3731:, but the above formula for 𝜆 is invalid. A closely related system is the International System of Electric and Magnetic Units, which has a different unit of mass so that the formula for 𝜆′ is invalid. The unit of mass was chosen to remove powers of ten from contexts in which they were considered to be objectionable (e.g.,
3716:
The electrical units, other than the volt and ampere, are determined by the requirement that any equation involving only electrical and kinematical quantities that is valid in SI should also be valid in the system. For example, since electric field strength is voltage per unit length, its unit is the
997:
units in the CGS and SI systems are made more complex by the differences in the formulas expressing physical laws of electromagnetism as assumed by each system of units, specifically in the nature of the constants that appear in these formulas. This illustrates the fundamental difference in the ways
3696:
as the units of voltage and current respectively. Doing this avoids the inconveniently large and small electrical units that arise in the esu and emu systems. This system was at one time widely used by electrical engineers because the volt and ampere had been adopted as international standard units
217:
The sizes of many CGS units turned out to be inconvenient for practical purposes. For example, many everyday objects are hundreds or thousands of centimetres long, such as humans, rooms and buildings. Thus the CGS system never gained wide use outside the field of science. Starting in the 1880s, and
1041:
powers of 10) with those of the CGS-EMU system described in further sections. The ampere is a base unit of the SI system, with the same status as the metre, kilogram, and second. Thus the relationship in the definition of the ampere with the metre and newton is disregarded, and the ampere is not
1103:
The CGS system variant avoids introducing new base quantities and units, and instead defines all electromagnetic quantities by expressing the physical laws that relate electromagnetic phenomena to mechanics with only dimensionless constants, and hence all units for these quantities are directly
3171:
In CGS-ESU, all electric and magnetic quantities are dimensionally expressible in terms of length, mass, and time, and none has an independent dimension. Such a system of units of electromagnetism, in which the dimensions of all electric and magnetic quantities are expressible in terms of the
181:) take a form that depends on which system of units is being used, because the electromagnetic quantities are defined differently in SI and in CGS. Furthermore, within CGS, there are several plausible ways to define electromagnetic quantities, leading to different "sub-systems", including
3144:
2425:
1048:) to relate electromagnetic units to kinematic units. (This constant of proportionality is derivable directly from the above definition of the ampere.) All other electric and magnetic units are derived from these four base units using the most basic common definitions: for example,
1299:
273:
In mechanics, the quantities in the CGS and SI systems are defined identically. The two systems differ only in the scale of the three base units (centimetre versus metre and gram versus kilogram, respectively), with the third unit (second) being the same in both systems.
2891:
1849:
1571:
2128:
3663:
3455:
3180:
All electromagnetic units in the CGS-ESU system that have not been given names of their own are named as the corresponding SI name with an attached prefix "stat" or with a separate abbreviation "esu", and similarly with the corresponding symbols.
3754:
The ampere-turn system is constructed in a similar way by considering magnetomotive force and magnetic field strength to be electrical quantities and rationalizing the system by dividing the units of magnetic pole strength and magnetization by
2249:
1970:
1679:
1407:
2533:
2320:
1108:
In each of these systems the quantities called "charge" etc. may be a different quantity; they are distinguished here by a superscript. The corresponding quantities of each system are related through a proportionality constant.
3197:), current is defined via the force existing between two thin, parallel, infinitely long wires carrying it, and charge is then defined as current multiplied by time. (This approach was eventually used to define the SI unit of
1477:
1192:
225:
Since the international adoption of the MKS standard in the 1940s and the SI standard in the 1960s, the technical use of CGS units has gradually declined worldwide. CGS units have been deprecated in favor of SI units by
1742:
2902:
2027:
2630:
2326:
3759:. The units of the first two quantities are the ampere and the ampere per centimetre respectively. The unit of magnetic permeability is that of the emu system, and the magnetic constitutive equations are
1198:
213:
recommended the general adoption of centimetre, gram and second as fundamental units, and to express all derived electromagnetic units in these fundamental units, using the prefix "C.G.S. unit of ...".
1613:
1341:
2675:
2467:
2170:
1891:
1748:
1483:
218:
more significantly by the mid-20th century, CGS was gradually superseded internationally for scientific purposes by the MKS (metre–kilogram–second) system, which in turn developed into the modern
2033:
457:
277:
There is a direct correspondence between the base units of mechanics in CGS and SI. Since the formulae expressing the laws of mechanics are the same in both systems and since both systems are
5175:
Specialized unit systems are used to simplify formulas further than either SI or CGS do, by eliminating constants through a convention of normalizing quantities with respect to some system of
3466:
5937:
564:
3256:
395:
3680:
All electromagnetic units in the CGS-EMU system that do not have proper names are denoted by a corresponding SI name with an attached prefix "ab" or with a separate abbreviation "emu".
507:
201:
to base a system of absolute units on the three fundamental units of length, mass and time. Gauss chose the units of millimetre, milligram and second. In 1873, a committee of the
6211:
329:
1042:
treated as dimensionally equivalent to any combination of other base units. As a result, electromagnetic laws in SI require an additional constant of proportionality (see
2176:
1094:
1897:
1619:
1347:
6886:
3751:). Inevitably, the powers of ten reappeared in other contexts, but the effect was to make the familiar joule and watt the units of work and power respectively.
2473:
5227:
3230:
is that constant current which, if maintained in two straight parallel conductors of infinite length, of negligible circular cross-section, and placed one
2262:
242:
applications and physics education, while
Gaussian CGS units are still commonly used in theoretical physics, describing microscopic systems, relativistic
1418:
4644:. For example, according to the capacitance row of the table, if a capacitor has a capacitance of 1 F in SI, then it has a capacitance of (10
202:
1143:
6011:
5107:. With its system of uniquely named units, the SI removes any confusion in usage: 1 ampere is a fixed value of a specified quantity, and so are 1
3713:(inductance) are consequently also used in the practical system and are the same as the SI units. The magnetic units are those of the emu system.
5972:
3856:
There were at various points in time about half a dozen systems of electromagnetic units in use, most based on the CGS system. These include the
3139:{\displaystyle \mathrm {1\,Fr/s=1\,statampere=1\,esu\;current=1\,dyne^{1/2}{\cdot }cm{\cdot }s^{-1}=1\,g^{1/2}{\cdot }cm^{3/2}{\cdot }s^{-2}} .}
1693:
594:
1 unit of pressure = 1 unit of force / (1 unit of length) = 1 unit of mass / (1 unit of length × (1 unit of time))
88:
units are unambiguously derived from these three base units, but there are several different ways in which the CGS system was extended to cover
227:
2420:{\displaystyle \nabla \times \mathbf {B} ^{\text{SI}}-\mu _{0}\epsilon _{0}{\dot {\mathbf {E} }}^{\text{SI}}=\mu _{0}\mathbf {J} ^{\text{SI}}}
604:
Expressing a CGS derived unit in terms of the SI base units, or vice versa, requires combining the scale factors that relate the two systems:
6206:
1984:
2563:
5237:
111:(SI). In many fields of science and engineering, SI is the only system of units in use, but CGS is still prevalent in certain subfields.
6778:
6525:
6250:
5242:
6803:
1294:{\displaystyle \nabla \times \mathbf {B} ^{\text{ESU}}-c^{-2}{\dot {\mathbf {E} }}^{\text{ESU}}=4\pi c^{-2}\mathbf {J} ^{\text{ESU}}}
4636:
in vacuum when expressed in units of centimetres per second. The symbol "≘" is used instead of "=" as a reminder that the units are
189:. Among these choices, Gaussian units are the most common today, and "CGS units" is often intended to refer to CGS-Gaussian units.
6798:
6515:
6335:
2886:{\displaystyle \mathrm {1\,Fr=1\,statcoulomb=1\,esu\;charge=1\,dyne^{1/2}{\cdot }cm=1\,g^{1/2}{\cdot }cm^{3/2}{\cdot }s^{-1}} .}
1844:{\displaystyle \nabla \times \mathbf {B} ^{\text{G}}-c^{-1}{\dot {\mathbf {E} }}^{\text{G}}=4\pi c^{-1}\mathbf {J} ^{\text{G}}}
1566:{\displaystyle \nabla \times \mathbf {B} ^{\text{EMU}}-c^{-2}{\dot {\mathbf {E} }}^{\text{EMU}}=4\pi \mathbf {J} ^{\text{EMU}}}
1577:
1305:
6834:
6829:
6783:
6434:
6424:
6325:
5697:
2431:
2134:
2123:{\displaystyle \nabla \times \mathbf {B} ^{\text{LH}}-c^{-1}{\dot {\mathbf {E} }}^{\text{LH}}=c^{-1}\mathbf {J} ^{\text{LH}}}
177:, and so on), converting between CGS and SI is less straightforward. Formulas for physical laws of electromagnetism (such as
3672:
is therefore equivalent to ML. Hence, neither charge nor current is an independent physical quantity in the CGS-EMU system.
1855:
6906:
6839:
6409:
6347:
6004:
5214:
1034:
6773:
6560:
4656:) cm" within an equation or formula. (This warning is a special aspect of electromagnetism units. By contrast it is
285:
in terms of the base units are the same in both systems, and there is an unambiguous relationship between derived units:
3658:{\displaystyle \mathrm {1\,Bi{\cdot }s=1\,abcoulomb=1\,emu\,charge=1\,dyne^{1/2}{\cdot }s=1\,g^{1/2}{\cdot }cm^{1/2}} .}
406:
6813:
6788:
6641:
6389:
6697:
5927:
5901:
5755:
5722:
5670:
5540:
5385:
4949:
210:
3450:{\displaystyle \mathrm {1\,Bi=1\,abampere=1\,emu\;current=1\,dyne^{1/2}=1\,g^{1/2}{\cdot }cm^{1/2}{\cdot }s^{-1}} .}
6667:
6631:
6540:
6278:
6216:
5422:. Forty-third Meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science. Bradford: John Murray. p. 223
5252:
278:
235:
518:
6753:
6738:
6692:
6570:
6545:
6530:
6490:
6414:
5997:
4415:
340:
6748:
6733:
6723:
6713:
6651:
6621:
6591:
6555:
6480:
6399:
6374:
6369:
6364:
6357:
6061:
5911:
5321:
Carron, Neal J. (21 May 2015). "Babel of units: The evolution of units systems in classical electromagnetism".
6743:
6718:
6682:
6646:
6626:
6616:
6601:
6596:
6586:
6495:
6419:
6320:
6051:
6041:
5247:
5222:
2554:
1066:
108:
6808:
6728:
6687:
6677:
6606:
6510:
6449:
6444:
6404:
6394:
6384:
6379:
6283:
6185:
6180:
6099:
6094:
6056:
38:
6143:
5369:
5156:), the unit of current was chosen such that electromagnetic equations concerning charged spheres contain 4
472:
6636:
6611:
6550:
6500:
6485:
6475:
6439:
6330:
6293:
6262:
6133:
5875:
5153:
5139:
4061:
3861:
1977:
586:, is related to the CGS base units of length, mass, and time in the same way as the SI unit of pressure,
186:
5297:
291:
6672:
6520:
6454:
6352:
6298:
6288:
5356:
398:
17:
5957:
5840:
6896:
6565:
6104:
5953:
231:
5966:
5532:
5417:
5273:
5419:
First Report of the
Committee for the Selection and Nomenclature of Dynamical and Electrical Units
6128:
6079:
5397:
5195:
5096:
4923:
2244:{\displaystyle \nabla \times \mathbf {E} ^{\text{LH}}+c^{-1}{\dot {\mathbf {B} }}^{\text{LH}}=0}
6901:
5747:
5662:
5169:
5092:
4336:
4115:
3172:
mechanical dimensions of mass, length, and time, is traditionally called an 'absolute system'.
