22:
8349:
6345:
4030:
3900:
4480:
4249:
8474:
1926:
1807:
4360:
4135:
2054:
6597:
5824:. Some textbooks on classical electricity and magnetism have been written using Gaussian CGS units, but recently some of them have been rewritten to use SI units. Outside of these contexts, including for example magazine articles on electric circuits, Heaviside–Lorentz and Gaussian CGS units are rarely encountered.
2277:
2163:
6466:
8219:
5786:
Despite
Heaviside's urgings, it proved difficult to persuade people to switch from the established units. He believed that if the units were changed, "ld style instruments would very soon be in a minority, and then disappear ...". Persuading people to switch was already difficult in 1893, and in
1693:
5790:
Heaviside–Lorentz units, like the
Gaussian CGS units by which they generally differ by a factor of about 3.5, are frequently of rather inconvenient sizes. The ampere (coulomb/second) is reasonable unit for measuring currents commonly encountered, but the ESU/s, as demonstrated above, is far too
388:
In plain
English, the common system of electrical units involves an irrationality of the same kind as would be brought into the metric system of weights and measures, were we to define the unit area to be the area, not of a square with unit side, but of a circle of unit diameter. The constant
3446:
2651:
6712:
2748:
3553:
6885:
2868:
3652:
2554:
6211:
1505:
3167:
1590:
8356:
3906:
7326:
5832:
To convert any expression or formula between the SI, Heaviside–Lorentz or
Gaussian systems, the corresponding quantities shown in the table below can be directly equated and hence substituted. This will reproduce any of the specific formulas given in the list above.
3791:
2972:
4558:
1420:
6791:
5489:
4366:
4141:
7746:
3255:
1813:
1699:
4255:
4036:
1941:
5926:
6055:
6472:
3060:
7105:
4756:
4690:
4624:
2169:
7984:
4888:
4822:
2060:
8139:
7233:
2436:
8214:
7644:
6351:
4961:
3328:
1083:
7573:
7508:
1006:
942:
884:
7892:
7816:
7164:
8054:
2367:
1605:
6111:
5983:
5810:
system's conceptual simplicity and compactness significantly clarify the discussions, and it is possible if necessary to convert the resulting answers to appropriate units after the fact by inserting appropriate factors of
5206:
1195:
8344:{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}{\sqrt {\varepsilon _{0}}}\ \mathbf {E} ^{\textsf {SI}}&=\mathbf {E} ^{\textsf {HL}}\\{\frac {1}{\sqrt {\varepsilon _{0}}}}\rho ^{\textsf {SI}}&=\rho ^{\textsf {HL}}\,.\end{aligned}}}
399:
Now, to make a mistake is easy and natural to man. But that is not enough. The next thing is to correct it: When a mistake has once been started, it is not necessary to go on repeating it for ever and ever with cumulative
8529:
5032:
5088:
1136:
7381:
7436:
3341:
2560:
6620:
5268:
2657:
5144:
395:
would then obtrude itself into the area of a rectangle, and everywhere it should not be, and be a source of great confusion and inconvenience. So it is in the common electrical units, which are truly irrational.
7024:
6190:
3452:
6797:
2761:
377:
was considered by some to be a sort of blessed dispensation, without which all electrical theory would fall to pieces. I believe that this view is now nearly extinct, and that it is well recognised that the
6945:
6340:{\displaystyle {\frac {1}{\sqrt {\varepsilon _{0}}}}\left(q^{\textsf {SI}},\rho ^{\textsf {SI}},I^{\textsf {SI}},\mathbf {J} ^{\textsf {SI}},\mathbf {P} ^{\textsf {SI}},\mathbf {p} ^{\textsf {SI}}\right)}
3559:
5317:
2473:
5414:
1426:
1290:
1246:
3075:
1334:
1511:
4025:{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\mathbf {B} ^{\textsf {SI}}&=\mu _{0}(\mathbf {H} ^{\textsf {SI}}+\mathbf {M} ^{\textsf {SI}})\\&=\mu ^{\textsf {SI}}\mathbf {H} ^{\textsf {SI}}\end{aligned}}}
3895:{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\mathbf {D} ^{\textsf {SI}}&=\varepsilon _{0}\mathbf {E} ^{\textsf {SI}}+\mathbf {P} ^{\textsf {SI}}\\&=\varepsilon \mathbf {E} ^{\textsf {SI}}\end{aligned}}}
8224:
7249:
4371:
4260:
4146:
4041:
3911:
3796:
2875:
290:(EMU) systems of units. These were based respectively on Coulomb's and Ampere's Law. Use of these systems, as with to the subsequently developed Gaussian CGS units, resulted in many factors of
165:
do not appear in the defining equations for electromagnetism, having been incorporated implicitly into the electromagnetic quantities. Heaviside–Lorentz units may be thought of as normalizing
4488:
4475:{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\mathbf {B} ^{\textsf {G}}&=\mathbf {H} ^{\textsf {G}}+4\pi \mathbf {M} ^{\textsf {G}}\\&=\mu ^{\textsf {G}}\mathbf {H} ^{\textsf {G}}\end{aligned}}}
4244:{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\mathbf {B} ^{\textsf {HL}}&=\mathbf {H} ^{\textsf {HL}}+\mathbf {M} ^{\textsf {HL}}\\&=\mu ^{\textsf {HL}}\mathbf {H} ^{\textsf {HL}}\end{aligned}}}
1351:
6977:
6718:
6143:
5346:
5375:
8469:{\displaystyle \nabla \cdot \left({\frac {1}{\sqrt {\varepsilon _{0}}}}\mathbf {E} ^{\textsf {HL}}\right)=\left({\sqrt {\varepsilon _{0}}}\rho ^{\textsf {HL}}\right)/\varepsilon _{0},}
7665:
3173:
1921:{\displaystyle \nabla \times \mathbf {H} ^{\textsf {G}}={\frac {4\pi }{c}}\mathbf {J} _{\text{f}}^{\textsf {G}}+{\frac {1}{c}}{\frac {\partial \mathbf {D} ^{\textsf {G}}}{\partial t}}}
5542:
field spreading out over the surface of a sphere. This allows a straightforward extension to other dimensions. For example, the case of long, parallel wires extending straight in the
1802:{\displaystyle \nabla \times \mathbf {H} ^{\textsf {HL}}={\frac {1}{c}}\mathbf {J} _{\text{f}}^{\textsf {HL}}+{\frac {1}{c}}{\frac {\partial \mathbf {D} ^{\textsf {HL}}}{\partial t}}}
4355:{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\mathbf {D} ^{\textsf {G}}&=\mathbf {E} ^{\textsf {G}}+4\pi \mathbf {P} ^{\textsf {G}}\\&=\varepsilon \mathbf {E} ^{\textsf {G}}\end{aligned}}}
8149:
4130:{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\mathbf {D} ^{\textsf {HL}}&=\mathbf {E} ^{\textsf {HL}}+\mathbf {P} ^{\textsf {HL}}\\&=\varepsilon \mathbf {E} ^{\textsf {HL}}\end{aligned}}}
2049:{\displaystyle \nabla \times \mathbf {B} ^{\textsf {SI}}=\mu _{0}\left(\mathbf {J} ^{\textsf {SI}}+\varepsilon _{0}{\frac {\partial \mathbf {E} ^{\textsf {SI}}}{\partial t}}\right)}
9030:
6592:{\displaystyle {\sqrt {4\pi }}\left(q^{\textsf {G}},\rho ^{\textsf {G}},I^{\textsf {G}},\mathbf {J} ^{\textsf {G}},\mathbf {P} ^{\textsf {G}},\mathbf {p} ^{\textsf {G}}\right)}
5861:
5405:
5989:
2978:
2272:{\displaystyle \nabla \times \mathbf {B} ^{\textsf {G}}={\frac {4\pi }{c}}\mathbf {J} ^{\textsf {G}}+{\frac {1}{c}}{\frac {\partial \mathbf {E} ^{\textsf {G}}}{\partial t}}}
7038:
4696:
4630:
4564:
2158:{\displaystyle \nabla \times \mathbf {B} ^{\textsf {HL}}={\frac {1}{c}}\mathbf {J} ^{\textsf {HL}}+{\frac {1}{c}}{\frac {\partial \mathbf {E} ^{\textsf {HL}}}{\partial t}}}
3750:
3728:
3706:
3684:
3752:
in a material medium. It is assumed here for simplicity that the medium is homogeneous, linear, isotropic, and nondispersive, so that the susceptibilities are constants.
7910:
4828:
4762:
8060:
7170:
6461:{\displaystyle \left(q^{\textsf {HL}},\rho ^{\textsf {HL}},I^{\textsf {HL}},\mathbf {J} ^{\textsf {HL}},\mathbf {P} ^{\textsf {HL}},\mathbf {p} ^{\textsf {HL}}\right)}
2372:
7579:
424:
dimensions. This means that all of the units of electric and magnetic quantities are expressible in terms of the units of the base quantities length, time and mass.
8479:
4896:
3261:
1021:
7514:
7449:
948:
5546:
direction can be considered a two-dimensional system. Another example is in string theory, where more than three spatial dimensions often need to be considered.
890:
832:
7822:
7752:
1688:{\displaystyle \nabla \times \mathbf {H} ^{\textsf {SI}}=\mathbf {J} _{\text{f}}^{\textsf {SI}}+{\frac {\partial \mathbf {D} ^{\textsf {SI}}}{\partial t}}}
7111:
7990:
2313:
6066:
5932:
5150:
1142:
4967:
8830:
5038:
3441:{\displaystyle \mathbf {B} ^{\textsf {SI}}={\frac {\mu _{0}}{4\pi }}\oint {\frac {I^{\textsf {SI}}d\mathbf {l} \times \mathbf {\hat {r}} }{r^{2}}}}
1089:
7332:
2646:{\displaystyle \mathbf {F} =q^{\textsf {HL}}\left(\mathbf {E} ^{\textsf {HL}}+{\frac {1}{c}}\mathbf {v} \times \mathbf {B} ^{\textsf {HL}}\right)}
6707:{\displaystyle {\frac {1}{\sqrt {\mu _{0}}}}\left(\mathbf {B} ^{\textsf {SI}},\Phi _{\text{m}}^{\textsf {SI}},\mathbf {A} ^{\textsf {SI}}\right)}
7387:
520:
times larger than the corresponding
Gaussian quantity. There are comparable relationships for the other electromagnetic quantities (see below).
9075:
2743:{\displaystyle \mathbf {F} =q^{\textsf {G}}\left(\mathbf {E} ^{\textsf {G}}+{\frac {1}{c}}\mathbf {v} \times \mathbf {B} ^{\textsf {G}}\right)}
126:
5212:
86:
9025:
3548:{\displaystyle \mathbf {B} ^{\textsf {HL}}={\frac {1}{4\pi c}}\oint {\frac {I^{\textsf {HL}}d\mathbf {l} \times \mathbf {\hat {r}} }{r^{2}}}}
58:
8571:, a commonly used textbook for introductory studies, was originally written in Gaussian units; the third edition was rewritten in SI units.
6880:{\displaystyle {\frac {1}{\sqrt {4\pi }}}\left(\mathbf {B} ^{\textsf {G}},\Phi _{\text{m}}^{\textsf {G}},\mathbf {A} ^{\textsf {G}}\right)}
5094:
2863:{\displaystyle \mathbf {F} ={\frac {1}{4\pi \varepsilon _{0}}}{\frac {q_{1}^{\textsf {SI}}q_{2}^{\textsf {SI}}}{r^{2}}}\mathbf {\hat {r}} }
39:
6983:
6149:
553:). These can be used to convert SI units to their corresponding Heaviside–Lorentz values, as detailed below. For example, SI charge is
9597:
9344:
9069:
65:
8567:
used
Gaussian units exclusively, but in the third edition Jackson rewrote many of the chapters in SI units. Likewise, E. M. Purcell's
3647:{\displaystyle \mathbf {B} ^{\textsf {G}}={\frac {1}{c}}\oint {\frac {I^{\textsf {G}}d\mathbf {l} \times \mathbf {\hat {r}} }{r^{2}}}}
9622:
6902:
2549:{\displaystyle \mathbf {F} =q^{\textsf {SI}}\left(\mathbf {E} ^{\textsf {SI}}+\mathbf {v} \times \mathbf {B} ^{\textsf {SI}}\right)}
8627:
1500:{\displaystyle \nabla \times \mathbf {E} ^{\textsf {HL}}=-{\frac {1}{c}}{\frac {\partial \mathbf {B} ^{\textsf {HL}}}{\partial t}}}
5278:
3162:{\displaystyle \mathbf {E} ^{\textsf {SI}}={\frac {1}{4\pi \varepsilon _{0}}}{\frac {q^{\textsf {SI}}}{r^{2}}}\mathbf {\hat {r}} }
630:
This section has a list of the basic formulas of electromagnetism, given in the SI, Heaviside–Lorentz, and
Gaussian systems. Here
9617:
9334:
9154:
1585:{\displaystyle \nabla \times \mathbf {E} ^{\textsf {G}}=-{\frac {1}{c}}{\frac {\partial \mathbf {B} ^{\textsf {G}}}{\partial t}}}
370:
It is not long since it was taken for granted that the common electrical units were correct. That curious and obtrusive constant
72:
1252:
1208:
5806:
Textbooks in theoretical physics use
Heaviside–Lorentz units nearly exclusively, frequently in their natural form (see below),
1296:
9653:
9648:
9602:
9253:
9243:
9144:
7321:{\displaystyle \left({\frac {\varepsilon ^{\textsf {SI}}}{\varepsilon _{0}}},{\frac {\mu ^{\textsf {SI}}}{\mu _{0}}}\right)}
54:
9658:
9228:
9166:
8823:
2967:{\displaystyle \mathbf {F} ={\frac {1}{4\pi }}{\frac {q_{1}^{\textsf {HL}}q_{2}^{\textsf {HL}}}{r^{2}}}\mathbf {\hat {r}} }
9592:
9379:
243:
when this system is used. Consequently, electromagnetic quantities in the
Heaviside–Lorentz system differ by factors of
9632:
9607:
9460:
9208:
202:
4553:{\displaystyle \mathbf {P} ^{\textsf {SI}}=\chi _{\text{e}}^{\textsf {SI}}\varepsilon _{0}\mathbf {E} ^{\textsf {SI}}}
9516:
1415:{\displaystyle \nabla \times \mathbf {E} ^{\textsf {SI}}=-{\frac {\partial \mathbf {B} ^{\textsf {SI}}}{\partial t}}}
267:. They are particularly convenient when performing calculations in spatial dimensions greater than three such as in
105:
6786:{\displaystyle \left(\mathbf {B} ^{\textsf {HL}},\Phi _{\text{m}}^{\textsf {HL}},\mathbf {A} ^{\textsf {HL}}\right)}
9486:
9450:
9359:
9097:
9035:
5484:{\displaystyle \chi _{\text{e}}^{\textsf {SI}}=\chi _{\text{e}}^{\textsf {HL}}=4\pi \chi _{\text{e}}^{\textsf {G}}}
7741:{\displaystyle {\frac {1}{\varepsilon _{0}}}\left(\sigma ^{\textsf {SI}},S^{\textsf {SI}},C^{\textsf {SI}}\right)}
3250:{\displaystyle \mathbf {E} ^{\textsf {HL}}={\frac {1}{4\pi }}{\frac {q^{\textsf {HL}}}{r^{2}}}\mathbf {\hat {r}} }
9572:
9557:
9511:
9389:
9364:
9349:
9309:
9233:
8816:
6951:
6117:
5322:
351:, who was an important, though somewhat isolated, early theorist of electromagnetism, suggested in 1882 that the
5351:
9567:
9552:
9542:
9532:
9470:
9440:
9410:
9374:
9299:
9218:
9193:
9188:
9183:
9176:
8880:
5787:
the meanwhile there have been more than a century's worth of additional textbooks printed and voltmeters built.
