to this pattern could be explained by
2930:
407:
5072:
2371:
romanization. People from Southeast Asia (mainly Thailand, Malaysia, Indonesia, and the Philippines) and Hong Kong usually base their romanization of surnames and names on the
2891:, surname culture was actively persecuted by the government with the destruction of ancestral temples and genealogies. Moreover, the influx of Western culture and forces of
4305:
4105:
2805:
Later, during the Han dynasty, these tables were used by prominent families to glorify themselves and sometimes even to legitimize their political power. For example,
205:
for a couple of millennia, passing from father to children. This system of patrilineal surnames is unusual in the world in its long period of continuity and depth of
4488:
2063:
most common, which together make up less than 5% of those in existence, are shared by 85% of the population. The three most common surnames in Mainland China are
2040:
with individuals having the same surname, often with a common male ancestor. They usually intermarry with others from nearby villages, creating genetic clusters.
1425:, originally named Cheng Yuet-ngor (Cheng is the surname), but who has acquired her husband's surname Lam and a Western first name as Carrie Lam Cheng Yuet-ngor.
596:
were created to distinguish between noble lineages according to seniority, though in theory they shared the same ancestor. In this way, a nobleman would hold a
900:
indicated a child born to the primary wife. These were sometimes adopted as surnames. Of these, Meng is the best known, being the surname of the philosopher
4389:, Journal of Chinese Linguistics Monograph Series, pp. 18–22 (History of Chinese surnames and sources of data for the present research), archived from
2993:
as the most common ones, with each shared by over 100 million people in China. Each of the most common 23 surnames in China has more than 10 million users.
2852:) were compiled to trace the complex descent lines of families or clans and their marriage ties to other families or clans. Many of these were collected by
832:: Like the previous example, this was also a common origin with close to 500 or 600 examples, 200 of which are two-character surnames. Often an ancestor's
267:(fifth century BC), only the ruling families and the aristocratic elite had surnames. Historically there was a difference between ancestral clan names or
4481:
552:
indicating a clan or a tribe. This combination seems to designate specifically a female and could mean "lady of such or such clan". The structure of the
4087:
3472:
Chinese Society in Singapore, The Study of Chinese Society: Essays, Maurice Freedman, George William Skinner, Stanford University Press, 1979, pp. 133
3553:
3281:
2863:
During the Song dynasty, ordinary clans began to organize themselves into corporate units and produce genealogies. This trend was led by the poet
1242:), an old Chinese surname, when they were required to use Chinese surnames during the Ming dynasty as it sounded close to the first syllable of
4351:
3097:
2973:(周). The same names were also found (in slightly different orders) by a fairly comprehensive survey of 296 million people in 2006, and by the
3164:
As is typical of China as a whole, these surnames conflate many different lineages and origins, although tradition may bind them to the same
2397:
The use of different systems of romanization based on different Chinese language variants from 1900~1970 also contributed to the variations.
1966:
4251:
3391:
3796:
4381:
2048:
Of the thousands of surnames which have been identified from historical texts prior to the modern era, most have either been lost (see
3431:
4458:
485:
4282:
4155:
4180:
2916:
4213:
4233:
4133:
3420:
384:
may be appended to the surname of a person; for example, a man with the Zhang surname may be referred to respectfully as Zhang-
4302:
259:
Chinese surnames have a history of over 3,000 years. Chinese mythology, however, reaches back further to the legendary figure
4250:' Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology. The authoritative results of this survey were previously published on the
4116:
1254:
A ruler may bestow his own surname on those he considered to have given outstanding service to him; for example, the surname
690:: These were usually reserved for the central lineage of the ancient royal family, with collateral lineages taking their own
2056:
character. Since the founding of the People's Republic of China, moreover, some surnames have been graphically simplified.
1990:
2108:
and the top 100 names covered 87% of the sample. Other data suggest that the top 50 names comprise 70% of the population.
4448:
3757:
3421:
654:
in 221 BC, surnames gradually spread to the lower classes. Most surnames that survive to the present day were originally
5093:
3929:
3899:
3829:
3699:
3674:
3582:
3536:
3506:
3367:
1903:, the most common surname is Lĭ (李), taking up 7.7%, followed by Wáng (王), Zhāng (张/張), Chan/Chén (陈/陳) and Liú (刘/劉).
388:
instead of his full name. It is used in particular for the paternal surname of a married woman, therefore in this case
86:, each shared by over 100 million people in China. The remaining eight of the top ten most common Chinese surnames are
3790:
3730:
3101:
3011:
17:
1906:
A 1987 study showed over 450 family names in common use in Beijing, but there were fewer than 300 family names in
592:(feudal) society. As fiefdoms were divided and subdivided among descendants, so additional sub-surnames known as
5067:
3605:
3276:
2978:
2909:
2741:
2255:
2060:
75:
4330:
2998:
2835:
1309:. Others may modify their name in order to escape from their enemies at times of turmoil, for example Duanmu (
4453:
4422:
3173:
2827:
2328:
1950:
822:, but few have survived to the present. Some families acquired their surname during the Han dynasty from the
4091:
4463:
1954:
445:
3867:
2323:, Chang, Cheng, Zheng and Zeng are all different names). In certain dialects, different surnames could be
782:, only Jiang and Yao have survived in their original form to modern days as frequently occurring surnames.
4247:
2586:
2268:
4473:
881:) were used to denote the second, third and fourth (or last) eldest sons in a family. For the first son
3846:
2251:
2049:
1397:
1163:
173:) branch lineage names. Later, the two terms began to be used interchangeably, and in the present day,
4266:
5004:
4377:
4348:
1359:
It may also have occurred through error, or changed due to a dissatisfaction with the name (e.g. Ai
3229:
2112:
1153:
819:
628:
624:
500:
is believed to have been originally transmitted through women of noble birth, while noble men have
4908:
4803:
3424:
Household Registration Administration Research Centre (公安部户政管理研究中心) (8 February 2021). 石璐言 (ed.).
1474:
715:
5061:
3260:
3153:
226:
1348:), or reducing from double or multiple character names to single character names, e.g. Duangan (
893:
4662:
4631:
3919:
3399:
2761:
2737:
Malaysia/Singapore/Indonesia/Philippines: various spellings are used depending on name origin.
2116:
1816:
1686:
983:
314:
4848:
4468:
3945:
Liu, Y.; Chen, L.; Yuan, Y.; Chen, J. (2012). "A study of surnames in China through isonymy".
3780:
3572:
4843:
4672:
4657:
4417:
3526:
3357:
2511:
1521:
1179:
322:
264:
4954:
4722:
4464:
The Ten-Thousand Families of Surnames from Netor (NETOR纪念:万家姓氏) (in simplified Chinese only)
4390:
3980:
Chen, Jiawei; Chen, Liujun; Liu, Yan; Li, Xiaomeng; Yuan, Yida; Wang, Yougui (August 2019).
3889:
3819:
3664:
3492:
2332:
2111:
Most commonly occurring Chinese family names have only one character; however, about twenty
5029:
4949:
3601:
3184:
2809:, who forced the abdication of the last Han emperor in his favor, claimed descent from the
1855:
Surnames are not evenly distributed throughout China's geography. In northern China, Wáng (
1341:
508:
247:, lit. "hundred surnames") are used in Chinese to mean "ordinary folks", "the people", or "
3454:
3425:
2879:
Surname identity and solidarity has declined markedly since the 1930s with the decline of
8:
5024:
4934:
3104:'s Department of Population in February 2005, the ten most common surnames in Taiwan are
2974:
2888:
2562:
2319:(鄭/郑) can be romanized into Chang, Cheng, Chung, Teh, Tay, Tee, Tsang, Zeng or Zheng (in
2292:
855:
2756:
Many village names in China are linked to surnames. Pictured is Jiajiayuan (贾家源), i.e. "
847:) as his surname. Sometimes titles granted to ancestors could also be taken as surnames.
5009:
4818:
4772:
4727:
4652:
4566:
4521:
4279:
4194:
4014:
3982:"An index of Chinese surname distribution and its implications for population dynamics"
3981:
3628:
3338:
3234:
3121:
2990:
2938:
2895:
have also contributed to erode the previous sociological uses of the Chinese surnames.
2752:
2515:
2356:
2352:
2348:
2344:
2340:
2336:
2296:
2064:
1928:
1887:) is the most common, being shared by 10.6% of the population. Next are Lǐ (李), Huáng (
1846:
1593:
1567:
1517:
1381:
1267:
1246:; it was also fitting for some of those who were caravaneers as the word means "horse".