1112:
178:
5494:
5172:
and relates directly to the geometric symmetry of the system being described by the equation.
1965:{\displaystyle \nabla \times \mathbf {E} ^{\text{G}}+c^{-1}{\dot {\mathbf {B} }}^{\text{G}}=0}
6020:
2549:
variant of the CGS system, (CGS-ESU), charge is defined as the quantity that obeys a form of
131:
5739:
5524:
5187:, with lengths, times, and so on all converted into units of energy by inserting factors of
1674:{\displaystyle \nabla \times \mathbf {E} ^{\text{EMU}}+{\dot {\mathbf {B} }}^{\text{EMU}}=0}
1402:{\displaystyle \nabla \times \mathbf {E} ^{\text{ESU}}+{\dot {\mathbf {B} }}^{\text{ESU}}=0}
5945:
5919:
5610:
5413:
5405:
5342:
5232:
4685:
4501:
198:
31:
5657:
Encyclopaedia of
Scientific Units, Weights and Measures: Their SI Equivalences and Origins
2528:{\displaystyle \nabla \times \mathbf {E} ^{\text{SI}}+{\dot {\mathbf {B} }}^{\text{SI}}=0}
8:
6793:
6313:
6244:
5525:
5393:
4466:
3807:
1044:
644:
206:
96:
5614:
4660:
correct to replace, e.g., "1 m" with "100 cm" within an equation or formula.)
6891:
6308:
6084:
5886:
5880:
5816:
5789:
5655:
5626:
5601:
Leung, P. T. (2004). "A note on the 'system-free' expressions of
Maxwell's equations".
5467:
5409:
5322:
4807:
3971:
3873:
Conversion of SI units in electromagnetism to ESU, EMU, and
Gaussian subsystems of CGS
27:
Physical system of measurement that uses the centimetre, gram, and second as base units
3697:
by the
International Electrical Congress of 1881. As well as the volt and ampere, the
2669:
Therefore, in CGS-ESU, a franklin is equal to a centimetre times square root of dyne:
5923:
5897:
5821:
5751:
5740:
5718:
5693:
5666:
5622:
5536:
5183:
a system is in use where every quantity is expressed by only one unit of energy, the
5131:
4871:
4365:
4108:
4094:
2661:
apart are said to be of 1 franklin each if the electrostatic force between them is 1
2315:{\displaystyle \nabla \cdot \mathbf {E} ^{\text{SI}}=\rho ^{\text{SI}}/\epsilon _{0}}
5630:
5557:
5087:
Lack of unique unit names leads to potential confusion: "15 emu" may mean either 15
169:
On the other hand, in measurements of electromagnetic phenomena (involving units of
6340:
5811:
5801:
5618:
5202:
5180:
3935:
2550:
1472:{\displaystyle \nabla \cdot \mathbf {E} ^{\text{EMU}}=4\pi c^{2}\rho ^{\text{EMU}}}
1049:
1003:
994:
608:
1 Ba = 1 g/(cm⋅s) = 10 kg / (10m⋅s) = 10 kg/(m⋅s) = 10 Pa.
170:
89:
5575:
3810:
is given a hybrid unit to ensure the validity of Ohm's law for magnetic circuits.
6505:
5772:
5687:
5401:
4981:
3900:
840:
782:
464:
243:
127:
6855:
6429:
6046:
5345:(1832), "Intensitas vis magneticae terrestris ad mensuram absolutam revocata",
5188:
5119:
5047:
4633:
4408:
4286:
4255:
4014:
3890:
3857:
3720:
The system is electrically rationalized and magnetically unrationalized; i.e.,
1686:
612:
182:
114:
In measurements of purely mechanical systems (involving units of length, mass,
5787:
1187:{\displaystyle \nabla \cdot \mathbf {E} ^{\text{ESU}}=4\pi \rho ^{\text{ESU}}}
6880:
6303:
6175:
6115:
5893:
5441:
5176:
4838:
4718:
4383:
4161:
1025:
966:
940:
922:
892:
804:
587:
262:
151:
57:
6860:
6148:
6138:
6123:
5825:
5389:
5298:"The Centimeter-Gram-Second (CGS) System of Units – Maple Programming Help"
5184:
5108:
4747:
4594:
4426:
4395:
4375:
4351:
4279:
4266:
4204:
4076:
3710:
910:
756:
571:
282:
261:
remain useful as noncoherent units within the SI system, as with any other
247:
197:
The CGS system goes back to a proposal in 1832 by the German mathematician
1737:{\displaystyle \nabla \cdot \mathbf {E} ^{\text{G}}=4\pi \rho ^{\text{G}}}
126:, and so on), the differences between CGS and SI are straightforward: the
6459:
6190:
6089:
5989:
5806:
5104:
4893:
4774:
4548:
4187:
4140:
4090:
3921:
2645:
239:
5742:
Magnetic Fields: A Comprehensive
Theoretical Treatise for Practical Use
5371:
Outlines of the evolution of weights and measures and the metric system
5069:
4969:
4799:
4583:
4541:
4530:
4458:
4448:
4361:
4319:
4315:
4248:
4233:
4154:
4144:
4054:
4043:
3956:
3231:
3157:
2658:
2022:{\displaystyle \nabla \cdot \mathbf {E} ^{\text{LH}}=\rho ^{\text{LH}}}
956:
766:
658:
258:
61:
5940:(1900). "Electrical Engineering. Standards of Measurement page 1024".
5347:
Commentationes
Societatis Regiae Scientiarum Gottingensis Recentiores
5130:
is replaced by 1, and the only dimensional constant appearing in the
4914:
4569:
4197:
4150:
4104:
3928:
2625:{\displaystyle F={q_{1}^{\text{ESU}}q_{2}^{\text{ESU}} \over r^{2}}.}
1007:
930:
900:
567:
85:
5958:"Gaussian, SI and Other Systems of Units in Electromagnetic Theory"
5327:
5168:
entirely, which was the most convenient choice for applications in
4039:
4000:
3963:
3214:
3161:
870:
732:
696:
575:
510:
332:
123:
104:
1010:
force exerted by two infinitely long, thin, parallel wires 1
6865:
4607:
4576:
4526:
4487:
4329:
4173:
4126:
4072:
3975:
3911:
3706:
1097:
1038:
174:
5845:. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. pp. 830–831, Appendix B.
5160:, those concerning coils of current and straight wires contain 2
6535:
5715:
Lord Kelvin: His
Influence on Electrical Measurements and Units
5088:
5073:
5039:
5007:
4830:
4444:
4347:
4297:
4244:
4050:
4007:
3946:
3867:
3693:
3235:
3198:
1015:
811:
716:
640:
460:
119:
77:
65:
3238:, would produce between these conductors a force equal to two
983:
5466:
Waldron, Anne; Judd, Peggy; Miller, Valerie (February 1993),
4559:
4537:
4516:
4494:
4430:
4301:
4219:
4215:
4130:
4029:
3717:
volt per centimetre, which is one hundred times the SI unit.
3698:
1029:
1011:
880:
833:
667:
590:, is related to the SI base units of length, mass, and time:
583:
115:
107:, and second, which was in turn extended and replaced by the
100:
613:
Definitions and conversion factors of CGS units in mechanics
5855:
5788:
Bennett, L. H.; Page, C. H.; Swartzendruber, L. J. (1978).
5442:
5100:
4973:
4965:
4863:
4710:
4025:
3990:
3689:
3239:
2662:
863:
792:
706:
687:
677:
254:
143:
81:
73:
69:
5384:
3688:
The practical CGS system is a hybrid system that uses the
5112:
5035:
5003:
4826:
4743:
4512:
4477:
4371:
3702:
3165:
1037:
being numerically consistent (subject to factors of some
1006:, the ampere (A), was historically defined such that the
850:
821:
1608:{\displaystyle \nabla \cdot \mathbf {B} ^{\text{EMU}}=0}
1336:{\displaystyle \nabla \cdot \mathbf {B} ^{\text{ESU}}=0}
988:
5794:
Journal of Research of the National Bureau of Standards
2557:(and current is then defined as charge per unit time):
2462:{\displaystyle \nabla \cdot \mathbf {B} ^{\text{SI}}=0}
2255:
2165:{\displaystyle \nabla \cdot \mathbf {B} ^{\text{LH}}=0}
268:
219:
1886:{\displaystyle \nabla \cdot \mathbf {B} ^{\text{G}}=0}
5228:
International System of Electrical and Magnetic Units
5201:. This unit system is convenient for calculations in
5122:, electric and magnetic fields have the same units, 4
4652:
it is incorrect to replace "1 F" with "(10
3469:
3259:
2905:
2678:
2566:
2476:
2434:
2329:
2265:
2179:
2137:
2036:
1987:
1900:
1858:
1751:
1696:
1622:
1580:
1486:
1421:
1350:
1308:
1201:
1146:
1069:
521:
475:
409:
343:
294:
5777:. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office.
5152:
In SI, and other rationalized systems (for example,
5874:
5774:
International System of Electric and Magnetic Units
5522:
5952:
5885:
5879:
5654:
5368:Hallock, William; Wade, Herbert Treadwell (1906).
4663:
3657:
3449:
3138:
2885:
2624:
2527:
2461:
2419:
2314:
2243:
2164:
2122:
2021:
1964:
1885:
1843:
1736:
1673:
1607:
1565:
1471:
1401:
1335:
1293:
1186:
1088:
558:
501:
452:{\displaystyle E=\int {\vec {F}}\cdot d{\vec {x}}}
451:
389:
323:
203:British Association for the Advancement of Science
95:The CGS system has been largely supplanted by the
5465:
5440:Thompson, Ambler; Taylor, Barry N. (March 2008).
6878:
5910:
5942:The Mechanical Engineer's Pocket-book (5th ed.)
5082:
5652:
5502:, International Astronomical Union, p. 20
5439:
4669:Commonly used physical constants in CGS units
3184:
3156:Other units in the CGS-ESU system include the
1104:derived from the centimetre, gram, and second.
1096:resulting in the unit of electric charge, the
6005:
5936:
5164:and those dealing with charged surfaces lack
582:Thus, for example, the CGS unit of pressure,
5914:(1999). "Appendix on Units and Dimensions".
5689:A Dictionary of Weights, Measures, and Units
3868:Electromagnetic units in various CGS systems
3668:Dimensionally in the CGS-EMU system, charge
3250:, a biot is equal to a square root of dyne:
2540:
1115:can be written in each of these systems as:
1100:(C), being defined as 1 C = 1 A⋅s.
559:{\displaystyle \eta =\tau /{\frac {dv}{dx}}}
142:. For example, the CGS unit of force is the
5367:
5238:List of scientific units named after people
984:Derivation of CGS units in electromagnetism
390:{\displaystyle F=m{\frac {d^{2}x}{dt^{2}}}}
6019:
6012:
5998:
5679:
5648:
5646:
5644:
5642:
5640:
5531:(3rd ed.). New York: Wiley. pp.
5374:. New York: The Macmillan Co. p. 200.
3318:
2978:
2746:
30:"CGS" redirects here. For other uses, see
5888:Introduction to Electrodynamics (3rd ed.)
5815:
5805:
5770:
5712:
5326:
5274:"Centimetre-gram-second system | physics"
3606:
3564:
3539:
3529:
3495:
3474:
3380:
3346:
3308:
3277:
3264:
3069:
3006:
2968:
2931:
2910:
2816:
2771:
2736:
2696:
2683:
1079:
5849:
5737:
5469:Physical Review Style and Notation Guide
5205:, but is impractical in other contexts.
5637:
5518:
5516:
5492:
5475:, American Physical Society, p. 15
5259:
3153:is therefore has the dimension to MLT.
