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balance between national security, online privacy and free speech informed that to take care of the privacy of citizens, lawful interception and monitoring is governed by the
Section 5(2) of Indian Telegraph Act, 1885 read with Rule 419A of Indian Telegraph (Amendment) Rules, 2007 wherein oversight mechanism exists in form of review committee under chairmanship of the Cabinet Secretary at Central Government level and Chief Secretary of the State at the State Government level. The same mechanism is applicable for the interception under the CMS Project also. Additionally, there is an inbuilt mechanism of check and balance as Security Agencies/Law Enforcement Agencies cannot provision the target and the provisioning agency cannot see the content.
492:
hold a telephone conversation in the privacy of one's home or office without interference can certainly be claimed as "Right to
Privacy", and accordingly, held that telephone tapping would infringe the Right to Life and Right to Freedom of Speech & Expression enshrined in Articles 21 and 19(1)(a) respectively of the Constitution of India, unless it is permitted under the procedure established by law. The Hon’ble Court further observed that Section 5(2) of the Act clearly provides that ‘occurrence of any public emergency’ or ‘interest of public safety’ is a sine qua non for the application of these provisions. Neither of these are secretive conditions or situations. Either of the situations would be apparent to a reasonable person.
364:(TEC), after deliberations with security agencies, and that the first phase of the project, covering the "national capital", was scheduled to be implemented by 31 March 2008. It also stated that C-DOT had finalized the "scope, architecture and dimensioning of the network". The 2008-09 annual report stated that proof of concept had been demonstrated and that R&D activities for the project were "ongoing". The Government of India budgeted $ 150 million for the system as part of its
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interceptions shall be got confirmed by the concerned competent authority within a period of seven working days. If the confirmation from the competent authority is not received within the stipulated seven days, such interception shall cease and the same message or class of messages shall not be intercepted thereafter without the prior approval of the Union Home
Secretary or the State Home Secretary, as the case may be.
24:
781:
767:
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728:, felt that the move toward extensive "surveillance capabilities enabled by digital communications" suggests that governments are now "casting the net wide, enabling intrusions into private lives". Ganguly also felt that increasing surveillance around the world was an attempt by governments to "grapple with the power of social media that can enable spontaneous street protests".
328:
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conversations could end up being tracked". Mishi
Choudhary, executive director, Software Freedom and Law Center stated that, "There has been no public consultation on this issue. No one knows what they have proposed or whether it has parliamentary mandate. We don't even have empirical data on phone tapping from the government. It's like a black hole."
383:(PIB), dated 26 November 2009. The release lacked details on the system but stated that CMS was a "centralized system to monitor communications on mobile phones, landlines and the internet in the country" and claimed that the project would "strengthen the security environment in the country". CMS was mentioned by
738:, felt that "There is also the argument that the threat of a cyber attack is deliberately overplayed ... it is far-fetched. So there is a need for balance". Pawan Sinha, a human rights teacher at Delhi University, believes that bypassing courts was "really very dangerous" and could be "easily misused".
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Law
Enforcement Agency at the Central Level and the officers authorised in this behalf, not below the rank of Inspector General of Police at the state level but the concerned competent authority shall be informed of such interceptions by the approving authority within three working days and that such
470:
in the case of
Government of India and by the Secretary to the State Government in-charge of the Home Department in the case of a State Government. In unavoidable circumstances, such order may be made by an officer, not below the rank of a Joint Secretary to the Government of India, who has been duly
390:
on 1 January 2011, while addressing the media to announce his 100-day agenda for the Indian telecom sector. Sibal mentioned it in passing, telling the media that "Steps will be taken to establish the
Central Monitoring System which will facilitate and prevent misuse of lawful interception facility."
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Earlier the provisioning of
Interception of the Telephone was being done by the Telecom operators on the basis of duly authorized order by the competent authority in accordance with 419A telephone rule. Traditionally, the Law Enforcement Agency was approaching the various telecom companies based on
491:
The Hon’ble
Supreme Court has upheld the constitutional validity of interceptions and monitoring under Section 5(2) of the Act through its order dated 18.12.1996 in Writ Petition (C) No.256/1991 by People's Union for Civil Liberties (PUCL) Vs. Union of India. It has also observed that the right to
653:
Government has set up the
Centralized Monitoring System (CMS) to automate the process of Lawful Interception & Monitoring of telecommunications technology. Government of India on 2015-12-02 in a reply to parliament question no. 595 on scope, objectives and framework of the CMS has struck a
644:
Agency will go to only TERM Cell for any interception order provisioning irrespective of telephone numbering scheme. There is no change in the existing LIS / LIM system in the telecom network. The TERM Cell who are the field unit of DOT and carries the enforcement and regulation of licensing
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Pranesh Prakash, director of policy at the Centre for Internet and Society, warned that the lack of privacy laws and government accountability makes the programme "very worrisome." Cyberlaw specialist Pavan Duggal stated that the "system is capable of tremendous abuse" and "even legitimate
741:
Anja Kovacs of the Internet Democracy Project, and a fellow at the New Delhi-based Centre for Internet and Society, felt that there was "a growing discrepancy and power imbalance between citizens and the state" and that in the Indian scenario, there were "no checks and balances in place".