967:
919:
873:
823:
771:
747:
83:
70:
4717:
3188:
4442:
4326:
4210:
4019:
4001:
3962:
3925:
3895:
3825:
3786:
3726:
3695:
3670:
3632:
3606:"Ji 姬 and Jiang 姜: The Role of Exogamic Clans in the Organization of the Zhou Polity"
3578:
3532:
3502:
3453:
Ebrey, Patricia (1996). "Surnames and Han Chinese Identity". In Melissa Brown (ed.).
3363:
2814:
1949:) appears to be very rare in Hong Kong. This is explained by the fact Hong Kong uses
549:
181:
may refer either the clan or maiden name. The two terms may also be used together as
4636:
4429:
centuries in many parts of Europe), this effect has become particularly significant.
4237:
4054:
2029:
2025:
2005:
1978:
1974:
1962:
1958:
1946:
1896:
1892:
1888:
1884:
1880:
1876:
1872:
1868:
1864:
1860:
1856:
1629:
287:
may be the more ancient surname that referred to the ancestral tribe or clan, while
5098:
4009:
3993:
3954:
3620:
3430:["2020 national report on personal names" published] (in Chinese). gov.cn.
3165:
2785:
2259:
2218:
2076:
1859:) is the most common surname, being shared by 9.9% of the population. Next are Lǐ (
1027:
991:
955:
811:
427:
423:
206:
154:
128:
54:
4959:
4924:
4898:
4838:
4747:
3016:
2490:
gate, gateway, mountain pass, originated as a title for guards in mountain passes
1152:), bestowed amongst other gifts to Kuang Yuping, previously Fang Yuping (方愈平), by
1077:
911:
310:
5044:
5039:
4878:
4798:
4742:
4621:
4616:
4546:
4526:
4355:
4309:
4286:
4217:
3716:
3647:
3291:
3254:
3117:
3113:
2958:
2942:
2616:
2427:
2316:
2284:
2198:
2072:
2021:
1924:
1841:
1725:
1669:
1546:
1538:
1525:
1503:
1495:
1487:
1470:
1389:
1145:
457:
103:
87:
4969:
4757:
1550:
1349:
1310:
1223:
1135:
1119:
1023:
1011:
1007:
999:
987:
979:
971:
963:
959:
951:
815:
5034:
5014:
4989:
4939:
4888:
4868:
4833:
4762:
4707:
4692:
4687:
4677:
4561:
4551:
4541:
4536:
4516:
3141:
3125:
3105:
2986:
2970:
2962:
2954:
2950:
2934:
2810:
2707:
2539:
2304:
2272:
2174:
2068:
1828:
1803:
1712:
1612:
1608:
1499:
1326:
1275:
1187:
1099:
995:
927:
883:
797:
318:
202:
115:
107:
99:
95:
79:
3747:
3624:
492:
itself is composed of a female radical and the character for "give birth" (生,
5087:
5019:
4999:
4979:
4974:
4964:
4944:
4903:
4893:
4883:
4873:
4858:
4853:
4823:
4813:
4808:
4788:
4767:
4712:
4702:
4626:
4611:
4606:
4601:
4581:
4571:
4403:
4005:
3266:
3244:
3137:
3133:
3109:
2946:
2892:
2757:
2729:
2468:
2431:
2376:
2288:
2206:
1915:
1900:
1833:
1777:
1751:
1738:
1665:
1625:
1597:
1554:
1542:
1491:
1430:
1250:
Many also changed their surnames throughout history for a number of reasons.
1107:
1037:
1003:
975:
833:
759:
731:
668:
651:
541:
465:
292:
42:
2194:
2191:
2188:
2185:
2181:
2178:
2166:
2163:
2159:
2156:
2148:
2145:
2141:
2138:
2130:
2127:
2123:
2120:
159:
133:
4984:
4863:
4752:
4737:
4732:
4596:
4586:
4576:
4556:
4023:
3966:
3239:
3224:
3211:
3169:
3148:
3129:
2966:
2923:
2880:
2703:
2447:(some surnames have multiple origins, provided below are only one of many)
2391:
2300:
2263:
2210:
2037:
2017:
1790:
1699:
1682:
1642:
1302:
1283:
1235:
1199:
1171:
1167:
1057:
1049:
789:
674:
545:
532:
520:
321:(同) and others. The distinction between the two began to be blurred by the
297:
221:
111:
66:
38:
4383:
Chinese Surnames and the Genetic Differences between North and South China
4303:
Population of Indonesia by Province 1971, 1980, 1990, 1995 , 2000 and 2010
2985:
The 2019 report by Chinese Ministry of Public Security gives the surnames
2780:, which contain tables recording the descent lines of noble houses called
1911:
291:
denoted a branch of the tribe or clan. For example, the ancestors of the
4503:
3271:
3093:
2660:
2438:
2387:
2380:
2372:
2280:
2202:
2032:) family, for example, migrated from the northern capital and settled in
2009:
1410:
1401:
1263:
1085:
583:
481:
393:
342:
329:, name usage was standardised, commoners started to acquire a surname or
326:
198:
34:
3917:
3821:
In Search of Your Asian Roots: Genealogical Research on Chinese Surnames
3666:
In Search of Your Asian Roots: Genealogical Research on Chinese Surnames
3577:. Strategic Book Publishing & Rights Agency, LLC. pp. 140–141.
3342:
1336:
The name may also be changed by simplification of the writing, e.g. Mu (
121:
Two distinct types of Chinese surnames existed in ancient China, namely
3997:
3958:
3286:
3158:
2853:
2416:
2368:
2312:
2308:
2036:
after the Song dynasty revolts. Villages are often made up of a single
1935:
1920:
1422:
1414:
1289:
Others, however, may avoid using the name of a ruler, for example Shi (
1231:
1215:
1127:
1065:
891:) was meant for a child born to a secondary wife or a concubine, while
837:
632:
2090:
2087:
2084:
2081:
1910:. Furthermore, a 2012 study found that there was the lowest amount of
1393:
1385:
1364:
1360:
1353:
1345:
1337:
1330:
1322:
1318:
1314:
1298:
1290:
1279:
1271:
1259:
1239:
1211:
1203:
1191:
1183:
1175:
1149:
1111:
1103:
1089:
1081:
1069:
1061:
1053:
1041:
943:
939:
935:
931:
923:
915:
897:
888:
878:
868:
860:
844:
841:
801:
793:
775:
767:
763:
755:
751:
743:
735:
727:
719:
711:
708:
705:
702:
699:
694:. The traditional description was what were known as the "Eight Great
477:
469:
461:
453:
280:
272:
244:
241:
4243:
2933:
on 24 April 2007, the ten most common surnames in mainland China are
2884:
2773:
2769:
2331:" are all Mandarin-based pinyin transliteration for the surnames Lí (
2276:
2236:
2033:
1994:
1982:
1938:
1482:
1434:
1019:
840:
took the second character of his grandfather's courtesy name Boyuan (
548:: the 女 radical seems to appear during the Zhou period next to Shang
214:
210:
58:
1914:
in surnames among the population around middle and lower reaches of
818:). There are some two hundred examples of this identified, often of
3219:
2324:
1798:
1785:
1620:
1465:
1418:
1306:
1243:
1010:, "minister of works", akin to minister of infrastructure), Sīshì (
588:
406:
248:
62:
3249:
2873:
2423:
1772:
1759:
1746:
1694:
1677:
1637:
1588:
1511:
1438:
1227:
1131:
1123:
1073:
1045:
947:
901:
516:
449:
236:
50:
4828:
4793:
4697:
4667:
3157:, as well as a number of relatively recently created names like
1580:
739:
473:
3177:
2864:
2843:
2806:
2793:
2613:
was born in the woods during his family's exile, thus bestowed
2610:
2409:
2386:
Some people use non-standard romanizations, e.g. the Hong Kong
2364:
2320:
2240:
2235:), an extremely rare surname reportedly used by members of the
2226:
2152:
2095:
1998:
1907:
1811:
1707:
1562:
1533:
1219:
1195:
1115:
1015:
435:
164:
138:
1997:, where it is usually romanized as Tan, and is also common in
396:, which a Chinese woman would continue to use after marriage.
4454:
Chinese family name information from the US National Archives
2768:
for seniority in terms of hereditary rank. Examples of early
2214:
2134:
1986:
1733:
1720:
1660:
1650:
1575:
1294:
1207:
666:
According to the chapter on surnames in the Han dynasty work
46:
4376:
Du, Ruofu; Yida, Yuan; Hwang, Juliana; Mountain, Joanna L.;
3921:
The Oxford Dictionary of Family Names in Britain and Ireland
723:
564:
were not permitted to marry each other, those with the same
217:
in that people tend to marry those with different surnames.