297:
appearing in formulas for electromagnetic results, including those without any circular or spherical symmetry.
43:
1932:
1596:
362:
in these sorts of relations could be removed by redefining the units for charges and fields. In his 1893 book
9562:
9537:
9501:
9465:
9445:
9435:
9420:
9415:
9405:
9314:
9238:
9139:
8870:
8860:
8769:
1343:
524:
79:
5799:
is already on the large side compared to most inductors; the
Gaussian unit is 12 orders of magnitude larger.
9627:
9547:
9506:
9496:
9425:
9329:
9268:
9263:
9223:
9213:
9203:
9198:
9102:
9004:
8999:
8918:
8913:
8875:
1201:
8962:
5921:{\displaystyle {\sqrt {\varepsilon _{0}}}\left(\mathbf {E} ^{\textsf {SI}},\varphi ^{\textsf {SI}}\right)}
9705:
9455:
9430:
9369:
9319:
9304:
9294:
9258:
9149:
9112:
9081:
647:
6050:{\displaystyle {\frac {1}{\sqrt {4\pi }}}\left(\mathbf {E} ^{\textsf {G}},\varphi ^{\textsf {G}}\right)}
5634:
have the same dimensions in the Heaviside–Lorentz system, meaning it is easy to recall where factors of
9491:
9339:
9273:
9171:
9117:
9107:
3055:{\displaystyle \mathbf {F} ={\frac {q_{1}^{\textsf {G}}q_{2}^{\textsf {G}}}{r^{2}}}\mathbf {\hat {r}} }
8655:
7100:{\displaystyle {\sqrt {\mu _{0}}}\left(\mathbf {m} ^{\textsf {SI}},\mathbf {M} ^{\textsf {SI}}\right)}
5383:
4751:{\displaystyle \mathbf {M} ^{\textsf {HL}}=\chi _{\text{m}}^{\textsf {HL}}\mathbf {H} ^{\textsf {HL}}}
4685:{\displaystyle \mathbf {P} ^{\textsf {HL}}=\chi _{\text{e}}^{\textsf {HL}}\mathbf {E} ^{\textsf {HL}}}
4619:{\displaystyle \mathbf {M} ^{\textsf {SI}}=\chi _{\text{m}}^{\textsf {SI}}\mathbf {H} ^{\textsf {SI}}}
9710:
9384:
8923:
8651:
727:
233:
5679:
that need to be inserted when assembling the tensor out of the three-dimensional fields. Similarly,
9715:
7979:{\displaystyle \varepsilon _{0}\left(\rho ^{\textsf {SI}},R^{\textsf {SI}},L^{\textsf {SI}}\right)}
4883:{\displaystyle \mathbf {M} ^{\textsf {G}}=\chi _{\text{m}}^{\textsf {G}}\mathbf {H} ^{\textsf {G}}}
4817:{\displaystyle \mathbf {P} ^{\textsf {G}}=\chi _{\text{e}}^{\textsf {G}}\mathbf {E} ^{\textsf {G}}}
8134:{\displaystyle {\frac {1}{4\pi }}\left(\rho ^{\textsf {G}},R^{\textsf {G}},L^{\textsf {G}}\right)}
3733:
3711:
3689:
3667:
8947:
8898:
7650:
7228:{\displaystyle {\sqrt {4\pi }}\left(\mathbf {m} ^{\textsf {G}},\mathbf {M} ^{\textsf {G}}\right)}
5520:
from the Gauss law and putting it in the Force law considerably reduces the number of places the
5378:
2431:{\textstyle \mathbf {E} =-\nabla \phi -{\frac {1}{c}}{\frac {\partial \mathbf {A} }{\partial t}}}
783:
764:
32:
5795:, a value which is larger than most commonly encountered potentials. The henry, the SI unit for
8209:{\displaystyle \nabla \cdot \mathbf {E} ^{\textsf {SI}}=\rho ^{\textsf {SI}}/\varepsilon _{0},}
7654:
7639:{\displaystyle 4\pi \left(\chi _{\text{e}}^{\textsf {G}},\chi _{\text{m}}^{\textsf {G}}\right)}
6204:
5672:
795:
225:
186:
134:
4956:{\displaystyle \varepsilon ^{\textsf {SI}}/\varepsilon _{0}=1+\chi _{\text{e}}^{\textsf {SI}}}
3323:{\displaystyle \mathbf {E} ^{\textsf {G}}={\frac {q^{\textsf {G}}}{r^{2}}}\mathbf {\hat {r}} }
1078:{\displaystyle \nabla \cdot \mathbf {E} ^{\textsf {SI}}=\rho ^{\textsf {SI}}/\varepsilon _{0}}
309:
279:
In the mid-late 19th century, electromagnetic measurements were frequently made in either the
8839:
7902:
7239:
772:
287:
7568:{\displaystyle \left(\chi _{\text{e}}^{\textsf {HL}},\chi _{\text{m}}^{\textsf {HL}}\right)}
7503:{\displaystyle \left(\chi _{\text{e}}^{\textsf {SI}},\chi _{\text{m}}^{\textsf {SI}}\right)}
1001:{\displaystyle \nabla \cdot \mathbf {D} ^{\textsf {G}}=4\pi \rho _{\text{f}}^{\textsf {G}}}
673:
229:
8:
9612:
9132:
9063:
3334:
541:
528:
283:
8623:
5652:, which makes it dimensionally the same as a space derivative. In contrast, in SI units
937:{\displaystyle \nabla \cdot \mathbf {D} ^{\textsf {HL}}=\rho _{\text{f}}^{\textsf {HL}}}
879:{\displaystyle \nabla \cdot \mathbf {D} ^{\textsf {SI}}=\rho _{\text{f}}^{\textsf {SI}}}
9127:
8903:
7887:{\displaystyle 4\pi \left(\sigma ^{\textsf {G}},S^{\textsf {G}},C^{\textsf {G}}\right)}
717:
260:
5618:
The below points are true in both Heaviside–Lorentz and Gaussian systems, but not SI.
129:
with a particular set of equations that defines electromagnetic quantities, named for
7811:{\displaystyle \left(\sigma ^{\textsf {HL}},S^{\textsf {HL}},C^{\textsf {HL}}\right)}
154:
142:
8548:
7159:{\displaystyle \left(\mathbf {m} ^{\textsf {HL}},\mathbf {M} ^{\textsf {HL}}\right)}
5791:
small. The Gaussian CGS unit of electric potential is named a statvolt. It is about
9159:
8754:
8733:
8682:
8603:
8049:{\displaystyle \left(\rho ^{\textsf {HL}},R^{\textsf {HL}},L^{\textsf {HL}}\right)}
6198:
5802:
A few of the Gaussian CGS units have names; none of the Heaviside–Lorentz units do.
3068:
2754:
2362:{\textstyle \mathbf {E} =-\nabla \phi -{\frac {\partial \mathbf {A} }{\partial t}}}
348:
264:
130:
8353:
Moving the factor across in the latter identities and substituting, the result is
5536:
from the Gauss law makes it clear that the inverse-square force law arises by the
9324:
8737:
8687:
8685:(18 November 1882). "The relations between magnetic force and electric current".
8631:
7030:
5837:
Equivalence expressions between SI, Heaviside–Lorentz, and Gaussian unit systems
701:
256:
6106:{\displaystyle {\frac {1}{\sqrt {\varepsilon _{0}}}}\mathbf {D} ^{\textsf {SI}}}
5978:{\displaystyle \left(\mathbf {E} ^{\textsf {HL}},\varphi ^{\textsf {HL}}\right)}
5201:{\displaystyle \varepsilon ^{\textsf {G}}=1+4\pi \chi _{\text{e}}^{\textsf {G}}}
1190:{\displaystyle \nabla \cdot \mathbf {E} ^{\textsf {G}}=4\pi \rho ^{\textsf {G}}}
9674:
9248:
8865:
8702:
1012:
823:
815:
709:
691:
663:
643:
210:
190:
138:
8524:{\displaystyle \nabla \cdot \mathbf {E} ^{\textsf {HL}}=\rho ^{\textsf {HL}}.}
5027:{\displaystyle \mu ^{\textsf {SI}}/\mu _{0}=1+\chi _{\text{m}}^{\textsf {SI}}}
625:
9699:
9122:
8994:
8934:
6610:
5083:{\displaystyle \varepsilon ^{\textsf {HL}}=1+\chi _{\text{e}}^{\textsf {HL}}}
2466:
1131:{\displaystyle \nabla \cdot \mathbf {E} ^{\textsf {HL}}=\rho ^{\textsf {HL}}}
737:
683:
300:
For example, in the CGS-Gaussian system, the capacitance of sphere of radius
268:
7376:{\displaystyle \left(\varepsilon ^{\textsf {HL}},\mu ^{\textsf {HL}}\right)}
9679:
8967:
8957:
8942:
2447:
Other electrostatic laws in SI, Heaviside–Lorentz, and Gaussian quantities
2284:
The electric and magnetic fields can be written in terms of the potentials
753:
8608:
8591:
7431:{\displaystyle \left(\varepsilon ^{\textsf {G}},\mu ^{\textsf {G}}\right)}
5494:
5377:
are dimensionless, and they have the same numeric value. By contrast, the
9278:
9009:
8908:
8808:
7898:
7658:
8802:. Vol. 2 (first ed.). McGraw Hill, New York. pp. 449–452.
8553:(1956, 5th ed.). Princeton University Press (2005). pp. 21 ff.
5689:
have the same dimensions and are the four components of the 4-potential.
5263:{\displaystyle \mu ^{\textsf {G}}=1+4\pi \chi _{\text{m}}^{\textsf {G}}}
8639:
5827:
5796:
801:
Maxwell's equations in SI, Heaviside–Lorentz, and Gaussian quantities
385:
was an unfortunate and mischievous mistake, the source of many evils.
5491:
The same statements apply for the corresponding magnetic quantities.
5139:{\displaystyle \mu ^{\textsf {HL}}=1+\chi _{\text{m}}^{\textsf {HL}}}
7019:{\displaystyle {\frac {1}{\sqrt {4\pi }}}\mathbf {H} ^{\textsf {G}}}
6185:{\displaystyle {\frac {1}{\sqrt {4\pi }}}\mathbf {D} ^{\textsf {G}}}
21:
8656:"Gaussian, SI and Other Systems of Units in Electromagnetic Theory"
9684:
8596:
Journal of Research of the National Bureau of Standards Section C
2310:, is the same in all systems of units, but the electric field is
618:
228:. That this system is rationalized partly explains its appeal in
8742:. Vol. 1. London, UK: The D. van Nostrand Company. p.
9354:
8563:
For example, the first and second editions of J. D. Jacksons's
6940:{\displaystyle {\sqrt {\mu _{0}}}\ \mathbf {H} ^{\textsf {SI}}}
5638:
go in the Maxwell equation. Every time derivative comes with a
427:
Coulomb's equation, used to define charge in these systems, is
125:) constitute a system of units and quantities that extends the
8663:
Physics 221A, University of California, Berkeley lecture notes
255:
in the definitions of the electric and magnetic fields and of
622:, the SI-equivalent of the Heaviside–Lorentz unit of charge.
5312:{\displaystyle \varepsilon ^{\textsf {SI}}/\varepsilon _{0}}
626:
Comparison of Heaviside–Lorentz with other systems of units
1285:{\displaystyle \nabla \cdot \mathbf {B} ^{\textsf {HL}}=0}
1241:{\displaystyle \nabla \cdot \mathbf {B} ^{\textsf {SI}}=0}
5764:, but they have different units from each other and from
1329:{\displaystyle \nabla \cdot \mathbf {B} ^{\textsf {G}}=0}
502:, where 'HLC' is the HL unit of charge. The HL quantity
8766:
Open Source Ecology Germany (wiki.opensourceecology.de)
5513:
or Gaussian units. As Heaviside proposed, removing the
5495:
Advantages and disadvantages of Heaviside–Lorentz units
206:
5671:
fields the same dimension makes the assembly into the
2375:
2316:
494:
in the HL system. The unit of charge then connects to
8482:
8359:
8222:
8152:
8063:
7993:
7913:
7825:
7755:
7668:
7582:
7517:
7452:
7390:
7335:
7252:
7173:
7114:
7041:
6986:
6954:
6905:
6800:
6721:
6623:
6475:
6354:
6214:
6152:
6120:
6069:
5992:
5935:
5864:
5510:
5417:
5386:
5354:
5325:
5281:
5215:
5153:
5097:
5041:
4970:
4899:
4831:
4765:
4699:
4633:
4567:
4491:
4369:
4258:
4144:
4039:
3909:
3794:
3736:
3714:
3692:
3670:
3664:
Below are the expressions for the macroscopic fields
3562:
3455:
3344:
3264:
3176:
3078:
2981:
2878:
2764:
2660:
2563:
2476:
2172:
2063:
1944:
1816:
1702:
1608:
1514:
1429:
1354:
1299:
1255:
1211:
1145:
1092:
1024:
951:
893:
835:
8787:. John Wiley & Sons, New York. pp. 811–821.
