Carbon pricing in Canada

1764:(OBPS) announced in December 2018, "which targets greenhouse gas emissions from large, industrial facilities", are similar to Alberta's Carbon Competitiveness Incentive Regulation (CCIR) which was also similar to Alberta's 2007 Specified Gas Emitters Regulation (SGER). The three programs had a "price on carbon emissions" and a "system of allocations through which firms receive some number of emissions credits for free." The OBPS rules apply to large facilities in Ontario, New Brunswick, Manitoba, Prince Edward Island, Saskatchewan, Yukon and Nunavut—the "provinces covered by the federal backstop policy." The OBPS covers a "relatively small share of emissions in the provinces it affects." Most emissions come from smaller emitters which "will be covered in large part by the carbon price". A University of Alberta professor of economics named Andrew Leach blogged that "Much of the coverage of this system has framed the OBPS as an exemption from emissions pricing for large emitters, but that hides the importance of the two, linked programs – the carbon price and the output-based allocation of credits." 1651: 1234: 1165: 1219:"The federal government has stated that the carbon pricing system will be revenue neutral; any revenues generated under the system will be returned to the province or territory in which they are generated. Households will receive 90 per cent of the revenues raised. The remaining 10 per cent will go to support particularly affected sectors, including small businesses, schools, and hospitals. Based on this assumption, 80% of households will receive higher transfers than the amount paid in direct and indirect costs. The net benefits are broadly progressive by income group: lower-income households will receive larger net transfers than higher-income households." 1635: 7344: 7368: 1670:) to display government-commissioned decals on their pumps informing customers of the claimed "cost" of the carbon tax—increasing gas prices by 4.4 cents per-litre, and increasing gas prices by up to 11 cents per-litre by 2022. The decals contain a URL for a page on the Ontario web site that explains its positions on the tax, but the decals do not mention the rebate programs. Gas stations may be inspected at "all reasonable times" for compliance with the Act, and owners may be fined 1517:

technology. The plan only covered the largest emitters, who produced 70% of Alberta's emissions. Critics charged that the smallest energy producers are often the most casual about emissions and pollution. The carbon tax is currently $ 20 per tonne. Because Alberta's economy is dependent on oil extraction, the majority of Albertans opposed a nationwide carbon tax. Alberta also opposed a national cap and trade system. The local tax retains the proceeds within Alberta.

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only about 3% of Canadians who still use heating oil, and they are mainly located in the Atlantic provinces. They are also mainly low-income and rural, so the exemption was intended for this demographic. Opposition critics say that this move is politically motivated, as the Liberal government has more Members of Parliament in the Atlantic provinces. Environmentalists criticize the decision, saying that it undermines the carbon pricing scheme.

7304: 7292: 1499:, has been accepted by the federal government as meeting GHGPPA requirements. The federal government assured residents of Saskatchewan that "all direct proceeds collected in Saskatchewan under the federal pollution pricing backstop system" would be paid "through direct payments to individuals and families and investments to reduce emissions, save money, and create jobs". For example, a family of four would "receive $ 609 in 2019". 7356: 1531:

more efficient means of lowering greenhouse gas emissions than regulatory approaches." As part of the process of researching and implementing the carbon tax, the Alberta government worked with a panel chaired by University of Alberta economist Andrew Leach to study a carbon tax based on "sensible, evidence-based policy advice", which Tombe described as "a model for other jurisdictions". The price of the carbon tax began at

7332: 42: 1400:, after British Columbia's provincial government introduced a carbon tax in 2008, greenhouse emissions were reduced, "fossil fuel use in British Columbia by 16 percent, as compared to a 3 percent increase in the rest of Canada, and its economy ... outperformed the rest of the country." This proved that carbon tax benefits were "no longer theoretical" and that they did not hinder 1047:

be diminished compared with producers "who do not bear these additional, carbon-related costs". The Committee noted that a "study of the effects of British Columbia's carbon tax — which launched in 2008 — suggested the province's international competitiveness was not diminished". The report recommended that

1051:, formerly known as Environment Canada, or EC consider exemptions for agricultural activities under the GHGPPA, with "special attention to competitiveness for producers and food affordability for Canadians". The Committee recommended exempting fuels used for heating or transportation in farming activities. 1615:

will be the second largest in the world, trailing only the EU Emissions Trading System (ETS) and will feature joint permit auctions. Because it allows for permit trading between jurisdictions, linked cap-and-trade systems achieve lower-cost mitigation actions across jurisdictions than an unlinked system.

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Since Sweden introduced its carbon tax in 1991, an additional nine OECD countries have followed suit. We have learned a lot from these experiences on how to introduce carbon taxes. For example, introducing the taxes incrementally over time can allow households and businesses to make smooth, efficient

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A group, called Nationwide Protest Against Carbon Tax, organized protests that took place at about fifteen locations across Canada, with dozens of partipants at some locations. Their goal was to slow traffic on major highways and at borders to protest the increase of the federal consumer carbon price

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In his Maclean's 2015 article, economist Trevor Tombe wrote that "ricing carbon is one of the most sensible policy prescriptions to address greenhouse gas emissions". Tombe listed the advantages and disadvantages. The carbon tax provides a "new source of revenue for the government". The tax is a "far

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On 23 November 2015, the Alberta government announced a carbon tax scheme similar to British Columbia's in that it would apply to the entire economy. All businesses and residents paid tax based upon equivalent emissions, including the burning of wood and biofuels. The tax came into force in 2017 at $

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By 2018, Quebec (2007), British Columbia (2008), Alberta, Ontario, Manitoba and Nova Scotia had carbon-pricing policies in place. By 2017, Metro Vancouver was "exploring road fares and other fee-based mechanisms to address traffic congestion". Ontario cancelled their cap and trade system in 2018. The

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In December 2018, the Senate Committee on Agriculture and Forestry submitted their report based on a year-long study on the "impacts of climate change and carbon pricing on agriculture, agri-food and forestry". Although some witnesses raised concerns that Canada's international competitiveness could

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to remove 50-60 MT of emissions from the air annually by 2022, which represents about 12% of all Canadian emissions. However, Canada needs to reduce emissions to 512 MT by 2030 to meet its Paris Climate Change accord. This would mean reducing annual emissions by about 200MT from the 2018 levels. In

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joined with the five western states, turning the WCI into an international partnership with the goal of developing a multi-sector, market-based program to reduce greenhouse gas emissions.and link its cap-and-trade system with Quebec's and California's in January 2018. This harmonized carbon market

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Premier Kenney joined like-minded premiers, including Doug Ford of Ontario, Scott Moe of Saskatchewan and Brian Pallister of Manitoba, in a lawsuit against the federal Liberal government on the carbon tax. The Court of Appeal of Alberta ruled against the federal government. This decision was later

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Manitoba, Ontario, Saskatchewan, and New Brunswick refused to impose their own emissions pricing so the federal pricing came into effect on April 1. Residents of the four provinces pay more for gasoline and heating fuel. The "starting rate added 4.4 cents to the price of a litre of gas, about four

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are allowed to create their own system of carbon pricing as long as they comply with the minimum requirements set by the federal government; individual provinces and territories thus may have a higher tax than the federally mandated one but not a lower one. Currently, all provinces and territories

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and the leader of the Official Opposition since 2022, blamed the dramatic increase in heating bills on the carbon price, commonly referred to as the "carbon tax," on his social media accounts, which reached half a million viewers. In June 2023, Poilievre launched his 'Axe the Tax' campaign in the

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announced that the federal government was granting a carbon exemption on heating oil from 2023 through 2027 because the price of heating oil increased by 75% in 2022. Natural gas, which is used by households that are better off, now costs one-half to one-quarter the cost of heating oil. There are

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a ton in 2018 and was tied to a 2% increase based on rising inflation, which Tombe considered to be "reasonable". Tombe estimated the impact of the carbon tax on the 3 "most carbon-intensive consumer purchases". He estimated an increase in the price of gasoline of c. 6.7 cents per litre when the

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established a standard cap and trade system which integrates with the Western Climate Initiative (WCI) providing access to an "even greater market to buy and sell the most cost effective carbon credits." Gary Goodwin called it the "best and most integrated solution to the problem of emissions."

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Saskatchewan never had a carbon pricing system and other provinces—Manitoba, Ontario, New Brunswick, and Alberta—have opted out of previous provincial carbon tax systems. Revenue from the federal GHGPPA, which came into effect in April 2019, is redistributed to the provinces, either through tax

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journal literature review based on public communications on carbon pricing of the 100 largest oil and gas companies said that 54% of those oil and gas companies with a stated policy on carbon taxes express support for such measures, with the percentage rising to 78% among the top 50 companies.