4994:
4682:
3918:
Patrick Hanks; Richard Coates; Peter McClure, eds. (2016).
2020:, surname distributions in China largely settled down. The
1899:) and Zhāng (张/張). Around the major crossing points of the
260:
3092:
Names in Taiwan – both among the immigrant
2059:
Although there are thousands of Chinese family names, the
4929:
4591:
4531:
2927:
1820:
1764:
1255:
635:'s consort Lady Mujiang (穆姜), who bore the clan name (姓,
353:. The great majority of Han Chinese surnames (now called
230:, which lists over 400 names. The colloquial expressions
91:
4267:
China issues first set of stamps of Chinese family names
2640:
King or Prince, Used mainly by descendants of royalties
27:
Surnames used by Han Chinese and Sinicized ethnic groups
1452:
Regions with high concentration of particular surnames
480:). This is taken as evidence that they originated from
2359:
which is usually omitted in foreign transliterations.
2217:
characters is Lunalouyugumuzheshuduotumuku'adebu'axi (
2173:, suggesting an Irish origin to English-speakers, and
1156:, upon making Yuping's daughter an imperial concubine.
220:
The most common Chinese surnames were compiled in the
4504:
100 most common family names in mainland China (2020)
2676:
Koh,Kho,Ko,Khaw,Khor / Koh,Kho,Ko,Khaw,Khor / Hee,See
1927:
migration observed where the Han Chinese migrated to
185:
for family names or surnames. Most Chinese surnames (
3600:
3201:
3147:
Taiwanese surnames include some local variants like
2307:
can appear as Chou, Chew, Jew and many others (e.g.
305:, but the descendants were subdivided into numerous
3924:. OUP Oxford. pp. 470, 484, 1583, 1591, 2991.
2996:A commonly cited fact from the 1990 edition of the
361:) that survive to modern times have their roots in
201:, but Han Chinese family name has been exclusively
5073:101–200 Most Common Family Names in mainland China
3817:
3662:
3554:"The complex origins of Chinese names demystified"
1166:sometimes took the name of their ethnic groups as
380:survives as a word to refer to the clan. The term
4418:"China's Identity Crisis: Many People, Few Names"
2532:Ng,Uy,Ooi,Oei,Wee / Ng,Uy,Ooi,Oei,Wee / Wong,Bong
5085:
3891:Chinese American Names: Tradition and Transition
3782:Muslim Diversity: Local Islam in Global Contexts
3725:]. Genealogical Publishing Com. p. ix.
3528:Chinese American Names: Tradition and Transition
3359:Chinese American Names: Tradition and Transition
2394:'s surname 邵 is spelt as Shaw (Shao in pinyin).
2115:have survived into modern times. These include
4449:Chinese-sounding surnames in the 1990 US census
3944:
2747:
2744:for the different spellings and more examples.
2696:Teo,Teow,Teoh,Tieu,Tiew / Teo,Teow,Teoh / Chong
4459:Meaning Behind 19 Most Common Chinese Surnames
4181:"Siluo Liao's Family Temple (3rd grade relic)"
3887:
3596:
3594:
3524:
3355:
2243:province, with seventeen characters in total.
681:The following are some of the common sources:
661:
4489:
4400:
4289:". 12 December 2011. Accessed 28 March 2012.
4036:
3979:
3689:
3645:
3282:Naming laws in the People's Republic of China
2246:
2213:. The longest recorded surname written using
1376:Chinese surnames or family names are written
4269:". 19 November 2004. Accessed 28 March 2012.
4252:National Citizen Identity Information Center
4197:." 14 November 2007. Accessed 26 March 2012.
3551:
2262:into all parts of the world resulted in the
1989:, where it is romanized as Chan. It is the
3778:
3591:
3574:Warp and Weft, Chinese Language and Culture
3456:Negotiating Ethnicities in China and Taiwan
3329:Du Ruofu (June 1986). "Surnames in China".
1444:
778:) as the last one instead of Rèn. Of these
213:. Traditionally Chinese surnames have been
74:the population. A report in 2019 gives the
4496:
4482:
4343:
4341:
4339:
4205:
4203:
4088:"Sun Bin: Chinese and Korean Family Names"
3392:"Wang is the most common surname in China"
3172:. For example, some Taiwanese converts to
2898:
2435:(Indonesia/Malaysia/Singapore/Philippines)
1965:, keeping 蕭/萧 and 肖 distinct. However the
650:After the states of China were unified by
568:can. By the Han dynasty when everyone had
4375:
4220:." 24 April 2007. Accessed 27 March 2012.
4074:
4013:
3986:American Journal of Physical Anthropology
3947:American Journal of Physical Anthropology
3913:
3911:
3723:Genealogical Research on Chinese Surnames
3499:Genealogical Research on Chinese Surnames
3385:
3383:
3381:
3379:
2706:, surname bestowed upon fletchers by the
1945:The 55th most common family name "Xiào" (
4358:." 8 June 2010. Accessed 31 March 2012.
3862:
3860:
3328:
3151:(塗), which do not even appear among the
3015:
2917:Sizes of the 20 largest Chinese surnames
2751:
2585:Gold, one of the five phases (metal) in
1981:) is perhaps the most common surname in
974:, "chief musician"), and in the case of
535:). In ancient times, people of the same
531:also did not exist in the Shang dynasty
405:
234:(老百姓; lit. "old hundred surnames") and
4336:
4200:
4193:Xinhua News. 24 April 2007. "中国姓氏排行". "
4085:
4049:
4047:
3868:"A guide to names and naming practices"
3694:. Pelanduk Publications. pp. 1–3.
3520:
3518:
3389:
2922:According to a comprehensive survey of
14:
5086:
4187:
4068:
3908:
3531:. McFarland & Co. pp. 18–19.
3376:
3183:) in honor of the Canadian missionary
2232:Lǔnàlóuyúgǔmǔzhēshúduōtǔmǔkǔ'ādébǔ'āxǐ
2043:
586:(3rd century BC), China was largely a
4477:
4256:
3894:. McFarland & Co. pp. 7–10.
3857:
3452:
426:. They generally contain a "female" (
57:communities around the world such as
4415:
4044:
3714:
3545:
3515:
3490:
3434:from the original on 8 February 2021
3324:
3322:
3320:
3318:
3316:
3314:
3312:
2442:(Hong Kong/Macau/Singapore/Malaysia)
1417:(Chinese name Choo Yeang Keat), and
4323:1990 Guinness Book of World Records
3844:
3745:
3570:
2908:For a more comprehensive list, see
1409:commonly known in the West include
1405:in 2018 (up from 118,000 in 1990).
853:: In ancient usage, the characters
608:, however, was more important than
24:
3362:. McFarland & Co. p. 35.
3020:Distribution of Taiwanese surnames
2772:among the royalty can be found in
2104:) is used to mean "just anybody".
627:starting with women. For example:
25:
5110:
4436:
3760:from the original on 25 July 2022
3552:Wee Kek Koon (18 November 2016).
3309:
3012:List of common Taiwanese surnames
2903:
2299:may appear as Lee (an example is
2001:, where it is romanized as Chén.
1262:) was granted by emperors in the
1026:, "minister of bandits", akin to
962:, "grand historian"), Zhōngháng (
808:Name of a fief or place of origin
189:) in current use were originally
4312:". 2009. Accessed 29 March 2012.
3847:"A basic guide to Chinese names"
3799:from the original on 3 July 2021
3390:Butcher, Asa (31 January 2019).
3204:
1396:) family is called "Zhang Wei" (
1384:. Therefore, someone named Wei (
1164:Non-Han Chinese peoples in China
990:, "minister of horses", akin to
414:with the female radical 女 in red
69:begin with surnames, unlike the
5068:List of common Chinese surnames
4469:Top 10 Chinese Surnames in 2019
4315:
4295:
4272:
4226:
4173:
4148:
4126:
4098:
4079:
4030:
3973:
3938:
3881:
3845:Wei, Shao (24 September 2018).
3838:
3811:
3779:Leif Manger (18 October 2013).
3772:
3739:
3708:
3683:
3656:
3639:
3564:
3277:List of common Chinese surnames
2910:List of common Chinese surnames
2742:List of common Chinese surnames
2484:Kwang,Kuang / Kweng,Kueng / Kan
2256:List of common Chinese surnames
1413:(Chinese name Chan Kong-sang),
1274:) during the Tang dynasty, and
1006:", akin to treasurer), Sīkōng (
3501:]. Clearfield. p. 3.