5828:
Translating expressions and formulas between systems
3659:
2294:. The definition of the magnetic field in terms of
236:underlying the theory does not have any factors of
46:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
8800:Electricity and Magnetism, Berkeley physics course
8650:
8523:
8468:
8343:
8208:
8133:
8048:
7978:
7886:
7810:
7740:
7638:
7567:
7502:
7430:
7375:
7320:
7227:
7158:
7099:
7018:
6971:
6939:
6879:
6785:
6706:
6591:
6460:
6339:
6184:
6137:
6105:
6049:
5977:
5920:
5483:
5399:
5369:
5340:
5311:
5262:
5200:
5138:
5082:
5026:
4955:
4882:
4816:
4750:
4684:
4618:
4552:
4474:
4354:
4243:
4129:
4024:
3894:
3744:
3722:
3700:
3678:
3646:
3547:
3440:
3322:
3249:
3161:
3054:
2966:
2862:
2742:
2645:
2548:
2430:
2361:
2271:
2157:
2048:
1920:
1801:
1687:
1584:
1499:
1414:
1328:
1284:
1240:
1189:
1130:
1077:
1000:
936:
878:
5734:can simply be recast as the same expression with
3625:
3526:
3419:
3314:
3241:
3153:
3046:
2958:
2854:
523:The commonly used set of units is the called the
9697:
5567:that are present in the SI system. (In addition
417:
217:, with the result that there are no factors of
8624:A Short History of the SI Units in Electricity
8824:
8707:Engineering and Technology History (ETHW.org)
5407:is dimensionless in all the systems, but has
407:
8728:
8726:
8724:
413:
201:The Heaviside–Lorentz unit system, like the
6972:{\displaystyle \mathbf {H} ^{\textsf {HL}}}
6138:{\displaystyle \mathbf {D} ^{\textsf {HL}}}
5341:{\displaystyle \varepsilon ^{\textsf {HL}}}
8838:
8831:
8817:
8640:Alternate web link (subscription required)
8545:As used by Einstein, such as in his book:
8146:As an example, starting with the equation
5675:more transparent. There are no factors of
5505:The formulas above are clearly simpler in
5370:{\displaystyle \varepsilon ^{\textsf {G}}}
8785:Classical Electrodynamics, Second Edition
8732:
8721:
8681:
8675:
8644:
8607:
8512:
8497:
8437:
8398:
8333:
8327:
8308:
8273:
8252:
8182:
8167:
8120:
8105:
8090:
8035:
8020:
8005:
7965:
7950:
7935:
7873:
7858:
7843:
7797:
7782:
7767:
7727:
7712:
7697:
7625:
7605:
7554:
7534:
7489:
7469:
7417:
7402:
7362:
7347:
7295:
7266:
7214:
7197:
7145:
7128:
7086:
7069:
7010:
6963:
6931:
6866:
6849:
6829:
6772:
6755:
6735:
6693:
6676:
6656:
6578:
6561:
6544:
6527:
6512:
6497:
6447:
6430:
6413:
6396:
6381:
6366:
6326:
6309:
6292:
6275:
6260:
6245:
6176:
6129:
6097:
6036:
6021:
5964:
5949:
5907:
5892:
5807:
5506:
5475:
5449:
5429:
5361:
5332:
5288:
5254:
5222:
5192:
5160:
5130:
5104:
5074:
5048:
5018:
4977:
4947:
4906:
4874:
4860:
4840:
4808:
4794:
4774:
4742:
4728:
4708:
4676:
4662:
4642:
4610:
4596:
4576:
4544:
4520:
4500:
4462:
4448:
4426:
4403:
4382:
4342:
4315:
4292:
4271:
4231:
4217:
4195:
4178:
4157:
4117:
4090:
4073:
4052:
4012:
3998:
3973:
3956:
3922:
3882:
3855:
3838:
3807:
3602:
3571:
3503:
3464:
3396:
3353:
3290:
3273:
3217:
3185:
3129:
3087:
3021:
3004:
2933:
2916:
2829:
2812:
2729:
2694:
2675:
2632:
2597:
2578:
2535:
2510:
2491:
2252:
2219:
2187:
2138:
2105:
2078:
2024:
1991:
1959:
1901:
1868:
1831:
1782:
1749:
1717:
1668:
1645:
1623:
1565:
1529:
1480:
1444:
1395:
1369:
1314:
1270:
1226:
1181:
1160:
1122:
1107:
1054:
1039:
992:
966:
928:
908:
870:
850:
106:Learn how and when to remove this message
8546:
5549:The equations are free of the constants
402:inconvenience. — Oliver Heaviside (1893)
8797:
8782:
8616:
8589:
5728:. For vacuum, any expression involving
5526:appears compared to Gaussian CGS units.
366:, Heaviside wrote in the introduction:
9698:
8791:
789:
8812:
3763:
3760:
3757:
341:is the area of the smaller plate and
8590:Silsbee, Francis (April–June 1962).
44:adding citations to reliable sources
15:
8750:Alternate source for the same text:
8695:
5856:electric field, electric potential
2441:
527:, which defines two constants, the
13:
8861:International System of Units (SI)
8776:
8483:
8360:
8153:
6839:
6745:
6666:
2419:
2409:
2387:
2350:
2340:
2328:
2260:
2241:
2173:
2146:
2127:
2064:
2032:
2013:
1945:
1909:
1890:
1817:
1790:
1771:
1703:
1676:
1657:
1609:
1573:
1554:
1515:
1488:
1469:
1430:
1403:
1384:
1355:
1300:
1256:
1212:
1146:
1093:
1025:
952:
894:
836:
203:International System of Quantities
185:, while at the same time revising
14:
9727:
8216:and the equations from the table
5716:also have the same dimensions as
5622:The electric and magnetic fields
3660:Dielectric and magnetic materials
416:), the Heaviside–Lorentz system (
8491:
8392:
8267:
8246:
8161:
7208:
7191:
7139:
7122:
7080:
7063:
7004:
6957:
6925:
6860:
6823:
6766:
6729:
6687:
6650:
6572:
6555:
6538:
6441:
6424:
6407:
6320:
6303:
6286:
6170:
6123:
6091:
6015:
5943:
5886:
5780:
5400:{\displaystyle \chi _{\text{e}}}
4868:
4834:
4802:
4768:
4736:
4702:
4670:
4636:
4604:
4570:
4538:
4494:
4456:
4420:
4397:
4376:
4336:
4309:
4286:
4265:
4225:
4189:
4172:
4151:
4111:
4084:
4067:
4046:
4006:
3967:
3950:
3916:
3876:
3849:
3832:
3801:
3738:
3716:
3694:
3672:
3622:
3612:
3565:
3523:
3513:
3458:
3416:
3406:
3347:
3311:
3267:
3238:
3179:
3150:
3081:
3043:
2983:
2955:
2880:
2851:
2766:
2723:
2714:
2688:
2662:
2626:
2617:
2591:
2565:
2529:
2520:
2504:
2478:
2413:
2377:
2344:
2318:
2246:
2213:
2181:
2132:
2099:
2072:
2018:
1985:
1953:
1895:
1857:
1825:
1776:
1738:
1711:
1662:
1634:
1617:
1559:
1523:
1474:
1438:
1389:
1363:
1308:
1264:
1220:
1154:
1101:
1033:
960:
902:
844:
209:system is based, but unlike the
20:
8557:
2438:in the HL or Gaussian systems.
31:needs additional citations for
8583:
8539:
3979:
3945:
263:calculations, and are used in
1:
8871:US customary units (USCS/USC)
8703:"System of measurement units"
8592:"Systems of Electrical Units"
8577:
5499:
3761:Heaviside–Lorentz quantities
2458:Heaviside–Lorentz quantities
812:Heaviside–Lorentz quantities
274:
5585:are overdetermined, because
3745:{\displaystyle \mathbf {M} }
3723:{\displaystyle \mathbf {H} }
3701:{\displaystyle \mathbf {P} }
3679:{\displaystyle \mathbf {D} }
508:describing a charge is then
460:in the Gaussian system, and
7:
5752:have the same units, as do
740:acting on a body of charge
412:As in the Gaussian system (
10:
9732:
6615:magnetic vector potential
1344:Faraday's law of induction
793:
408:Length–mass–time framework
9667:
9641:
9585:
9525:
9479:
9398:
9287:
9090:
9056:
9049:
9018:
8987:
8980:
8933:
8924:English Engineering Units
8891:
8853:
8846:
8746:– via Google Books.
8622:Kowalski, Ludwik, 1986, "
8569:Electricity and Magnetism
8565:Classical Electrodynamics
8550:The Meaning of Relativity
8547:Einstein, Albert (2005).
8476:which then simplifies to
7897:
7649:
7441:
7238:
7029:
6890:
6602:
6195:
6060:
5855:
5850:
5847:
5844:
5841:
5509:units compared to either
5275:Note that The quantities
3783:
3780:
3777:
3774:
3771:
3768:
3333:
3065:
2753:
2465:
2460:
2457:
2454:
2451:
1931:
1595:
1339:
1202:Gauss's law for magnetism
1200:
1011:
822:
814:
811:
808:
805:
728:magnetic vector potential
55:"Heaviside–Lorentz units"
8533:
7444:magnetic susceptibility
7442:electric susceptibility,
6196:charge, charge density,
5848:Heaviside–Lorentz units
5409:different numeric values
1340:Maxwell–Faraday equation
310:parallel plate capacitor
224:appearing explicitly in
8963:Quantum chromodynamical
5411:for the same material:
5379:electric susceptibility
3069:stationary point charge
1933:Ampère–Maxwell equation
1597:Ampère–Maxwell equation
784:magnetic susceptibility
765:electric susceptibility
259:. It is often used in
123:Lorentz–Heaviside units
119:Heaviside–Lorentz units
9076:centimetre–gram–second
8840:Systems of measurement
8798:Purcell, E.M. (1965).
8783:Jackson, J.D. (1973).
8757:Electromagnetic Theory
8739:Electromagnetic Theory
8525:
8470:
8345:
8210:
8135:
8050:
7980:
7888:
7812:
7742:
7640:
7569:
7504:
7432:
7377:
7322:
7244:relative permeability
7229:
7160:
7101:
7020:
6973:
6941:
6881:
6787:
6708:
6593:
6462:
6341:
6205:electric dipole moment
6203:polarization density,
6186:
6139:
6107:
6051:
5979:
5922:
5673:electromagnetic tensor
5529:Removing the explicit
5485:
5401:
5371:
5342:
5313:
5264:
5202:
5140:
5084:
5028:
4957:
4884:
4818:
4752:
4686:
4620:
4554:
4476:
4356:
4245:
4131:
4026:
3896:
3746:
3724:
3702:
3680:
3648:
3549:
3442:
3324:
3251:
3163:
3056:
2968:
2864:
2744:
2647:
2550:
2432:
2369:in the SI system, but
2363:
2273:
2159:
2050:
1922:
1803:
1689:
1586:
1501:
1416:
1330:
1286:
1242:
1191:
1132:
1079:
1002:
938:
880:
496:1 dyn⋅cm = 1 statC = 4
405:
364:Electromagnetic Theory
137:. They share with the
135:Hendrik Antoon Lorentz
9598:Biblical and Talmudic
9064:metre–kilogram–second
8709:(wiki). 24 April 2012
8609:10.6028/jres.066C.014
8526:
8471:
8346:
8211:
8136:
8051:
7981:
7889:
7813:
7743:
7641:
7570:
7505:
7433:
7378:
7323:
7240:relative permittivity
7230:
7161:
7102:
7021:
6974:
6942:
6882:
6788:
6709:
6594:
6463:
6342:
6187:
6140:
6108:
6052:
5980:
5923:
5486:
5402:
5372:
5343:
5314:
5265:
5203:
5141:
5085:
5029:
4958:
4885:
4819:
4753:
4687:
4621:
4555:
4477:
4357:
4246:
4132:
4027:
3897:
3747:
3725:
3703:
3681:
3649:
3550:
3443:
3325:
3252:
3164:
3057:
2969:
2865:
2745:
2648:
2551:
2433:
2364:
2274:
2160:
2051:
1923:
1804:
1690:
1587:
1502:
1417:
1331:
1287:
1243:
1192:
1133:
1080:
1003:
939:
881:
773:magnetic permeability
368:
345:is their separation.
8480:
8357:
8220:
8150:
8061:
7991:
7911:
7823:
7753:
7666:
7580:
7515:
7450:
7388:
7333:
7250:
7171:
7112:
7039:
6984:
6952:
6903:
6798:
6719:
6621:
6473:
6352:
6212:
6150:
6118:
6067:
5990:
5933:
5862:
5415:
5384:
5352:
5323:
5279:
5213:
5151:
5095:
5039:
4968:
4897:
4829:
4763:
4697:
4631:
4565:
4489:
4367:
4256:
4142:
4037:
3907:
3792:
3764:Gaussian quantities
3734:
3712:
3690:
3668:
3560:
3453:
3342:
3262:
3174:
3076:
2979:
2876:
2762:
2658:
2561:
2474:
2461:Gaussian quantities
2373:
2314:
2170:
2061:
1942:
1814:
1700:
1606:
1512:
1427:
1352:
1297:
1253:
1209:
1143:
1090:
1022:
949:
891:
833:
674:polarization density
608:, this evaluates to
230:quantum field theory
40:improve this article
8636:The Physics Teacher
7630:
7610:
7559:
7539:
7494:
7474:
6854:
6760:
6681:
6061:displacement field
5838:
5480:
5454:
5434:
5259:
5197:
5135:
5079:
5023:
4952:
4865:
4799:
4733:
4667:
4601:
4525:
3026:
3009:
2938:
2921:
2834:
2817:
2448:
1873:
1754:
1650:
997:
933:
875:
802:
796:Maxwell's equations
790:Maxwell's equations
542:vacuum permeability
529:vacuum permittivity
226:Maxwell's equations
211:CGS-Gaussian system
187:Maxwell's equations
139:CGS-Gaussian system
9706:Special relativity
9070:metre–tonne–second
8866:UK imperial system
8652:Littlejohn, Robert
8630:2009-04-29 at the
8521:
8466:
8341:
8339:
8206:
8131:
8046:
7976:
7884:
7808:
7738:
7636:
7614:
7594:
7565:
7543:
7523:
7500:
7478:
7458:
7428:
7373:
7318:
7225:
7156:
7097:
7016:
6969:
6937:
6877:
6838:
6783:
6744:
6704:
6665:
6589:
6458:
6337:
6201:, current density,
6182:
6135:
6103:
6047:
5975:
5918:
5836:
5481:
5464:
5438:
5418:
5397:
5367:
5338:
5309:
5260:
5243:
5198:
5181:
5136:
5119:
5080:
5063:
5024:
5007:
4953:
4936:
4880:
4849:
4814:
4783:
4748:
4717:
4682:
4651:
4616:
4585:
4550:
4509:
4472:
4470:
4352:
4350:
4241:
4239:
4127:
4125:
4022:
4020:
3892:
3890:
3742:
3720:
3698:
3676:
3644:
3545:
3438:
3320:
3247:
3159:
3052:
3010:
2993:
2964:
2922:
2905:
2860:
2818:
2801:
2740:
2643:
2546:
2446:
2428:
2359:
2269:
2155:
2046:
1918:
1855:
1799:
1736:
1685:
1632:
1582:
1497:
1412:
1326:
1282:
1238:
1187:
1128:
1075:
998:
981:
934:
917:
876:
859:
800:
718:electric potential
648:displacement field
9693:
9692:
9581:
9580:
9045:
9044:
9036:Foot–pound–second
8976:
8975:
8953:Heaviside–Lorentz
8755:"Heaviside 1893:
8734:Heaviside, Oliver
8514:
8499:
8439:
8429:
8400:
8388:
8387:
8329:
8310:
8300:
8299:
8275:
8254:
8243:
8239:
8184:
8169:
8144:
8143:
8122:
8107:
8092:
8077:
8037:
8022:
8007:
7967:
7952:
7937:
7875:
7860:
7845:
7799:
7784:
7769:
7729:
7714:
7699:
7684:
7627:
7621:
7607:
7601:
7556:
7550:
7536:
7530:
7491:
7485:
7471:
7465:
7419:
7404:
7364:
7349:
7311:
7297:
7282:
7268:
7216:
7199:
7182:
7147:
7130:
7088:
7071:
7054:
7012:
7000:
6999:
6965:
6933:
6922:
6918:
6868:
6851:
6845:
6831:
6814:
6813:
6774:
6757:
6751:
6737:
6695:
6678:
6672:
6658:
6641:
6640:
6580:
6563:
6546:
6529:
6514:
6499:
6484:
6449:
6432:
6415:
6398:
6383:
6368:
6328:
6311:
6294:
6277:
6262:
6247:
6232:
6231:
6178:
6166:
6165:
6131:
6099:
6087:
6086:
6038:
6023:
6006:
6005:
5966:
5951:
5909:
5894:
5877:
5477:
5471:
5451:
5445:
5431:
5425:
5394:
5363:
5334:
5290:
5273:
5272:
5256:
5250:
5224:
5194:
5188:
5162:
5132:
5126:
5106:
5076:
5070:
5050:
5020:
5014:
4979:
4949:
4943:
4908:
4876:
4862:
4856:
4842:
4810:
4796:
4790:
4776:
4744:
4730:
4724:
4710:
4678:
4664:
4658:
4644:
4612:
4598:
4592:
4578:
4546:
4522:
4516:
4502:
4464:
4450:
4428:
4405:
4384:
4344:
4317:
4294:
4273:
4233:
4219:
4197:
4180:
4159:
4119:
4092:
4075:
4054:
4014:
4000:
3975:
3958:
3924:
3884:
3857:
3840:
3809:
3657:
3656:
3642:
3628:
3604:
3588:
3573:
3543:
3529:
3505:
3489:
3466:
3436:
3422:
3398:
3382:
3355:
3317:
3306:
3292:
3275:
3244:
3233:
3219:
3207:
3187:
3156:
3145:
3131:
3119:
3089:
3066:Electric field of
3049:
3038:
3023:
3006:
2961:
2950:
2935:
2918:
2900:
2857:
2846:
2831:
2814:
2796:
2731:
2711:
2696:
2677:
2634:
2614:
2599:
2580:
2537:
2512:
2493:
2426:
2404:
2357:
2282:
2281:
2267:
2254:
2236:
2221:
2209:
2189:
2153:
2140:
2122:
2107:
2095:
2080:
2039:
2026:
1993:
1961:
1916:
1903:
1885:
1870:
1864:
1853:
1833:
1797:
1784:
1766:
1751:
1745:
1734:
1719:
1683:
1670:
1647:
1641:
1625:
1580:
1567:
1549:
1531:
1495:
1482:
1464:
1446:
1410:
1397:
1371:
1316:
1272:
1228:
1183:
1162:
1124:
1109:
1056:
1041:
994:
988:
968:
930:
924:
910:
872:
866:
852:
577:. When one puts
155:magnetic constant
143:electric constant
116:
115:
108:
90:
9723:
9711:Electromagnetism
9160:Mesures usuelles
9054:
9053:
8985:
8984:
8851:
8850:
8833:
8826:
8819:
8810:
8809:
8804:
8803:
8795:
8789:
8788:
8780:
8774:
8773:
8761:
8747:
8745:
8730:
8719:
8718:
8716:
8714:
8699:
8693:
8692:
8679:
8673:
8672:
8670:
8669:
8660:
8648:
8642:
8620:
8614:
8613:
8611:
8587:
8572:
8561:
8555:
8554:
8543:
8530:
8528:
8527:
8522:
8517:
8516:
8515:
8502:
8501:
8500:
8494:
8475:
8473:
8472:
8467:
8462:
8461:
8452:
8447:
8443:
8442:
8441:
8440:
8430:
8428:
8427:
8418:
8408:
8404:
8403:
8402:
8401:
8395:
8389:
8386:
8385:
8376:
8372:
8350:
8348:
8347:
8342:
8340:
8332:
8331:
8330:
8313:
8312:
8311:
8301:
8298:
8297:
8288:
8284:
8278:
8277:
8276:
8270:
8257:
8256:
8255:
8249:
8241:
8240:
8238:
8237:
8228:
8215:
8213:
8212:
8207:
8202:
8201:
8192:
8187:
8186:
8185:
8172:
8171:
8170:
8164:
8140:
8138:
8137:
8132:
8130:
8126:
8125:
8124:
8123:
8110:
8109:
8108:
8095:
8094:
8093:
8078:
8076:
8065:
8055:
8053:
8052:
8047:
8045:
8041:
8040:
8039:
8038:
8025:
8024:
8023:
8010:
8009:
8008:
7985:
7983:
7982:
7977:
7975:
7971:
7970:
7969:
7968:
7955:
7954:
7953:
7940:
7939:
7938:
7923:
7922:
7893:
7891:
7890:
7885:
7883:
7879:
7878:
7877:
7876:
7863:
7862:
7861:
7848:
7847:
7846:
7817:
7815:
7814:
7809:
7807:
7803:
7802:
7801:
7800:
7787:
7786:
7785:
7772:
7771:
7770:
7747:
7745:
7744:
7739:
7737:
7733:
7732:
7731:
7730:
7717:
7716:
7715:
7702:
7701:
7700:
7685:
7683:
7682:
7670:
7645:
7643:
7642:
7637:
7635:
7631:
7629:
7628:
7622:
7619:
7609:
7608:
7602:
7599:
7574:
7572:
7571:
7566:
7564:
7560:
7558:
7557:
7551:
7548:
7538:
7537:
7531:
7528:
7509:
7507:
7506:
7501:
7499:
7495:
7493:
7492:
7486:
7483:
7473:
7472:
7466:
7463:
7437:
7435:
7434:
7429:
7427:
7423:
7422:
7421:
7420:
7407:
7406:
7405:
7382:
7380:
7379:
7374:
7372:
7368:
7367:
7366:
7365:
7352:
7351:
7350:
7327:
7325:
7324:
7319:
7317:
7313:
7312:
7310:
7309:
7300:
7299:
7298:
7288:
7283:
7281:
7280:
7271:
7270:
7269:
7259:
7234:
7232:
7231:
7226:
7224:
7220:
7219:
7218:
7217:
7211:
7202:
7201:
7200:
7194:
7183:
7175:
7165:
7163:
7162:
7157:
7155:
7151:
7150:
7149:
7148:
7142:
7133:
7132:
7131:
7125:
7106:
7104:
7103:
7098:
7096:
7092:
7091:
7090:
7089:
7083:
7074:
7073:
7072:
7066:
7055:
7053:
7052:
7043:
7033:, magnetization
7025:
7023:
7022:
7017:
7015:
7014:
7013:
7007:
7001:
6992:
6988:
6978:
6976:
6975:
6970:
6968:
6967:
6966:
6960:
6946:
6944:
6943:
6938:
6936:
6935:
6934:
6928:
6920:
6919:
6917:
6916:
6907:
6896:
6886:
6884:
6883:
6878:
6876:
6872:
6871:
6870:
6869:
6863:
6853:
6852:
6846:
6843:
6834:
6833:
6832:
6826:
6815:
6806:
6802:
6792:
6790:
6789:
6784:
6782:
6778:
6777:
6776:
6775:
6769:
6759:
6758:
6752:
6749:
6740:
6739:
6738:
6732:
6713:
6711:
6710:
6705:
6703:
6699:
6698:
6697:
6696:
6690:
6680:
6679:
6673:
6670:
6661:
6660:
6659:
6653:
6642:
6639:
6638:
6629:
6625:
6608:
6598:
6596:
6595:
6590:
6588:
6584:
6583:
6582:
6581:
6575:
6566:
6565:
6564:
6558:
6549:
6548:
6547:
6541:
6532:
6531:
6530:
6517:
6516:
6515:
6502:
6501:
6500:
6485:
6477:
6467:
6465:
6464:
6459:
6457:
6453:
6452:
6451:
6450:
6444:
6435:
6434:
6433:
6427:
6418:
6417:
6416:
6410:
6401:
6400:
6399:
6386:
6385:
6384:
6371:
6370:
6369:
6346:
6344:
6343:
6338:
6336:
6332:
6331:
6330:
6329:
6323:
6314:
6313:
6312:
6306:
6297:
6296:
6295:
6289:
6280:
6279:
6278:
6265:
6264:
6263:
6250:
6249:
6248:
6233:
6230:
6229:
6220:
6216:
6191:
6189:
6188:
6183:
6181:
6180:
6179:
6173:
6167:
6158:
6154:
6144:
6142:
6141:
6136:
6134:
6133:
6132:
6126:
6112:
6110:
6109:
6104:
6102:
6101:
6100:
6094:
6088:
6085:
6084:
6075:
6071:
6056:
6054:
6053:
6048:
6046:
6042:
6041:
6040:
6039:
6026:
6025:
6024:
6018:
6007:
5998:
5994:
5984:
5982:
5981:
5976:
5974:
5970:
5969:
5968:
5967:
5954:
5953:
5952:
5946:
5927:
5925:
5924:
5919:
5917:
5913:
5912:
5911:
5910:
5897:
5896:
5895:
5889:
5878:
5876:
5875:
5866:
5839:
5835:
5823:
5814:
5809:
5794:
5775:
5769:
5763:
5757:
5751:
5745:
5739:
5733:
5727:
5721:
5715:
5709:
5703:
5697:
5688:
5682:
5678:
5670:
5664:
5655:
5651:
5647:
5643:
5637:
5633:
5627:
5613:
5609:
5605:
5595:
5584:
5575:
5566:
5557:
5545:
5541:
5535:
5525:
5519:
5512:
5508:
5490:
5488:
5487:
5482:
5479:
5478:
5472:
5469:
5453:
5452:
5446:
5443:
5433:
5432:
5426:
5423:
5406:
5404:
5403:
5398:
5396:
5395:
5392:
5376:
5374:
5373:
5368:
5366:
5365:
5364:
5347:
5345:
5344:
5339:
5337:
5336:
5335:
5318:
5316:
5315:
5310:
5308:
5307:
5298:
5293:
5292:
5291:
5269:
5267:
5266:
5261:
5258:
5257:
5251:
5248:
5227:
5226:
5225:
5207:
5205:
5204:
5199:
5196:
5195:
5189:
5186:
5165:
5164:
5163:
5145:
5143:
5142:
5137:
5134:
5133:
5127:
5124:
5109:
5108:
5107:
5089:
5087:
5086:
5081:
5078:
5077:
5071:
5068:
5053:
5052:
5051:
5033:
5031:
5030:
5025:
5022:
5021:
5015:
5012:
4997:
4996:
4987:
4982:
4981:
4980:
4962:
4960:
4959:
4954:
4951:
4950:
4944:
4941:
4926:
4925:
4916:
4911:
4910:
4909:
4889:
4887:
4886:
4881:
4879:
4878:
4877:
4871:
4864:
4863:
4857:
4854:
4845:
4844:
4843:
4837:
4823:
4821:
4820:
4815:
4813:
4812:
4811:
4805:
4798:
4797:
4791:
4788:
4779:
4778:
4777:
4771:
4757:
4755:
4754:
4749:
4747:
4746:
4745:
4739:
4732:
4731:
4725:
4722:
4713:
4712:
4711:
4705:
4691:
4689:
4688:
4683:
4681:
4680:
4679:
4673:
4666:
4665:
4659:
4656:
4647:
4646:
4645:
4639:
4625:
4623:
4622:
4617:
4615:
4614:
4613:
4607:
4600:
4599:
4593:
4590:
4581:
4580:
4579:
4573:
4559:
4557:
4556:
4551:
4549:
4548:
4547:
4541:
4535:
4534:
4524:
4523:
4517:
4514:
4505:
4504:
4503:
4497:
4481:
4479:
4478:
4473:
4471:
4467:
4466:
4465:
4459:
4453:
4452:
4451:
4435:
4431:
4430:
4429:
4423:
4408:
4407:
4406:
4400:
4387:
4386:
4385:
4379:
4361:
4359:
4358:
4353:
4351:
4347:
4346:
4345:
4339:
4324:
4320:
4319:
4318:
4312:
4297:
4296:
4295:
4289:
4276:
4275:
4274:
4268:
4250:
4248:
4247:
4242:
4240:
4236:
4235:
4234:
4228:
4222:
4221:
4220:
4204:
4200:
4199:
4198:
4192:
4183:
4182:
4181:
4175:
4162:
4161:
4160:
4154:
4136:
4134:
4133:
4128:
4126:
4122:
4121:
4120:
4114:
4099:
4095:
4094:
4093:
4087:
4078:
4077:
4076:
4070:
4057:
4056:
4055:
4049:
4031:
4029:
4028:
4023:
4021:
4017:
4016:
4015:
4009:
4003:
4002:
4001:
3985:
3978:
3977:
3976:
3970:
3961:
3960:
3959:
3953:
3944:
3943:
3927:
3926:
3925:
3919:
3901:
3899:
3898:
3893:
3891:
3887:
3886:
3885:
3879:
3864:
3860:
3859:
3858:
3852:
3843:
3842:
3841:
3835:
3829:
3828:
3812:
3811:
3810:
3804:
3755:
3754:
3751:
3749:
3748:
3743:
3741:
3729:
3727:
3726:
3721:
3719:
3707:
3705:
3704:
3699:
3697:
3685:
3683:
3682:
3677:
3675:
3653:
3651:
3650:
3645:
3643:
3641:
3640:
3631:
3630:
3629:
3621:
3615:
3607:
3606:
3605:
3594:
3589:
3581:
3576:
3575:
3574:
3568:
3554:
3552:
3551:
3546:
3544:
3542:
3541:
3532:
3531:
3530:
3522:
3516:
3508:
3507:
3506:
3495:
3490:
3488:
3474:
3469:
3468:
3467:
3461:
3447:
3445:
3444:
3439:
3437:
3435:
3434:
3425:
3424:
3423:
3415:
3409:
3401:
3400:
3399:
3388:
3383:
3381:
3373:
3372:
3363:
3358:
3357:
3356:
3350:
3329:
3327:
3326:
3321:
3319:
3318:
3310:
3307:
3305:
3304:
3295:
3294:
3293:
3283:
3278:
3277:
3276:
3270:
3256:
3254:
3253:
3248:
3246:
3245:
3237:
3234:
3232:
3231:
3222:
3221:
3220:
3210:
3208:
3206:
3195:
3190:
3189:
3188:
3182:
3168:
3166:
3165:
3160:
3158:
3157:
3149:
3146:
3144:
3143:
3134:
3133:
3132:
3122:
3120:
3118:
3117:
3116:
3097:
3092:
3091:
3090:
3084:
3061:
3059:
3058:
3053:
3051:
3050:
3042:
3039:
3037:
3036:
3027:
3025:
3024:
3018:
3008:
3007:
3001:
2991:
2986:
2973:
2971:
2970:
2965:
2963:
2962:
2954:
2951:
2949:
2948:
2939:
2937:
2936:
2930:
2920:
2919:
2913:
2903:
2901:
2899:
2888:
2883:
2869:
2867:
2866:
2861:
2859:
2858:
2850:
2847:
2845:
2844:
2835:
2833:
2832:
2826:
2816:
2815:
2809:
2799:
2797:
2795:
2794:
2793:
2774:
2769:
2749:
2747:
2746:
2741:
2739:
2735:
2734:
2733:
2732:
2726:
2717:
2712:
2704:
2699:
2698:
2697:
2691:
2680:
2679:
2678:
2665:
2652:
2650:
2649:
2644:
2642:
2638:
2637:
2636:
2635:
2629:
2620:
2615:
2607:
2602:
2601:
2600:
2594:
2583:
2582:
2581:
2568:
2555:
2553:
2552:
2547:
2545:
2541:
2540:
2539:
2538:
2532:
2523:
2515:
2514:
2513:
2507:
2496:
2495:
2494:
2481:
2449:
2445:
2442:Other basic laws
2437:
2435:
2434:
2429:
2427:
2425:
2417:
2416:
2407:
2405:
2397:
2380:
2368:
2366:
2365:
2360:
2358:
2356:
2348:
2347:
2338:
2321:
2309:
2299:
2293:
2289:
2278:
2276:
2275:
2270:
2268:
2266:
2258:
2257:
2256:
2255:
2249:
2239:
2237:
2229:
2224:
2223:
2222:
2216:
2210:
2205:
2197:
2192:
2191:
2190:
2184:
2164:
2162:
2161:
2156:
2154:
2152:
2144:
2143:
2142:
2141:
2135:
2125:
2123:
2115:
2110:
2109:
2108:
2102:
2096:
2088:
2083:
2082:
2081:
2075:
2055:
2053:
2052:
2047:
2045:
2041:
2040:
2038:
2030:
2029:
2028:
2027:
2021:
2011:
2009:
2008:
1996:
1995:
1994:
1988:
1977:
1976:
1964:
1963:
1962:
1956:
1927:
1925:
1924:
1919:
1917:
1915:
1907:
1906:
1905:
1904:
1898:
1888:
1886:
1878:
1872:
1871:
1865:
1862:
1860:
1854:
1849:
1841:
1836:
1835:
1834:
1828:
1808:
1806:
1805:
1800:
1798:
1796:
1788:
1787:
1786:
1785:
1779:
1769:
1767:
1759:
1753:
1752:
1746:
1743:
1741:
1735:
1727:
1722:
1721:
1720:
1714:
1694:
1692:
1691:
1686:
1684:
1682:
1674:
1673:
1672:
1671:
1665:
1655:
1649:
1648:
1642:
1639:
1637:
1628:
1627:
1626:
1620:
1591:
1589:
1588:
1583:
1581:
1579:
1571:
1570:
1569:
1568:
1562:
1552:
1550:
1542:
1534:
1533:
1532:
1526:
1506:
1504:
1503:
1498:
1496:
1494:
1486:
1485:
1484:
1483:
1477:
1467:
1465:
1457:
1449:
1448:
1447:
1441:
1421:
1419:
1418:
1413:
1411:
1409:
1401:
1400:
1399:
1398:
1392:
1382:
1374:
1373:
1372:
1366:
1335:
1333:
1332:
1327:
1319:
1318:
1317:
1311:
1291:
1289:
1288:
1283:
1275:
1274:
1273:
1267:
1247:
1245:
1244:
1239:
1231:
1230:
1229:
1223:
1196:
1194:
1193:
1188:
1186:
1185:
1184:
1165:
1164:
1163:
1157:
1137:
1135:
1134:
1129:
1127:
1126:
1125:
1112:
1111:
1110:
1104:
1084:
1082:
1081:
1076:
1074:
1073:
1064:
1059:
1058:
1057:
1044:
1043:
1042:
1036:
1007:
1005:
1004:
999:
996:
995:
989:
986:
971:
970:
969:
963:
943:
941:
940:
935:
932:
931:
925:
922:
913:
912:
911:
905:
885:
883:
882:
877:
874:
873:
867:
864:
855:
854:
853:
847:
803:
799:
781:
770:
762:
751:
747:
743:
735:
725:
715:
707:
699:
689:
681:
671:
661:
655:
650:, respectively,
641:
635:
621:
616:
613:
607:
600:
593:
586:
576:
575:
574:
552:
539:
519:
518:
517:
507:
501:
493:
487:
486:
476:
475:
459:
454:
453:
443:
442:
422:length–mass–time
419:
415:
403:
394:
384:
376:
361:
344:
340:
336:
335:
334:
332:
331:
325:
322:
308:while that of a
307:
303:
296:
265:particle physics
254:
253:
252:
242:
223:
197:
184:
174:
164:
152:
131:Oliver Heaviside
111:
104:
100:
97:
91:
89:
48:
24:
16:
9731:
9730:
9726:
9725:
9724:
9722:
9721:
9720:
9716:Hendrik Lorentz
9696:
9695:
9694:
9689:
9663:
9637:
9577:
9521:
9475:
9394:
9283:
9086:
9041:
9014:
8972:
8929:
8887:
8842:
8837:
8807:
8796:
8792:
8781:
8777:
8759:
8753:
8743:
8731:
8722:
8712:
8710:
8701:
8700:
8696:
8688:The Electrician
8680:
8676:
8667:
8665:
8658:
8649:
8645:
8632:Wayback Machine
8621:
8617:
8588:
8584:
8580:
8575:
8562:
8558:
8544:
8540:
8536:
8511:
8510:
8506:
8496:
8495:
8490:
8489:
8481:
8478:
8477:
8457:
8453:
8448:
8436:
8435:
8431:
8423:
8419:
8417:
8416:
8412:
8397:
8396:
8391:
8390:
8381:
8377:
8371:
8370:
8366:
8358:
8355:
8354:
8338:
8337:
8326:
8325:
8321:
8314:
8307:
8306:
8302:
8293:
8289:
8283:
8280:
8279:
8272:
8271:
8266:
8265:
8258:
8251:
8250:
8245:
8244:
8233:
8229:
8227:
8223:
8221:
8218:
8217:
8197:
8193:
8188:
8181:
8180:
8176:
8166:
8165:
8160:
8159:
8151:
8148:
8147:
8119:
8118:
8114:
8104:
8103:
8099:
8089:
8088:
8084:
8083:
8079:
8069:
8064:
8062:
8059:
8058:
8034:
8033:
8029:
8019:
8018:
8014:
8004:
8003:
7999:
7998:
7994:
7992:
7989:
7988:
7964:
7963:
7959:
7949:
7948:
7944:
7934:
7933:
7929:
7928:
7924:
7918:
7914:
7912:
7909:
7908:
7872:
7871:
7867:
7857:
7856:
7852:
7842:
7841:
7837:
7836:
7832:
7824:
7821:
7820:
7796:
7795:
7791:
7781:
7780:
7776:
7766:
7765:
7761:
7760:
7756:
7754:
7751:
7750:
7726:
7725:
7721:
7711:
7710:
7706:
7696:
7695:
7691:
7690:
7686:
7678:
7674:
7669:
7667:
7664:
7663:
7624:
7623:
7618:
7604:
7603:
7598:
7593:
7589:
7581:
7578:
7577:
7553:
7552:
7547:
7533:
7532:
7527:
7522:
7518:
7516:
7513:
7512:
7488:
7487:
7482:
7468:
7467:
7462:
7457:
7453:
7451:
7448:
7447:
7443:
7416:
7415:
7411:
7401:
7400:
7396:
7395:
7391:
7389:
7386:
7385:
7361:
7360:
7356:
7346:
7345:
7341:
7340:
7336:
7334:
7331:
7330:
7305:
7301:
7294:
7293:
7289:
7287:
7276:
7272:
7265:
7264:
7260:
7258:
7257:
7253:
7251:
7248:
7247:
7243:
7213:
7212:
7207:
7206:
7196:
7195:
7190:
7189:
7188:
7184:
7174:
7172:
7169:
7168:
7144:
7143:
7138:
7137:
7127:
7126:
7121:
7120:
7119:
7115:
7113:
7110:
7109:
7085:
7084:
7079:
7078:
7068:
7067:
7062:
7061:
7060:
7056:
7048:
7044:
7042:
7040:
7037:
7036:
7031:magnetic moment
7009:
7008:
7003:
7002:
6987:
6985:
6982:
6981:
6962:
6961:
6956:
6955:
6953:
6950:
6949:
6930:
6929:
6924:
6923:
6912:
6908:
6906:
6904:
6901:
6900:
6892:
6865:
6864:
6859:
6858:
6848:
6847:
6842:
6828:
6827:
6822:
6821:
6820:
6816:
6801:
6799:
6796:
6795:
6771:
6770:
6765:
6764:
6754:
6753:
6748:
6734:
6733:
6728:
6727:
6726:
6722:
6720:
6717:
6716:
6692:
6691:
6686:
6685:
6675:
6674:
6669:
6655:
6654:
6649:
6648:
6647:
6643:
6634:
6630:
6624:
6622:
6619:
6618:
6614:
6604:
6577:
6576:
6571:
6570:
6560:
6559:
6554:
6553:
6543:
6542:
6537:
6536:
6526:
6525:
6521:
6511:
6510:
6506:
6496:
6495:
6491:
6490:
6486:
6476:
6474:
6471:
6470:
6446:
6445:
6440:
6439:
6429:
6428:
6423:
6422:
6412:
6411:
6406:
6405:
6395:
6394:
6390:
6380:
6379:
6375:
6365:
6364:
6360:
6359:
6355:
6353:
6350:
6349:
6325:
6324:
6319:
6318:
6308:
6307:
6302:
6301:
6291:
6290:
6285:
6284:
6274:
6273:
6269:
6259:
6258:
6254:
6244:
6243:
6239:
6238:
6234:
6225:
6221:
6215:
6213:
6210:
6209:
6202:
6197:
6175:
6174:
6169:
6168:
6153:
6151:
6148:
6147:
6128:
6127:
6122:
6121:
6119:
6116:
6115:
6096:
6095:
6090:
6089:
6080:
6076:
6070:
6068:
6065:
6064:
6035:
6034:
6030:
6020:
6019:
6014:
6013:
6012:
6008:
5993:
5991:
5988:
5987:
5963:
5962:
5958:
5948:
5947:
5942:
5941:
5940:
5936:
5934:
5931:
5930:
5906:
5905:
5901:
5891:
5890:
5885:
5884:
5883:
5879:
5871:
5867:
5865:
5863:
5860:
5859:
5851:Gaussian units
5830:
5822:
5816:
5812:
5792:
5783:
5771:
5765:
5759:
5753:
5747:
5741:
5740:. In SI units,
5735:
5729:
5723:
5717:
5711:
5705:
5699:
5693:
5684:
5680:
5676:
5666:
5660:
5653:
5645:
5641:
5639:
5635:
5629:
5623:
5607:
5603:
5601:
5593:
5592:
5586:
5583:
5577:
5574:
5568:
5565:
5559:
5556:
5550:
5543:
5537:
5530:
5521:
5514:
5502:
5497:
5474:
5473:
5468:
5448:
5447:
5442:
5428:
5427:
5422:
5416:
5413:
5412:
5391:
5387:
5385:
5382:
5381:
5360:
5359:
5355:
5353:
5350:
5349:
5331:
5330:
5326:
5324:
5321:
5320:
5303:
5299:
5294:
5287:
5286:
5282:
5280:
5277:
5276:
5253:
5252:
5247:
5221:
5220:
5216:
5214:
5211:
5210:
5191:
5190:
5185:
5159:
5158:
5154:
5152:
5149:
5148:
5129:
5128:
5123:
5103:
5102:
5098:
5096:
5093:
5092:
5073:
5072:
5067:
5047:
5046:
5042:
5040:
5037:
5036:
5017:
5016:
5011:
4992:
4988:
4983:
4976:
4975:
4971:
4969:
4966:
4965:
4946:
4945:
4940:
4921:
4917:
4912:
4905:
4904:
4900:
4898:
4895:
4894:
4873:
4872:
4867:
4866:
4859:
4858:
4853:
4839:
4838:
4833:
4832:
4830:
4827:
4826:
4807:
4806:
4801:
4800:
4793:
4792:
4787:
4773:
4772:
4767:
4766:
4764:
4761:
4760:
4741:
4740:
4735:
4734:
4727:
4726:
4721:
4707:
4706:
4701:
4700:
4698:
4695:
4694:
4675:
4674:
4669:
4668:
4661:
4660:
4655:
4641:
4640:
4635:
4634:
4632:
4629:
4628:
4609:
4608:
4603:
4602:
4595:
4594:
4589:
4575:
4574:
4569:
4568:
4566:
4563:
4562:
4543:
4542:
4537:
4536:
4530:
4526:
4519:
4518:
4513:
4499:
4498:
4493:
4492:
4490:
4487:
4486:
4469:
4468:
4461:
4460:
4455:
4454:
4447:
4446:
4442:
4433:
4432:
4425:
4424:
4419:
4418:
4402:
4401:
4396:
4395:
4388:
4381:
4380:
4375:
4374:
4370:
4368:
4365:
4364:
4349:
4348:
4341:
4340:
4335:
4334:
4322:
4321:
4314:
4313:
4308:
4307:
4291:
4290:
4285:
4284:
4277:
4270:
4269:
4264:
4263:
4259:
4257:
4254:
4253:
4238:
4237:
4230:
4229:
4224:
4223:
4216:
4215:
4211:
4202:
4201:
4194:
4193:
4188:
4187:
4177:
4176:
4171:
4170:
4163:
4156:
4155:
4150:
4149:
4145:
4143:
4140:
4139:
4124:
4123:
4116:
4115:
4110:
4109:
4097:
4096:
4089:
4088:
4083:
4082:
4072:
4071:
4066:
4065:
4058:
4051:
4050:
4045:
4044:
4040:
4038:
4035:
4034:
4019:
4018:
4011:
4010:
4005:
4004:
3997:
3996:
3992:
3983:
3982:
3972:
3971:
3966:
3965:
3955:
3954:
3949:
3948:
3939:
3935:
3928:
3921:
3920:
3915:
3914:
3910:
3908:
3905:
3904:
3889:
3888:
3881:
3880:
3875:
3874:
3862:
3861:
3854:
3853:
3848:
3847:
3837:
3836:
3831:
3830:
3824:
3820:
3813:
3806:
3805:
3800:
3799:
3795:
3793:
3790:
3789:
3737:
3735:
3732:
3731:
3715:
3713:
3710:
3709:
3693:
3691:
3688:
3687:
3671:
3669:
3666:
3665:
3662:
3636:
3632:
3620:
3619:
3611:
3601:
3600:
3596:
3595:
3593:
3580:
3570:
3569:
3564:
3563:
3561:
3558:
3557:
3537:
3533:
3521:
3520:
3512:
3502:
3501:
3497:
3496:
3494:
3478:
3473:
3463:
3462:
3457:
3456:
3454:
3451:
3450:
3430:
3426:
3414:
3413:
3405:
3395:
3394:
3390:
3389:
3387:
3374:
3368:
3364:
3362:
3352:
3351:
3346:
3345:
3343:
3340:
3339:
3335:Biot–Savart law
3309:
3308:
3300:
3296:
3289:
3288:
3284:
3282:
3272:
3271:
3266:
3265:
3263:
3260:
3259:
3236:
3235:
3227:
3223:
3216:
3215:
3211:
3209:
3199:
3194:
3184:
3183:
3178:
3177:
3175:
3172:
3171:
3148:
3147:
3139:
3135:
3128:
3127:
3123:
3121:
3112:
3108:
3101:
3096:
3086:
3085:
3080:
3079:
3077:
3074:
3073:
3067:
3041:
3040:
3032:
3028:
3020:
3019:
3014:
3003:
3002:
2997:
2992:
2990:
2982:
2980:
2977:
2976:
2953:
2952:
2944:
2940:
2932:
2931:
2926:
2915:
2914:
2909:
2904:
2902:
2892:
2887:
2879:
2877:
2874:
2873:
2870:
2849:
2848:
2840:
2836:
2828:
2827:
2822:
2811:
2810:
2805:
2800:
2798:
2789:
2785:
2778:
2773:
2765:
2763:
2760:
2759:
2728:
2727:
2722:
2721:
2713:
2703:
2693:
2692:
2687:
2686:
2685:
2681:
2674:
2673:
2669:
2661:
2659:
2656:
2655:
2631:
2630:
2625:
2624:
2616:
2606:
2596:
2595:
2590:
2589:
2588:
2584:
2577:
2576:
2572:
2564:
2562:
2559:
2558:
2534:
2533:
2528:
2527:
2519:
2509:
2508:
2503:
2502:
2501:
2497:
2490:
2489:
2485:
2477:
2475:
2472:
2471:
2444:
2418:
2412:
2408:
2406:
2396:
2376:
2374:
2371:
2370:
2349:
2343:
2339:
2337:
2317:
2315:
2312:
2311:
2301:
2295:
2291:
2285:
2259:
2251:
2250:
2245:
2244:
2240:
2238:
2228:
2218:
2217:
2212:
2211:
2198:
2196:
2186:
2185:
2180:
2179:
2171:
2168:
2167:
2145:
2137:
2136:
2131:
2130:
2126:
2124:
2114:
2104:
2103:
2098:
2097:
2087:
2077:
2076:
2071:
2070:
2062:
2059:
2058:
2031:
2023:
2022:
2017:
2016:
2012:
2010:
2004:
2000:
1990:
1989:
1984:
1983:
1982:
1978:
1972:
1968:
1958:
1957:
1952:
1951:
1943:
1940:
1939:
1935:
1908:
1900:
1899:
1894:
1893:
1889:
1887:
1877:
1867:
1866:
1861:
1856:
1842:
1840:
1830:
1829:
1824:
1823:
1815:
1812:
1811:
1789:
1781:
1780:
1775:
1774:
1770:
1768:
1758:
1748:
1747:
1742:
1737:
1726:
1716:
1715:
1710:
1709:
1701:
1698:
1697:
1675:
1667:
1666:
1661:
1660:
1656:
1654:
1644:
1643:
1638:
1633:
1622:
1621:
1616:
1615:
1607:
1604:
1603:
1599:
1572:
1564:
1563:
1558:
1557:
1553:
1551:
1541:
1528:
1527:
1522:
1521:
1513:
1510:
1509:
1487:
1479:
1478:
1473:
1472:
1468:
1466:
1456:
1443:
1442:
1437:
1436:
1428:
1425:
1424:
1402:
1394:
1393:
1388:
1387:
1383:
1381:
1368:
1367:
1362:
1361:
1353:
1350:
1349:
1341:
1313:
1312:
1307:
1306:
1298:
1295:
1294:
1269:
1268:
1263:
1262:
1254:
1251:
1250:
1225:
1224:
1219:
1218:
1210:
1207:
1206:
1180:
1179:
1175:
1159:
1158:
1153:
1152:
1144:
1141:
1140:
1121:
1120:
1116:
1106:
1105:
1100:
1099:
1091:
1088:
1087:
1069:
1065:
1060:
1053:
1052:
1048:
1038:
1037:
1032:
1031:
1023:
1020:
1019:
1015:
991:
990:
985:
965:
964:
959:
958:
950:
947:
946:
927:
926:
921:
907:
906:
901:
900:
892:
889:
888:
869:
868:
863:
849:
848:
843:
842:
834:
831:
830:
826:
798:
792:
780:
776:
768:
761:
757:
749:
745:
741:
731:
721:
713:
705:
702:current density
695:
687:
677:
667:
664:magnetic fields
657:
651:
637:
631:
628:
614:
611:
609:
602:
595:
588:
584:
578:
563:
557:
555:
554:
551:
545:
538:
532:
512:
510:
509:
503:
495:
485:
482:
481:
480:
474:
471:
470:
469:
461:
452:
449:
448:
447:
441:
438:
437:
436:
428:
410:
401:
390:
379:
371:
356:
342:
338:
326:
323:
318:
317:
315:
314:
313:
305:
301:
291:
288:electromagnetic
277:
257:electric charge
247:
245:
244:
237:
218:
205:upon which the
193:
182:
176:
172:
166:
163:
157:
151:
145:
112:
101:
95:
92:
49:
47:
37:
25:
12:
11:
5:
9729:
9719:
9718:
9713:
9708:
9691:
9690:
9688:
9687:
9682:
9677:
9675:Absolute scale
9671:
9669:
9665:
9664:
9662:
9661:
9656:
9651:
9645:
9643:
9639:
9638:
9636:
9635:
9630:
9625:
9620:
9615:
9610:
9605:
9600:
9595:
9589:
9587:
9583:
9582:
9579:
9578:
9576:
9575:
9570:
9565:
9560:
9555:
9550:
9545:
9540:
9535:
9529:
9527:
9523:
9522:
9520:
9519:
9514:
9509:
9504:
9499:
9494:
9489:
9483:
9481:
9477:
9476:
9474:
9473:
9468:
9463:
9458:
9453:
9448:
9443:
9438:
9433:
9428:
9423:
9418:
9413:
9408:
9402:
9400:
9396:
9395:
9393:
9392:
9387:
9382:
9377:
9372:
9367:
9362:
9357:
9352:
9347:
9342:
9337:
9332:
9327:
9322:
9317:
9312:
9307:
9302:
9297:
9291:
9289:
9285:
9284:
9282:
9281:
9276:
9271:
9266:
9261:
9256:
9251:
9246:
9241:
9236:
9231:
9226:
9221:
9216:
9211:
9206:
9201:
9196:
9191:
9186:
9181:
9180:
9179:
9169:
9164:
9163:
9162:
9157:
9147:
9142:
9137:
9136:
9135:
9130:
9120:
9115:
9110:
9105:
9100:
9094:
9092:
9088:
9087:
9085:
9084:
9079:
9073:
9067:
9060:
9058:
9051:
9047:
9046:
9043:
9042:
9040:
9039:
9033:
9028:
9022:
9020:
9016:
9015:
9013:
9012:
9007:
9002:
8997:
8991:
8989:
8982:
8978:
8977:
8974:
8973:
8971:
8970:
8965:
8960:
8955:
8950:
8945:
8939:
8937:
8931:
8930:
8928:
8927:
8921:
8916:
8911:
8906:
8901:
8895:
8893:
8889:
8888:
8886:
8885:
8884:
8883:
8873:
8868:
8863:
8857:
8855:
8848:
8844:
8843:
8836:
8835:
8828:
8821:
8813:
8806:
8805:
8790:
8775:
8752:
8751:
8720:
8694:
8674:
8643:
8638:24(2): 97–99.
8615:
8602:(2): 137–183.
8581:
8579:
8576:
8574:
8573:
8556:
8537:
8535:
8532:
8520:
8509:
8505:
8493:
8488:
8485:
8465:
8460:
8456:
8451:
8446:
8434:
8426:
8422:
8415:
8411:
8407:
8394:
8384:
8380:
8375:
8369:
8365:
8362:
8336:
8324:
8320:
8317:
8315:
8305:
8296:
8292:
8287:
8282:
8281:
8269:
8264:
8261:
8259:
8248:
8236:
8232:
8226:
8225:
8205:
8200:
8196:
8191:
8179:
8175:
8163:
8158:
8155:
8142:
8141:
8129:
8117:
8113:
8102:
8098:
8087:
8082:
8075:
8072:
8068:
8056:
8044:
8032:
8028:
8017:
8013:
8002:
7997:
7986:
7974:
7962:
7958:
7947:
7943:
7932:
7927:
7921:
7917:
7906:
7895:
7894:
7882:
7870:
7866:
7855:
7851:
7840:
7835:
7831:
7828:
7818:
7806:
7794:
7790:
7779:
7775:
7764:
7759:
7748:
7736:
7724:
7720:
7709:
7705:
7694:
7689:
7681:
7677:
7673:
7661:
7647:
7646:
7634:
7617:
7613:
7597:
7592:
7588:
7585:
7575:
7563:
7546:
7542:
7526:
7521:
7510:
7498:
7481:
7477:
7461:
7456:
7445:
7439:
7438:
7426:
7414:
7410:
7399:
7394:
7383:
7371:
7359:
7355:
7344:
7339:
7328:
7316:
7308:
7304:
7292:
7286:
7279:
7275:
7263:
7256:
7245:
7236:
7235:
7223:
7210:
7205:
7193:
7187:
7181:
7178:
7166:
7154:
7141:
7136:
7124:
7118:
7107:
7095:
7082:
7077:
7065:
7059:
7051:
7047:
7034:
7027:
7026:
7006:
6998:
6995:
6991:
6979:
6959:
6947:
6927:
6915:
6911:
6898:
6888:
6887:
6875:
6862:
6857:
6841:
6837:
6825:
6819:
6812:
6809:
6805:
6793:
6781:
6768:
6763:
6747:
6743:
6731:
6725:
6714:
6702:
6689:
6684:
6668:
6664:
6652:
6646:
6637:
6633:
6628:
6616:
6600:
6599:
6587:
6574:
6569:
6557:
6552:
6540:
6535:
6524:
6520:
6509:
6505:
6494:
6489:
6483:
6480:
6468:
6456:
6443:
6438:
6426:
6421:
6409:
6404:
6393:
6389:
6378:
6374:
6363:
6358:
6347:
6335:
6322:
6317:
6305:
6300:
6288:
6283:
6272:
6268:
6257:
6253:
6242:
6237:
6228:
6224:
6219:
6207:
6193:
6192:
6172:
6164:
6161:
6157:
6145:
6125:
6113:
6093:
6083:
6079:
6074:
6062:
6058:
6057:
6045:
6033:
6029:
6017:
6011:
6004:
6001:
5997:
5985:
5973:
5961:
5957:
5945:
5939:
5928:
5916:
5904:
5900:
5888:
5882:
5874:
5870:
5857:
5853:
5852:
5849:
5846:
5843:
5829:
5826:
5820:
5804:
5803:
5800:
5788:
5782:
5779:
5778:
5777:
5690:
5657:
5616:
5615:
5599:
5590:
5581:
5572:
5563:
5554:
5547:
5527:
5501:
5498:
5496:
5493:
5467:
5463:
5460:
5457:
5441:
5437:
5421:
5410:
5390:
5358:
5329:
5306:
5302:
5297:
5285:
5271:
5270:
5246:
5242:
5239:
5236:
5233:
5230:
5219:
5208:
5184:
5180:
5177:
5174:
5171:
5168:
5157:
5146:
5122:
5118:
5115:
5112:
5101:
5090:
5066:
5062:
5059:
5056:
5045:
5034:
5010:
5006:
5003:
5000:
4995:
4991:
4986:
4974:
4963:
4939:
4935:
4932:
4929:
4924:
4920:
4915:
4903:
4891:
4890:
4870:
4852:
4848:
4836:
4824:
4804:
4786:
4782:
4770:
4758:
4738:
4720:
4716:
4704:
4692:
4672:
4654:
4650:
4638:
4626:
4606:
4588:
4584:
4572:
4560:
4540:
4533:
4529:
4512:
4508:
4496:
4483:
4482:
4458:
4445:
4441:
4438:
4436:
4434:
4422:
4417:
4414:
4411:
4399:
4394:
4391:
4389:
4378:
4373:
4372:
4362:
4338:
4333:
4330:
4327:
4325:
4323:
4311:
4306:
4303:
4300:
4288:
4283:
4280:
4278:
4267:
4262:
4261:
4251:
4227:
4214:
4210:
4207:
4205:
4203:
4191:
4186:
4174:
4169:
4166:
4164:
4153:
4148:
4147:
4137:
4113:
4108:
4105:
4102:
4100:
4098:
4086:
4081:
4069:
4064:
4061:
4059:
4048:
4043:
4042:
4032:
4008:
3995:
3991:
3988:
3986:
3984:
3981:
3969:
3964:
3952:
3947:
3942:
3938:
3934:
3931:
3929:
3918:
3913:
3912:
3902:
3878:
3873:
3870:
3867:
3865:
3863:
3851:
3846:
3834:
3827:
3823:
3819:
3816:
3814:
3803:
3798:
3797:
3786:
3785:
3782:
3779:
3776:
3773:
3770:
3766:
3765:
3762:
3759:
3758:SI quantities
3740:
3718:
3696:
3674:
3661:
3658:
3655:
3654:
3639:
3635:
3627:
3624:
3618:
3614:
3610:
3599:
3592:
3587:
3584:
3579:
3567:
3555:
3540:
3536:
3528:
3525:
3519:
3515:
3511:
3500:
3493:
3487:
3484:
3481:
3477:
3472:
3460:
3448:
3433:
3429:
3421:
3418:
3412:
3408:
3404:
3393:
3386:
3380:
3377:
3371:
3367:
3361:
3349:
3337:
3331:
3330:
3316:
3313:
3303:
3299:
3287:
3281:
3269:
3257:
3243:
3240:
3230:
3226:
3214:
3205:
3202:
3198:
3193:
3181:
3169:
3155:
3152:
3142:
3138:
3126:
3115:
3111:
3107:
3104:
3100:
3095:
3083:
3071:
3063:
3062:
3048:
3045:
3035:
3031:
3017:
3013:
3000:
2996:
2989:
2985:
2974:
2960:
2957:
2947:
2943:
2929:
2925:
2912:
2908:
2898:
2895:
2891:
2886:
2882:
2871:
2856:
2853:
2843:
2839:
2825:
2821:
2808:
2804:
2792:
2788:
2784:
2781:
2777:
2772:
2768:
2757:
2751:
2750:
2738:
2725:
2720:
2716:
2710:
2707:
2702:
2690:
2684:
2672:
2668:
2664:
2653:
2641:
2628:
2623:
2619:
2613:
2610:
2605:
2593:
2587:
2575:
2571:
2567:
2556:
2544:
2531:
2526:
2522:
2518:
2506:
2500:
2488:
2484:
2480:
2469:
2463:
2462:
2459:
2456:
2455:SI quantities
2453:
2443:
2440:
2424:
2421:
2415:
2411:
2403:
2400:
2395:
2392:
2389:
2386:
2383:
2379:
2355:
2352:
2346:
2342:
2336:
2333:
2330:
2327:
2324:
2320:
2280:
2279:
2265:
2262:
2248:
2243:
2235:
2232:
2227:
2215:
2208:
2204:
2201:
2195:
2183:
2178:
2175:
2165:
2151:
2148:
2134:
2129:
2121:
2118:
2113:
2101:
2094:
2091:
2086:
2074:
2069:
2066:
2056:
2044:
2037:
2034:
2020:
2015:
2007:
2003:
1999:
1987:
1981:
1975:
1971:
1967:
1955:
1950:
1947:
1937:
1936:(microscopic)
1929:
1928:
1914:
1911:
1897:
1892:
1884:
1881:
1876:
1859:
1852:
1848:
1845:
1839:
1827:
1822:
1819:
1809:
1795:
1792:
1778:
1773:
1765:
1762:
1757:
1740:
1733:
1730:
1725:
1713:
1708:
1705:
1695:
1681:
1678:
1664:
1659:
1653:
1636:
1631:
1619:
1614:
1611:
1601:
1600:(macroscopic)
1593:
1592:
1578:
1575:
1561:
1556:
1548:
1545:
1540:
1537:
1525:
1520:
1517:
1507:
1493:
1490:
1476:
1471:
1463:
1460:
1455:
1452:
1440:
1435:
1432:
1422:
1408:
1405:
1391:
1386:
1380:
1377:
1365:
1360:
1357:
1347:
1337:
1336:
1325:
1322:
1310:
1305:
1302:
1292:
1281:
1278:
1266:
1261:
1258:
1248:
1237:
1234:
1222:
1217:
1214:
1204:
1198:
1197:
1178:
1174:
1171:
1168:
1156:
1151:
1148:
1138:
1119:
1115:
1103:
1098:
1095:
1085:
1072:
1068:
1063:
1051:
1047:
1035:
1030:
1027:
1017:
1016:(microscopic)
1009:
1008:
984:
980:
977:
974:
962:
957:
954:
944:
920:
916:
904:
899:
896:
886:
862:
858:
846:
841:
838:
828:
827:(macroscopic)
820:
819:
813:
810:
809:SI quantities
807:
794:Main article:
791:
788:
778:
759:
710:speed of light
692:charge density
644:electric field
627:
624:
582:
561:
549:
536:
483:
472:
450:
439:
409:
406:
355:appearance of
276:
273:
191:speed of light
180:
170:
161:
149:
114:
113:
28:
26:
19:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
9728:
9717:
9714:
9712:
9709:
9707:
9704:
9703:
9701:
9686:
9683:
9681:
9678:
9676:
9673:
9672:
9670:
9666:
9660:
9657:
9655:
9652:
9650:
9647:
9646:
9644:
9642:List articles
9640:
9634:
9631:
9629:
9626:
9624:
9621:
9619:
9616:
9614:
9611:
9609:
9606:
9604:
9601:
9599:
9596:
9594:
9591:
9590:
9588:
9584:
9574:
9571:
9569:
9566:
9564:
9561:
9559:
9556:
9554:
9551:
9549:
9546:
9544:
9541:
9539:
9536:
9534:
9531:
9530:
9528:
9526:South America
9524:
9518:
9515:
9513:
9510:
9508:
9505:
9503:
9500:
9498:
9495:
9493:
9490:
9488:
9485:
9484:
9482:
9480:North America
9478:
9472:
9469:
9467:
9464:
9462:
9461:South African
9459:
9457:
9454:
9452:
9449:
9447:
9444:
9442:
9439:
9437:
9434:
9432:
9429:
9427:
9424:
9422:
9419:
9417:
9414:
9412:
9409:
9407:
9404:
9403:
9401:
9397:
9391:
9388:
9386:
9383:
9381:
9378:
9376:
9373:
9371:
9368:
9366:
9363:
9361:
9358:
9356:
9353:
9351:
9348:
9346:
9343:
9341:
9338:
9336:
9333:
9331:
9328:
9326:
9323:
9321:
9318:
9316:
9313:
9311:
9308:
9306:
9303:
9301:
9298:
9296:
9293:
9292:
9290:
9286:
9280:
9277:
9275:
9272:
9270:
9267:
9265:
9262:
9260:
9257:
9255:
9252:
9250:
9247:
9245:
9242:
9240:
9237:
9235:
9232:
9230:
9227:
9225:
9222:
9220:
9217:
9215:
9212:
9210:
9209:Luxembourgian
9207:
9205:
9202:
9200:
9197:
9195:
9192:
9190:
9187:
9185:
9182:
9178:
9175:
9174:
9173:
9170:
9168:
9165:
9161:
9158:
9156:
9153:
9152:
9151:
9148:
9146:
9143:
9141:
9138:
9134:
9131:
9129:
9126:
9125:
9124:
9121:
9119:
9116:
9114:
9111:
9109:
9106:
9104:
9101:
9099:
9096:
9095:
9093:
9089:
9083:
9082:gravitational
9080:
9077:
9074:
9071:
9068:
9065:
9062:
9061:
9059:
9055:
9052:
9048:
9037:
9034:
9032:
9029:
9027:
9024:
9023:
9021:
9017:
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8917:
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8912:
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8905:
8902:
8900:
8899:Apothecaries'
8897:
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8878:
8877:
8874:
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8741:
8740:
8735:
8729:
8727:
8725:
8708:
8704:
8698:
8691:. London, UK.