1014:apart and carrying a current of 1
230:, as well as organizations such as the
14:
6887:Centimetre–gram–second system of units
6879:
5856:A.P. French; Edwind F. Taylor (1978).
5320:
3683:
3189:In another variant of the CGS system,
46:centimetre–gram–second system of units
5993:
5868:
5685:
5600:
5555:
5341:
989:CGS approach to electromagnetic units
238:. SI units are predominantly used in
5838:
5513:
5215:Outline of metrology and measurement
502:{\displaystyle p={\frac {F}{L^{2}}}}
269:Definition of CGS units in mechanics
5916:Classical Electrodynamics (3rd ed.)
5661:(2nd ed.). Springer. pp.
5594:
5142:has these properties as well (with
3222:, is therefore defined as follows:
2896:The unit of current is defined as:
2653:, is therefore defined as follows:
24:
6042:International System of Units (SI)
5858:An Introduction to Quantum Physics
5243:Metre–tonne–second system of units
3634:
3630:
3608:
3597:
3575:
3571:
3568:
3565:
3555:
3552:
3549:
3546:
3543:
3540:
3536:
3533:
3530:
3520:
3517:
3514:
3511:
3508:
3505:
3502:
3499:
3496:
3486:
3478:
3475:
3460:The unit of charge in CGS EMU is:
3431:
3408:
3404:
3382:
3357:
3353:
3350:
3347:
3337:
3334:
3331:
3328:
3325:
3322:
3319:
3315:
3312:
3309:
3299:
3296:
3293:
3290:
3287:
3284:
3281:
3278:
3268:
3265:
3120:
3097:
3093:
3071:
3051:
3042:
3039:
3017:
3013:
3010:
3007:
2997:
2994:
2991:
2988:
2985:
2982:
2979:
2975:
2972:
2969:
2959:
2956:
2953:
2950:
2947:
2944:
2941:
2938:
2935:
2932:
2922:
2914:
2911:
2867:
2844:
2840:
2818:
2807:
2804:
2782:
2778:
2775:
2772:
2762:
2759:
2756:
2753:
2750:
2747:
2743:
2740:
2737:
2727:
2724:
2721:
2718:
2715:
2712:
2709:
2706:
2703:
2700:
2697:
2687:
2684:
2477:
2435:
2330:
2266:
2180:
2138:
2037:
1988:
1901:
1859:
1752:
1697:
1623:
1581:
1487:
1422:
1351:
1309:
1202:
1147:
324:{\displaystyle v={\frac {dx}{dt}}}
281:, the definitions of all coherent
25:
6918:
5568:
5562:Eric Weisstein's World of Physics
5253:Foot–pound–second system of units
5099:, sometimes (but not always) per
4950:Newtonian constant of gravitation
3851:
2657:two equal point charges spaced 1
1033:. This definition results in all
5790:"Comments on units in magnetism"
2503:
2485:
2443:
2407:
2376:
2338:
2274:
2219:
2188:
2146:
2110:
2076:
2045:
1996:
1940:
1909:
1867:
1831:
1791:
1760:
1705:
1649:
1631:
1589:
1553:
1526:
1495:
1430:
1377:
1359:
1317:
1281:
1241:
1210:
1155:
993:The conversion factors relating
236:International Astronomical Union
173:, electric and magnetic fields,
5978:from the original on 2015-12-11
5832:
5781:
5771:Dellinger, John Howard (1916).
5764:
5731:
5706:
5549:
4664:Physical constants in CGS units
3675:
3175:
513:defined as force per unit area)
150:, so the SI unit of force, the
5486:
5459:
5433:
5378:
5361:
5335:
5314:
5290:
5266:
3149:In the CGS-ESU system, charge
443:
425:
13:
1:
6052:US customary units (USCS/USC)
5248:United States customary units
5223:International System of Units
3813:In all the practical systems
399:Newton's second law of motion
109:International System of Units
5860:. W.W. Norton & Company.
5523:Jackson, John David (1999).
5083:Advantages and disadvantages
4632:is the numeric value of the
3185:Electromagnetic units (EMU)
998:the two systems are built:
600:1 Pa = 1 kg/(m⋅s).
39:Outline of the metric system
7:
6907:British Science Association
5738:Knoepfel, Heinz E. (2000).
5692:. Oxford University Press.
5603:European Journal of Physics
5493:Wilkins, George A. (1989),
5208:
4062:electric displacement field
597:1 Ba = 1 g/(cm⋅s)
10:
6923:
5623:10.1088/0143-0807/25/2/N01
5402:Jenkin, Professor Fleeming
5138:, the speed of light. The
3820:= 8.8542 × 10 A⋅s/(V⋅cm),
2541:Electrostatic units (ESU)
1130:Gauss's law for magnetism
192:
36:
29:
6848:
6822:
6766:
6706:
6660:
6579:
6468:
6271:
6237:
6230:
6199:
6168:
6161:
6114:
6105:English Engineering Units
6072:
6034:
6027:
5527:Classical Electrodynamics
4875:
4870:
4722:
4717:
4598:
4563:
4520:
4481:
4452:
4406:
4369:
4323:
4277:
4223:
4177:
4134:
4080:
4033:
3994:
3950:
3915:
3248:electromagnetic CGS units
3242:per centimetre of length.
3204:The EMU unit of current,
1132:
1129:
1126:
1123:
232:American Physical Society
37:For a topical guide, see
5969:, Berkeley lecture notes
5967:University of California
5839:Gray, Truman S. (1954).
5713:Tunbridge, Paul (1992).
5140:Heaviside–Lorentz system
5015:reduced Planck constant
2635:The ESU unit of charge,
1035:SI electromagnetic units
6144:Quantum chromodynamical
5717:. IET. pp. 34–40.
5653:Cardarelli, F. (2004).
5278:Encyclopedia Britannica
5196:reduced Planck constant
5097:magnetic susceptibility
4924:fine-structure constant
3862:Heaviside–Lorentz units
3709:(electric charge), and
1089:{\displaystyle q=I\,t,}
205:, including physicists
187:Heaviside–Lorentz units
128:unit-conversion factors
6257:centimetre–gram–second
6021:Systems of measurement
5686:Fenna, Donald (2002).
5170:electrical engineering
5093:electric dipole moment
4337:magnetic dipole moment
4116:electric dipole moment
3659:
3451:
3244:
3140:
2887:
2667:
2626:
2529:
2463:
2421:
2316:
2245:
2166:
2124:
2023:
1966:
1887:
1845:
1738:
1675:
1609:
1567:
1473:
1403:
1337:
1295:
1188:
1090:
1055:is defined as current
560:
503:
453:
391:
331: (definition of
325:
146:, which is defined as
56:) is a variant of the
6779:Biblical and Talmudic
6245:metre–kilogram–second
5576:"Atomic Spectroscopy"
5394:Maxwell, Professor JC
5095:, or 15 emu units of
5091:, or 15 emu units of
3660:
3452:
3224:
3191:electromagnetic units
3160:(1 statC/s) and
3141:
2888:
2655:
2627:
2530:
2464:
2422:
2317:
2246:
2167:
2125:
2024:
1967:
1888:
1846:
1739:
1676:
1610:
1568:
1474:
1404:
1338:
1296:
1189:
1091:
742:centimetre per second
561:
504:
454:
392:
326:
5807:10.6028/jres.083.002
5496:The IAU Style Manual
5447:(Report). p. 10
5390:Foster, Professor GC
5260:References and notes
5233:List of metric units
4686:atomic mass constant
3827:= 1 V⋅s/(A⋅cm), and
3467:
3257:
2903:
2676:
2564:
2555:multiplying constant
2474:
2432:
2327:
2263:
2177:
2135:
2034:
1985:
1898:
1856:
1749:
1694:
1620:
1578:
1484:
1419:
1348:
1306:
1199:
1144:
1067:
519:
473:
463:defined in terms of
407:
341:
292:
199:Carl Friedrich Gauss
185:, "ESU", "EMU", and
32:CGS (disambiguation)
5881:"Appendix C: Units"
5876:Griffiths, David J.
5842:Applied Electronics
5615:2004EJPh...25N...1L
5580:Atomic Spectroscopy
5556:Weisstein, Eric W.
5357:English translation
5120:CGS-Gaussian system
5115:, and 1 volt.
4670:
3874:
3808:Magnetic reluctance
3684:Practical CGS units
2605:
2590:
2547:electrostatic units
1127:Ampère–Maxwell law
1113:Maxwell's equations
1059:multiplied by time
1045:Vacuum permeability
1002:In SI, the unit of
207:James Clerk Maxwell
179:Maxwell's equations
6251:metre–tonne–second
6047:UK imperial system
5954:Littlejohn, Robert
5869:General literature
5414:Everett, Professor
5412:(September 1873).
5179:. For example, in
4808:Boltzmann constant
4668:
3972:electric potential
3872:
3655:
3447:
3136:
2883:
2622:
2591:
2576:
2525:
2459:
2417:
2312:
2241:
2162:
2120:
2019:
1962:
1883:
1841:
1734:
1671:
1605:
1563:
1469:
1399:
1333:
1291:
1184:
1086:
574:per unit velocity
556:
499:
449:
387:
321:
6874:
6873:
6762:
6761:
6226:
6225:
6217:Foot–pound–second
6157:
6156:
6134:Heaviside–Lorentz
5746:. Wiley. p.
5699:978-0-19-107898-9
5302:www.maplesoft.com
5154:Heaviside–Lorentz
5132:Maxwell equations
5080:
5079:
4872:elementary charge
4613:
4612:
3212:), also known as
2643:), also known as
2617:
2603:
2588:
2538:
2537:
2516:
2510:
2492:
2450:
2414:
2389:
2383:
2345:
2294:
2281:
2232:
2226:
2195:
2153:
2117:
2089:
2083:
2052:
2016:
2003:
1978:Heaviside–Lorentz
1953:
1947:
1916:
1874:
1838:
1804:
1798:
1767:
1731:
1712:
1662:
1656:
1638:
1596:
1560:
1539:
1533:
1502:
1466:
1437:
1390:
1384:
1366:
1324:
1288:
1254:
1248:
1217:
1181:
1162:
981:
980:
554:
497:
446:
428:
385:
319:
16:(Redirected from
6914:
6897:Systems of units
6341:Mesures usuelles
6235:
6234:
6166:
6165:
6032:
6031:
6014:
6007:
6000:
5991:
5990:
5986:
5984:
5983:
5977:
5962:
5949:
5933:
5912:Jackson, John D.