3484:
3475:
3466:
3446:
3414:
3349:
3331:Journal of Chinese Linguistics
2999:Guinness Book of World Records
2887:in Mainland China. During the
2848:
2839:
2831:
2798:
2760:'s Spring", in Honggang Town,
2510:carry; what; how; why; which,
2271:differently. For example, the
2231:
2205:), was the family name of the
2100:
1951:traditional Chinese characters
1448:
515:may have arisen from the clan
440:
275:) and branch lineage names or
169:
143:
13:
1:
4443:Chinese Surnames (Simplified)
4423:The Christian Science Monitor
4416:Cook, Steven (6 March 1997),
3877:. March 2006. pp. 58–62.
3297:
2723:Teow,Teo / Teh,Tay,Tey / Chao
2169:), occasionally romanized as
2113:double-character family names
1955:simplified Chinese characters
770:), though some sources quote
376:is the surname, but the word
4086:Sun Bin (19 December 2005).
3824:. Clearfield. pp. 8–9.
3715:Chao, Sheau-yueh J. (2000).
3669:. Clearfield. pp. 4–7.
3491:Chao, Sheau-yueh J. (2009).
3302:
2748:Sociological use of surnames
1433:(林) may also appear as Lam (
836:would be used. For example,
76:most common Chinese surnames
7:
4407:, p. 32, 3 June 1995,
4325:. Sterling Pub. Co., 2001.
4248:Chinese Academy of Sciences
4183:. Yunlin County Government.
3818:Sheau-yueh J. Chao (2009).
3746:褚興英, ed. (21 August 2021).
3663:Sheau-yueh J. Chao (2009).
3422:Ministry of Public Security
3197:
3098:indigenous Taiwanese people
2931:Ministry of Public Security
1991:most common Chinese surname
1160:Ethnic and religious groups
1142:Royal decree by the Emperor
851:Seniority within the family
662:Origins of Chinese surnames
147:) ancestral clan names and
10:
5115:
4368:
3785:. Routledge. p. 132.
3009:
2914:
2907:
2252:Transliteration of Chinese
2247:Variations in romanization
2197:, also romanized from the
2050:extinction of family names
1957:. Originally, the surname
942:, "store manager"), Jiàn (
938:, "granary manager"), Kù (
422:were surnames held by the
254:
177:refers to the surname and
5094:Chinese-language surnames
5053:
4917:
4781:
4645:
4509:
3625:10.1017/S0362502800004259
3176:adopted the name Kai (偕,
3005:
2789:
2514:(韩) misheard as He(何) in
2445:Surname meaning / origin
2222:
2080:
1459:
1456:
1451:
631:referred to Duke Xuan of
560:While people of the same
431:
158:
132:
4301:Badan Pusat Statistik. "
4285:22 February 2014 at the
4211:公安部统计:'王'成中国第一大姓 有9288万人
4160:Humanum.arts.cuhk.edu.hk
4136:. 東方日報. 東網. 5 April 2015
3753:
3748:
3717:
3558:South China Morning Post
3493:
3426:
3230:Chinese compound surname
3102:Ministry of the Interior
2876:is generally practiced.
2634:Ong / Heng / Wung / Wong
2367:. Those from Taiwan use
2283:), Tan (Hokkien), Tang (
1445:Distribution of surnames
1371:
1154:Emperor Xiaozong of Song
625:Spring and Autumn period
365:rather than the ancient
5062:Hundred Family Surnames
4378:Cavalli-Sforza, L. Luca
4354:16 October 2013 at the
3888:Emma Woo Louie (2008).
3525:Emma Woo Louie (2008).
3356:Emma Woo Louie (2008).
3261:Hundred Family Surnames
3154:Hundred Family Surnames
2899:Common Chinese surnames
2883:and later, the rise of
2565:doctor Xu Jianbo (续简伯)
2561:Simple, descendants of
1879:). In the south, Chén (
1367:, "heartfelt feeling").
966:, "commander of middle
934:, "ice master"), Cāng (
615:The difference between
519:system used during the
399:
227:Hundred Family Surnames
4347:中华百家姓-千字文-国学经典-文化经典. "
4156:"ㄓㄠˋ [zhao4] "
4134:"中國最奇怪複姓「第五」 最長複姓17個字"
3690:Russell Jones (1997).
3646:Kiang Kang-Hu (1934).
3089:
2764:
2762:Tongshan County, Hubei
2682:To allow, State of Xu
1138:, "Duke's grandchild")
1004:minister of the masses
926:, "royal librarian"),
820:two-character surnames
698:s of High Antiquity" (
623:became blurred in the
575:
415:
4401:"O rare John Smith",
4263:People's Daily Online
3044: 張 Chang (5.26%)
3038: 黃 Huang (6.01%)
3026: 陳 Chen (11.06%)
3019:
2755:
2619:with the surname Lin
2609:Forest, Quan, son of
2461:Tan / Tan,Tang / Chin
2339:, 理 and 里); and Lì (
1363:, "sorrow", to Zhong
978:'s "Five Officials" (
409:
323:Warring States period
265:Warring States period
4308:18 July 2011 at the
4280:新'百家姓'图腾,快来看看您的尊姓啥模样
4242:It was conducted by
4216:4 March 2016 at the
4106:"Cultural Diversity"
4055:"电脑打不出来 山东200村民被迫改姓"
3602:Edwin G. Pulleyblank
3571:Lee, Keekok (2008).
3185:George Leslie Mackay
3080: 楊 Yang (2.66%)
3074: 蔡 Tsai (2.91%)
3056: 王 Wang (4.12%)
2555:Kan / Kam,Kang / Kan
2275:can appear as Chan (
2209:royal family of the
954:, "high official"),
830:Names of an ancestor
796:, 9th most common),
671:– Xingshi Pian
509:Edwin G. Pulleyblank
488:. The character for
345:, families only had
4396:on 20 November 2012
4122:on 13 January 2006.
3749:百家姓中為何沒有"鄺"?鄺姓源出何處?
3086: Other (47.4%)
3068: 劉 Liu (3.17%)
3050: 李 Lee (5.11%)
3032: 林 Lin (8.28%)
2924:residential permits
2889:Cultural Revolution
2858:New History of Tang
2836:traditional Chinese
2504:Ho,Hoe,Hoh /Ho / Ho
2355:) depending on the
2044:Surnames at present
1034:General occupations
804:, 10th most common)
484:societies based on
4321:McFarlan, Donald.
3998:10.1002/ajpa.23863
3959:10.1002/ajpa.22055
3649:On Chinese Studies
3235:Chinese given name
3090:
3062: 吳 Wu (4.04%)
2828:simplified Chinese
2778:Historical Records
2765:
2295:) and others; the
2254:family names (see
1929:Northeastern China
1380:the first name or
1170:surnames, such as
1096:Titles of nobility
908:Official positions
416:
410:The character for
5081:
5080:
4240:on 21 April 2008.
3851:Asia Media Centre
3652:. pp. 127–8.
3462:. pp. 11–36.
3170:ban intermarriage
3166:ancestral temples
2815:Mandate of Heaven
2735:
2734:
2654:Goh,Go / Goh / Ng
2223:魯納婁于古母遮熟多吐母苦啊德補啊喜
1853:
1852:
1305:with the name of
1293:) was changed to
1018:", akin to chief
507:Scholars such as
486:maternal lineages
372:In modern usage,
197:surname might be
71:Western tradition
41:ethnic groups in
18:Chinese clan name
16:(Redirected from
5106:
4498:
4491:
4484:
4475:
4474:
4431:
4412:
4397:
4395:
4388:
4362:
4361:
4345:
4334:
4319:
4313:
4299:
4293:
4292:
4276:
4270:
4260:
4254:
4241:
4236:. Archived from
4230:
4224:
4223:
4207:
4198:
4191:
4185:
4184:
4177:
4171:
4170:
4168:
4166:
4152:
4146:
4145:
4143:
4141:
4130:
4124:
4123:
4121:
4115:. Archived from
4113:HM Land Registry
4110:
4102:
4096:
4095:
4094:on 2 March 2006.