8690:
8689:
8684:
8683:Heaviside, O.
8678:
8664:
8657:
8654:(Fall 2011).
8653:
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7905:, inductance
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6989:
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6855:
6835:
6817:
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6807:
6803:
6794:
6779:
6761:
6741:
6723:
6715:
6700:
6682:
6662:
6644:
6635:
6631:
6626:
6617:
6612:
6611:magnetic flux
6607:
6601:
6585:
6567:
6550:
6533:
6522:
6518:
6507:
6503:
6492:
6487:
6481:
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6402:
6391:
6387:
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6348:
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6315:
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6270:
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6255:
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6031:
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5995:
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5902:
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5872:
5868:
5858:
5854:
5840:
5834:
5825:
5819:
5801:
5798:
5789:
5785:
5784:
5781:Disadvantages
5774:
5768:
5762:
5756:
5750:
5744:
5738:
5732:
5726:
5720:
5714:
5708:
5702:
5696:
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5528:
5524:
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5504:
5503:
5492:
5465:
5461:
5458:
5455:
5439:
5435:
5419:
5408:
5388:
5380:
5356:
5327:
5304:
5300:
5295:
5283:
5244:
5240:
5237:
5234:
5231:
5228:
5217:
5209:
5182:
5178:
5175:
5172:
5169:
5166:
5155:
5147:
5120:
5116:
5113:
5110:
5099:
5091:
5064:
5060:
5057:
5054:
5043:
5035:
5008:
5004:
5001:
4998:
4993:
4989:
4984:
4972:
4964:
4937:
4933:
4930:
4927:
4922:
4918:
4913:
4901:
4893:
4892:
4850:
4846:
4825:
4784:
4780:
4759:
4718:
4714:
4693:
4652:
4648:
4627:
4586:
4582:
4561:
4531:
4527:
4510:
4506:
4485:
4484:
4443:
4439:
4437:
4415:
4412:
4409:
4392:
4390:
4363:
4331:
4328:
4326:
4304:
4301:
4298:
4281:
4279:
4252:
4212:
4208:
4206:
4184:
4167:
4165:
4138:
4106:
4103:
4101:
4079:
4062:
4060:
4033:
3993:
3989:
3987:
3962:
3940:
3936:
3932:
3930:
3903:
3871:
3868:
3866:
3844:
3825:
3821:
3817:
3815:
3788:
3787:
3767:
3756:
3753:
3637:
3633:
3616:
3608:
3597:
3590:
3585:
3582:
3577:
3556:
3538:
3534:
3517:
3509:
3498:
3491:
3485:
3482:
3479:
3475:
3470:
3449:
3431:
3427:
3410:
3402:
3391:
3384:
3378:
3375:
3369:
3365:
3359:
3338:
3336:
3332:
3301:
3297:
3285:
3279:
3258:
3228:
3224:
3212:
3203:
3200:
3196:
3191:
3170:
3140:
3136:
3124:
3113:
3109:
3105:
3102:
3098:
3093:
3072:
3070:
3064:
3033:
3029:
3015:
3011:
2998:
2994:
2987:
2975:
2945:
2941:
2927:
2923:
2910:
2906:
2896:
2893:
2889:
2884:
2872:
2841:
2837:
2823:
2819:
2806:
2802:
2790:
2786:
2782:
2779:
2775:
2770:
2758:
2756:
2755:Coulomb's law
2752:
2736:
2718:
2708:
2705:
2700:
2682:
2670:
2666:
2654:
2639:
2621:
2611:
2608:
2603:
2585:
2573:
2569:
2557:
2542:
2524:
2516:
2498:
2486:
2482:
2470:
2468:
2467:Lorentz force
2464:
2450:
2439:
2422:
2401:
2398:
2393:
2390:
2384:
2381:
2353:
2334:
2331:
2325:
2322:
2308:
2304:
2298:
2288:
2263:
2233:
2230:
2225:
2206:
2202:
2199:
2193:
2176:
2166:
2149:
2119:
2116:
2111:
2092:
2089:
2084:
2067:
2057:
2042:
2035:
2005:
2001:
1997:
1979:
1973:
1969:
1965:
1948:
1938:
1934:
1930:
1912:
1882:
1879:
1874:
1850:
1846:
1843:
1837:
1820:
1810:
1793:
1763:
1760:
1755:
1731:
1728:
1723:
1706:
1696:
1679:
1651:
1629:
1612:
1602:
1598:
1594:
1576:
1546:
1543:
1538:
1535:
1518:
1508:
1491:
1461:
1458:
1453:
1450:
1433:
1423:
1406:
1378:
1375:
1358:
1348:
1345:
1338:
1323:
1320:
1303:
1293:
1279:
1276:
1259:
1249:
1235:
1232:
1215:
1205:
1203:
1199:
1176:
1172:
1169:
1166:
1149:
1139:
1117:
1113:
1096:
1086:
1070:
1066:
1061:
1049:
1045:
1028:
1018:
1014:
1010:
982:
978:
975:
972:
955:
945:
918:
914:
897:
887:
860:
856:
839:
829:
825:
821:
817:
804:
797:
787:
785:
774:
766:
755:
744:and velocity
739:
738:Lorentz force
734:
729:
724:
719:
711:
703:
698:
693:
685:
684:magnetization
680:
675:
670:
665:
660:
654:
649:
645:
640:
634:
623:
620:
605:
598:
591:
581:
573:
569:
566:
560:
548:
543:
535:
530:
526:
521:
516:
506:
499:
491:
479:
468:
464:
458:
446:
435:
431:
425:
423:
404:
397:
393:
386:
383:
375:
367:
365:
360:
354:
350:
346:
330:
321:
311:
298:
295:
289:
285:
284:electrostatic
282:
272:
270:
269:string theory
266:
262:
258:
251:
241:
235:
231:
227:
222:
216:
212:
208:
204:
199:
196:
192:
188:
179:
169:
160:
156:
148:
144:
140:
136:
132:
128:
124:
120:
110:
107:
99:
96:November 2012
88:
85:
81:
78:
74:
71:
67:
64:
60:
57: –
56:
52:
51:Find sources:
45:
41:
35:
34:
29:This article
27:
23:
18:
17:
9623:Mesopotamian
9517:Puerto Rican
8952:
8914:Astronomical
8799:
8793:
8784:
8778:
8765:
8760:volume 1 ...
8756:
8738:
8711:. Retrieved
8706:
8697:
8686:
8677:
8666:. Retrieved
8662:
8646:
8635:
8618:
8599:
8595:
8585:
8568:
8564:
8559:
8549:
8541:
8352:
8145:
7651:conductivity
6893:
6605:
5831:
5817:
5805:
5772:
5766:
5760:
5754:
5748:
5742:
5736:
5730:
5724:
5718:
5712:
5706:
5700:
5694:
5685:
5667:
5661:
5648:
5630:
5624:
5617:
5610:
5596:
5587:
5578:
5569:
5560:
5551:
5538:
5532:
5522:
5516:
5274:
3663:
2306:
2302:
2296:
2286:
2283:
754:permittivity
732:
722:
696:
678:
668:
658:
652:
638:
632:
629:
603:
596:
589:
585:= 8.854 pF/m
579:
571:
567:
564:
558:
546:
533:
522:
514:
504:
497:
489:
477:
466:
462:
456:
444:
433:
429:
426:
421:
411:
398:
391:
387:
381:
373:
369:
363:
358:
352:
347:
328:
319:
299:
293:
280:
278:
261:relativistic
249:
239:
220:
215:rationalized
214:
200:
194:
177:
167:
158:
146:
122:
118:
117:
102:
93:
83:
76:
69:
62:
50:
38:Please help
33:verification
30:
9487:Costa Rican
9451:Seychellois
9360:Singaporean
9155:Traditional
9010:Metrication
8948:Geometrised
8904:Avoirdupois
8713:23 December
7899:resistivity
7659:capacitance
7655:conductance
5692:The fields
5659:Giving the
3781:Dielectric
3775:Dielectric
3769:Dielectric
1013:Gauss's law
824:Gauss's law
818:quantities
712:in vacuum,
420:) uses the
189:to use the
9700:Categories
9573:Venezuelan
9558:Paraguayan
9512:Nicaraguan
9390:Vietnamese
9365:Sri Lankan
9350:Philippine
9310:Indonesian
9234:Portuguese
9128:Winchester
9031:Comparison
8981:Background
8919:Electrical
8668:2008-05-06
8578:References
7903:resistance
5797:inductance
5793:300 V
5500:Advantages
540:) and the
353:irrational
275:Motivation
234:Lagrangian
66:newspapers
9568:Uruguayan
9553:Colombian
9543:Brazilian
9533:Argentine
9471:Tanzanian
9441:Mauritian
9411:Ethiopian
9375:Taiwanese
9345:Pakistani
9325:Mongolian
9300:Cambodian
9219:Norwegian
9189:Icelandic
9184:Hungarian
9177:Byzantine
9133:Exchequer
8881:Hong Kong
8508:ρ
8487:⋅
8484:∇
8455:ε
8433:ρ
8421:ε
8379:ε
8364:⋅
8361:∇
8323:ρ
8304:ρ
8291:ε
8231:ε
8195:ε
8178:ρ
8157:⋅
8154:∇
8086:ρ
8074:π
8001:ρ
7931:ρ
7916:ε
7839:σ
7830:π
7763:σ
7693:σ
7676:ε
7616:χ
7596:χ
7587:π
7545:χ
7525:χ
7480:χ
7460:χ
7413:μ
7398:ε
7358:μ
7343:ε
7303:μ
7291:μ
7274:ε
7262:ε
7180:π
7046:μ
6997:π
6910:μ
6891:magnetic
6840:Φ
6811:π
6746:Φ
6667:Φ
6632:μ
6603:magnetic
6508:ρ
6482:π
6377:ρ
6256:ρ
6223:ε
6163:π
6078:ε
6032:φ
6003:π
5960:φ
5903:φ
5869:ε
5845:SI units
5466:χ
5462:π
5440:χ
5420:χ
5389:χ
5357:ε
5328:ε
5301:ε
5284:ε
5245:χ
5241:π
5218:μ
5183:χ
5179:π
5156:ε
5121:χ
5100:μ
5065:χ
5044:ε
5009:χ
4990:μ
4973:μ
4938:χ
4919:ε
4902:ε
4851:χ
4785:χ
4719:χ
4653:χ
4587:χ
4528:ε
4511:χ
4444:μ
4416:π
4332:ε
4305:π
4213:μ
4107:ε
3994:μ
3937:μ
3872:ε
3822:ε
3784:Magnetic
3778:Magnetic
3772:Magnetic
3626:^
3617:×
3591:∮
3527:^
3518:×
3492:∮
3483:π
3420:^
3411:×
3385:∮
3379:π
3366:μ
3315:^
3242:^
3204:π
3154:^
3110:ε
3106:π
3047:^
2959:^
2897:π
2855:^
2787:ε
2783:π
2719:×
2622:×
2525:×
2420:∂
2410:∂
2394:−
2391:ϕ
2388:∇
2385:−
2351:∂
2341:∂
2335:−
2332:ϕ
2329:∇
2326:−
2261:∂
2242:∂
2203:π
2177:×
2174:∇
2147:∂
2128:∂
2068:×
2065:∇
2033:∂
2014:∂
2002:ε
1970:μ
1949:×
1946:∇
1910:∂
1891:∂
1847:π
1821:×
1818:∇
1791:∂
1772:∂
1707:×
1704:∇
1677:∂
1658:∂
1613:×
1610:∇
1574:∂
1555:∂
1539:−
1519:×
1516:∇
1489:∂
1470:∂
1454:−
1434:×
1431:∇
1404:∂
1385:∂
1379:−
1359:×
1356:∇
1304:⋅
1301:∇
1260:⋅
1257:∇
1216:⋅
1213:∇
1177:ρ
1173:π
1150:⋅
1147:∇
1118:ρ
1097:⋅
1094:∇
1067:ε
1050:ρ
1029:⋅
1026:∇
983:ρ
979:π
956:⋅
953:∇
919:ρ
898:⋅
895:∇
861:ρ
840:⋅
837:∇
349:Heaviside
286:(ESU) or
198:instead.