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emissions per barrel by 12 percent, or buy an offset. In January 2016, the contribution required by large emitters increased to $ 20/tonne. The tax fell heavily on oil companies and coal-fired electricity plants. It was intended to encourage companies to lower emissions while fostering new

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In the spring of 2018, the federal government had "proposed that all fossil fuel-burning generating stations be treated the same with the first 420 tonnes of greenhouse gases per gigawatt hour of electricity produced exempt from carbon taxes and everything above that subject to a charge."

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cents to a cubic metre of natural gas". The price of propane, butane and aviation fuel will also increase. Residents will receive rebates on their income tax returns. Amounts will vary with each province. In Saskatchewan for example, a family of four will receive $ 609 in 2019.

1025:(CCC) released on December 13, 2018, Canada's largest business group endorsed the carbon pricing introduced by the federal government saying it offers flexibility and is the "most efficient way to cut emissions" and "solidly backs carbon pricing." According to a December 13 1119:

and the rebate both gradually rise. Taxpayers had to request the Climate Action Incentive Payment (CAIP) rebate on their annual income tax return until filing their 2021 tax return, from which time eligibility for the rebate is automatic and the taxpayer sent a cheque or a

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which "inevitably introduces unnecessary cost and complexity". A carbon tax is "a more direct, more transparent and more effective approach". Tillerson added that he hoped that the revenues from a carbon tax would be used to lower other taxes so as to be revenue neutral.

1043:, the CCC's "endorsement of the carbon tax as the most efficient emissions-cutting tool" and its support of "Canada's investments in clean technology at home and abroad", provides the Canadian economy with a "major opportunity...to market itself in a low-carbon future". 3720:

In 2017, Alberta experienced the "fastest expansion among the 10 provinces" with its GDP growing by 4.9 percent, representing a recovery after falling output in 2015 and 2016 when oil prices collapsed. In 2017, British Columbia posted its strongest pace of growth since

1000:. The co-authors wrote an in-depth analysis of 14 key countries and blocs, including Canada. The article, which summarized the report, said that Canada climate targets were the "weakest ... of any major industrialised economy which experts say was a "direct result" of 1830:

In March 2024, Poilievre called for a non-confidence vote in the federal government in the House of Commons to prevent the 1 April increase in the carbon price. Prior to the April 1 carbon tax increase, Poilievre crossed the country with his 'Axe the Tax' rallies.

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announced that he would impose carbon pricing if elected. The proposed system would resemble the medicare model in which provinces would design systems suitable for their needs with the federal government setting national targets and enforcing principles.

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per year until 2022. Through the GHGPPA, provinces have the flexibility to create their own solutions to deal with GHG emissions in their own jurisdictions. Through the GHGPPA all provinces are required to place a minimum price of

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The federal carbon pricing system in Canada has been the subject of significant debate and controversy. Since 2016, the Mining Association of Canada, has supported carbon pricing as a way of responding to climate change. A 2024

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accused Ford of "forcing businesses to be complicit in his anti-climate misinformation campaign", and invited gas stations to help him inform the public that "climate change will cost us more" with his own version of the decal.

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enacted the Specified Gas Emitters Regulation, Alta. Reg. 139/2007, (SGER). This tax exacts a $ 15/tonne contribution by companies that emit more than 100,000 tonnes of greenhouse gas annually that do not reduce their

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In the four provinces where the Government of Canada is returning proceeds to individuals and families through the Climate Action Incentive, most households will get more back than they pay as a result of pollution

3138: 3093: 5181: 4293: 1391:(OECD), said that the "implementation of British Columbia's carbon tax is as near as we have to a textbook case, with wide coverage across sectors and a steady increase in the rate" over a period of five years. 1626:, cancelled the previous cap and trade system as he had promised in his electoral campaign. In November, the Ontario government unveiled a climate plan which did "not include any kind of price on emissions". 4549: 2913: 1771:

CBC reported in October 2018 that "natural gas stations face carbon taxes on emissions above 370 tonnes, oil on emissions above 550 tonnes and coal above 800 tonnes, a major concession to coal plants."

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by passing the Climate Change and Emissions Management Act. One of the first actions taken under this legislation was to develop a mandatory reporting program for large emitters in Alberta.

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to declare Canada's carbon tax to be "the big election winner" and "the only landslide victor" in this election. Similarly, legal challenges to the law failed on March 25, 2021 when the

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In the absence of a provincial system, or in provinces and territories whose carbon pricing system does not meet federal requirements, a regulatory fee is implemented by the federal

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Atlantic provinces, just days before the region faced increased gas prices when carbon pricing came into force in that region on 1 July 2023, following four years of an exemption.

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By December 2016, the ten provinces and the Canadian government presented their "executive, mitigation and adaptation" strategies towards a clean economy. The "extensive document"—"

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sided with CCLA, ruling that Ford's mandatory gas-pump decals attacking federal carbon-pricing measures are unconstitutional and violated business owners' freedom of expression.

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implemented a carbon tax on energy distributors, producers, and refiners, the first Canadian province to do so. When announcing the new tax, Quebec Natural Resources Minister

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Market-based instruments are regulations that encourage behavior through market signals rather than through explicit directives regarding pollution control levels or methods

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to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. The WCI became an international partnership when BC joined. By 2011, BC's preference was for its existing carbon tax as opposed to the

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addition to carbon pricing, the government is pursuing a range of additional policies including improving fuel standards, energy efficiency, and closing coal plants.

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whose carbon pricing systems created for their jurisdictions did not meet federal requirements. Revenue from the carbon tax was to be redistributed to the provinces.

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are subject to a carbon pricing mechanism, either by an in-province program or by one of two federal programs. As of April 2024 the federal minimum tax is set at

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However, the Canadian Revenue Agency has declared that, as of June 3, 2019, the average payment to households was less than previously estimated. It amounted to

1036: 871:. It was Dion's main platform and it allegedly contributed to the defeat of the Liberal Party with its worst share of the popular vote in the country's history. 5549: 4635: 4023: 2905: 2166: 1736:

took the Ontario government to court over the mandatory stickers, arguing the messages were “a form of compelled political expression.” In September 2020, the

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accused the Ford government of "wasting taxpayers' dollars on misleading stickers" which failed to acknowledge the rebate programs "or the cost of inaction on

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by 2015, also known as cap and trade, that encourage a certain type of behaviour through economic incentives regarding the control of emissions and pollution.

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credits to individual residents or to businesses and organizations that are affected by the tax but are unable to pass on the cost by raising consumer prices.

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in revenue annually, instead of passing on the cost to consumers. Of the 50 companies affected, the hardest hit would be oil companies, who would pay "about

948: 1067:(GHGPPA) in the fall of 2018 under Bill C-74. The GHGPPA refers to charge or pricing instead of taxation. The charge which will rise to $ 50 per tonne of CO 5363: 4323: 3927:"The Republican Solution for Climate Change; Republicans have the ability to offer a market-based solution to climate change, so why aren't they doing it?" 6457: 6273: 4777: 3487: 3285: 1686: 4346: 2953: 6452: 5251: 5027: 4173: 6320: 5077: 2731: 1720:. The government defended the decals and Act, considering it "transparency" that reminds Ontario residents of the "costs" of the Liberal carbon tax. 1282: 1271: 795: 685: 4883: 3926: 3740: 5612: 3071: 5103: 4056: 3239: 6300: 6247: 3409: 3063: 1827:

Poilievre pledged in July 2023, that he would repeal the carbon tax if the Conservatives form government under him in the 2025 federal election.

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from the fuel charge proceed and the rest from the OBPS—a "trading system for large industry, known as the output-based pricing system (OBPS)".

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accusing Ford of "threatening private business owners with massive fines for failing to post Conservative Party advertisement". Fellow MPP

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on November 4, 2014, and became the leading advocacy group in Canada for carbon pricing. They published reports in 2015, 2016, and 2017.

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According to a 2018 report, British Columbia, which has had a carbon price since 2008, had the fastest growing economy in Canada.

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In March 2007, Alberta passed Specified Gas Emitters Regulation. The first compliance cycle was from July 1 to December 31, 2007.

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government's hard line policies" and its "promotion" of the "vast reserves of tar sands in Alberta" that are highly polluting".

740:(GHGPPA), which passed in December 2018. In provinces where the fee is levied, 90% of the revenues are returned to tax-payers. 6557: 6520: 6374: 6359: 6268: 5917: 5861: 5244: 4407: 4217: 2570: 1815:

The debate around carbon pricing intensified in early February 2023, with a polar vortex causing record-breaking cold weather.

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outlines of a new climate plan for Ontario, which did not include any carbon pricing system, was unveiled in November 2018.

1181:(OFC) showed that carbon pricing would have at most a minor impact on the economy, with an increase in GDP in 2022 of about 894:

In 2014, public policy economists and superannuated politicians came together to begin discussions on what would become the

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Vast reserves of tar sands oil in Alberta have meant Canada has maintained a hard line throughout the climate negotiations.