4090:. Archived from
4083:
4077:
4072:
4066:
4065:
4063:
4061:
4051:
4042:
4034:
4028:
4027:
4017:
3977:
3971:
3970:
3942:
3936:
3935:
3915:
3906:
3905:
3885:
3879:
3878:
3872:
3864:
3855:
3854:
3842:
3836:
3835:
3815:
3809:
3808:
3806:
3804:
3776:
3770:
3769:
3767:
3765:
3743:
3737:
3736:
3712:
3706:
3705:
3687:
3681:
3680:
3660:
3654:
3653:
3643:
3637:
3636:
3610:
3598:
3589:
3588:
3568:
3562:
3561:
3549:
3543:
3542:
3522:
3513:
3512:
3488:
3482:
3479:
3473:
3470:
3464:
3463:
3461:
3450:
3444:
3443:
3441:
3439:
3418:
3412:
3411:
3409:
3407:
3402:on 8 August 2019
3398:. Archived from
3387:
3374:
3373:
3353:
3347:
3346:
3326:
3214:
3209:
3208:
3207:
3085:
3079:
3073:
3067:
3061:
3055:
3049:
3043:
3037:
3031:
3025:
2926:released by the
2850:
2841:
2833:
2800:
2791:
2702:Verb, to draw a
2413:(Mainland China)
2403:
2402:
2305:Zhou (周) surname
2273:Chen (陳) surname
2260:Chinese diaspora
2233:
2224:
2102:
2093:
1449:
1178:, "barbarian"),
1028:attorney general
992:defence minister
918:, "historian"),
826:they resided in.
442:
433:
171:
162:
145:
136:
55:overseas Chinese
31:Chinese surnames
21:
5114:
5113:
5109:
5108:
5107:
5105:
5104:
5103:
5084:
5083:
5082:
5077:
5049:
4913:
4777:
4641:
4505:
4502:
4439:
4434:
4393:
4386:
4371:
4366:
4365:
4359:
4356:Wayback Machine
4346:
4337:
4320:
4316:
4310:Wayback Machine
4300:
4296:
4290:
4287:Wayback Machine
4277:
4273:
4261:
4257:
4232:
4231:
4227:
4221:
4218:Wayback Machine
4208:
4201:
4192:
4188:
4179:
4178:
4174:
4164:
4162:
4154:
4153:
4149:
4139:
4137:
4132:
4131:
4127:
4119:
4108:
4104:
4103:
4099:
4084:
4080:
4073:
4069:
4059:
4057:
4053:
4052:
4045:
4035:
4031:
3978:
3974:
3943:
3939:
3932:
3916:
3909:
3902:
3886:
3882:
3870:
3866:
3865:
3858:
3843:
3839:
3832:
3816:
3812:
3802:
3800:
3793:
3777:
3773:
3763:
3761:
3755:
3750:
3744:
3740:
3733:
3719:
3713:
3709:
3702:
3688:
3684:
3677:
3661:
3657:
3644:
3640:
3608:
3599:
3592:
3585:
3569:
3565:
3550:
3546:
3539:
3523:
3516:
3509:
3495:
3489:
3485:
3480:
3476:
3471:
3467:
3459:
3451:
3447:
3437:
3435:
3428:
3427:《二〇二〇年全国姓名报告》发布
3419:
3415:
3405:
3403:
3388:
3377:
3370:
3354:
3350:
3327:
3310:
3305:
3300:
3292:Vietnamese name
3255:Generation name
3210:
3205:
3203:
3200:
3174:Presbyterianism
3168:and rituals or
3088:
3087:
3083:
3081:
3077:
3075:
3071:
3069:
3065:
3063:
3059:
3057:
3053:
3051:
3047:
3045:
3041:
3039:
3035:
3033:
3029:
3027:
3023:
3014:
3008:
2920:
2913:
2906:
2901:
2750:
2603:Lim / Lim / Lim
2579:Kim / Kim / Kim
2446:
2441:
2434:
2419:
2412:
2400:Some examples:
2249:
2237:Yi ethnic group
2199:Manchu language
2101:Zhāng sān Lǐ sì
2046:
1842:Northeast China
1447:
1374:
1014:, "minister of
950:"), Shàngguān (
664:
580:
404:
317:(宋), Kong (空),
257:
207:written history
193:. The earliest
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5112:
5102:
5101:
5096:
5079:
5078:
5076:
5075:
5070:
5065:
5057:
5055:
5051:
5050:
5048:
5047:
5042:
5037:
5032:
5027:
5022:
5017:
5012:
5007:
5002:
4997:
4992:
4987:
4982:
4977:
4972:
4967:
4962:
4957:
4952:
4947:
4942:
4937:
4932:
4927:
4921:
4919:
4915:
4914:
4912:
4911:
4906:
4901:
4896:
4891:
4886:
4881:
4876:
4871:
4866:
4861:
4856:
4851:
4846:
4841:
4836:
4831:
4826:
4821:
4816:
4811:
4806:
4801:
4796:
4791:
4785:
4783:
4779:
4778:
4776:
4775:
4770:
4765:
4760:
4755:
4750:
4745:
4740:
4735:
4730:
4725:
4720:
4715:
4710:
4705:
4700:
4695:
4690:
4685:
4680:
4675:
4670:
4665:
4660:
4655:
4649:
4647:
4643:
4642:
4640:
4639:
4634:
4629:
4624:
4619:
4614:
4609:
4604:
4599:
4594:
4589:
4584:
4579:
4574:
4569:
4564:
4559:
4554:
4549:
4544:
4539:
4534:
4529:
4524:
4519:
4513:
4511:
4507:
4506:
4501:
4500:
4493:
4486:
4478:
4472:
4471:
4466:
4461:
4456:
4451:
4446:
4438:
4437:External links
4435:
4433:
4432:
4413:
4398:
4372:
4370:
4367:
4364:
4363:
4335:
4314:
4294:
4271:
4255:
4225:
4199:
4186:
4172:
4147:
4125:
4097:
4078:
4075:Du et al. 1992
4067:
4043:
4029:
3992:(4): 608–618.
3972:
3937:
3931:978-0199677764
3930:
3907:
3901:978-0786438778
3900:
3880:
3856:
3837:
3831:978-0806349466
3830:
3810:
3791:
3771:
3738:
3731:
3707:
3701:978-9679786194
3700:
3682:
3676:978-0806349466
3675:
3655:
3638:
3590:
3584:978-1606932476
3583:
3563:
3544:
3538:978-0786438778
3537:
3514:
3508:978-0806349466
3507:
3483:
3474:
3465:
3445:
3413:
3375:
3369:978-0786438778
3368:
3348:
3337:(2): 315–328.