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argued that India did not need centralised interception facilities to have centralised tracking of interception requests. The paper also expressed support for a strong privacy law, and advised Indian citizens to "take greater care of their own privacy and safeguard the security of their
748:, executive director of Bangalore-based non-profit Centre for Internet and Society, advised Indians to "stop using proprietary software, shift to free/open source software" and "encrypt all sensitive Internet traffic and email using software like TOR and GNU Privacy Guard".
343:
The Indian Government set up the Centralized Monitoring System (CMS) to automate the process of government-approved Lawful Interception & Monitoring of telecommunications. The Cabinet Committee on Security approved the project of CMS with government funding of
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of the Indian Telegraph Rules, 1951. Directions for interception of any message or class of messages under sub-section (2) of Section 5 of the Indian Telegraph Act, 1885 shall not be issued except by an order made by the Secretary to the Government of India in the
564:
Call data records (CDRs) can be sought by following the statutory provisions contained in Section 92 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 or Section 5(2) of the Indian Telegraph Act, 1885 read with Rule 419 A of Indian Telegraph (Amendment) Rules, 2007.
445:(LIM) system. It will make two amendments to the Indian Telegraph Act to allow for intercepting and monitoring through the CMS and to allow "collecting, storing and analyzing message pertaining to information of any nature by the Telegraph Authority".
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cited an internal note from the DoT dated 10 June 2013, which reportedly said that CMS had "undergone successful pilots" and was "likely to be commissioned" by the end of 2013. The government began rolling out the CMS, state by state, in April 2013.
499:(LEAs) is carried out in accordance with Section 5(2) of the Indian Telegraph Act, 1885 read with Rule 419A of Indian Telegraph (Amendment) Rules, 2007. Following is the list of authorised Law Enforcement Agencies for Lawful Interception:
415:
of communications to address the national security concerns. It will automize the present manual system of interception and monitoring, which will enhance the secrecy of intercepted numbers and will cut down the delay in provisioning."
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Human rights and civil-liberties groups expressed concerns that the CMS is prone to abuse, and is an infringement of privacy and civil liberties. Critics described it as "abuse of privacy rights and security-agency overreach".
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criticised the introduction of CMS without public debate or Parliamentary accountability. The paper also felt that Indian privacy laws were "lax", and "far worse than American law on these matters".
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conditions in the field will be sole authority to provision the interception orders but interception orders will be obtained by Law Enforcement Agencies in according to the 419A telephone rule.
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324:. The CMC system is set up in each major state collocated with the TERM Cells. Telecom operators in India are required by law to give access to their networks to law enforcement agencies.
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Human rights activist Neingulo Krome described CMS as "a threat to democracy" and also felt that the agencies involved could "soon challenge the authority of the government itself".
442:
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the required interception of any message or class of messages shall be carried out with the prior approval of the Head or the second senior most officer of the authorized security
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the numbering scheme of the target telephone number. In CMS setup there is no change in the Interception authorization order envisaged in 419A telephone rule except that now the
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granted the Indian Government access to its messaging services. It is presumed that CMS will be used to monitor these services, although it may be done through C-DOT's
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criticised the lack of information from the government about the project and the lack of a legal recourse for a citizen whose personal details were misused or leaked.
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400 Crores. Pilot trials have been completed and the system is anticipated to be progressively implemented from the end of the financial year.
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criticised the introduction of the system in the absence of accountability and "any reasonably effective safeguards" to protect privacy.
376:. However, it faced repeated delays and missed the original deployment deadline of the end of 2012, and the next deadline of March 2013.
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429:(NIA) had requested for authorization to access CMS once it became functional. The paper also stated that a pilot trial was underway.