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In November 2015 Premier Rachel Notley and Alberta Environment Minister Shannon Phillips announced Alberta's carbon tax.

1015: 714: 6242: 5155: 3577: 7148: 7009: 6966: 6462: 3343: 1879: 1796:'s leadership had interpreted Doug Ford's election as premier of Ontario as "an explicit rejection of the carbon tax". 599: 257: 2593: 7388: 7075: 6951: 6768: 5961: 5237: 3672: 2138: 1737: 1014:

In 2018, Canada passed the GHGPPA, implementing a revenue-neutral carbon tax starting in 2019, which applies only to

882:. During the 2008 Canadian federal election, the Conservative party promised to develop and implement greenhouse gas 2117: 7423: 7308: 6946: 6926: 6873: 6825: 5877: 5725: 5466: 5404: 1709: 895: 671: 25: 4864: 4195: 3810: 3308: 1164: 743:

The carbon tax is levied because of a need to combat climate change, which resulted in Federal commitments to the

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By 2 April 2024, two hundred economists had signed an open letter refuting Poilievre's stance on carbon pricing.

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gas pump displaying a decal discussing the effects of the federal carbon tax on gas prices to comply with the

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a tonne of GHG emissions by January 1, 2019. The tax will be retroactive to January. The tax has increased to

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Earth Science Communications Team. NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology

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rejected the 2019 appeal of the provinces of Manitoba, Ontario, Alberta, and Saskatchewan, ruling in

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Feast or Famine: Impacts of climate change and carbon pricing on agriculture, agri-food and forestry

7175: 7170: 7160: 7101: 6941: 6447: 6412: 6295: 6222: 6063: 5892: 5828: 5789: 5704: 5414: 5328: 4717:"Ontario court rules Doug Ford's gas-pump stickers attacking carbon-pricing are 'unconstitutional'" 2213: 1850: 1429: 874:

The Conservative party, who won the 2008 election, had promised to implement a North American-wide

813: 569: 468: 401: 247: 237: 212: 167: 3766:"Canada's average carbon tax rebates are lower than the feds projected: data | Globalnews.ca" 2044: 1566:. The bill repeals the provincial carbon tax, but it will be replaced by the federal carbon levy. 1555:

overturned when the Supreme Court of Canada ruled that the federal carbon tax was constitutional.

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implemented the first carbon tax in Canada which was expected to generate $ 2 million annually.

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The Management and Reduction of Greenhouse Gases (Baselines, Returns and Verification) Standard

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that the Conservative Party were attempting to make the carbon tax "the single issue" of the

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in carbon pricing revenues in 2019-20." The report said that the "vast majority of revenues (

807: 637: 584: 513: 252: 106: 4691:"'Climate change will cost us more': Ontario Green Party releases rival gas station sticker" 7111: 6989: 6650: 6215: 6142: 5358: 4906: 4286:"Alberta boosts carbon tax to $ 20 a tonne starting in 2016 as part of climate change plan" 1807: 1713: 1060: 1040: 632: 503: 242: 222: 207: 202: 4188: 3558: 8: 7128: 6903: 6127: 6122: 5587: 5559: 5456: 4636:"Steep fines coming for Ontario gas stations that don't display carbon tax warning signs" 3612: 3521: 3282:"Carbon tax is the smartest way to target rising emissions: Canadian Chamber of Commerce" 2190: 2091: 1476: 1463:

for heating oil". The tax would also affect natural gas distributors who would pay about

1129: 564: 508: 463: 232: 227: 4808:"NB Power to dodge major carbon taxes after Ottawa proposes looser rules on coal plants" 3033: 1712:, alleging that the decals should be considered partisan campaign advertising under the 7372: 6956: 6888: 6805: 6655: 6620: 6577: 6572: 6567: 6132: 5440: 5182:"'It just needs to stop': Carbon price protesters slow traffic on Trans-Canada Highway" 4351: 4257: 3578:"Eligible Ontarians can expect climate payment on Friday. Here's what you need to know" 3248: 2656: 1157: 604: 589: 488: 458: 438: 7190: 6853: 6598: 6364: 6147: 6110: 5897: 5851: 5648: 5409: 5348: 5293: 5260: 5001: 4196:"To Spur Innovation, What Price to Put on Oil Sands Carbon? – Tyee Solutions Society" 3646: 2976:"Paris climate talks: France releases 'ambitious, balanced' draft agreement at COP21" 2562: 2206: 1689: 1413: 1103:

per month extra for gas, home heating and other costs, that same family will receive

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In 2019, the provinces of Manitoba, Ontario, Saskatchewan brought their case to the

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The first piece of legislation introduced by the newly-elected Premier of Alberta,

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adequate emissions pricing plans. For example, if a family of 4 in Ontario pays

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Greenhouse Gas Emissions: Quantification, Reporting and Verification Regulation

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The introduction of the tax was met with political resistance, mainly by the

339: 334: 324: 304: 217: 197: 177: 76: 56: 5104:"Conservative Leader Pierre Poilievre talks inflation, housing in Penticton" 4550:"Eco, health groups and provinces seek status in carbon-tax court challenge" 2058: 1654:

Carbon Tax sticker with a counter Climate Action Incentive sticker above it.

7096: 6893: 6537: 6527: 6174: 6058: 5971: 5156:"Liberals survive non-confidence vote on carbon tax with Bloc, NDP backing" 3784:"Update to the Pan-Canadian Approach to Carbon Pollution Pricing 2023-2030" 3582: 3221: 3133: 3088: 3079: 2603: 2314: 2288:"Update to the Pan-Canadian Approach to Carbon Pollution Pricing 2023-2030" 1701: 1639: 1559: 1396: 1312: 1224:"Fiscal and Distributional Analysis of the Federal Carbon Pricing System". 1116: 988: 770:

level average over the past 400,000 years was between 200 ppm and 280 ppm.

594: 309: 187: 101: 4463:"Alberta makes it official: Bill passed and proclaimed to kill carbon tax" 2415:"The carbon tax could be the ballot question in the 2019 federal election" 2205:

coal-fired electrical generating station owned and operated by provincial

1143:

Minister of Intergovernmental Affairs, Northern Affairs and Internal Trade

998:

2015 United Nations round of talks on a "new climate deal" hosted in Paris

808:

Alberta becomes first jurisdiction in North America to put price on carbon

7123: 6640: 6632: 5882: 5209:"Pierre Poilievre says one thing. 200 experts refute it. Who to believe?" 4412: 4384: 3673:"The Impact of a PanCanadian Carbon Pricing Levy on PBO's GDP Projection" 3240:"Canada's largest business group 'very much in favour of' carbon pricing" 1781: 1544:

a tonne tax came into effect. Natural gas prices would increase by about

1294:

In December 2020, the federal government released an updated plan with a

903: 899: 4316:"Alberta Extends Climate Change Rules, Including $ 15 Tonne Carbon Levy" 3811:"Canada releases plan for a 40 per cent cut in carbon emissions by 2030" 1834:

With the backing of both the Bloc and the NDP, the government survived.

859:

An unpopular revenue-neutral carbon tax was proposed in 2008 during the

7155: 6532: 5643: 5554: 4203: 3842:"Canada's energy minister defends carbon tax carve-out for heating oil" 3741:

Fiscal and Distributional Analysis of the Federal Carbon Pricing System

2598: 1599: 1595: 1433: 1369: 1365: 1325: 996:, compared pledges made by some 200 countries that participated in the 968: 843: 835: 702: 134: 81: 4605:"Ontario wants anti-carbon tax gas pump stickers displayed by Aug. 30" 3602: 3600: 3084:"Which countries are doing the most to stop dangerous global warming?" 6100: 5597: 3210:"Canada passed a carbon tax that will give most Canadians more money" 2375:. Financial Post, a division of Postmedia Network Inc. July 17, 2019. 2310:"Canada passed a carbon tax that will give most Canadians more money" 2269:"Backgrounder: Fuel Charge Rates in Listed Provinces and Territories" 1623: 1547: 1492: 1146: 525: 314: 5229: 3517:"Trudeau promises rebates from carbon tax in provinces without levy" 4482: 4480: 4221: 3815: 3597: 3244: 2209: 2202: 1280:. On March 25, 2021, the justices rejected their appeal, ruling in 1095:

The federal government plans to send an annual rebate ranging from

1027: 786: 172: 4435:"Bill Status Report for the 30th Legislature - 1st Session (2019)" 4087:

Prairie Resilience: A Made-in-Saskatchewan Climate Change Strategy

3639:"Estimated impacts of the Federal Carbon Pollution Pricing System" 3194:, in force since June 21, 2018 (page visited on October 26, 2018). 1590:(WCI), which was established in February 2007 by the governors of 1576:

Ontario Climate Change Mitigation and Low-Carbon Economy Act, 2016

1360:(WCI), which was established in February 2007 by the governors of 1203:) will be generated through the fuel charge; the balance, roughly 1115:

better off in 2019. The rebate benefit increases each year as the

6078: 5736: 4929:"Mining industry supports carbon price to address climate change" 4489:"The pan-Canadian framework on climate change: Ontario v. Ottawa" 2303: 2301: 1591: 1551:. "ow to middle-income households" would "receive compensation". 1508: 1361: 960: 781:

which attempted to "make the carbon tax the single issue" of the

4477: 3897:"Government of Canada's response to Saskatchewan court decision" 3450: 2906:"Trudeau announces carbon-pricing plan if Liberals win election" 2482:"Annual Summary of Specified Gas Emitters Regulation: 2007-2008" 1168:

Expected Rebates for A Single Canadian in Eligible Jurisdictions

41: 7331: 7091: 5530:

Economic Development Agency of Canada for the Regions of Quebec

4982:"The impossible love of fossil fuel companies for carbon taxes" 4884:"The thin green line — where disinformation meets greenwashing" 4666:"NDP says Ford carbon tax stickers break federal election laws" 4524:"Ontario government passes legislation to cancel cap-and-trade" 3254: 3120: 2772:"Here's what we know—and don't know—about Alberta's carbon tax" 2685:"Experience with Market-Based Environmental Policy Instruments" 2197:

was the largest source of greenhouse gases in Atlantic Canada.

1752:

implemented a carbon price that took effect in September 2019.

1603: 1440: 1422: 1373: 1267: 976: 828: 706: 4408:"Canada's carbon price is constitutional, Supreme Court rules" 2934:

Also known as Paris climate accord or Paris climate agreement.

2298: 1586:

In September 2017, the Wynne government of Ontario joined the

7005:

Cooperative Mechanisms under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement

6088: 4055:

Beaty, Ross; Lipsey, Richard; Elgie, Stewart (July 9, 2014).

3545:"Canada's carbon price is set to increase by $ 10 on April 1" 1447:

said that industries would absorb the tax, which would total

1356:

British Columbia was the first Canadian province to join the

1297: 972: 5545:

Financial Transactions and Reports Analysis Centre of Canada

5535:

Federal Economic Development Initiative for Northern Ontario

4838:"Is the carbon tax suffering from a failure to communicate?" 3920: 3918: 3003:"Paris climate accord marks shift toward low-carbon economy" 2694:. Washington, D.C.: Resources for the Future. Archived from 1682:

for corporations. The act became effective August 30, 2019.

1261: 5617: 4907:"An Open Letter from Economists on Canadian Carbon Pricing" 3164:"Pan-Canadian Framework on Clean Growth and Climate Change" 3034:"COP21: What does the Paris climate agreement mean for me?" 1860: 1775: 898:. The Commission was established with the participation of 748: 710: 5055:

Pierre Poilievre launches 'Axe the Tax' in Atlantic Canada

4901: 4899: 4897: 4347:"Many Albertans agree: A carbon tax was the best solution" 4118: 3233: 3231: 1856: 1290:

2020: Updated federal carbon price, reaching $ 170 in 2030

1054: 917: 713:

at the Canadian provincial, territorial or federal level.

7181:

Illustrative model of greenhouse effect on climate change

4875: 3915: 3735: 3733: 3731: 3729: 3056: 2619:"The good, the (mostly) bad, and the faint signs of hope" 2286:

Canada, Environment and Climate Change (August 5, 2021).

1009:

Pan-Canadian Framework on Clean Growth and Climate Change

5078:"Ottawa is still playing favourites with the carbon tax" 3424: 2946:"Final draft of climate deal formally accepted in Paris" 2867: 2865: 2863: 2861: 1893:

Technology Innovation and Emissions Reduction Regulation

1880:

Technology Innovation and Emissions Reduction Regulation

1662:

as part of its budget, which makes it mandatory for all

1658:

In April 2019, the provincial government introduced the

1313:

2023 targeted relief for low-income and rural households

5334:

National Round Table on the Environment and the Economy

4894: 3962:"B.C. joins Western Regional Climate Action Initiative" 3490:. City News via The Canadian Press. November 30, 2018. 3482: 3480: 3459:"The pan-Canadian framework: Setting a price on carbon" 3398: 3372: 3228: 2952:. Cable News Network, Turner Broadcasting System, Inc. 2944:

Sutter, John D.; Berlinger, Joshua (12 December 2015).

2554: 2467: (Supreme Court of Canada March 25, 2021), 5550:

Office of the Superintendent of Financial Institutions

4119:"Specified Gas Emitters Regulation, Alta Reg 139/2007" 4057:"The shocking truth about B.C.'s carbon tax: It works" 4024:

Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development

3726: 3225:, October 26, 2018 (page visited on October 26, 2018). 2765: 2763: 2761: 2759: 2757: 2755: 2753: 2751: 2749: 2408: 2406: 2404: 2031:

Quantification, Reporting and Verification Regulations

1389:

Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development

7320: 7022:

United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change

4801: 4799: 4253:"Go figure – a carbon tax crafted right here at home" 2858: 2826: 2794: 2646: 2644: 2189:

According to Robert Jones' CBC article, by 2016, the

1755: 1610:

to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. *April 24, 2007:

1524:

On 4 June 2019 a carbon tax repeal bill was enacted.

1387:

In 2013, Angel Gurría, then-Secretary-General of the

1195:

estimated that the federal government "will generate

949:

United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change

822: 5364:

Security and Prosperity Partnership of North America

4427: 4010: 3746:(Report). Ottawa, Canada. April 25, 2019. p. 30 3477: 1326:

Carbon price in individual provinces and territories

5173: 5132:

Fact Checking Pierre Poilievre's "Axe the Tax" Plan

5122: 5045: 3860: 3835: 3833: 3511: 3509: 3338: 3336: 3334: 3273: 2746: 2401: 812:In 2003, Alberta signaled its commitment to manage 4796: 3891: 3889: 2641: 2267:Canada, Department of Finance (October 23, 2018). 1999:Management of Greenhouse Gas Reporting Regulations 1301:per year increase in the carbon pricing, reaching 5070: 4771: 4769: 4767: 4765: 4763: 4019:"The climate challenge: Achieving zero emissions" 3956: 3954: 3952: 2379: 1283:Reference re Greenhouse Gas Pollution Pricing Act 1272:Reference re Greenhouse Gas Pollution Pricing Act 796:Reference re Greenhouse Gas Pollution Pricing Act 7380: 7222:Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) 5200: 5147: 5019: 4881: 4743:"Government of Northwest Territories Carbon Tax" 4054: 3830: 3696: 3506: 3331: 3129:"Compromised by weak target and dirty tar sands" 2343:"Graphic: The relentless rise of carbon dioxide" 2022:(Amendments to create the cap-and-trade program) 4856: 3886: 2943: 2504: 2502: 2500: 2498: 2463: 2461: 1899:Standard for validation, verification and audit 1888:Emissions Management and Climate Resilience Act 1678:per-day if they persist. The fines increase to 854: 5052:CTV Newsundefined (Director) (June 28, 2023). 4760: 4218:"Carbon tax proposal a non-starter in Alberta" 3949: 2716: 2077:Greenhouse Gas Emissions Performance Standards 5957:History of climate change policy and politics 5752: 5299:Comparison of Canadian and American economies 5245: 4973: 4247: 4245: 4243: 3204: 3202: 3200: 2389:(SC 2018, c 12, s 186). CANLII. June 21, 2018 1930:Reporting Industrial Greenhouse Gas Emissions 701:is implemented either as a regulatory fee or 679: 5129:Ryan Jesperson (Director) (March 28, 2024). 4882:Fawcett-Atkinson, Marc (February 21, 2023). 4092:(Report). Government of Saskatchewan. 2017. 3704:"Alberta, B.C. lead provinces in GDP growth" 3665: 3351:Senate Committee on Agriculture and Forestry 2563:"Liberals cast themselves in leader's light" 2495: 2458: 965:21st Conference of the Parties of the UNFCCC 889: 6074:Atlantic meridional overturning circulation 5690:Canadian Federation of Independent Business 2652:"Case of the Conservatives' carbon amnesia" 2510:"Quebec to collect nation's 1st carbon tax" 2349:. Climate Change: Vital Signs of the Planet 1172: 7303: 7291: 6748: 5759: 5745: 5252: 5238: 4240: 4079: 3685:, Ottawa, Canada, p. 12, May 22, 2018 3300: 3197: 3126: 3025: 2995: 2307: 1687:Minister of Environment and Climate Change 686: 672: 7043: 6849:Adaptation strategies on the German coast 5982:United Nations Climate Change conferences 5505:Canada Development Investment Corporation 5179: 5096: 3537: 3353:(Report). December 21, 2018. p. 77. 2873:"Ecofiscal Commission Annual Report 2017" 2834:"Ecofiscal Commission Annual Report 2016" 2802:"Ecofiscal Commission Annual Report 2015" 2676: 2441:"The big election winner? The carbon tax" 1760:Most aspects of the federal government's 1262:2018: Constitutional challenges of GHGPPA 1191:In their April 25, 2019 report, Canada's 6553:Co-benefits of climate change mitigation 4921: 3924: 3156: 3127:Goldenberg, Suzanne (October 16, 2015). 2986: 2903: 1776:Carbon tax and the 2019 federal election 1743: 1649: 1633: 1394:According to a November 2015 article in 1232: 1163: 1156:Carbon pricing in Canada is forecast by 930: 6909:National Adaptation Programme of Action 6698:Land use, land-use change, and forestry 5565:Western Economic Diversification Canada 5515:Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation 4953: 4486: 4405: 4344: 4296:from the original on September 20, 2016 4140:"Alberta's carbon-tax windfall dilemma" 3839: 3631: 3616:. October 23, 2018. 44:04 minutes in. 3456: 2782:from the original on September 23, 2018 2682: 2064:Emissions Performance Standards program 2050:Emissions Performance Standards program 1857:Acts and Regulations for carbon pricing 1750:Government of the Northwest Territories 1111:in costs, the GHGPPA should leave them 1055:2018: Canadian government enacts GHGPPA 918:2015: Trudeau pledges to act if elected 16:Carbon price on GHG emissions in Canada 7381: 6558:Economics of climate change mitigation 6521:Gold Standard (carbon offset standard) 6034: 5862:Scientific consensus on climate change 5613:Federal financing for small businesses 5206: 5153: 5025: 4862: 4818:from the original on November 29, 2018 4176:from the original on September 2, 2013 4150:from the original on September 4, 2015 4067:from the original on December 11, 2015 4016: 3808: 3319:from the original on December 17, 2018 3288:from the original on December 17, 2018 3279: 3261:from the original on December 17, 2018 3237: 2916:from the original on November 12, 2018 2734:from the original on September 4, 2018 2591: 2560: 2412: 2334: 2322:from the original on November 29, 2018 2285: 2266: 2243:"Carbon Tax and Rebate in Canada 2024" 1149:, and Ontario Minister of Environment 7217:Coupled Model Intercomparison Project 7042: 6747: 6483: 6033: 5945: 5826: 5778: 5740: 5721:Canadian Index of Consumer Confidence 5354:Public-private partnerships in Canada 5259: 5233: 4805: 4775: 4663: 4659: 4657: 4630: 4628: 4626: 4573: 4571: 4377: 4345:Simpson, Jeffery (January 22, 2010). 4326:from the original on December 8, 2015 4283: 3998:from the original on February 4, 2012 3788:Environment and Climate Change Canada 3306: 3044:from the original on 14 December 2015 3013:from the original on 13 December 2015 3009:. Toronto, Canada. 14 December 2015. 2956:from the original on 12 December 2015 2769: 2724:"About Canada's Ecofiscal Commission" 2573:from the original on October 13, 2012 2340: 2308:Nuccitelli, Dana (October 26, 2018). 2240: 2045:Report greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions 1629: 1049:Environment and Climate Change Canada 7239:Representative Concentration Pathway 6180:Tipping points in the climate system 5856:Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere 5500:Canada Deposit Insurance Corporation 5490:Atlantic Canada Opportunities Agency 5154:Tasker, John Paul (March 21, 2024). 5026:Taylor, Stephanie (March 26, 2024). 4979: 4954:Orlando, Cathy (September 2, 2024). 4784:from the original on January 1, 2019 4495:from the original on January 1, 2019 4170:"The Tax Favored By Most Economists" 4099:from the original on January 1, 2019 4032:from the original on January 1, 2019 3937:from the original on August 25, 2018 3809:Tasker, John Paul (March 29, 2022). 3494:from the original on January 1, 2019 3465:from the original on January 1, 2019 3438:from the original on January 1, 2019 3412:from the original on January 1, 2019 3386:from the original on January 1, 2019 3360:from the original on January 1, 2019 3192:Greenhouse Gas Pollution Pricing Act 3141:from the original on January 1, 2019 3096:from the original on January 1, 2019 3031: 2937: 2904:McCarthy, Shawn (February 6, 2015). 2885:from the original on January 1, 2019 2846:from the original on January 1, 2019 2814:from the original on January 1, 2019 2683:Stavins, Robert N. (November 2001). 2616: 2438: 2387:Greenhouse Gas Pollution Pricing Act 1799: 1734:Canadian Civil Liberties Association 1286:that the GHGPPA was constitutional. 1065:Greenhouse Gas Pollution Pricing Act 1011:"—"lean heavily on carbon pricing". 738:Greenhouse Gas Pollution Pricing Act 7010:Nationally determined contributions 6720:Individual action on climate change 5925:World energy supply and consumption 5540:Financial Consumer Agency of Canada 4776:Leach, Andrew (December 23, 2018). 