5907:
5891:
5883:
5862:
5861:
5853:
5847:
5846:
5836:
5830:
5829:
5819:
5809:
5785:
5779:
5778:
5768:
5762:
5761:
5745:
5735:
5729:
5728:
5710:
5704:
5703:
5683:
5677:
5676:
5660:
5650:
5635:
5634:
5598:
5592:
5591:
5589:
5587:
5572:
5566:
5565:
5553:
5547:
5546:
5530:
5520:
5511:
5510:
5509:
5507:
5501:
5490:
5484:
5483:
5482:
5480:
5474:
5463:
5457:
5456:
5454:
5452:
5446:
5437:
5431:
5430:
5428:
5427:
5382:
5376:
5375:
5365:
5359:
5354:
5339:
5333:
5332:
5330:
5318:
5312:
5311:
5309:
5308:
5294:
5288:
5287:
5285:
5284:
5270:
5203:particle physics
5181:particle physics
5167:
5163:
5159:
5125:
5076:
5067:
5064:
5061:
5042:
5033:
5030:
5027:
5010:
5001:
4998:
4995:
4976:
4963:
4944:
4943:
4940:
4937:
4917:
4912:
4909:
4906:
4897:(ESU, Gaussian)
4896:
4891:
4888:
4885:
4866:
4861:
4858:
4855:
4833:
4824:
4821:
4802:
4797:
4794:
4791:
4768:
4767:10 statA⋅cm
4766:
4763:
4760:
4751:(EMU, Gaussian)
4750:
4741:
4738:
4735:
4713:
4708:
4705:
4702:
4671:
4667:
4631:
4630:
4627:
4624:
4456:
4438:
4422:
4327:
4309:
4287:magnetic H field
4256:magnetic B field
4242:
4227:
4211:
4195:
4181:
4102:
4084:
3936:electric current
3875:
3871:
3805:
3784:
3775:
3767:
3758:
3750:
3740:
3730:
3729:
3723:
3664:
3662:
3661:
3656:
3651:
3650:
3649:
3645:
3629:
3624:
3623:
3619:
3596:
3591:
3590:
3586:
3485:
3456:
3454:
3453:
3448:
3443:
3442:
3441:
3429:
3424:
3423:
3419:
3403:
3398:
3397:
3393:
3373:
3372:
3368:
3145:
3143:
3142:
3137:
3132:
3131:
3130:
3118:
3113:
3112:
3108:
3092:
3087:
3086:
3082:
3062:
3061:
3049:
3038:
3033:
3032:
3028:
2921:
2892:
2890:
2889:
2884:
2879:
2878:
2877:
2865:
2860:
2859:
2855:
2839:
2834:
2833:
2829:
2803:
2798:
2797:
2793:
2631:
2629:
2628:
2623:
2618:
2616:
2615:
2606:
2604:
2601:
2599:
2589:
2586:
2584:
2574:
2534:
2532:
2531:
2526:
2518:
2517:
2514:
2512:
2511:
2506:
2501:
2494:
2493:
2490:
2488:
2468:
2466:
2465:
2460:
2452:
2451:
2448:
2446:
2426:
2424:
2423:
2418:
2416:
2415:
2412:
2410:
2404:
2403:
2391:
2390:
2387:
2385:
2384:
2379:
2374:
2370:
2369:
2360:
2359:
2347:
2346:
2343:
2341:
2321:
2319:
2318:
2313:
2311:
2310:
2301:
2296:
2295:
2292:
2283:
2282:
2279:
2277:
2250:
2248:
2247:
2242:
2234:
2233:
2230:
2228:
2227:
2222:
2217:
2213:
2212:
2197:
2196:
2193:
2191:
2171:
2169:
2168:
2163:
2155:
2154:
2151:
2149:
2129:
2127:
2126:
2121:
2119:
2118:
2115:
2113:
2107:
2106:
2091:
2090:
2087:
2085:
2084:
2079:
2074:
2070:
2069:
2054:
2053:
2050:
2048:
2028:
2026:
2025:
2020:
2018:
2017:
2014:
2005:
2004:
2001:
1999:
1971:
1969:
1968:
1963:
1955:
1954:
1951:
1949:
1948:
1943:
1938:
1934:
1933:
1918:
1917:
1914:
1912:
1892:
1890:
1889:
1884:
1876:
1875:
1872:
1870:
1850:
1848:
1847:
1842:
1840:
1839:
1836:
1834:
1828:
1827:
1806:
1805:
1802:
1800:
1799:
1794:
1789:
1785:
1784:
1769:
1768:
1765:
1763:
1743:
1741:
1740:
1735:
1733:
1732:
1729:
1714:
1713:
1710:
1708:
1680:
1678:
1677:
1672:
1664:
1663:
1660:
1658:
1657:
1652:
1647:
1640:
1639:
1636:
1634:
1614:
1612:
1611:
1606:
1598:
1597:
1594:
1592:
1572:
1570:
1569:
1564:
1562:
1561:
1558:
1556:
1541:
1540:
1537:
1535:
1534:
1529:
1524:
1520:
1519:
1504:
1503:
1500:
1498:
1478:
1476:
1475:
1470:
1468:
1467:
1464:
1458:
1457:
1439:
1438:
1435:
1433:
1408:
1406:
1405:
1400:
1392:
1391:
1388:
1386:
1385:
1380:
1375:
1368:
1367:
1364:
1362:
1342:
1340:
1339:
1334:
1326:
1325:
1322:
1320:
1300:
1298:
1297:
1292:
1290:
1289:
1286:
1284:
1278:
1277:
1256:
1255:
1252:
1250:
1249:
1244:
1239:
1235:
1234:
1219:
1218:
1215:
1213:
1193:
1191:
1190:
1185:
1183:
1182:
1179:
1164:
1163:
1160:
1158:
1118:
1117:
1095:
1093:
1092:
1087:
1032:
1023:
1004:electric current
617:
616:
566: (dynamic
565:
563:
562:
557:
555:
553:
545:
537:
535:
508:
506:
505:
500:
498:
496:
495:
483:
458:
456:
455:
450:
448:
447:
439:
430:
429:
421:
396:
394:
393:
388:
386:
384:
383:
382:
369:
365:
364:
354:
330:
328:
327:
322:
320:
318:
310:
302:
165:
163:
157:
149:
141:
137:
90:electromagnetism
21:
6922:
6921:
6917:
6916:
6915:
6913:
6912:
6911:
6877:
6876:
6875:
6870:
6844:
6818:
6758:
6702:
6656:
6575:
6464:
6267:
6222:
6195:
6153:
6110:
6068:
6023:
6018:
5981:
5979:
5975:
5960:
5930:
5904:
5871:
5866:
5865:
5854:
5850:
5837:
5833:
5786:
5782:
5769:
5765:
5758:
5736:
5732:
5725:
5711:
5707:
5700:
5684:
5680:
5673:
5651:
5638:
5599:
5595:
5585:
5583:
5574:
5573:
5569:
5554:
5550:
5543:
5521:
5514:
5505:
5503:
5499:
5491:
5487:
5478:
5476:
5472:
5464:
5460:
5450:
5448:
5444:
5438:
5434:
5425:
5423:
5410:Bramwell, Mr FJ
5383:
5379:
5366:
5362:
5340:
5336:
5319:
5315:
5306:
5304:
5296:
5295:
5291:
5282:
5280:
5272:
5271:
5267:
5262:
5257:
5211:
5165:
5161:
5157:
5148:
5129:
5123:
5085:
5065:
5062:
5059:
5057:
5031:
5028:
5025:
5023:
4999:
4996:
4993:
4991:
4982:Planck constant
4961:
4959:
4941:
4938:
4935:
4933:
4910:
4907:
4904:
4902:
4889:
4886:
4883:
4881:
4859:
4856:
4853:
4851:
4848:
4822:
4819:
4817:
4795:
4792:
4789:
4787:
4784:
4764:
4761:
4758:
4756:
4739:
4736:
4733:
4731:
4728:
4706:
4703:
4700:
4698:
4695:
4666:
4628:
4625:
4622:
4620:
4615:In this table,
4454:
4436:
4420:
4391:
4325:
4307:
4240:
4225:
4209:
4193:
4179:
4169:
4100:
4082:
3901:electric charge
3870:
3854:
3847:
3841:
3826:
3819:
3801:
3791:
3782:
3777:
3765:
3760:
3756:
3742:
3732:
3727:
3725:
3721:
3701:(capacitance),
3686:
3678:
3641:
3637:
3633:
3625:
3615:
3611:
3607:
3592:
3582:
3578:
3574:
3481:
3470:
3468:
3465:
3464:
3434:
3430:
3425:
3415:
3411:
3407:
3399:
3389:
3385:
3381:
3364:
3360:
3356:
3260:
3258:
3255:
3254:
3187:
3178:
3123:
3119:
3114:
3104:
3100:
3096:
3088:
3078:
3074:
3070:
3054:
3050:
3045:
3034:
3024:
3020:
3016:
2917:
2906:
2904:
2901:
2900:
2870:
2866:
2861:
2851:
2847:
2843:
2835:
2825:
2821:
2817:
2799:
2789:
2785:
2781:
2679:
2677:
2674:
2673:
2611:
2607:
2600:
2595:
2585:
2580:
2575:
2573:
2565:
2562:
2561:
2543:
2513:
2502:
2500:
2499:
2498:
2489:
2484:
2483:
2475:
2472:
2471:
2447:
2442:
2441:
2433:
2430:
2429:
2411:
2406:
2405:
2399:
2395:
2386:
2375:
2373:
2372:
2371:
2365:
2361:
2355:
2351:
2342:
2337:
2336:
2328:
2325:
2324:
2306:
2302:
2297:
2291:
2287:
2278:
2273:
2272:
2264:
2261:
2260:
2229:
2218:
2216:
2215:
2214:
2205:
2201:
2192:
2187:
2186:
2178:
2175:
2174:
2150:
2145:
2144:
2136:
2133:
2132:
2114:
2109:
2108:
2099:
2095:
2086:
2075:
2073:
2072:
2071:
2062:
2058:
2049:
2044:
2043:
2035:
2032:
2031:
2013:
2009:
2000:
1995:
1994:
1986:
1983:
1982:
1950:
1939:
1937:
1936:
1935:
1926:
1922:
1913:
1908:
1907:
1899:
1896:
1895:
1871:
1866:
1865:
1857:
1854:
1853:
1835:
1830:
1829:
1820:
1816:
1801:
1790:
1788:
1787:
1786:
1777:
1773:
1764:
1759:
1758:
1750:
1747:
1746:
1728:
1724:
1709:
1704:
1703:
1695:
1692:
1691:
1659:
1648:
1646:
1645:
1644:
1635:
1630:
1629:
1621:
1618:
1617:
1593:
1588:
1587:
1579:
1576:
1575:
1557:
1552:
1551:
1536:
1525:
1523:
1522:
1521:
1512:
1508:
1499:
1494:
1493:
1485:
1482:
1481:
1463:
1459:
1453:
1449:
1434:
1429:
1428:
1420:
1417:
1416:
1387:
1376:
1374:
1373:
1372:
1363:
1358:
1357:
1349:
1346:
1345:
1321:
1316:
1315:
1307:
1304:
1303:
1285:
1280:
1279:
1270:
1266:
1251:
1240:
1238:
1237:
1236:
1227:
1223:
1214:
1209:
1208:
1200:
1197:
1196:
1178:
1174:
1159:
1154:
1153:
1145:
1142:
1141:
1068:
1065:
1064:
1050:electric charge
1021:
1019:
995:electromagnetic
991:
986:
632:Unit definition
623:Quantity symbol
615:
546:
538:
536:
531:
520:
517:
516:
491:
487:
482:
474:
471:
470:
438:
437:
420:
419:
408:
405:
404:
378:
374:
370:
360:
356:
355:
353:
342:
339:
338:
311:
303:
301:
293:
290:
289:
271:
244:electrodynamics
211:William Thomson
195:
161:
159:
158:), is equal to
155:
147:
139:
135:
80:as the unit of
72:as the unit of
64:as the unit of
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6920:
6910:
6909:
6904:
6899:
6894:
6889:
6872:
6871:
6869:
6868:
6863:
6858:
6856:Absolute scale
6852:
6850:
6846:
6845:
6843:
6842:
6837:
6832:
6826:
6824:
6820:
6819:
6817:
6816:
6811:
6806:
6801:
6796:
6791:
6786:
6781:
6776:
6770:
6768:
6764:
6763:
6760:
6759:
6757:
6756:
6751:
6746:
6741:
6736:
6731:
6726:
6721:
6716:
6710:
6708:
6704:
6703:
6701:
6700:
6695:
6690:
6685:
6680:
6675:
6670:
6664:
6662:
6658:
6657:
6655:
6654:
6649:
6644:
6639:
6634:
6629:
6624:
6619:
6614:
6609:
6604:
6599:
6594:
6589:
6583:
6581:
6577:
6576:
6574:
6573:
6568:
6563:
6558:
6553:
6548:
6543:
6538:
6533:
6528:
6523:
6518:
6513:
6508:
6503:
6498:
6493:
6488:
6483:
6478:
6472:
6470:
6466:
6465:
6463:
6462:
6457:
6452:
6447:
6442:
6437:
6432:
6427:
6422:
6417:
6412:
6407:
6402:
6397:
6392:
6387:
6382:
6377:
6372:
6367:
6362:
6361:
6360:
6350:
6345:
6344:
6343:
6338:
6328:
6323:
6318:
6317:
6316:
6311:
6301:
6296:
6291:
6286:
6281:
6275:
6273:
6269:
6268:
6266:
6265:
6260:
6254:
6248:
6241:
6239:
6232:
6228:
6227:
6224:
6223:
6221:
6220:
6214:
6209:
6203:
6201:
6197:
6196:
6194:
6193:
6188:
6183:
6178:
6172:
6170:
6163:
6159:
6158:
6155:
6154:
6152:
6151:
6146:
6141:
6136:
6131:
6126:
6120:
6118:
6112:
6111:
6109:
6108:
6102:
6097:
6092:
6087:
6082:
6076:
6074:
6070:
6069:
6067:
6066:
6065:
6064:
6054:
6049:
6044:
6038:
6036:
6029:
6025:
6024:
6017:
6016:
6009:
6002:
5994:
5988:
5987:
5965:Physics 221A,
5950:
5934:
5928:
5908:
5902:
5870:
5867:
5864:
5863:
5848:
5831:
5780:
5763:
5756:
5730:
5723:
5705:
5698:
5678:
5671:
5636:
5593:
5567:
5548:
5541:
5512:
5485:
5458:
5432:
5386:Thomson, Sir W
5377:
5360:
5334:
5313:
5289:
5264:
5263:
5261:
5258:
5256:
5255:
5250:
5245:
5240:
5235:
5230:
5225:
5219:
5218:
5217:
5210:
5207:
5189:speed of light
5146:
5127:
5084:
5081:
5078:
5077:
5055:
5050:
5048:speed of light
5044:
5043:
5021:
5016:
5012:
5011:
4989:
4984:
4978:
4977:
4957:
4952:
4946:
4945:
4931:
4926:
4920:
4919:
4899:
4898:
4879:
4874:
4868:
4867:
4849:
4846:
4841:
4835:
4834:
4815:
4810:
4804:
4803:
4785:
4782:
4777:
4771:
4770:
4753:
4752:
4729:
4726:
4721:
4715:
4714:
4696:
4693:
4688:
4682:
4681:
4678:
4675:
4665:
4662:
4634:speed of light
4611:
4610:
4604:
4603:) statH (s/cm)
4597:
4591:
4586:
4580:
4579:
4573:
4562:
4556:
4551:
4545:
4544:
4534:
4519:
4509:
4504:
4498:
4497:
4491:
4480:
4474:
4469:
4463:
4462:
4451:
4433:
4423:
4418:
4412:
4411:
4405:
4398:
4392:
4389:
4386:
4380:
4379:
4368:
4354:
4344:
4339:
4333:
4332:
4322:
4304:
4294:
4289:
4283:
4282:
4276:
4269:
4263:
4258:
4252:
4251:
4237:
4222:
4212:
4207:
4201:
4200:
4190:
4176:
4170:
4167:
4164:
4158:
4157:
4147:
4133:
4123:
4118:
4112:
4111:
4097:
4079:
4069:
4064:
4058:
4057:
4047:
4032:
4022:
4017:
4015:electric field
4011:
4010:
4004:
3993:
3987:
3978:
3968:
3967:
3960:
3949:
3943:
3938:
3932:
3931:
3925:
3914:
3908:
3903:
3897:
3896:
3893:
3888:
3885:
3882:
3879:
3869:
3866:
3858:Gaussian units
3853:
3852:Other variants
3850:
3845:
3839:
3824:
3817:
3799:
3789:
3705:(resistance),
3685:
3682:
3677:
3674:
3666:
3665:
3654:
3648:
3644:
3640:
3636:
3632:
3628:
3622:
3618:
3614:
3610:
3605:
3602:
3599:
3595:
3589:
3585:
3581:
3577:
3573:
3570:
3567:
3563:
3560:
3557:
3554:
3551:
3548:
3545:
3542:
3538:
3535:
3532:
3528:
3525:
3522:
3519:
3516:
3513:
3510:
3507:
3504:
3501:
3498:
3494:
3491:
3488:
3484:
3480:
3477:
3473:
3458:
3457:
3446:
3440:
3437:
3433:
3428:
3422:
3418:
3414:
3410:
3406:
3402:
3396:
3392:
3388:
3384:
3379:
3376:
3371:
3367:
3363:
3359:
3355:
3352:
3349:
3345:
3342:
3339:
3336:
3333:
3330:
3327:
3324:
3321:
3317:
3314:
3311:
3307:
3304:
3301:
3298:
3295:
3292:
3289:
3286:
3283:
3280:
3276:
3273:
3270:
3267:
3263:
3246:Therefore, in
3186:
3183:
3177:
3174:
3147:
3146:
3135:
3129:
3126:
3122:
3117:
3111:
3107:
3103:
3099:
3095:
3091:
3085:
3081:
3077:
3073:
3068:
3065:
3060:
3057:
3053:
3048:
3044:
3041:
3037:
3031:
3027:
3023:
3019:
3015:
3012:
3009:
3005:
3002:
2999:
2996:
2993:
2990:
2987:
2984:
2981:
2977:
2974:
2971:
2967:
2964:
2961:
2958:
2955:
2952:
2949:
2946:
2943:
2940:
2937:
2934:
2930:
2927:
2924:
2920:
2916:
2913:
2909:
2894:
2893:
2882:
2876:
2873:
2869:
2864:
2858:
2854:
2850:
2846:
2842:
2838:
2832:
2828:
2824:
2820:
2815:
2812:
2809:
2806:
2802:
2796:
2792:
2788:
2784:
2780:
2777:
2774:
2770:
2767:
2764:
2761:
2758:
2755:
2752:
2749:
2745:
2742:
2739:
2735:
2732:
2729:
2726:
2723:
2720:
2717:
2714:
2711:
2708:
2705:
2702:
2699:
2695:
2692:
2689:
2686:
2682:
2633:
2632:
2621:
2614:
2610:
2598:
2594:
2583:
2579:
2572:
2569:
2542:
2539:
2536:
2535:
2524:
2521:
2509:
2505:
2497:
2487:
2482:
2479:
2469:
2458:
2455:
2445:
2440:
2437:
2427:
2409:
2402:
2398:
2394:
2382:
2378:
2368:
2364:
2358:
2354:
2350:
2340:
2335:
2332:
2322:
2309:
2305:
2300:
2290:
2286:
2276:
2271:
2268:
2258:
2252:
2251:
2240:
2237:
2225:
2221:
2211:
2208:
2204:
2200:
2190:
2185:
2182:
2172:
2161:
2158:
2148:
2143:
2140:
2130:
2112:
2105:
2102:
2098:
2094:
2082:
2078:
2068:
2065:
2061:
2057:
2047:
2042:
2039:
2029:
2012:
2008:
1998:
1993:
1990:
1980:
1973:
1972:
1961:
1958:
1946:
1942:
1932:
1929:
1925:
1921:
1911:
1906:
1903:
1893:
1882:
1879:
1869:
1864:
1861:
1851:
1833:
1826:
1823:
1819:
1815:
1812:
1809:
1797:
1793:
1783:
1780:
1776:
1772:
1762:
1757:
1754:
1744:
1727:
1723:
1720:
1717:
1707:
1702:
1699:
1689:
1682:
1681:
1670:
1667:
1655:
1651:
1643:
1633:
1628:
1625:
1615:
1604:
1601:
1591:
1586:
1583:
1573:
1555:
1550:
1547:
1544:
1532:
1528:
1518:
1515:
1511:
1507:
1497:
1492:
1489:
1479:
1462:
1456:
1452:
1448:
1445:
1442:
1432:
1427:
1424:
1414:
1410:
1409:
1398:
1395:
1383:
1379:
1371:
1361:
1356:
1353:
1343:
1332:
1329:
1319:
1314:
1311:
1301:
1283:
1276:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1262:
1259:
1247:
1243:
1233:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1212:
1207:
1204:
1194:
1177:
1173:
1170:
1167:
1157:
1152:
1149:
1139:
1135:
1134:
1133:Faraday's law
1131:
1128:
1125:
1122:
1106:
1105:
1101:
1085:
1082:
1078:
1075:
1072:
990:
987:
985:
982:
979:
978:
975:
972:
969:
964:
959:
953:
952:
949:
946:
943:
938:
933:
926:
925:
919:
916:
913:
908:
903:
896:
895:
889:
886:
883:
878:
873:
867:
866:
860:
857:
854:
848:
843:
837:
836:
830:
827:
824:
819:
814:
808:
807:
801:
798:
795:
790:
785:
779:
778:
775:
772:
769:
764:
759:
753:
752:
749:
746:
743:
740:
735:
729:
728:
725:
722:
719:
714:
709:
703:
702:
699:
693:
690:
685:
680:
674:
673:
670:
664:
661:
656:
647:
637:
636:
633:
630:
627:
624:
621:
614:
611:
610:
609:
602:
601:
598:
595:
580:
579:
552:
549:
544:
541:
534:
530:
527:
524:
514:
494:
490:
486:
481:
478:
468:
445:
442:
436:
433:
427:
424:
418:
415:
412:
402:
381:
377:
373:
368:
363:
359:
352:
349:
346:
336:
317:
314:
309:
306:
300:
297:
270:
267:
194:
191:
183:Gaussian units
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6919:
6908:
6905:
6903:
6902:Metric system
6900:
6898:
6895:
6893:
6890:
6888:
6885:
6884:
6882:
6867:
6864:
6862:
6859:
6857:
6854:
6853:
6851:
6847:
6841:
6838:
6836:
6833:
6831:
6828:
6827:
6825:
6823:List articles
6821:
6815:
6812:
6810:
6807:
6805:
6802:
6800:
6797:
6795:
6792:
6790:
6787:
6785:
6782:
6780:
6777:
6775:
6772:
6771:
6769:
6765:
6755:
6752:
6750:
6747:
6745:
6742:
6740:
6737:
6735:
6732:
6730:
6727:
6725:
6722:
6720:
6717:
6715:
6712:
6711:
6709:
6707:South America
6705:
6699:
6696:
6694:
6691:
6689:
6686:
6684:
6681:
6679:
6676:
6674:
6671:
6669:
6666:
6665:
6663:
6661:North America
6659:
6653:
6650:
6648:
6645:
6643:
6642:South African
6640:
6638:
6635:
6633:
6630:
6628:
6625:
6623:
6620:
6618:
6615:
6613:
6610:
6608:
6605:
6603:
6600:
6598:
6595:
6593:
6590:
6588:
6585:
6584:
6582:
6578:
6572:
6569:
6567:
6564:
6562:
6559:
6557:
6554:
6552:
6549:
6547:
6544:
6542:
6539:
6537:
6534:
6532:
6529:
6527:
6524:
6522:
6519:
6517:
6514:
6512:
6509:
6507:
6504:
6502:
6499:
6497:
6494:
6492:
6489:
6487:
6484:
6482:
6479:
6477:
6474:
6473:
6471:
6467:
6461:
6458:
6456:
6453:
6451:
6448:
6446:
6443:
6441:
6438:
6436:
6433:
6431:
6428:
6426:
6423:
6421:
6418:
6416:
6413:
6411:
6408:
6406:
6403:
6401:
6398:
6396:
6393:
6391:
6390:Luxembourgian
6388:
6386:
6383:
6381:
6378:
6376:
6373:
6371:
6368:
6366:
6363:
6359:
6356:
6355:
6354:
6351:
6349:
6346:
6342:
6339:
6337:
6334:
6333:
6332:
6329:
6327:
6324:
6322:
6319:
6315:
6312:
6310:
6307:
6306:
6305:
6302:
6300:
6297:
6295:
6292:
6290:
6287:
6285:
6282:
6280:
6277:
6276:
6274:
6270:
6264:
6263:gravitational
6261:
6258:
6255:
6252:
6249:
6246:
6243:
6242:
6240:
6236:
6233:
6229:
6218:
6215:
6213:
6210:
6208:
6205:
6204:
6202:
6198:
6192:
6189:
6187:
6184:
6182:
6179:
6177:
6174:
6173:
6171:
6167:
6164:
6160:
6150:
6147:
6145:
6142:
6140:
6137:
6135:
6132:
6130:
6127:
6125:
6122:
6121:
6119:
6117:
6113:
6106:
6103:
6101:
6098:
6096:
6093:
6091:
6088:
6086:
6083:
6081:
6080:Apothecaries'
6078:
6077:
6075:
6071:
6063:
6060:
6059:
6058:
6055:
6053:
6050:
6048:
6045:
6043:
6040:
6039:
6037:
6033:
6030:
6026:
6022:
6015:
6010:
6008:
6003:
6001:
5996:
5995:
5992:
5974:
5970:
5968:
5959:
5956:(Fall 2017).