3307:
3306:
3304:
3301:
3299:
3296:
3295:
3294:
3289:
3284:
3279:
3274:
3269:
3264:
3257:
3252:
3247:
3242:
3237:
3232:
3227:
3222:
3216:
3215:
3199:
3196:
3118:Chang or Zhang
3094:ethnic Chinese
3082:
3076:
3070:
3064:
3058:
3052:
3046:
3040:
3034:
3028:
3022:
3021:
3010:Main article:
3007:
3004:
2905:
2904:Mainland China
2902:
2900:
2897:
2811:Yellow Emperor
2749:
2746:
2733:
2732:
2727:
2724:
2721:
2718:
2715:
2711:
2710:
2708:Yellow Emperor
2700:
2697:
2694:
2691:
2688:
2684:
2683:
2680:
2677:
2674:
2671:
2668:
2664:
2663:
2658:
2655:
2652:
2649:
2646:
2642:
2641:
2638:
2635:
2632:
2629:
2626:
2622:
2621:
2607:
2604:
2601:
2598:
2595:
2591:
2590:
2583:
2580:
2577:
2574:
2571:
2567:
2566:
2559:
2556:
2553:
2550:
2547:
2543:
2542:
2540:State of Huang
2536:
2533:
2530:
2527:
2524:
2520:
2519:
2508:
2505:
2502:
2499:
2496:
2492:
2491:
2488:
2485:
2482:
2479:
2476:
2472:
2471:
2465:
2462:
2459:
2456:
2453:
2449:
2448:
2443:
2436:
2421:
2414:
2407:
2297:Li (李) surname
2248:
2245:
2045:
2042:
1851:
1850:
1844:
1838:
1837:
1831:
1829:Inner Mongolia
1825:
1824:
1814:
1808:
1807:
1801:
1795:
1794:
1788:
1782:
1781:
1775:
1769:
1768:
1762:
1756:
1755:
1749:
1743:
1742:
1736:
1730:
1729:
1723:
1717:
1716:
1710:
1704:
1703:
1697:
1691:
1690:
1680:
1674:
1673:
1663:
1657:
1656:
1653:
1647:
1646:
1640:
1634:
1633:
1623:
1617:
1616:
1606:
1602:
1601:
1591:
1585:
1584:
1578:
1572:
1571:
1565:
1559:
1558:
1536:
1530:
1529:
1514:
1508:
1507:
1485:
1479:
1478:
1468:
1462:
1461:
1458:
1454:
1453:
1446:
1443:
1373:
1370:
1369:
1368:
1357:
1334:
1303:avoid conflict
1287:
1248:
1247:
1230:tribe). Many
1157:
1139:
1114:, "marquis"),
1093:
1056:, "butcher"),
1031:
970:"), Yuèzhèng (
905:
848:
827:
805:
783:
663:
660:
579:
574:
448:, for example
403:
398:
256:
253:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5111:
5100:
5097:
5095:
5092:
5091:
5089:
5074:
5071:
5069:
5066:
5064:
5063:
5059:
5058:
5056:
5052:
5046:
5043:
5041:
5038:
5036:
5033:
5031:
5028:
5026:
5023:
5021:
5018:
5016:
5013:
5011:
5008:
5006:
5003:
5001:
4998:
4996:
4993:
4991:
4988:
4986:
4983:
4981:
4978:
4976:
4973:
4971:
4968:
4966:
4963:
4961:
4958:
4956:
4953:
4951:
4948:
4946:
4943:
4941:
4938:
4936:
4933:
4931:
4928:
4926:
4923:
4922:
4920:
4916:
4910:
4907:
4905:
4902:
4900:
4897:
4895:
4892:
4890:
4887:
4885:
4882:
4880:
4877:
4875:
4872:
4870:
4867:
4865:
4862:
4860:
4857:
4855:
4852:
4850:
4847:
4845:
4842:
4840:
4837:
4835:
4832:
4830:
4827:
4825:
4822:
4820:
4817:
4815:
4812:
4810:
4807:
4805:
4802:
4800:
4797:
4795:
4792:
4790:
4787:
4786:
4784:
4780:
4774:
4771:
4769:
4766:
4764:
4761:
4759:
4756:
4754:
4751:
4749:
4746:
4744:
4741:
4739:
4736:
4734:
4731:
4729:
4726:
4724:
4721:
4719:
4716:
4714:
4711:
4709:
4706:
4704:
4701:
4699:
4696:
4694:
4691:
4689:
4686:
4684:
4681:
4679:
4676:
4674:
4671:
4669:
4666:
4664:
4661:
4659:
4656:
4654:
4651:
4650:
4648:
4644:
4638:
4635:
4633:
4630:
4628:
4625:
4623:
4620:
4618:
4615:
4613:
4610:
4608:
4605:
4603:
4600:
4598:
4595:
4593:
4590:
4588:
4585:
4583:
4580:
4578:
4575:
4573:
4570:
4568:
4565:
4563:
4560:
4558:
4555:
4553:
4550:
4548:
4545:
4543:
4540:
4538:
4535:
4533:
4530:
4528:
4525:
4523:
4520:
4518:
4515:
4514:
4512:
4508:
4499:
4494:
4492:
4487:
4485:
4480:
4479:
4476:
4470:
4467:
4465:
4462:
4460:
4457:
4455:
4452:
4450:
4447:
4444:
4441:
4440:
4430:
4425:
4424:
4419:
4414:
4411:
4406:
4405:
4404:The Economist
4399:
4392:
4385:
4384:
4379:
4374:
4373:
4357:
4353:
4350:
4344:
4342:
4340:
4332:
4328:
4324:
4318:
4311:
4307:
4304:
4298:
4288:
4284:
4281:
4275:
4268:
4264:
4259:
4253:
4249:
4245:
4239:
4235:
4229:
4219:
4215:
4212:
4206:
4204:
4196:
4190:
4182:
4176:
4161:
4157:
4151:
4135:
4129:
4118:
4114:
4107:
4101:
4093:
4089:
4082:
4076:
4071:
4056:
4050:
4048:
4041:
4039:
4038:The Economist
4033:
4025:
4021:
4016:
4011:
4007:
4003:
3999:
3995:
3991:
3987:
3983:
3976:
3968:
3964:
3960:
3956:
3953:(3): 341–50.
3952:
3948:
3941:
3933:
3927:
3923:
3922:
3914:
3912:
3903:
3897:
3893:
3892:
3884:
3876:
3869:
3863:
3861:
3852:
3848:
3841:
3833:
3827:
3823:
3822:
3814:
3798:
3794:
3792:9781136818578
3788:
3784:
3783:
3775:
3759:
3751:
3742:
3734:
3732:9780806349466
3728:
3724:
3720:
3711:
3703:
3697:
3693:
3692:Chinese names
3686:
3678:
3672:
3668:
3667:
3659:
3651:
3650:
3642:
3634:
3630:
3626:
3622:
3618:
3614:
3607:
3603:
3597:
3595:
3586:
3580:
3576:
3575:
3567:
3559:
3555:
3548:
3540:
3534:
3530:
3529:
3521:
3519:
3510:
3504:
3500:
3496:
3487:
3478:
3469:
3458:
3457:
3449:
3433:
3429:
3423:
3417:
3401:
3397:
3393:
3386:
3384:
3382:
3380:
3371:
3365:
3361:
3360:
3352:
3344:
3340:
3336:
3332:
3325:
3323:
3321:
3319:
3317:
3315:
3313:
3308:
3293:
3290:
3288:
3285:
3283:
3280:
3278:
3275:
3273:
3270:
3268:
3267:Japanese name
3265:
3263:
3262:
3258:
3256:
3253:
3251:
3248:
3246:
3245:Courtesy name
3243:
3241:
3238:
3236:
3233:
3231:
3228:
3226:
3223:
3221:
3218:
3217:
3213:
3202:
3195:
3193:
3190:
3186:
3182:
3179:
3175:
3171:
3167:
3162:
3160:
3156:
3155:
3150:
3145:
3143:
3139:
3135:
3131:
3127:
3123:
3119:
3115:
3111:
3107:
3103:
3099:
3095:
3018:
3013:
3003:
3001:
3000:
2994:
2992:
2988:
2983:
2980:
2976:
2972:
2968:
2964:
2960:
2956:
2952:
2948:
2944:
2940:
2936:
2932:
2929:
2925:
2918:
2911:
2896:
2894:
2893:globalization
2890:
2886:
2882:
2877:
2875:
2869:
2866:
2861:
2859:
2855:
2851:
2845:
2837:
2829:
2825:
2819:
2816:
2812:
2808:
2803:
2801:
2795:
2787:
2783:
2779:
2775:
2771:
2763:
2759:
2754:
2745:
2743:
2738:
2731:
2730:State of Zhao
2728:
2725:
2722:
2719:
2716:
2713:
2712:
2709:
2705:
2701:
2699:Cheung/Cheong
2698:
2695:
2692:
2689:
2686:
2685:
2681:
2678:
2675:
2672:
2669:
2666:
2665:
2662:
2659:
2656:
2653:
2650:
2647:
2644:
2643:
2639:
2636:
2633:
2630:
2627:
2624:
2623:
2620:
2618:
2612:
2608:
2605:
2602:
2599:
2596:
2593:
2592:
2588:
2584:
2581:
2578:
2575:
2572:
2569:
2568:
2564:
2560:
2557:
2554:
2551:
2548:
2545:
2544:
2541:
2537:
2534:
2531:
2528:
2525:
2522:
2521:
2517:
2513:
2509:
2506:
2503:
2500:
2497:
2494:
2493:
2489:
2486:
2483:
2480:
2477:
2474:
2473:
2470:
2469:State of Chen
2466:
2463:
2460:
2457:
2454:
2451:
2450:
2444:
2440:
2437:
2433:
2429:
2425:
2422:
2418:
2415:
2411:
2408:
2405:
2404:
2401:
2398:
2395:
2393:
2389:
2384:
2382:
2378:
2374:
2370:
2366:
2360:
2358:
2354:
2350:
2346:
2342:
2338:
2334:
2330:
2326:
2322:
2318:
2317:Zheng surname
2315:); while the
2314:
2310:
2306:
2302:
2298:
2294:
2290:
2286:
2282:
2278:
2274:
2270:
2265:
2261:
2257:
2253:
2244:
2242:
2238:
2234:
2228:
2220:
2216:
2212:
2208:
2204:
2200:
2196:
2193:
2190:
2187:
2183:
2180:
2176:
2172:
2168:
2165:
2161:
2158:
2154:
2150:
2147:
2143:
2140:
2136:
2132:
2129:
2125:
2122:
2118:
2114:
2109:
2105:
2103:
2097:
2092:
2089:
2086:
2083:
2078:
2074:
2070:
2066:
2062:
2057:
2053:
2051:
2041:
2039:
2035:
2031:
2027:
2023:
2019:
2014:
2011:
2007:
2002:
2000:
1996:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1980:
1976:
1971:
1968:
1964:
1960:
1956:
1952:
1948:
1943:
1940:
1937:
1932:
1930:
1926:
1922:
1917:
1916:Yangtze River