4747:Government of Northwest Territories 4359:from the original on April 22, 2010 3972:from the original on April 25, 2017 3925:Halstead, Ted (November 16, 2015). 3840:Scherer, Steve (November 6, 2023). 3575: 2770:Tombe, Trevor (November 23, 2015). 2520:from the original on April 14, 2018 2241:Urban, Rylan (September 24, 2020). 2012:Nova Scotia's Cap-and-Trade Program 1660:Federal Carbon Tax Transparency Act 1644:Federal Carbon Tax Transparency Act 1618:In October 2018, the newly-elected 1338: 1107:in annual rebates. Compared to the 953:greenhouse-gas-emissions mitigation 715:Provinces and territories of Canada 13: 7149:Fixed anvil temperature hypothesis 5766: 4806:Jones, Robert (October 30, 2018). 4654: 4623: 4568: 4406:Gilmore, Rachel (March 25, 2021). 4378:Abedi, Maham (February 25, 2020). 3559:"Have you calculated your rebate?" 3307:Chung, Emily (December 17, 2018). 2664:from the original on June 18, 2018 2629:from the original on March 8, 2009 2361: 1756:Output Based Pricing System (OBPS) 823:Quebec implements first carbon tax 755:(JPL), the air today contains 400 600:Renewable energy commercialization 14: 7435: 7076:Satellite temperature measurement 6681:forestry for carbon sequestration 5962:History of climate change science 5180:Graveland, Bill (April 1, 2024). 4664:Walsh, Marieke (April 18, 2019). 4284:Wells, Victoria (June 25, 2015). 4228:from the original on June 9, 2008 4017:Gurría, Angel (October 9, 2013). 3280:Rabson, Mia (December 17, 2018). 3238:Rabson, Mia (December 13, 2018). 3032:Mark, Kinver (14 December 2015). 2992:Article 3, Paris Agreement (2015) 2617:Reid, Scott (December 26, 2009). 2592:Bilton, Chris (January 7, 2009). 2561:Bryden, Joan (October 20, 2008). 2546:. January 9, 2009. Archived from 2026:Cap-and-Trade Program Regulations 1819:, who has been the leader of the 1738:Ontario Superior Court of Justice 1696:". The Act was criticized by the 1353:introduced a carbon tax in 2008. 1124:is made into their bank account. 7366: 7354: 7342: 7330: 7302: 7290: 7279: 7278: 7266: 6927:Climate Change Performance Index 6306:Destruction of cultural heritage 5726:International rankings of Canada 5467:Social Union Framework Agreement 5344:Provinces and territories by GDP 5207:Arthur, Bruce (March 28, 2024). 4933:The Mining Association of Canada 4863:Baxter, David (March 13, 2024). 2220:, was the second largest source. 1994:Management of Greenhouse Gas Act 799:that GHGPPA was constitutional. 40: 7066:Instrumental temperature record 7017:Sustainable Development Goal 13 4947: 4830: 4735: 4709: 4683: 4611:. Canadian Press. June 11, 2019 4597: 4542: 4516: 4507: 4487:Goodwin, Gary (July 20, 2018). 4455: 4442:Legislative Assembly of Alberta 4399: 4371: 4338: 4308: 4277: 4261:. March 9, 2007. Archived from 4210: 4162: 4132: 4111: 4048: 3984: 3802: 3776: 3758: 3608:"Pollution and your pocketbook" 3569: 3551: 3185: 2968: 2928: 2897: 2610: 2585: 2532: 2439:Bakx, Kyle (October 22, 2019). 2183: 1674:for their first violation, and 1564:An Act to Repeal the Carbon Tax 1482: 1317:In October 2023 Prime Minister 729:equivalent, set to increase to 7134:Climate variability and change 6484: 6165:Retreat of glaciers since 1850 5685:Canada Development Corporation 5304:Economic impact of immigration 4998:10.1016/j.ecolecon.2023.108045 3457:Goodwin, Gary (July 6, 2018). 2432: 2413:Ivison, John (June 18, 2018). 2279: 2260: 2234: 2105:Climate Leadership Regulations 1790:2019 federal election campaign 1718:then-upcoming federal election 1351:Government of British Columbia 783:2019 federal election campaign 1: 7244:Shared Socioeconomic Pathways 6779:Climate emergency declaration 4980:Naef, Alain (March 1, 2024). 3382:. Bill C-74. March 27, 2018. 2728:Canada's Ecofiscal Commission 2227: 1912:British Columbia's Carbon Tax 1666:(excluding those situated on 1479:-based thermal energy plant. 1177:A May 22, 2018 report by the 1021:According to a report by the 947:) is an agreement within the 896:Canada's Ecofiscal Commission 377:Socially responsible business 153:Bright green environmentalism 7227:IPCC Sixth Assessment Report 6453:Middle East and North Africa 5779: 5700:Canadian Payroll Association 5608:Federal Contractors' Program 3681:Parliamentary Budget Officer 3576:Nay, Isaac (July 14, 2022). 3434:. Bill C-74. June 21, 2018. 2199:Belledune Generating Station 2059:Environmental Protection Act 1821:Conservative Party of Canada 1578:passed by the government of 1467:and electricity distributor 1226:Parliamentary Budget Officer 1193:Parliamentary Budget Officer 1179:Parliamentary Budget Officer 1092:per tonne as of April 2021. 1023:Canadian Chamber of Commerce 855:2008: Dion election proposal 779:Conservative Party of Canada 628:Environmental pricing reform 7: 7409:Environmental law in Canada 6301:Depopulation of settlements 5946: 5289:Agreement on Internal Trade 3408:. Bill C-74. May 28, 2018. 2540:"Exxon supports carbon tax" 2162:Legislation and Regulations 1844: 1762:Output Based Pricing System 1345:British Columbia carbon tax 1228:(OFC). April 25, 2019. p.3. 382:Social return on investment 10: 7440: 7061:Global surface temperature 6952:Popular culture depictions 6864:Ecosystem-based adaptation 6594:Carbon capture and storage 6516:Carbon offsets and credits 5827: 5695:Credit Institute of Canada 5510:Canada Infrastructure Bank 5135:. Event occurs at 1:34:21 4513:July 20, 2018 Gary Goodwin 4444:, p. 2, June 20, 2019 3215:November 29, 2018, at the 3169:London School of Economics 2341:Callery, Susan, ed. (nd). 1981:Newfoundland and Labrador 1588:Western Climate Initiative 1569: 1502: 1418:Western Climate Initiative 1411: 1358:Western Climate Initiative 1342: 1265: 802: 367:Pollution haven hypothesis 362:Natural resource economics 347:High-performance buildings 7273:Climate change portal 7260: 7199: 7166:Extreme event attribution 7084: 7053: 7049: 7038: 6982: 6917: 6839: 6789:School Strike for Climate 6761: 6757: 6743: 6712: 6668:Climate-smart agriculture 6629: 6586: 6496: 6492: 6479: 6403: 6256: 6203: 6046: 6042: 6029: 5952: 5941: 5870: 5839: 5835: 5822: 5805:Climate change adaptation 5800:Climate change mitigation 5795:Effects of climate change 5785: 5774: 5713: 5677: 5636: 5573: 5480: 5449: 5436:List of tariffs in Canada 5423: 5377: 5324:Interprovincial migration 5279: 5267: 3107:Carbon dioxide equivalent 2195:Saint John, New Brunswick 1870:Act and regulation links 1622:government under premier 1535:a tonne in 2017, rose to 1407: 1075:in 2019 and increases by 890:2014 Ecofiscal Commission 861:Canadian federal election 753:Jet Propulsion Laboratory 130:Climate change mitigation 7389:Carbon pricing in Canada 7176:Global warming potential 6983:International agreements 6630:Preserving and enhancing 6064:Arctic methane emissions 5986:Years in climate change 5893:Greenhouse gas emissions 5790:Causes of climate change 5705:Canadian Labour Congress 2176: 1943:How carbon pricing works 1851:Climate change in Canada 1620:Progressive Conservative 1430:emissions trading scheme 1173:Forecast economic impact 1127:In her October 23, 2018 1035:, from the Ottawa-based 814:greenhouse gas emissions 699:Carbon pricing in Canada 570:Environmental technology 213:Ecological modernization 168:Corporate sustainability 7424:Energy policy of Canada 7207:Climate change scenario 6859:Disaster risk reduction 6511:Carbon emission trading 6321:U.S. insurance industry 6291:Civilizational collapse 6138:sea surface temperature 5058:. Event occurs at 2:14 3525:. October 23, 2018. CBC 2594:"Green shifting right?" 