5955:
5951:
5947:
5943:
5939:
5938:Kent, William
5935:
5931:
5929:0-471-30932-X
5925:
5921:
5917:
5913:
5909:
5905:
5903:0-13-805326-X
5899:
5895:
5894:Prentice Hall
5890:
5889:
5882:
5877:
5873:
5872:
5859:
5852:
5844:
5843:
5835:
5827:
5823:
5818:
5813:
5808:
5803:
5799:
5795:
5791:
5784:
5776:
5775:
5767:
5759:
5757:3-527-61742-6
5753:
5749:
5744:
5743:
5734:
5726:
5724:0-86341-237-8
5720:
5716:
5709:
5701:
5695:
5691:
5690:
5682:
5674:
5672:1-85233-682-X
5668:
5664:
5659:
5658:
5649:
5647:
5645:
5643:
5641:
5632:
5628:
5624:
5620:
5616:
5612:
5608:
5604:
5597:
5581:
5577:
5571:
5563:
5559:
5552:
5544:
5542:0-471-30932-X
5538:
5534:
5529:
5528:
5519:
5517:
5498:
5497:
5489:
5471:
5470:
5462:
5443:
5436:
5421:
5420:
5415:
5411:
5407:
5403:
5399:
5398:Stoney, Mr GJ
5395:
5391:
5387:
5381:
5373:
5372:
5364:
5358:
5352:
5348:
5344:
5338:
5329:
5324:
5317:
5303:
5299:
5293:
5279:
5275:
5269:
5265:
5254:
5251:
5249:
5246:
5244:
5241:
5239:
5236:
5234:
5231:
5229:
5226:
5224:
5221:
5220:
5216:
5213:
5212:
5206:
5204:
5200:
5197:
5193:
5190:
5186:
5182:
5178:
5177:natural units
5173:
5171:
5155:
5150:
5149:equaling 1).
5145:
5141:
5137:
5133:
5121:
5116:
5114:
5110:
5106:
5102:
5098:
5094:
5090:
5075:
5071:
5056:
5054:
5051:
5049:
5046:
5045:
5041:
5037:
5022:
5020:
5017:
5014:
5013:
5009:
5005:
4990:
4988:
4985:
4983:
4980:
4979:
4975:
4971:
4967:
4958:
4956:
4953:
4951:
4948:
4947:
4932:
4930:
4927:
4925:
4922:
4921:
4916:
4901:
4900:
4895:
4880:
4878:
4873:
4869:
4865:
4850:
4845:
4842:
4840:
4839:electron mass
4837:
4836:
4832:
4828:
4816:
4814:
4811:
4809:
4806:
4805:
4801:
4786:
4781:
4778:
4776:
4773:
4772:
4755:
4754:
4749:
4745:
4730:
4725:
4720:
4719:Bohr magneton
4716:
4712:
4697:
4692:
4689:
4687:
4684:
4683:
4679:
4676:
4673:
4672:
4661:
4659:
4655:
4651:
4648:) cm in ESU;
4647:
4643:
4639:
4638:corresponding
4635:
4618:
4609:
4605:
4602:
4596:
4592:
4590:
4587:
4585:
4582:
4581:
4578:
4574:
4571:
4567:
4561:
4557:
4555:
4552:
4550:
4547:
4546:
4543:
4539:
4535:
4532:
4528:
4524:
4518:
4514:
4510:
4508:
4505:
4503:
4500:
4499:
4496:
4492:
4489:
4485:
4479:
4475:
4473:
4470:
4468:
4465:
4464:
4460:
4450:
4446:
4442:
4434:
4432:
4428:
4424:
4419:
4417:
4414:
4413:
4410:
4403:
4399:
4397:
4393:
4387:
4385:
4384:magnetic flux
4382:
4381:
4377:
4373:
4367:
4363:
4359:
4355:
4353:
4349:
4345:
4343:
4340:
4338:
4335:
4334:
4331:
4321:
4317:
4313:
4305:
4303:
4299:
4295:
4293:
4290:
4288:
4285:
4284:
4281:
4274:
4270:
4268:
4264:
4262:
4259:
4257:
4254:
4253:
4250:
4246:
4238:
4235:
4231:
4221:
4217:
4213:
4208:
4206:
4203:
4202:
4199:
4191:
4189:
4185:
4175:
4171:
4165:
4163:
4162:electric flux
4160:
4159:
4156:
4152:
4148:
4146:
4142:
4138:
4132:
4128:
4124:
4122:
4119:
4117:
4114:
4113:
4110:
4106:
4098:
4096:
4092:
4088:
4078:
4074:
4070:
4068:
4065:
4063:
4060:
4059:
4056:
4052:
4048:
4045:
4041:
4037:
4031:
4027:
4023:
4021:
4018:
4016:
4013:
4012:
4009:
4005:
4002:
3998:
3992:
3988:
3986:
3982:
3979:
3977:
3973:
3970:
3969:
3965:
3961:
3958:
3954:
3948:
3944:
3942:
3939:
3937:
3934:
3933:
3930:
3926:
3923:
3919:
3913:
3909:
3907:
3904:
3902:
3899:
3898:
3894:
3892:
3891:Gaussian unit
3889:
3886:
3883:
3880:
3877:
3876:
3865:
3863:
3859:
3849:
3844:
3838:
3834:
3830:
3823:
3816:
3811:
3809:
3804:
3798:
3794:
3788:
3780:
3774:
3771:
3763:
3752:
3749:
3745:
3739:
3735:
3726:𝜆′ = 4
3718:
3714:
3712:
3708:
3704:
3700:
3695:
3691:
3681:
3673:
3671:
3652:
3646:
3642:
3638:
3626:
3620:
3616:
3612:
3603:
3600:
3593:
3587:
3583:
3579:
3561:
3558:
3526:
3523:
3492:
3489:
3482:
3471:
3463:
3462:
3461:
3444:
3438:
3435:
3426:
3420:
3416:
3412:
3400:
3394:
3390:
3386:
3377:
3374:
3369:
3365:
3361:
3343:
3340:
3305:
3302:
3274:
3271:
3261:
3253:
3252:
3251:
3249:
3243:
3241:
3237:
3233:
3229:
3223:
3221:
3217:
3216:
3211:
3207:
3202:
3200:
3196:
3192:
3182:
3173:
3169:
3167:
3163:
3159:
3154:
3152:
3133:
3127:
3124:
3115:
3109:
3105:
3101:
3089:
3083:
3079:
3075:
3066:
3063:
3058:
3055:
3046:
3035:
3029:
3025:
3021:
3003:
3000:
2965:
2962:
2928:
2925:
2918:
2907:
2899:
2898:
2897:
2880:
2874:
2871:
2862:
2856:
2852:
2848:
2836:
2830:
2826:
2822:
2813:
2810:
2800:
2794:
2790:
2786:
2768:
2765:
2733:
2730:
2693:
2690:
2680:
2672:
2671:
2670:
2666:
2664:
2660:
2654:
2652:
2648:
2647:
2642:
2638:
2619:
2612:
2608:
2596:
2592:
2581:
2577:
2570:
2567:
2560:
2559:
2558:
2556:
2552:
2551:Coulomb's law
2548:
2522:
2519:
2507:
2495:
2480:
2470:
2456:
2453:
2438:
2428:
2400:
2396:
2392:
2380:
2366:
2362:
2356:
2352:
2348:
2333:
2323:
2307:
2303:
2298:
2288:
2284:
2269:
2259:
2257:
2254:
2253:
2238:
2235:
2223:
2209:
2206:
2202:
2198:
2183:
2173:
2159:
2156:
2141:
2131:
2103:
2100:
2096:
2092:
2080:
2066:
2063:
2059:
2055:
2040:
2030:
2010:
2006:
1991:
1981:
1979:
1975:
1974:
1959:
1956:
1944:
1930:
1927:
1923:
1919:
1904:
1894:
1880:
1877:
1862:
1852:
1824:
1821:
1817:
1813:
1810:
1807:
1795:
1781:
1778:
1774:
1770:
1755:
1745:
1725:
1721:
1718:
1715:
1700:
1690:
1688:
1684:
1683:
1668:
1665:
1653:
1641:
1626:
1616:
1602:
1599:
1584:
1574:
1548:
1545:
1542:
1530:
1516:
1513:
1509:
1505:
1490:
1480:
1460:
1454:
1450:
1446:
1443:
1440:
1425:
1415:
1412:
1411:
1396:
1393:
1381:
1369:
1354:
1344:
1330:
1327:
1312:
1302:
1274:
1271:
1267:
1263:
1260:
1257:
1245:
1231:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1205:
1195:
1175:
1171:
1168:
1165:
1150:
1140:
1137:
1136:
1120:
1119:
1116:
1114:
1110:
1102:
1099:
1083:
1080:
1076:
1073:
1070:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1051:
1047:
1046:
1040:
1036:
1031:
1027:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1001:
1000:
999:
996:
976:
973:
970:
968:
965:
963:
960:
958:
955:
954:
950:
947:
944:
942:
939:
937:
934:
932:
928:
927:
924:
920:
917:
914:
912:
909:
907:
904:
902:
898:
897:
894:
890:
887:
884:
882:
879:
877:
874:
872:
869:
868:
865:
861:
858:
855:
852:
849:
847:
844:
842:
839:
838:
835:
831:
828:
825:
823:
820:
818:
815:
813:
810:
809:
806:
802:
799:
796:
794:
791:
789:
786:
784:
781:
780:
776:
773:
770:
768:
765:
763:
760:
758:
755:
754:
750:
747:
744:
741:
739:
736:
734:
731:
730:
726:
723:
720:
718:
715:
713:
710:
708:
705:
704:
700:
698:
694:
691:
689:
686:
684:
681:
679:
676:
675:
671:
669:
665:
662:
660:
657:
655:
651:
648:
646:
642:
639:
638:
634:
631:
628:
626:CGS unit name
625:
622:
619:
618:
607:
606:
605:
599:
596:
593:
592:
591:
589:
585:
577:
573:
569:
550:
547:
542:
539:
532:
528:
525:
522:
515:
512:
492:
488:
484:
479:
476:
469:
466:
462:
440:
434:
431:
422:
416:
413:
410:
403:
400:
379:
375:
371:
366:
361:
357:
350:
347:
344:
337:
334:
315:
312:
307:
304:
298:
295:
288:
287:
286:
284:
283:derived units
280:
275:
266:
264:
260:
256:
251:
249:
245:
241:
237:
233:
229:
223:
221:
215:
212:
208:
204:
200:
190:
188:
184:
180:
176:
172:
167:
156:1 kg⋅m/s
153:
148:1 g⋅cm/s
145:
140:1000 g = 1 kg
133:
129:
125:
121:
117:
112:
110:
106:
102:
99:based on the
98:
93:
91:
87:
83:
79:
75:
71:
67:
63:
60:based on the
59:
58:metric system
55:
51:
47:
40:
33:
19:
6804:Mesopotamian
6698:Puerto Rican
6256:
6095:Astronomical
5980:. Retrieved
5964:
5941:
5915:
5887:
5857:
5851:
5841:
5834:
5797:
5793:
5783:
5773:
5766:
5741:
5733:
5714:
5708:
5688:
5681:
5656:
5609:(2): N1–N4.