1913:
1909:
1904:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1890:
1886:
1882:
1878:
1874:
1870:
1866:
1862:
1858:
1848:
1845:
1843:
1840:
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1835:
1832:
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1802:
1800:
1797:
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1779:
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1714:
1711:
1709:
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1701:
1698:
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1688:
1684:
1681:
1679:
1676:
1675:
1671:
1667:
1664:
1662:
1659:
1658:
1654:
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1649:
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1627:
1624:
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1619:
1618:
1614:
1610:
1607:
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1603:
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1595:
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1586:
1582:
1579:
1577:
1574:
1573:
1569:
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1564:
1561:
1560:
1556:
1552:
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1544:
1540:
1537:
1535:
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1531:
1527:
1523:
1519:
1515:
1513:
1510:
1509:
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1480:
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1467:
1464:
1463:
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1442:
1440:
1436:
1432:
1426:
1424:
1420:
1416:
1412:
1406:
1403:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1379:
1366:
1362:
1358:
1355:
1351:
1347:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1332:
1328:
1324:
1321:), and Gong (
1320:
1316:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1252:
1251:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1169:
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1161:
1158:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1140:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1101:
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1091:
1087:
1083:
1079:
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1071:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1032:
1029:
1025:
1022:) and Sīkòu (
1021:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1001:
997:
993:
989:
985:
981:
977:
973:
969:
965:
961:
957:
953:
949:
945:
941:
937:
933:
929:
925:
921:
917:
913:
909:
906:
903:
899:
896:
895:
890:
886:
885:
880:
876:
875:
870:
866:
862:
858:
857:
852:
849:
846:
843:
839:
835:
834:courtesy name
831:
828:
825:
821:
817:
813:
809:
806:
803:
799:
795:
791:
787:
784:
781:
777:
773:
769:
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761:
757:
753:
749:
745:
741:
737:
733:
729:
725:
721:
717:
713:
710:
707:
704:
701:
697:
693:
689:
688:
684:
683:
682:
679:
676:
675:Kiang Kang-Hu
672:
670:
659:
657:
653:
652:Qin Shi Huang
648:
646:
642:
638:
634:
630:
626:
622:
618:
613:
611:
607:
603:
599:
595:
591:
590:
585:
582:Prior to the
578:
573:
571:
567:
563:
558:
555:
551:
547:
543:
542:Shang dynasty
538:
534:
530:
526:
522:
518:
514:
510:
505:
503:
499:
495:
491:
487:
483:
479:
475:
471:
467:
463:
459:
455:
451:
447:
443:
437:
429:
425:
421:
413:
408:
402:
397:
395:
391:
387:
383:
379:
375:
370:
368:
364:
360:
356:
352:
348:
344:
340:
336:
332:
328:
325:. During the
324:
320:
316:
312:
308:
304:
300:
299:
294:
290:
286:
282:
278:
274:
270:
266:
262:
252:
250:
246:
243:
239:
238:
233:
229:
228:
223:
218:
216:
212:
208:
204:
200:
196:
192:
188:
184:
180:
176:
172:
166:
161:
156:
152:
151:
146:
140:
135:
130:
126:
125:
119:
117:
113:
109:
105:
101:
97:
93:
89:
85:
81:
77:
72:
68:
67:Chinese names
64:
60:
56:
52:
48:
44:
43:Greater China
40:
36:
32:
19:
5060:
4445:, with sound
4427:
4421:
4408:
4402:
4391:the original
4382:
4360:(in Chinese)
4322:
4317:
4297:
4291:(in Chinese)
4278:挑灯看剑 踏雪寻梅. "
4274:
4262:
4258:
4238:the original
4228:
4222:(in Chinese)
4189:
4175:
4163:. Retrieved
4159:
4150:
4138:. Retrieved
4128:
4117:the original
4112:
4100:
4092:the original
4081:
4070:
4058:. Retrieved
4037:
4032:
3989:
3985:
3975:
3950:
3946:
3940:
3920:
3890:
3883:
3874:
3850:
3840:
3820:
3813:
3801:. Retrieved
3781:
3774:
3762:. Retrieved
3741:
3722:
3710:
3691:
3685:
3665:
3658:
3648:
3641:
3616:
3612:
3573:
3566:
3557:
3547:
3527:
3498:
3486:
3477:
3468:
3455:
3448:
3436:. Retrieved
3416:
3404:. Retrieved
3400:the original
3395:
3358:
3351:
3334:
3330:
3259:
3240:Chinese name
3225:Chinese clan
3212:China portal
3191:
3180:
3163:
3152:
3146:
3091:
2997:
2995:
2984:
2979:100 surnames
2921:
2881:Confucianism
2878:
2870:
2862:
2857:
2847:
2823:
2820:
2804:
2797:
2781:
2777:
2766:
2739:
2736:
2614:
2563:State of Jin
2406:Written form
2399:
2396:
2392:Run Run Shaw
2385:
2361:
2301:Lee Kuan Yew
2264:Romanization
2250:
2230:
2211:Qing dynasty
2170:
2110:
2106:
2099:
2058:
2054:
2047:
2038:patrilineage
2018:Song dynasty
2015:
2003:
1972:
1967:second-round
1953:rather than
1944:
1933:
1905:
1901:Yangzi River
1854:
1498:(邝/鄺), Chan/
1427:
1407:
1377:
1375:
1284:Song dynasty
1249:
1234:adopted the
1159:
1141:
1095:
1088:") and Chú (
1033:
907:
892:
882:
872:
864:
854:
850:
829:
807:
785:
779:
695:
691:
686:
685:
680:
667:
665:
655:
649:
644:
643:姜氏, " Jiang
640:
639:) Jiang, as
636:
620:
616:
614:
609:
605:
601:
597:
593:
587:
581:
576:
569:
565:
561:
559:
553:
544:through the
536:
533:oracle bones
528:
524:
521:Zhou dynasty
512:
506:
501:
497:
493:
489:
439:
419:
418:The ancient
417:
411:
400:
389:
385:
381:
377:
373:
371:
366:
362:
358:
354:
350:
346:
338:
337:also became
334:
330:
306:
302:
296:
288:
284:
276:
268:
258:
235:
231:
225:
222:Song dynasty
219:
194:
190:
186:
182:
178:
174:
168:
149:
148:
142:
123:
122:
120:
33:are used by
30:
29:
4165:11 November
4060:1 September
3613:Early China
3406:15 November
3272:Korean name
2975:1982 census
2770:genealogies
2693:Chang/Zhang
2661:State of Wu
2589:Philosophy
2388:media mogul
2281:Jackie Chan
2269:transcribed
2203:Aisin Gioro
1934:A study by
1871:) and Liú (
1522:Zhang/Chong
1516:Liang (梁),
1488:Liang/Leung
1431:Lin surname
1411:Jackie Chan
1402:patrilinear
1388:) from the
1352:) to Duan (
1282:) from the
1264:Han dynasty
1232:Hui Muslims
1106:, "king"),
1068:"), Jiàng (
766:) and Rèn (
669:Fengsu Tong
584:Qin dynasty
523:(the words
482:matriarchal
424:noble clans
394:maiden name
343:Han dynasty
333:, and the
327:Qin dynasty
203:patrilineal
199:matrilinear
35:Han Chinese
5088:Categories
4331:189205101X
3718:尋根溯源中國人的姓氏
3494:尋根溯源中國人的姓氏
3298:References
3287:Onomastics
3189:Pe̍h-ōe-jī
3159:Changchien
2977:. The top
2915:See also:
2854:Ouyang Xiu
2758:Jia Family
2726:Chiu/Chiew
2617:Wu of Zhou
2417:Wade-Giles
2369:Wade-Giles
2313:Jimmy Choo
2309:Wakin Chau
2293:Vietnamese
2016:After the
1936:geneticist
1921:dendrogram
1863:), Zhāng (
1504:Huang/Wong
1437:) or Lim (
1423:Carrie Lam
1415:Jimmy Choo
1382:given name
1236:surname Ma
1216:Hui people
1144:, such as
1098:, such as
1092:, "cook").