2154:Climate Change Strategy 2126:Environment Quality Act 1710:Chief Electoral Officer 1708:issued a letter to the 1489:Premier of Saskatchewan 1278:Supreme Court of Canada 1145:, Saskatchewan Premier 951:(UNFCCC), dealing with 791:Supreme Court of Canada 643:Green industrial policy 357:Marginal abatement cost 280:Fiscal environmentalism 97:Personal carbon trading 67:Carbon fee and dividend 62:Carbon emission trading 34:Environmental economics 7337:Business and economics 7200:Research and modelling 6884:Nature-based solutions 6704:Nature-based solutions 6646:Carbon dioxide removal 6563:Fossil fuel divestment 6548:Climate risk insurance 6458:Small island countries 6069:Arctic sea ice decline 5669:Toronto Stock Exchange 5623:National Child Benefit 5462:Minimum wage in Canada 5431:Canadian import duties 5405:Science and technology 3284:. The Canadian Press. 2692:Discussion Paper 01-58 2100:Climate Leadership Act 1722:Green Party of Ontario 1655: 1647: 1239: 1231: 1169: 994:Climate Action Tracker 944: 834:On December 11, 2008, 580:Fossil fuel divestment 7161:Earth's energy budget 7044:Background and theory 6932:Climate crisis (term) 6604:Fossil fuel phase-out 6498:Economics and finance 6463:by individual country 6405:By country and region 6380:Security and conflict 6375:Psychological impacts 6054:Abrupt climate change 5977:Charles David Keeling 5810:By country and region 5603:Equalization payments 5525:Department of Finance 5314:Free trade agreements 4206:on November 15, 2012. 3966:Office of the Premier 2489:Government of Alberta 2087:Prince Edward Island 1925:Carbon Tax Regulation 1744:Northwest Territories 1653: 1637: 1459:for diesel fuel, and 1455:a year for gasoline, 1432:with the US state of 1384:proposed by the WCI. 1236: 1217: 1167: 1037:Environment Institute 931:2016: Paris Agreement 867:, then leader of the 848:cap-and-trade program 638:Free public transport 585:Fossil fuel phase-out 107:Social cost of carbon 6990:Glasgow Climate Pact 6651:Carbon sequestration 6216:Mass mortality event 4986:Ecological Economics 4063:. Toronto, Ontario. 3992:"Vancouver Sun 2011" 3901:Government of Canada 3613:Power & Politics 3522:Power & Politics 3082:(October 16, 2015). 2982:. December 12, 2015. 2550:on January 22, 2009. 1808:Ecological Economics 1714:Canada Elections Act 1130:Power & Politics 1061:Parliament of Canada 1041:University of Ottawa 992:in partnership with 986:A special report by 633:Environmental tariff 258:full-cost accounting 223:Efficient energy use 208:Ecological footprint 203:Ecological economics 7394:Emissions reduction 7129:Climate sensitivity 6904:The Adaptation Fund 6360:Infectious diseases 6257:Social and economic 5588:Canada Savings Bond 5560:Royal Canadian Mint 5457:Canadian labour law 5188:. Cochrane, Alberta 5108:The Abbotsford News 4723:. September 4, 2020 4556:. November 30, 2018 4224:. January 8, 2008. 3933:. Washington, D.C. 2544:Calgary Herald News 2191:Irving Oil Refinery 1838:of $ 15-per-tonne. 1477:Sorel-Tracy, Quebec 1425:participates in an 1071:by 2022, begins at 846:is preferable to a 565:Carbon-neutral fuel 228:Energy conservation 7419:Low-carbon economy 7399:Taxation in Canada 6700:(LULUCF and AFOLU) 6672:Forest management 6656:Direct air capture 6621:Sustainable energy 6578:Net zero emissions 6573:Low-carbon economy 6568:Green Climate Fund 6355:Indigenous peoples 6248:Plant biodiversity 6036:Effects and issues 5441:Taxation in Canada 5082:The Globe and Mail 4530:. October 31, 2018 4352:The Globe and Mail 4258:The Calgary Herald 4144:The Globe and Mail 4061:The Globe and Mail 3968:. April 24, 2007. 3708:The Globe and Mail 3643:Environment Canada 3249:The Canadian Press 3173:. December 9, 2016 2910:The Globe and Mail 2657:The Globe and Mail 2623:The Globe and Mail 1973:Climate Change Act 1680:$ 5,000 and 10,000 1656: 1648: 1630:Gas station decals 1246:in New Brunswick, 1240: 1185:, or 0.1% of GDP. 1170: 1158:Environment Canada 922:In February 2015, 605:Sustainable energy 590:Low-carbon economy 429:consumer behaviour 7404:Environmental tax 7318: 7317: 7256: 7255: 7252: 7251: 7191:Radiative forcing 7034: 7033: 7030: 7029: 6854:Adaptive capacity 6739: 6738: 6735: 6734: 6599:Energy transition 6475: 6474: 6471: 6470: 6185:Tropical cyclones 6111:Urban heat island 6025: 6024: 5937: 5936: 5933: 5932: 5898:Carbon accounting 5852:Greenhouse effect 5818: 5817: 5734: 5733: 5649:Montreal Exchange 5583:Transfer payments 5294:Banking in Canada 5261:Economy of Canada 4888:National Observer 4200:tyeesolutions.org 4146:. April 9, 2013. 3848:. Ottawa, Ontario 3652:978-0-660-26230-7 3563:Fair Path Forward 3547:. March 27, 2021. 3208:Dana Nuccitelli, 3113:e emissions (MtCO 3066:; Will Franklin; 2207:Crown corporation 2174: 2173: 2118:The Carbon Market 1907:British Columbia 1800:Carbon tax debate 1792:. He argued that 1690:Catherine McKenna 1414:Quebec carbon tax 1258:in Saskatchewan. 884:emissions trading 696: 695: 560:Carbon neutrality 549:2000-watt society 543:Energy transition 454:development goals 372:Social accounting 92:Environmental tax 87:Emissions trading 7431: 7371: 7370: 7359: 7358: 7357: 7347: 7346: 7335: 7334: 7326: 7306: 7305: 7294: 7293: 7282: 7281: 7271: 7270: 7269: 7234:Paleoclimatology 7051: 7050: 7040: 7039: 6801:Ecological grief 6784:Climate movement 6759: 6758: 6745: 6744: 6725:Plant-based diet 6616:Renewable energy 6494: 6493: 6481: 6480: 6316:Economic impacts 6238:Invasive species 6094:Coastal flooding 6044: 6043: 6031: 6030: 5967:Svante Arrhenius 5943: 5942: 5913:from agriculture 5903:Carbon footprint 5888:Greenhouse gases 5837: 5836: 5824: 5823: 5776: 5775: 5761: 5754: 5747: 5738: 5737: 5254: 5247: 5240: 5231: 5230: 5224: 5223: 5221: 5219: 5204: 5198: 5197: 5195: 5193: 5177: 5171: 5170: 5168: 5166: 5151: 5145: 5144: 5142: 5140: 5126: 5120: 5119: 5117: 5115: 5100: 5094: 5093: 5091: 5089: 5074: 5068: 5067: 5065: 5063: 5049: 5043: 5042: 5040: 5038: 5023: 5017: 5016: 5014: 5012: 4977: 4971: 4970: 4968: 4966: 4960:The Sudbury Star 4951: 4945: 4944: 4942: 4940: 4925: 4919: 4918: 4916: 4914: 4909:. March 26, 2024 4903: 4892: 4891: 4879: 4873: 4872: 4860: 4854: 4853: 4851: 4849: 4844:. March 14, 2024 4834: 4828: 4827: 4825: 4823: 4803: 4794: 4793: 4791: 4789: 4773: 4758: 4757: 4755: 4753: 4739: 4733: 4732: 4730: 4728: 4713: 4707: 4706: 4704: 4702: 4687: 4681: 4680: 4678: 4676: 4661: 4652: 4651: 4649: 4647: 4642:. April 12, 2019 4640:CTV News Toronto 4632: 4621: 4620: 4618: 4616: 4601: 4595: 4594: 4592: 4590: 4585:. April 12, 2019 4575: 4566: 4565: 4563: 4561: 4546: 4540: 4539: 4537: 4535: 4520: 4514: 4511: 4505: 4504: 4502: 4500: 4484: 4475: 4474: 4472: 4470: 4459: 4453: 4452: 4451: 4449: 4439: 4431: 4425: 4424: 4422: 4420: 4403: 4397: 4396: 4394: 4392: 4375: 4369: 4368: 4366: 4364: 4342: 4336: 4335: 4333: 4331: 4320:Huffpost Alberta 4312: 4306: 4305: 4303: 4301: 4281: 4275: 4274: 4272: 4270: 4249: 4238: 4237: 4235: 4233: 4214: 4208: 4207: 4202:. Archived from 4192: 4186: 4185: 4183: 4181: 4166: 4160: 4159: 4157: 4155: 4136: 4130: 4129: 4127: 4125: 4115: 4109: 4108: 4106: 4104: 4098: 4091: 4083: 4077: 4076: 4074: 4072: 4052: 4046: 4045: 4039: 4037: 4014: 4008: 4007: 4005: 4003: 3988: 3982: 3981: 3979: 3977: 3958: 3947: 3946: 3944: 3942: 3922: 3913: 3912: 3910: 3908: 3893: 3884: 3883: 3881: 3879: 3874:. March 31, 2019 3864: 3858: 3857: 3855: 3853: 3837: 3828: 3827: 3825: 3823: 3806: 3800: 3799: 3797: 3795: 3790:. August 5, 2021 3780: 3774: 3773: 3762: 3756: 3755: 3753: 3751: 3745: 3737: 3724: 3723: 3717: 3715: 3700: 3694: 3693: 3692: 3690: 3677: 3669: 3663: 3662: 3661: 3659: 