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480:(ii) for operational reasons, where obtaining of prior directions for interception of message or class of messages is not feasible;
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477:(i) in remote areas, where obtaining of prior directions for interception of messages or class of messages is not feasible; or
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Directorate of Signal Intelligence, Ministry of Defence - for Jammu & Kashmir, North East & Assam Service Areas only
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pointed out that a consequence of CMS would be that innocent citizens could be wrongly accused of criminal activity.
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1799:"Nagaland Latest & Breaking News, Northeast & India News - Mother India IS Watching You"
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1014:"Beyond Snowden: US surveillance system a useful model for democratic, terror-hit India"
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authorized by the Union Home Secretary or the State Home Secretary, as the case may be:
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1331:"Norms for interception of calls and messages expected to be finalised by August end"
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On 9 March 2011, Minister of State for Communications & Information Technology,
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http://www.dot.gov.in/sites/default/files/English%20annual%20report%202007-08_0.pdf
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641:
397:
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360:(DoT) stated that the requirements for the CMS project had been finalized by the
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The interconnection between TERM Cell, LEA and Telecom Operators post CMS setup
304:, is a centralized telephone interception provisioning system installed by the
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ultimately approving a higher amount. The CMS was fast-tracked following the
1062:"India's Central Monitoring System: Security can't come at cost of privacy"
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412:
404:
345:
1769:"Govt's secret snooping arm has cyber activists worried - Times of India"
1237:"How the world's largest democracy is preparing to snoop on its citizens"
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1234:
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1708:"Cyber experts suggest using open source software to protect privacy"
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1259:"Government, BlackBerry end dispute over interception of BB devices"
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also criticised the lack of information available about the system.
578:
972:
http://www.dot.gov.in/sites/default/files/AR_English_2008-09_0.pdf
331:
The interconnection between LEA and Telecom Operators prior to CMS
799:
1761:
697:
1107:"100-day plan: Sibal promises transparency in telecom sector"
1036:"Telecom Central Monitoring System in 10 circles by December"
458:
305:
1565:"Indian surveillance laws & practices far worse than US"
932:"LOK SABHA UNSTARRED QUESTION NO 595 ANSWERED ON 02.12.2015"
906:"India sets up elaborate system to tap phone calls, e-mail"
379:
CMS was first announced publicly in a press release by the
1460:
1304:"India Spies on Its Internet Users Too | Motherboard"
327:
1165:"In India, Prism-like Surveillance Slips Under the Radar"
992:"In India, Prism-like Surveillance Slips Under the Radar"
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criticised the fact that a warrant need not be obtained.
453:
In exercise of the powers conferred by Section 7 of the
1400:"Clarifications on the Report on Tapping of Telephones"
1235:
Leslie D’Monte & Joji Thomas Philip (3 July 2013).
1743:"Government can now snoop on your SMSs, online chats"
385:
Minister of Communications and Information Technology
762:
1282:"BlackBerry gives Indian spooks BBM and BIS access"
1210:"NIA seeks Central Monitoring System to tap phones"
1801:. The Morung Express. 20 June 2013. Archived from
1647:
1132:"Govt to come out with new telecom policy: Sibal"
712:Human rights and civil-liberties groups reactions
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1328:
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1683:"India: New Monitoring System Threatens Rights"
316:technology development centre, and operated by
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407:stated that the CMS was to be set up for the "
1371:"Telephone Rule 419A of Indian Telegraph Act"
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391:The announcement was described as "muted" by
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1610:"Can India Trust Its Government on Privacy?"
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495:Interception of communication by authorized
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1512:
1355:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
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1187:"Press Information Bureau English Releases"
1084:"Press Information Bureau English Releases"
805:Telecom Enforcement Resource and Monitoring
607:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
318:Telecom Enforcement Resource and Monitoring
52:Learn how and when to remove these messages
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627:Learn how and when to remove this message
162:Learn how and when to remove this message
97:Learn how and when to remove this message
1601:
1212:. The New Indian Express. Archived from
880:. Department of Telecommunications (DoT)
855:. Department of Telecommunications (DoT)
334:
326:
1607:
1587:"Is CMS a Compromise of Your Security?"
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989:
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457:, 1885 (13 of 1885), the Government of
1823:
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1633:"India's Surveillance Program Stalled"
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903:
1207:
1140:. PTI. 1 January 2011. Archived from
1773:articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com
1612:. Hyderabad: India.blogs.nytimes.com
1608:Prakash, Pranesh (11 October 2012).
1059:
605:adding citations to reliable sources
572:
362:Telecommunication Engineering Center
306:Centre for Development of Telematics
137:move details into the article's body
108:
81:Please help consolidate the article.