5606:
5602:
5596:
5584:. Retrieved
5579:
5570:
5561:
5551:
5526:
5504:, retrieved
5495:
5488:
5477:, retrieved
5468:
5461:
5449:. Retrieved
5435:
5424:. Retrieved
5418:
5380:
5370:
5363:
5350:
5346:
5343:Gauss, C. F.
5337:
5316:
5305:. Retrieved
5301:
5292:
5281:. Retrieved
5277:
5268:
5198:
5191:
5185:electronvolt
5174:
5151:
5143:
5135:
5117:
5086:
5052:
5018:
4986:
4954:
4928:
4876:
4843:
4812:
4779:
4723:
4690:
4657:
4653:
4649:
4645:
4641:
4637:
4616:
4614:
4600:
4588:
4565:
4553:
4522:
4506:
4483:
4471:
4440:
4416:permeability
4401:
4357:
4341:
4311:
4291:
4272:
4260:
4229:
4205:permittivity
4183:
4136:
4120:
4086:
4066:
4035:
4019:
3996:
3984:
3980:
3952:
3940:
3917:
3905:
3855:
3842:
3836:
3832:
3828:
3821:
3814:
3812:
3802:
3796:
3792:
3786:
3778:
3772:
3769:
3761:
3753:
3747:
3743:
3737:
3733:
3719:
3715:
3687:
3679:
3676:EMU notation
3669:
3667:
3459:
3247:
3245:
3227:
3225:
3219:
3213:
3209:
3205:
3203:
3194:
3190:
3188:
3179:
3176:Unit symbols
3170:
3155:
3150:
3148:
2895:
2668:
2656:
2650:
2644:
2640:
2636:
2634:
2546:
2544:
1124:Gauss's law
1111:
1107:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1043:
992:
961:
951:10 m/s
935:
905:
875:
845:
816:
787:
777:10 m/s
761:
757:acceleration
751:10 m/s
737:
711:
682:
653:
649:
635:In SI units
603:
581:
572:shear stress
276:
272:
252:
248:astrophysics
224:
216:
196:
168:
136:100 cm = 1 m
132:powers of 10
113:
94:
53:
49:
45:
43:
6668:Costa Rican
6632:Seychellois
6541:Singaporean
6336:Traditional
6191:Metrication
6129:Geometrised
6085:Avoirdupois
5800:(1): 9–12.
5406:Siemens, Dr
4775:Bohr radius
4549:capacitance
4502:resistivity
3220:emu current
2646:statcoulomb
1018:is exactly
977:100 m
701:10 kg
629:Unit symbol
570:defined as
240:engineering
164: dynes
6881:Categories
6754:Venezuelan
6739:Paraguayan
6693:Nicaraguan
6571:Vietnamese
6546:Sri Lankan
6531:Philippine
6491:Indonesian
6415:Portuguese
6309:Winchester
6212:Comparison
6162:Background
6100:Electrical
5982:2017-12-15
5586:25 October
5426:2012-04-08
5328:1506.01951
5307:2018-03-27
5283:2018-03-27
4584:inductance
4467:resistance
3232:centimetre
3201:as well).
3158:statampere
2659:centimetre
2651:esu charge
2553:without a
957:wavenumber
929:kinematic
853:per second
695:1/1000 of
672:10 m
659:centimetre
265:SI units.
259:centimetre
253:The units
222:standard.
97:MKS system
86:mechanical
84:. All CGS
76:, and the
62:centimetre
18:Cgs system
6892:Metrology
6749:Uruguayan
6734:Colombian
6724:Brazilian
6714:Argentine
6652:Tanzanian
6622:Mauritian
6592:Ethiopian
6556:Taiwanese
6526:Pakistani
6506:Mongolian
6481:Cambodian
6400:Norwegian
6370:Icelandic
6365:Hungarian
6358:Byzantine
6314:Exchequer
6062:Hong Kong
5111:, 1
5103:, or per
4674:Constant
3895:EMU unit
3878:Quantity
3627:⋅
3594:⋅
3483:⋅
3436:−
3427:⋅
3401:⋅
3234:apart in
3168:/statC).
3125:−
3116:⋅
3090:⋅
3056:−
3047:⋅
3036:⋅
2872:−
2863:⋅
2837:⋅
2801:⋅
2508:˙
2481:×
2478:∇
2439:⋅
2436:∇
2397:μ
2381:˙
2363:ϵ
2353:μ
2349:−
2334:×
2331:∇
2304:ϵ
2289:ρ
2270:⋅
2267:∇
2224:˙
2207:−
2184:×
2181:∇
2142:⋅
2139:∇
2101:−
2081:˙
2064:−
2056:−
2041:×
2038:∇
2011:ρ
1992:⋅
1989:∇
1945:˙
1928:−
1905:×
1902:∇
1863:⋅
1860:∇
1822:−
1814:π
1796:˙
1779:−
1771:−
1756:×
1753:∇
1726:ρ
1722:π
1701:⋅
1698:∇
1654:˙
1627:×
1624:∇
1585:⋅
1582:∇
1549:π
1531:˙
1514:−
1506:−
1491:×
1488:∇
1461:ρ
1447:π
1426:⋅
1423:∇
1382:˙
1355:×
1352:∇
1313:⋅
1310:∇
1272:−
1264:π
1246:˙
1229:−
1221:−
1206:×
1203:∇
1176:ρ
1172:π
1151:⋅
1148:∇
931:viscosity
901:viscosity
727:1 s
666:1/100 of
620:Quantity
568:viscosity
529:τ
523:η
444:→
432:⋅
426:→
417:∫
6835:Obsolete
6830:Humorous
6784:Egyptian
6744:Peruvian
6719:Bolivian
6683:Honduran
6647:Tunisian
6627:Moroccan
6617:Malagasy
6602:Eritrean
6597:Egyptian
6587:Algerian
6516:Nepalese
6496:Japanese
6430:Scottish
6420:Romanian
6321:Estonian
6231:Historic
6207:Overview
6176:Overview
6073:Specific
5973:Archived
5878:(1999).
5826:34565970
5631:43177051
5506:March 3,
5479:March 3,
5451:March 3,
5209:See also
5194:and the
5068:10
5034:10
5002:10
4964:10
4913:10
4892:10
4862:10
4825:10
4798:10
4742:10
4709:10
4640:but not
4457:) × 10)
4404:) statWb
4378:(Bi⋅cm)
4046:(dyn/Fr)
4003:(erg/Fr)
3887:ESU unit
3860:and the
3692:and the
3215:abampere
3164:(1
3162:statvolt
2637:franklin
1687:Gaussian
1413:CGS-EMU
1138:CGS-ESU
1024:10
1008:magnetic
921:10
918:g/(cm⋅s)
899:dynamic
891:10
888:g/(cm⋅s)
871:pressure
862:10
832:10
803:10
733:velocity
724:1 second
697:kilogram
645:position
576:gradient
511:pressure
509: (
459: (
397: (
333:velocity
279:coherent
263:prefixed
234:and the
130:are all
124:pressure
105:kilogram
6866:Modulor
6840:Unusual
6809:Persian
6767:Ancient
6729:Chilean
6688:Mexican
6678:Haitian
6607:Guinean
6511:Myanmar
6450:Swedish
6445:Spanish
6435:Serbian
6425:Russian
6405:Ottoman
6395:Maltese
6385:Latvian
6380:Italian
6326:Finnish
6304:English
6284:Cypriot
6279:Cornish
6186:History
6181:Outline
6116:Natural
6057:Chinese
6035:General
6028:Current
5817:6752159
5611:Bibcode
5416:(ed.).
5118:In the
5089:abvolts
4677:Symbol
4606:≘ (10)
4575:≘ (10)
4536:≘ (10)
4493:≘ (10)
4439:) × 10
4407:≘ (10)
4370:≘ (10)
4278:≘ (10)
4275:) statT
4149:≘ (10)
4049:≘ (10)
4006:≘ (10)
3976:voltage
3962:≘ (10)
3927:≘ (10)
3884:SI unit
3707:coulomb
2545:In the
1121:System
1098:coulomb
1039:integer
971:cm or K
193:History
175:voltage
6861:N-body
6799:Indian
6774:Arabic
6637:Somali
6612:Libyan
6580:Africa
6551:Syrian
6501:Korean
6486:Indian
6476:Afghan
6440:Slovak
6410:Polish
6348:German
6331:French
6294:Danish
6272:Europe
6238:Metric
6169:Metric
6149:Stoney
6139:Planck
6124:Atomic
5926:
5900:
5824:
5814:
5754:
5721:
5696:
5669:
5629:
5582:. NIST
5539:
5535:–784.
5353:: 3–44
4960:6.6743
4918:(EMU)
4769:(ESU)
4680:Value
4658:always
4599:≘ (10
4564:≘ (10
4521:≘ (10
4490:(s/cm)
4482:≘ (10
4400:≘ (10
4356:≘ (10
4328:× 10)
4271:≘ (10
4243:× 10)
4196:× 10)
4135:≘ (10
4103:× 10)
4034:≘ (10
3995:≘ (10
3959:(Fr/s)
3951:≘ (10
3916:≘ (10
3881:Symbol
3831:= 1/(4
3722:𝜆 = 1
3694:ampere
3236:vacuum
3199:ampere
1016:ampere
967:kayser
941:stokes
859:g⋅cm/s
829:g⋅cm/s
812:energy
800:g⋅cm/s
717:second
641:length
588:pascal
461:energy
246:, and
171:charge
152:newton
120:energy
78:second
68:, the
66:length
6849:Other
6814:Roman
6794:Hindu
6789:Greek
6673:Cuban
6561:Tatar
6521:Omani
6460:Welsh
6455:Swiss
6375:Irish
6353:Greek
6299:Dutch
6289:Czech
6259:(CGS)
6253:(MTS)
6247:(MKS)
6219:(FPS)
6200:UK/US
5976:(PDF)
5961:(PDF)
5946:Wiley
5920:Wiley
5665:–25.