141:that the
9654:Obsolete
9649:Humorous
9603:Egyptian
9563:Peruvian
9538:Bolivian
9502:Honduran
9466:Tunisian
9446:Moroccan
9436:Malagasy
9421:Eritrean
9416:Egyptian
9406:Algerian
9335:Nepalese
9315:Japanese
9249:Scottish
9239:Romanian
9140:Estonian
9050:Historic
9026:Overview
8995:Overview
8892:Specific
8764:. wiki.
8736:(1893).
8628:Archived
816:Gaussian
662:are the
642:are the
617:10
337:, where
281:so-named
9685:Modulor
9659:Unusual
9628:Persian
9586:Ancient
9548:Chilean
9507:Mexican
9497:Haitian
9426:Guinean
9330:Myanmar
9269:Swedish
9264:Spanish
9254:Serbian
9244:Russian
9224:Ottoman
9214:Maltese
9204:Latvian
9199:Italian
9145:Finnish
9123:English
9103:Cypriot
9098:Cornish
9005:History
9000:Outline
8935:Natural
8876:Chinese
8854:General
8847:Current
6609:field,
6199:current
5646:
5642:
5608:
5604:
5594:
782:is the
771:is the
763:is the
752:is the
736:is the
726:is the
716:is the
708:is the
682:is the
672:is the
556:√
511:√
333:
316:
246:√
80:scholar
9680:N-body
9618:Indian
9593:Arabic
9456:Somali
9431:Libyan
9399:Africa
9370:Syrian
9320:Korean
9305:Indian
9295:Afghan
9259:Slovak
9229:Polish
9167:German
9150:French
9113:Danish
9091:Europe
9057:Metric
8988:Metric
8968:Stoney
8958:Planck
8943:Atomic
8772:text).
8242:
6921:
6897:field
5710:, and
2305:= ∇ ×
775:, and
601:, and
592:= 1 cm
232:: the
82:
75:
68:
61:
53:
9668:Other
9633:Roman
9613:Hindu
9608:Greek
9492:Cuban
9380:Tatar
9340:Omani
9279:Welsh
9274:Swiss
9194:Irish
9172:Greek
9118:Dutch
9108:Czech
9078:(CGS)
9072:(MTS)
9066:(MKS)
9038:(FPS)
9019:UK/US
8659:(PDF)
8534:Notes
5842:Name
2452:Name
806:Name
610:9.409
606:= 1 s
599:= 1 g
213:, is
87:JSTOR
73:books
9385:Thai
9355:Pegu
9288:Asia
8926:(US)
8909:Troy
8715:2021
5815:and
5770:and
5758:and
5746:and
5722:and
5683:and
5665:and
5656:is .
5628:and
5576:and
5558:and
5348:and
3730:and
2290:and
656:and
646:and
636:and
488:/ (4
175:and
153:and
133:and
121:(or
59:news
8770:OCR
8634:"
8604:doi
8600:66C
5602:= 1
700:is
690:is
612:669
500:HLC
312:is
304:is
183:= 1
173:= 1
127:CGS
42:by
9702::
8744:xi
8723:^
8705:.
8661:.
8626:,
8598:.
8594:.
8513:HL
8498:HL
8438:HL
8399:HL
8328:HL
8309:SI
8274:HL
8253:SI
8183:SI
8168:SI
8036:HL
8021:HL
8006:HL
7966:SI
7951:SI
7936:SI
7901:,
7798:HL
7783:HL
7768:HL
7728:SI
7713:SI
7698:SI
7657:,
7653:,
7555:HL
7535:HL
7490:SI
7470:SI
7363:HL
7348:HL
7296:SI
7267:SI
7146:HL
7129:HL
7087:SI
7070:SI
6964:HL
6932:SI
6773:HL
6756:HL
6736:HL
6694:SI
6677:SI
6657:SI
6448:HL
6431:HL
6414:HL
6397:HL
6382:HL
6367:HL
6327:SI
6310:SI
6293:SI
6276:SI
6261:SI
6246:SI
6130:HL
6098:SI
5965:HL
5950:HL
5908:SI
5893:SI
5808:HL
5704:,
5698:,
5654:/
5614:.)
5511:SI
5507:HL
5450:HL
5430:SI
5333:HL
5319:,
5289:SI
5131:HL
5105:HL
5075:HL
5049:HL
5019:SI
4978:SI
4948:SI
4907:SI
4743:HL
4729:HL
4709:HL
4677:HL
4663:HL
4643:HL
4611:SI
4597:SI
4577:SI
4545:SI
4521:SI
4501:SI
4232:HL
4218:HL
4196:HL
4179:HL
4158:HL
4118:HL
4091:HL
4074:HL
4053:HL
4013:SI
3999:SI
3974:SI
3957:SI
3923:SI
3883:SI
3856:SI
3839:SI
3808:SI
3708:,
3686:,
3504:HL
3465:HL
3397:SI
3354:SI
3218:HL
3186:HL
3130:SI
3088:SI
2934:HL
2917:HL
2830:SI
2813:SI
2633:HL
2598:HL
2579:HL
2536:SI
2511:SI
2492:SI
2300:,
2139:HL
2106:HL
2079:HL
2025:SI
1992:SI
1960:SI
1783:HL
1750:HL
1718:HL
1669:SI
1646:SI
1624:SI
1481:HL
1445:HL
1396:SI
1370:SI
1346:)
1271:HL
1227:SI
1123:HL
1108:HL
1055:SI
1040:SI
929:HL
909:HL
871:SI
851:SI
786:.
767:,
756:,
748:,
730:,
720:,
704:,
694:,
686:,
676:,
666:,
594:,
587:,
570:/
525:SI
490:πr
465:=
455:/
432:=
418:HL
329:πd
271:.
207:SI
8832:e
8825:t
8818:v
8768:(
8762:"
8717:.
8671:.
8612:.
8606::
8519:.
8504:=
8492:E
8464:,
8459:0
8450:/
8445:)
8425:0
8414:(
8410:=
8406:)
8393:E
8383:0
8374:1
8368:(
8335:.
8319:=
8295:0
8286:1
8268:E
8263:=
8247:E
8235:0
8204:,
8199:0
8190:/
8174:=
8162:E
8128:)
8121:G
8116:L
8112:,
8106:G
8101:R
8097:,
8091:G
8081:(
8071:4
8067:1
8043:)
8031:L
8027:,
8016:R
8012:,
7996:(
7973:)
7961:L
7957:,
7946:R
7942:,
7926:(
7920:0
7881:)
7874:G
7869:C
7865:,
7859:G
7854:S
7850:,
7844:G
7834:(
7827:4
7805:)
7793:C
7789:,
7778:S
7774:,
7758:(
7735:)
7723:C
7719:,
7708:S
7704:,
7688:(
7680:0
7672:1
7633:)
7626:G
7620:m
7612:,
7606:G
7600:e
7591:(
7584:4
7562:)
7549:m
7541:,
7529:e
7520:(
7497:)
7484:m
7476:,
7464:e
7455:(
7425:)
7418:G
7409:,
7403:G
7393:(
7370:)
7354:,
7338:(
7315:)
7307:0
7285:,
7278:0
7255:(
7242:,
7222:)
7215:G
7209:M
7204:,
7198:G
7192:m
7186:(
7177:4
7153:)
7140:M
7135:,
7123:m
7117:(
7094:)
7081:M
7076:,
7064:m
7058:(
7050:0
7011:G
7005:H
6994:4
6990:1
6958:H
6926:H
6914:0
6894:H
6874:)
6867:G
6861:A
6856:,
6850:G
6844:m
6836:,
6830:G
6824:B
6818:(
6808:4
6804:1
6780:)
6767:A
6762:,
6750:m
6742:,
6730:B
6724:(
6701:)
6688:A
6683:,
6671:m
6663:,
6651:B
6645:(
6636:0
6627:1
6613:,
6606:B
6586:)
6579:G
6573:p
6568:,
6562:G
6556:P
6551:,
6545:G
6539:J
6534:,
6528:G
6523:I
6519:,
6513:G
6504:,
6498:G
6493:q
6488:(
6479:4
6455:)
6442:p
6437:,
6425:P
6420:,
6408:J
6403:,
6392:I
6388:,
6373:,
6362:q
6357:(
6334:)
6321:p
6316:,
6304:P
6299:,
6287:J
6282:,
6271:I
6267:,
6252:,
6241:q
6236:(
6227:0
6218:1
6177:G
6171:D
6160:4
6156:1
6124:D
6092:D
6082:0
6073:1
6044:)
6037:G
6028:,
6022:G
6016:E
6010:(
6000:4
5996:1
5972:)
5956:,
5944:E
5938:(
5915:)
5899:,
5887:E
5881:(
5873:0
5821:0
5818:ε
5813:c
5776:.
5773:B
5767:E
5761:M
5755:H
5749:P
5743:D
5737:E
5731:D
5725:B
5719:E
5713:M
5707:P
5701:H
5695:D
5686:A
5681:ϕ
5677:c
5668:B
5662:E
5649:c
5644:/
5640:1
5636:c
5631:B
5625:E
5611:c
5606:/
5600:0
5597:μ
5591:0
5588:ε
5582:0
5579:μ
5573:0
5570:ε
5564:0
5561:μ
5555:0
5552:ε
5544:z
5539:E
5533:π
5531:4
5523:π
5517:π
5515:4
5476:G
5470:e
5459:4
5456:=
5444:e
5436:=
5424:e
5393:e
5362:G
5305:0
5296:/
5255:G
5249:m
5238:4
5235:+
5232:1
5229:=
5223:G
5193:G
5187:e
5176:4
5173:+
5170:1
5167:=
5161:G
5125:m
5117:+
5114:1
5111:=
5069:e
5061:+
5058:1
5055:=
5013:m
5005:+
5002:1
4999:=
4994:0
4985:/
4942:e
4934:+
4931:1
4928:=
4923:0
4914:/
4875:G
4869:H
4861:G
4855:m
4847:=
4841:G
4835:M
4809:G
4803:E
4795:G
4789:e
4781:=
4775:G
4769:P
4737:H
4723:m
4715:=
4703:M
4671:E
4657:e
4649:=
4637:P
4605:H
4591:m
4583:=
4571:M
4539:E
4532:0
4515:e
4507:=
4495:P
4463:G
4457:H
4449:G
4440:=
4427:G
4421:M
4413:4
4410:+
4404:G
4398:H
4393:=
4383:G
4377:B
4343:G
4337:E
4329:=
4316:G
4310:P
4302:4
4299:+
4293:G
4287:E
4282:=
4272:G
4266:D
4226:H
4209:=
4190:M
4185:+
4173:H
4168:=
4152:B
4112:E
4104:=
4085:P
4080:+
4068:E
4063:=
4047:D
4007:H
3990:=
3980:)
3968:M
3963:+
3951:H
3946:(
3941:0
3933:=
3917:B
3877:E
3869:=
3850:P
3845:+
3833:E
3826:0
3818:=
3802:D
3739:M
3717:H
3695:P
3673:D
3638:2
3634:r
3623:r
3613:l
3609:d
3603:G
3598:I
3586:c
3583:1
3578:=
3572:G
3566:B
3539:2
3535:r
3524:r
3514:l
3510:d
3499:I
3486:c
3480:4
3476:1
3471:=
3459:B
3432:2
3428:r
3417:r
3407:l
3403:d
3392:I
3376:4
3370:0
3360:=
3348:B
3312:r
3302:2
3298:r
3291:G
3286:q
3280:=
3274:G
3268:E
3239:r
3229:2
3225:r
3213:q
3201:4
3197:1
3192:=
3180:E
3151:r
3141:2
3137:r
3125:q
3114:0
3103:4
3099:1
3094:=
3082:E
3044:r
3034:2
3030:r
3022:G
3016:2
3012:q
3005:G
2999:1
2995:q
2988:=
2984:F
2956:r
2946:2
2942:r
2928:2
2924:q
2911:1
2907:q
2894:4
2890:1
2885:=
2881:F
2852:r
2842:2
2838:r
2824:2
2820:q
2807:1
2803:q
2791:0
2780:4
2776:1
2771:=
2767:F
2737:)
2730:G
2724:B
2715:v
2709:c
2706:1
2701:+
2695:G
2689:E
2683:(
2676:G
2671:q
2667:=
2663:F
2640:)
2627:B
2618:v
2612:c
2609:1
2604:+
2592:E
2586:(
2574:q
2570:=
2566:F
2543:)
2530:B
2521:v
2517:+
2505:E
2499:(
2487:q
2483:=
2479:F
2423:t
2414:A
2402:c
2399:1
2382:=
2378:E
2354:t
2345:A
2323:=
2319:E
2307:A
2303:B
2297:A
2292:ϕ
2287:A
2264:t
2253:G
2247:E
2234:c
2231:1
2226:+
2220:G
2214:J
2207:c
2200:4
2194:=
2188:G
2182:B
2150:t
2133:E
2120:c
2117:1
2112:+
2100:J
2093:c
2090:1
2085:=
2073:B
2043:)
2036:t
2019:E
2006:0
1998:+
1986:J
1980:(
1974:0
1966:=
1954:B
1913:t
1902:G
1896:D
1883:c
1880:1
1875:+
1869:G
1863:f
1858:J
1851:c
1844:4
1838:=
1832:G
1826:H
1794:t
1777:D
1764:c
1761:1
1756:+
1744:f
1739:J
1732:c
1729:1
1724:=
1712:H
1680:t
1663:D
1652:+
1640:f
1635:J
1630:=
1618:H
1577:t
1566:G
1560:B
1547:c
1544:1
1536:=
1530:G
1524:E
1492:t
1475:B
1462:c
1459:1
1451:=
1439:E
1407:t
1390:B
1376:=
1364:E
1342:(
1324:0
1321:=
1315:G
1309:B
1280:0
1277:=
1265:B
1236:0
1233:=
1221:B
1182:G
1170:4
1167:=
1161:G
1155:E
1114:=
1102:E
1071:0
1062:/
1046:=
1034:E
993:G
987:f
976:4
973:=
967:G
961:D
923:f
915:=
903:D
865:f
857:=
845:D
779:m
777:χ
769:μ
760:e
758:χ
750:ε
746:v
742:q
733:F
723:A
714:ϕ
706:c
697:J
688:ρ
679:M
669:P
659:H
653:B
639:D
633:E
619:C
615:×
604:T
597:M
590:L
583:0
580:ε
572:T
568:M
565:L
562:0
559:ε
550:0
547:μ
544:(
537:0
534:ε
531:(
515:π
513:4
505:q
498:π
492:)
484:2
478:q
473:1
467:q
463:F
457:r
451:2
445:q
440:1
434:q
430:F
414:G
392:π
382:π
380:4
374:π
372:4
359:π
357:4
343:d
339:A
327:4
324:/
320:A
306:r
302:r
294:π
292:4
250:π
248:4
240:π
238:4
221:π
219:4
195:c
181:0
178:µ
171:0
168:ε
162:0
159:µ
150:0
147:ε
109:)
103:(
98:)
94:(
84:·
77:·
70:·
63:·
36:.
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