58:
17:
1515:"In the dark about 'India's Prism'"
545:Directorate of Revenue Intelligence
13:
1567:. The Economic Times. 18 June 2013
1261:. The Economic Times. 10 July 2013
1016:. The Economic Times. 27 June 2013
14:
1887:
1329:tech2 News Staff (10 July 2013).
1208:Yadav, Yatish (15 October 2012).
657:
568:
474:Provided that in emergent cases:
356:The 2007-08 annual report of the
33:This article has multiple issues.
1461:"Parliament of India, Lok Sabha"
1425:"Lok Sabha Starred Question 294"
1163:Trivedi, Anjani (30 June 2013).
1105:Sandeep Joshi (1 January 2011).
990:Trivedi, Anjani (30 June 2013).
938:. Govt. of India. Archived from
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358:Department of Telecommunications
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63:
22:
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1434:. Govt of India. Archived from
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1280:Phil Muncaster (11 July 2013).
1273:
1201:
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1156:
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904:Kotoky, Anurag (20 June 2013).
525:Central Bureau of Investigation
443:Lawful Intercept and Monitoring
41:or discuss these issues on the
1716:. 22 June 2013. Archived from
1656:"India's digital battleground"
1631:R. Jai Krishna (6 July 2013).
1589:. Forbesindia.com. 9 July 2013
1542:. Indian Express. 26 June 2013
1487:"India's digital battleground"
1432:Ministry of Home affairs India
1333:. Tech2.in.com. Archived from
1086:. Pib.nic.in. 26 November 2009
1038:. Firstpost. PTI. 28 June 2013
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1006:
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954:
924:
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842:
734:, strategic affairs editor of
1:
1871:Manmohan Singh administration
1856:Privacy of telecommunications
1654:Shukla, Ajai (21 June 2013).
1485:Shukla, Ajai (21 June 2013).
1060:Raza, Danish (10 July 2013).
835:
540:Central Board of Direct Taxes
520:National Investigation Agency
427:National Investigation Agency
1831:2013 establishments in India
1681:Cynthia Wong (7 June 2013).
1513:Deepa Kurup (16 June 2013).
815:PRISM (surveillance program)
509:Research & Analysis Wing
7:
1866:Telecommunications in India
758:
10:
1892:
1876:Computer security in India
1861:Secret government programs
1189:. Pib.nic.in. 9 March 2011
810:Mass surveillance in India
559:Director General of Police
535:Directorate of Enforcement
449:Interception Authorization
351:
1836:Counterterrorism in India
908:. Reuters. Archived from
787:Telecommunications portal
298:Central Monitoring System
530:Narcotics Control Bureau
497:Law Enforcement Agencies
468:Ministry of Home Affairs
381:Press Information Bureau
76:too many section headers
1660:Business Standard India
1378:Dept. of Telecom. India
936:Lok Sabha Govt of India
875:"Annual Report 2012-13"
850:"Annual Report 2011-12"
720:Meenakshi Ganguly, the
422:The New Indian Express
340:
332:
338:
330:
1310:on 11 September 2013
830:Signals intelligence
649:Government objective
601:improve this section
455:Indian Telegraph Act
419:On 15 October 2012,
1662:. Business Standard
820:Lawful interception
515:Intelligence Bureau
409:Lawful Interception
374:2008 Mumbai attacks
366:12th Five Year Plan
1779:on 3 December 2013
1747:The Times of India
1713:The Times of India
1687:Human Rights Watch
1144:on 29 October 2013
1137:The Times of India
726:Human Rights Watch
704:The New York Times
690:The Times of India
684:The Indian Express
425:reported that the
341:
333:
314:telecommunications
1851:Mass surveillance
1492:Business Standard
825:Mass surveillance
708:communications".
664:Business Standard
637:
636:
629:
310:Indian Government
300:, abbreviated to
294:
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188:Mass surveillance
172:
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154:
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133:length guidelines
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1775:. Archived from
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1720:on 2 August 2013
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1380:. Govt. of India
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1216:on 15 April 2013
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1167:. World.time.com
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131:Please read the
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1635:. Blogs.wsj.com
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1465:loksabha.nic.in
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1064:. Firstpost
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388:Kapil Sibal
238:North Korea
233:New Zealand
195:By location
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1783:17 January
1498:7 December
1404:pib.nic.in
1239:. Livemint
836:References
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439:BlackBerry
413:Monitoring
145:March 2014
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38:improve it
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1111:The Hindu
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670:Firstpost
588:does not
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135:and help
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