1036:, as with
982:), namely
910:, such as
838:Yuan Taotu
824:Commandery
786:State name
714:), namely
309:including
232:lǎobǎixìng
65:. Written
53:and among
4244:Yuan Yida
4195:天下第一大姓——王
4006:0002-9483
3633:162159081
3303:Citations
3140:(蔡), and
3122:Lee or Li
2969:(吴), and
2885:Communism
2774:Sima Qian
2516:Jianghuai
2467:Vintage,
2439:Cantonese
2381:Cantonese
2291:), Trần (
2287:), Chin (
2277:Cantonese
2177:(or Sito
2034:Guangdong
1995:Singapore
1983:Hong Kong
1939:Yuan Yida
1605:Shanghai
1483:Guangdong
1460:Surnames
1435:Cantonese
1313:) to Mu (
1210:"), Huí (
1208:Di people
1190:"), Mǎn (
1168:sinicized
1074:craftsman
1020:ombudsman
550:sinograms
341:. By the
249:commoners
215:exogamous
211:Hong Kong
59:Singapore
39:Sinicized
4380:(1992),
4352:Archived
4349:中国台湾姓氏排行
4306:Archived
4283:Archived
4234:"人口数据统计"
4214:Archived
4024:31140593
3967:22460442
3797:Archived
3758:Archived
3619:: 1–27.
3604:(2000).
3432:Archived
3343:23767123
3220:Art name
3198:See also
2538:Yellow,
2518:Dialect
2420:(Taiwan)
2325:homonyms
2162:, simp.
2144:, simp.
2126:, simp.
1895:), Lín (
1819:(董) and
1799:Shandong
1786:Xinjiang
1621:Zhejiang
1466:Liaoning
1419:Yo-Yo Ma
1307:Sima Shi
1244:Mohammad
754:), Yún (
641:Jiangshi
589:fengjian
351:xing-shi
63:Malaysia
5099:Surname
5054:Related
5045:Cháng 常
5040:Xiàng 向
4909:Jiāng 江
4879:Xióng 熊
4804:Jiāng 姜
4799:Zhōng 钟
4743:Chéng 程
4718:Jiǎng 蒋
4622:Liáng 梁
4617:Zhèng 郑
4547:Huáng 黄
4527:Zhāng 张
4369:Sources
4246:of the
4140:26 July
4015:6771642
3803:22 July
3764:25 July
3438:24 July
3396:GBTimes
3250:Exogamy
2928:Chinese
2874:exogamy
2856:in his
2799:shìbiǎo
2786:Chinese
2782:shibiao
2679:Hui/Hua
2558:Kan/Gan
2428:Teochew
2424:Hokkien
2335:); Lǐ (
2303:), the
2285:Teochew
2279:, e.g.
2219:Chinese
2171:O'Young
2077:Chinese
1912:isonymy
1773:Qinghai
1760:Shaanxi
1747:Ningxia
1695:Guizhou
1678:Sichuan
1668:(谭/譚),
1666:Tan/Tom
1655:Hu (胡)
1638:Jiangxi
1589:Jiangsu
1557:(谢/謝),
1553:(许/許),
1549:(黄/黃),
1541:(郑/鄭),
1520:(陆/陸),
1512:Guangxi
1502:(陈/陳),
1494:(罗/羅),
1473:(张/張),
1457:Region
1439:Hokkien
1228:Xianbei
1218:") and
1188:Jurchen
1132:Gōngsūn
1130:") and
1124:Marquis
1066:diviner
948:adviser
902:Mencius
647:" (!).
629:Chunqiu
517:exogamy
446:radical
428:Chinese
359:xingshi
301:(子) as
255:History
237:bǎixìng
183:xingshi
155:Chinese
129:Chinese
51:Vietnam
5035:Kǒng 孔
5015:Qián 钱
4995:Shào 邵
4990:Gōng 龚
4950:Lóng 龙
4940:Duàn 段
4918:76–100
4889:Mèng 孟
4869:Fāng 方
4834:Liào 廖
4829:Wāng 汪
4794:Shěn 沈
4763:Dīng 丁
4708:Yuán 袁
4698:Dǒng 董
4693:Tián 田
4688:Xiāo 萧
4683:Zēng 曾
4678:Péng 彭
4668:Féng 冯
4663:Dèng 邓
4637:Táng 唐
4632:Sòng 宋
4562:Zhōu 周
4552:Zhào 赵
4542:Yáng 杨
4537:Chén 陈
4517:Wáng 王
4410:acute.
4329:
4022:
4012:
4004:
3965:
3928:
3898:
3828:
3789:
3729:
3698:
3673:
3631:
3581:
3535:
3505:
3366:
3341:
3192:Má-kai
3178:pinyin
3084:
3078:
3072:
3066:
3060:
3054:
3048:
3042:
3036:
3030:
3024:
3006:Taiwan
2919:(2018)
2865:Su Shi
2846::
2844:pinyin
2838::
2830::
2807:Cao Pi
2796::
2794:pinyin
2788::
2611:Bi Gan
2587:Wuxing
2410:Pinyin
2365:pinyin
2351:, and
2321:pinyin
2241:Yunnan
2229::
2227:pinyin
2221::
2207:Manchu
2153:Ouyang
2098::
2096:pinyin
2079::
2004:Fāng (
1999:Taiwan
1973:Chén (
1908:Fujian
1812:Shanxi
1793:(马/馬)
1780:(鲍/鮑)
1754:(万/萬)
1715:(杨/楊)
1708:Yunnan
1702:(吴/吳)
1689:(邓/鄧)
1672:(黄/黃)
1615:(杨/楊)
1563:Hainan
1534:Fujian
1528:(黄/黃)
1506:(黄/黃)
1378:before
1220:Mùróng
1196:Manchu
1116:Xiàhóu
1086:shaman
1046:potter
1016:yeomen
968:column
956:Tàishǐ
871:) and
812:Ouyang
600:and a
472:) and
438::
436:pinyin
430::
392:means
167::
165:pinyin
157::
141::
139:pinyin
131::
5025:Yán 严
5020:Dài 戴
5005:Qín 覃
5000:Wàn 万
4980:Hǎo 郝
4975:Máo 毛
4965:Táo 陶
4960:Shǐ 史
4945:Léi 雷
4935:Yán 阎
4930:Xuē 薛
4925:Yǐn 尹
4904:Hóu 侯
4899:Qiū 邱
4894:Qín 秦
4884:Bái 白
4874:Zōu 邹
4859:Xià 夏
4854:Jiǎ 贾
4849:Wéi 韦
4844:Jīn 金
4839:Shí 石
4824:Fàn 范
4814:Tán 谭
4809:Cuī 崔
4789:Yáo 姚
4782:51–75
4768:Rén 任
4748:Wèi 魏
4713:Cài 蔡
4703:Pān 潘
4673:Cáo 曹
4658:Hán 韩
4646:26–50
4627:Xiè 谢
4612:Gāo 高
4607:Luó 罗
4602:Lín 林
4592:Guō 郭
4582:Zhū 朱
4572:Sūn 孙
4532:Liú 刘
4394:(PDF)
4387:(PDF)
4120:(PDF)
4109:(PDF)
3875:FBIIC
3871:(PDF)
3721:[
3629:S2CID
3609:(PDF)
3497:[
3460:(PDF)
3339:JSTOR
3187:(馬偕,
3144:(楊).
3136:(劉),
3132:(吳),
3128:(王),
3124:(李),
3120:(張),
3116:(黃),
3114:Huang
3112:(林),
3108:(陳),
2965:(赵),
2961:(黄),
2959:Huang
2957:(杨),
2953:(陈),
2949:(刘),
2945:(张),
2943:Zhang
2941:(李),
2937:(王),
2849:pǔdié
2824:pudie
2714:赵 / 趙
2690:Zhang
2687:张 / 張
2667:许 / 許
2645:吴 / 吳
2552:Chien
2546:简 / 簡
2529:Huang
2526:Huang
2523:黄 / 黃
2475:关 / 關
2458:Ch'en
2452:陈 / 陳
2432:Hakka
2377:Hakka
2289:Hakka
2215:hanzi
2135:Zhuge
2073:Zhang
2022:Kuàng
1987:Macau
1925:demic
1734:Gansu
1726:Cheng
1721:Henan
1685:(何),
1670:Huang
1661:Hunan
1651:Hubei
1628:(毛),
1611:(王),
1596:(徐),
1576:Anhui
1547:Huang
1545:(林),
1539:Zheng
1526:Huang
1524:(章),
1496:Kuang
1490:(梁),
1475:Jiang
1471:Zhang
1390:Zhang
1372:Usage
1340:) to
1325:) to
1301:) to
1295:Shuai
1146:Kuang
976:Shang
856:zhong
716:Jiāng
494:shēng
458:Jiang
313:(殷),
293:Shang
224:work
104:Huang
88:Zhang
47:Korea
5030:Mò 莫
5010:Wǔ 武
4985:Gù 顾
4970:Hè 贺
4955:Lí 黎
4864:Fù 傅
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