5627:S2CID
5558:"cgs"
5500:(PDF)
5473:(PDF)
5445:(PDF)
5323:arXiv
5109:henry
5058:2.997
5024:1.054
4992:6.626
4934:0.007
4903:1.602
4882:4.803
4852:9.109
4818:1.380
4788:5.291
4757:2.780
4732:9.274
4699:1.660
4642:equal
4570:statF
4527:statΩ
4488:statΩ
4453:≘ ((4
4435:≘ ((4
4362:statA
4316:statA
4310:× 10
4228:× 10
4188:statC
4182:× 10
4141:statC
4091:statC
4085:× 10
4040:statV
4001:statV
3966:(Bi)
3957:statA
3922:statC
3835:× 10
3711:henry
3699:farad
3240:dynes
1012:metre
911:poise
881:barye
856:erg/s
841:power
783:force
668:metre
584:barye
116:force
101:metre
6566:Thai
6536:Pegu
6469:Asia
6107:(US)
6090:Troy
5924:ISBN
5898:ISBN
5822:PMID
5752:ISBN
5719:ISBN
5694:ISBN
5667:ISBN
5588:2015
5537:ISBN
5508:2024
5481:2024
5453:2024
5105:mole
5101:gram
4572:(cm)
4461:/cm
4324:≘ (4
4306:≘ (4
4239:≘ (4
4224:≘ (4
4192:≘ (4
4178:≘ (4
4099:≘ (4
4081:≘ (4
3985:V, E
3924:(Fr)
3785:/10)
3781:= (4
3776:and
3768:/10)
3764:= (4
3741:and
3724:and
3690:volt
3228:biot
3226:The
3206:biot
2663:dyne
1976:CGS-
1685:CGS-
948:cm/s
923:Pa⋅s
793:dyne
774:cm/s
748:cm/s
745:cm/s
707:time
688:gram
678:mass
465:work
257:and
255:gram
228:NIST
209:and
144:dyne
138:and
82:time
74:mass
70:gram
44:The
5812:PMC
5802:doi
5748:543
5619:doi
5533:775
5134:is
5113:ohm
5060:924
5036:erg
5029:817
5026:571
5004:erg
4994:070
4966:dyn
4942:564
4939:352
4936:297
4915:abC
4908:634
4905:176
4884:204
4854:383
4827:erg
4820:649
4793:105
4790:772
4762:273
4759:278
4744:erg
4737:066
4734:010
4704:069
4701:539
4650:but
4629:800
4626:245
4623:979
4608:abH
4577:abF
4538:abΩ
4533:(s)
4495:abΩ
4372:erg
4236:/cm
4198:abC
4151:abC
4105:abC
4051:abV
4008:abV
3964:abA
3929:abC
3848:).
3703:ohm
3218:or
3195:EMU
3166:erg
2649:or
2602:ESU
2587:ESU
1661:EMU
1637:EMU
1595:EMU
1559:EMU
1538:EMU
1501:EMU
1465:EMU
1436:EMU
1389:ESU
1365:ESU
1323:ESU
1287:ESU
1253:ESU
1216:ESU
1180:ESU
1161:ESU
851:erg
826:erg
822:erg
797:dyn
771:Gal
767:gal
162:000
160:100
134:as
54:cgs
52:or
50:CGS
6883::
5971:.
5963:.
5944:.
5922:.
5918:.
5896:.
5892:.
5884:.
5820:.
5810:.
5798:83
5796:.
5792:.
5750:.
5663:20
5639:^
5625:.
5617:.
5607:25
5605:.
5578:.
5560:.
5515:^
5408:;
5404:;
5400:;
5396:;
5392:;
5388:;
5355:.
5349:,
5300:.
5276:.
5126:𝜖
5070:cm
5063:58
4997:15
4970:cm
4894:Fr
4887:71
4857:71
4800:cm
4621:29
4619:=
4593:1
4568:)
4558:1
4542:cm
4531:cm
4525:)
4511:1
4486:)
4476:1
4459:cm
4449:cm
4443:)
4425:1
4409:Mx
4396:Wb
4394:1
4366:cm
4360:)
4346:1
4330:Oe
4320:cm
4314:)
4296:1
4265:1
4249:cm
4234:cm
4232:)
4214:1
4186:)
4172:1
4155:cm
4145:cm
4139:)
4125:1
4109:cm
4095:cm
4089:)
4071:1
4055:cm
4044:cm
4038:)
4024:1
3999:)
3989:1
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3974:/
3955:)
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3910:1
3864:.
3806:.
3795:+
3748:qE
3746:=
3738:VI
3736:=
3210:Bi
2641:Fr
2515:SI
2491:SI
2449:SI
2413:SI
2388:SI
2344:SI
2293:SI
2280:SI
2256:SI
2231:LH
2194:LH
2152:LH
2116:LH
2088:LH
2051:LH
2015:LH
2002:LH
1063:,
974:cm
945:St
893:Pa
885:Ba
663:cm
652:,
643:,
578:).
250:.
220:SI
166:.
122:,
118:,
103:,
92:.
6013:e
6006:t
5999:v
5985:.
5948:.
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5906:.
5828:.
5804::
5760:.
5727:.
5702:.
5675:.
5633:.
5621::
5613::
5590:.
5564:.
5545:.
5455:.
5429:.
5351:8
5331:.
5325::
5310:.
5286:.
5199:ħ
5192:c
5166:π
5162:π
5158:π
5147:0
5144:ε
5136:c
5128:0
5124:π
5074:s
5072:/
5066:×
5053:c
5040:s
5038:⋅
5032:×
5019:ħ
5008:s
5006:⋅
5000:×
4987:h
4974:g
4972:/
4968:⋅
4962:×
4955:G
4929:α
4911:×
4890:×
4877:e
4864:g
4860:×
4847:e
4844:m
4831:K
4829:/
4823:×
4813:k
4796:×
4783:0
4780:a
4765:×
4748:G
4746:/
4740:×
4727:B
4724:μ
4711:g
4707:×
4694:u
4691:m
4654:c
4646:c
4617:c
4601:c
4595:H
4589:L
4566:c
4560:F
4554:C
4540:⋅
4529:⋅
4523:c
4517:m
4515:⋅
4513:Ω
4507:ρ
4484:c
4478:Ω
4472:R
4455:π
4447:/
4445:s
4441:c
4437:π
4431:m
4429:/
4427:H
4421:μ
4402:c
4390:m
4388:Φ
4376:G
4374:/
4364:⋅
4358:c
4352:m
4350:⋅
4348:A
4342:μ
4326:π
4318:/
4312:c
4308:π
4302:m
4300:/
4298:A
4292:H
4280:G
4273:c
4267:T
4261:B
4247:/
4245:s
4241:π
4230:c
4226:π
4220:m
4218:/
4216:F
4210:ε
4194:π
4184:c
4180:π
4174:C
4168:e
4166:Φ
4153:⋅
4143:⋅
4137:c
4131:m
4129:⋅
4127:C
4121:p
4107:/
4101:π
4093:/
4087:c
4083:π
4077:m
4075:/
4073:C
4067:D
4053:/
4042:/
4036:c
4030:m
4028:/
4026:V
4020:E
3997:c
3991:V
3981:φ
3953:c
3947:A
3941:I
3918:c
3912:C
3906:q
3846:0
3843:μ
3840:0
3837:ε
3833:π
3829:c
3825:0
3822:μ
3818:0
3815:ε
3803:M
3800:0
3797:μ
3793:H
3790:0
3787:μ
3783:π
3779:B
3773:H
3770:μ
3766:π
3762:B
3757:π
3755:4
3744:F
3734:P
3728:π
3670:q
3653:.
3647:2
3643:/
3639:1
3635:m
3631:c
3621:2
3617:/
3613:1
3609:g
3604:1
3601:=
3598:s
3588:2
3584:/
3580:1
3576:e
3572:n
3569:y
3566:d
3562:1
3559:=
3556:e
3553:g
3550:r
3547:a
3544:h
3541:c
3537:u
3534:m
3531:e
3527:1
3524:=
3521:b
3518:m
3515:o
3512:l
3509:u
3506:o
3503:c
3500:b
3497:a
3493:1
3490:=
3487:s
3479:i
3476:B
3472:1
3445:.
3439:1
3432:s
3421:2
3417:/
3413:1
3409:m
3405:c
3395:2
3391:/
3387:1
3383:g
3378:1
3375:=
3370:2
3366:/
3362:1
3358:e
3354:n
3351:y
3348:d
3344:1
3341:=
3338:t
3335:n
3332:e
3329:r
3326:r
3323:u
3320:c
3316:u
3313:m
3310:e
3306:1
3303:=
3300:e
3297:r
3294:e
3291:p
3288:m
3285:a
3282:b
3279:a
3275:1
3272:=
3269:i
3266:B
3262:1
3208:(
3193:(
3151:q
3134:.
3128:2
3121:s
3110:2
3106:/
3102:3
3098:m
3094:c
3084:2
3080:/
3076:1
3072:g
3067:1
3064:=
3059:1
3052:s
3043:m
3040:c
3030:2
3026:/
3022:1
3018:e
3014:n
3011:y
3008:d
3004:1
3001:=
2998:t
2995:n
2992:e
2989:r
2986:r
2983:u
2980:c
2976:u
2973:s
2970:e
2966:1
2963:=
2960:e
2957:r
2954:e
2951:p
2948:m
2945:a
2942:t
2939:a
2936:t
2933:s
2929:1
2926:=
2923:s
2919:/
2915:r
2912:F
2908:1
2881:.
2875:1
2868:s
2857:2
2853:/
2849:3
2845:m
2841:c
2831:2
2827:/
2823:1
2819:g
2814:1
2811:=
2808:m
2805:c
2795:2
2791:/
2787:1
2783:e
2779:n
2776:y
2773:d
2769:1
2766:=
2763:e
2760:g
2757:r
2754:a
2751:h
2748:c
2744:u
2741:s
2738:e
2734:1
2731:=
2728:b
2725:m
2722:o
2719:l
2716:u
2713:o
2710:c
2707:t
2704:a
2701:t
2698:s
2694:1
2691:=
2688:r
2685:F
2681:1
2665:.
2639:(
2620:.
2613:2
2609:r
2597:2
2593:q
2582:1
2578:q
2571:=
2568:F
2523:0
2520:=
2504:B
2496:+
2486:E
2457:0
2454:=
2444:B
2408:J
2401:0
2393:=
2377:E
2367:0
2357:0
2339:B
2308:0
2299:/
2285:=
2275:E
2239:0
2236:=
2220:B
2210:1
2203:c
2199:+
2189:E
2160:0
2157:=
2147:B
2111:J
2104:1
2097:c
2093:=
2077:E
2067:1
2060:c
2046:B
2007:=
1997:E
1960:0
1957:=
1952:G
1941:B
1931:1
1924:c
1920:+
1915:G
1910:E
1881:0
1878:=
1873:G
1868:B
1837:G
1832:J
1825:1
1818:c
1811:4
1808:=
1803:G
1792:E
1782:1
1775:c
1766:G
1761:B
1730:G
1719:4
1716:=
1711:G
1706:E
1669:0
1666:=
1650:B
1642:+
1632:E
1603:0
1600:=
1590:B
1554:J
1546:4
1543:=
1527:E
1517:2
1510:c
1496:B
1455:2
1451:c
1444:4
1441:=
1431:E
1397:0
1394:=
1378:B
1370:+
1360:E
1331:0
1328:=
1318:B
1282:J
1275:2
1268:c
1261:4
1258:=
1242:E
1232:2
1225:c
1211:B
1169:4
1166:=
1156:E
1084:,
1081:t
1077:I
1074:=
1071:q
1061:t
1057:I
1053:q
1030:m
1028:/
1026:N
1022:×
1020:2
962:k
936:ν
915:P
906:μ
876:p
864:W
846:P
834:J
817:E
805:N
788:F
762:a
738:v
721:s
712:t
692:g
683:m
654:x
650:L
551:x
548:d
543:v
540:d
533:/
526:=
493:2
489:L
485:F
480:=
477:p
467:)
441:x
435:d
423:F
414:=
411:E
401:)
380:2
376:t
372:d
367:x
362:2
358:d
351:m
348:=
345:F
335:)
316:t
313:d
308:x
305:d
299:=
296:v
154:(
48:(
41:.
34:.
20:)
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