3635: 3629: 3628: 3626: 3624: 3618:CBC News Network 3604: 3595: 3594: 3592: 3590: 3573: 3567: 3566: 3555: 3549: 3548: 3541: 3535: 3534: 3532: 3530: 3513: 3504: 3503: 3501: 3499: 3484: 3475: 3474: 3472: 3470: 3454: 3448: 3447: 3445: 3443: 3428: 3422: 3421: 3419: 3417: 3406:"Second Reading" 3402: 3396: 3395: 3393: 3391: 3376: 3370: 3369: 3367: 3365: 3359: 3348: 3340: 3329: 3328: 3326: 3324: 3304: 3298: 3297: 3295: 3293: 3277: 3271: 3270: 3268: 3266: 3235: 3226: 3206: 3195: 3189: 3183: 3182: 3180: 3178: 3160: 3154: 3153: 3148: 3146: 3124: 3118: 3105: 3103: 3101: 3060: 3054: 3053: 3051: 3049: 3029: 3023: 3022: 3020: 3018: 2999: 2993: 2990: 2984: 2983: 2972: 2966: 2965: 2963: 2961: 2941: 2935: 2932: 2926: 2925: 2923: 2921: 2901: 2895: 2894: 2892: 2890: 2884: 2877: 2869: 2856: 2855: 2853: 2851: 2845: 2838: 2830: 2824: 2823: 2821: 2819: 2813: 2806: 2798: 2792: 2791: 2789: 2787: 2767: 2744: 2743: 2741: 2739: 2720: 2714: 2713: 2708: 2706: 2700: 2689: 2680: 2674: 2673: 2671: 2669: 2648: 2639: 2638: 2636: 2634: 2614: 2608: 2607: 2602:. Archived from 2589: 2583: 2582: 2580: 2578: 2558: 2552: 2551: 2536: 2530: 2529: 2527: 2525: 2516:. June 7, 2007. 2506: 2493: 2492: 2486: 2478: 2472: 2465: 2456: 2455: 2453: 2451: 2436: 2430: 2429: 2427: 2425: 2410: 2399: 2398: 2396: 2394: 2383: 2377: 2376: 2365: 2359: 2358: 2356: 2354: 2338: 2332: 2331: 2329: 2327: 2305: 2296: 2295: 2283: 2277: 2276: 2264: 2258: 2257: 2255: 2253: 2238: 2221: 2187: 1861: 1817:Pierre Poilievre 1681: 1677: 1673: 1612:British Columbia 1550: 1543: 1538: 1534: 1474: 1466: 1462: 1458: 1454: 1450: 1339:British Columbia 1308: 1304: 1300: 1257: 1254:in Manitoba and 1253: 1249: 1245: 1229: 1214: 1213:CA$ 5.77 billion 1210: 1209:CA$ 6.20 billion 1206: 1202: 1201:CA$ 2.43 billion 1198: 1197:CA$ 2.63 billion 1184: 1114: 1110: 1106: 1102: 1098: 1091: 1087: 1083: 1078: 1074: 880:greenhouse gases 732: 724: 688: 681: 674: 554:Alternative fuel 444:design standards 352:Impact investing 158:Circular economy 125:Carbon footprint 44: 21: 20: 7439: 7438: 7434: 7433: 7432: 7430: 7429: 7428: 7379: 7378: 7377: 7365: 7355: 7353: 7341: 7329: 7321: 7319: 7314: 7267: 7265: 7248: 7195: 7186:Orbital forcing 7080: 7045: 7026: 7000:Paris Agreement 6978: 6974:Warming stripes 6913: 6879:Managed retreat 6874:Loss and damage 6835: 6769:Business action 6753: 6731: 6708: 6631: 6625: 6582: 6543:Climate finance 6488: 6467: 6399: 6252: 6228:Extinction risk 6204:Flora and fauna 6199: 6160:Permafrost thaw 6155:Ozone depletion 6084:Extreme weather 6038: 6021: 5948: 5929: 5866: 5831: 5814: 5781: 5770: 5765: 5735: 5730: 5709: 5673: 5632: 5628:National Policy 5575: 5569: 5520:CPP Investments 5482: 5476: 5445: 5419: 5373: 5369:Social programs 5319:Great Recession 5281: 5275: 5272:Canadian dollar 5263: 5258: 5228: 5227: 5217: 5215: 5205: 5201: 5191: 5189: 5178: 5174: 5164: 5162: 5152: 5148: 5138: 5136: 5128: 5127: 5123: 5113: 5111: 5110:. July 12, 2023 5102: 5101: 5097: 5087: 5085: 5076: 5075: 5071: 5061: 5059: 5051: 5050: 5046: 5036: 5034: 5024: 5020: 5010: 5008: 4978: 4974: 4964: 4962: 4952: 4948: 4938: 4936: 4935:. March 4, 2020 4927: 4926: 4922: 4912: 4910: 4905: 4904: 4895: 4880: 4876: 4861: 4857: 4847: 4845: 4836: 4835: 4831: 4821: 4819: 4804: 4797: 4787: 4785: 4774: 4761: 4751: 4749: 4741: 4740: 4736: 4726: 4724: 4715: 4714: 4710: 4700: 4698: 4689: 4688: 4684: 4674: 4672: 4662: 4655: 4645: 4643: 4634: 4633: 4624: 4614: 4612: 4603: 4602: 4598: 4588: 4586: 4577: 4576: 4569: 4559: 4557: 4548: 4547: 4543: 4533: 4531: 4522: 4521: 4517: 4512: 4508: 4498: 4496: 4485: 4478: 4468: 4466: 4461: 4460: 4456: 4447: 4445: 4437: 4433: 4432: 4428: 4418: 4416: 4404: 4400: 4390: 4388: 4376: 4372: 4362: 4360: 4343: 4339: 4329: 4327: 4314: 4313: 4309: 4299: 4297: 4282: 4278: 4268: 4266: 4265:on May 11, 2011 4251: 4250: 4241: 4231: 4229: 4216: 4215: 4211: 4194: 4193: 4189: 4179: 4177: 4168: 4167: 4163: 4153: 4151: 4138: 4137: 4133: 4123: 4121: 4117: 4116: 4112: 4102: 4100: 4096: 4089: 4085: 4084: 4080: 4070: 4068: 4053: 4049: 4035: 4033: 4015: 4011: 4001: 3999: 3990: 3989: 3985: 3975: 3973: 3960: 3959: 3950: 3940: 3938: 3923: 3916: 3906: 3904: 3895: 3894: 3887: 3877: 3875: 3866: 3865: 3861: 3851: 3849: 3838: 3831: 3821: 3819: 3807: 3803: 3793: 3791: 3782: 3781: 3777: 3764: 3763: 3759: 3749: 3747: 3743: 3739: 3738: 3727: 3713: 3711: 3702: 3701: 3697: 3688: 3686: 3675: 3671: 3670: 3666: 3657: 3655: 3653: 3637: 3636: 3632: 3622: 3620: 3606: 3605: 3598: 3588: 3586: 3574: 3570: 3557: 3556: 3552: 3543: 3542: 3538: 3528: 3526: 3515: 3514: 3507: 3497: 3495: 3486: 3485: 3478: 3468: 3466: 3455: 3451: 3441: 3439: 3432:"Third Reading" 3430: 3429: 3425: 3415: 3413: 3404: 3403: 3399: 3389: 3387: 3380:"First Reading" 3378: 3377: 3373: 3363: 3361: 3357: 3346: 3342: 3341: 3332: 3322: 3320: 3305: 3301: 3291: 3289: 3278: 3274: 3264: 3262: 3236: 3229: 3217:Wayback Machine 3207: 3198: 3190: 3186: 3176: 3174: 3162: 3161: 3157: 3144: 3142: 3125: 3121: 3116: 3112: 3099: 3097: 3061: 3057: 3047: 3045: 3030: 3026: 3016: 3014: 3001: 3000: 2996: 2991: 2987: 2974: 2973: 2969: 2959: 2957: 2942: 2938: 2933: 2929: 2919: 2917: 2902: 2898: 2888: 2886: 2882: 2875: 2871: 2870: 2859: 2849: 2847: 2843: 2836: 2832: 2831: 2827: 2817: 2815: 2811: 2804: 2800: 2799: 2795: 2785: 2783: 2768: 2747: 2737: 2735: 2722: 2721: 2717: 2704: 2702: 2698: 2687: 2681: 2677: 2667: 2665: 2650: 2649: 2642: 2632: 2630: 2615: 2611: 2606:on May 1, 2011. 2590: 2586: 2576: 2574: 2559: 2555: 2538: 2537: 2533: 2523: 2521: 2508: 2507: 2496: 2484: 2480: 2479: 2475: 2466: 2459: 2449: 2447: 2437: 2433: 2423: 2421: 2411: 2402: 2392: 2390: 2385: 2384: 2380: 2372: 2367: 2366: 2362: 2352: 2350: 2339: 2335: 2325: 2323: 2306: 2299: 2284: 2280: 2265: 2261: 2251: 2249: 2239: 2235: 2230: 2225: 2224: 2188: 2184: 2179: 2134:Cap & Trade 2020:Environment Act 1859: 1847: 1802: 1778: 1758: 1746: 1679: 1675: 1671: 1668:Indian reserves 1632: 1572: 1545: 1541: 1536: 1532: 1515: 1505: 1485: 1473:CA$ 4.5 million 1472: 1464: 1460: 1456: 1452: 1449:CA$ 200 million 1448: 1420: 1412:Main articles: 1410: 1402:economic growth 1347: 1341: 1328: 1315: 1306: 1302: 1295: 1292: 1274: 1266:Main articles: 1264: 1255: 1251: 1247: 1243: 1230: 1223: 1212: 1208: 1205:CA$ 197 million 1204: 1200: 1196: 1182: 1175: 1139:Dominic LeBlanc 1112: 1108: 1104: 1100: 1096: 1089: 1088:in 2020 and to 1085: 1081: 1076: 1072: 1070: 1057: 945:Accord de Paris 937:Paris Agreement 933: 920: 908:Preston Manning 892: 857: 825: 810: 805: 769: 764: 747:. According to 745:Paris Agreement 730: 728: 725:per tonne of CO 719: 692: 663: 662: 618: 610: 609: 544: 536: 535: 521:Thermoeconomics 275:Ethical banking 163:Climate finance 148: 140: 139: 120: 112: 111: 52: 17: 12: 11: 5: 7437: 7427: 7426: 7421: 7416: 7414:Carbon finance 7411: 7406: 7401: 7396: 7391: 7376: 7375: 7363: 7351: 7349:Global warming 7339: 7316: 7315: 7313: 7312: 7300: 7288: 7276: 7261: 7258: 7257: 7254: 7253: 7250: 7249: 7247: 7246: 7241: 7236: 7231: 7230: 7229: 7219: 7214: 7209: 7203: 7201: 7197: 7196: 7194: 7193: 7188: 7183: 7178: 7173: 7168: 7163: 7158: 7153: 7152: 7151: 7141: 7139:Cloud feedback 7136: 7131: 7126: 7121: 7120: 7119: 7114: 7109: 7104: 7094: 7088: 7086: 7082: 7081: 7079: 7078: 7073: 7068: 7063: 7057: 7055: 7047: 7046: 7036: 7035: 7032: 7031: 7028: 7027: 7025: 7024: 7019: 7014: 7013: 7012: 7007: 6997: 6995:Kyoto Protocol 6992: 6986: 6984: 6980: 6979: 6977: 6976: 6971: 6970: 6969: 6964: 6959: 6949: 6947:Media coverage 6944: 6939: 6937:Climate spiral 6934: 6929: 6923: 6921: 6915: 6914: 6912: 6911: 6906: 6901: 6896: 6891: 6886: 6881: 6876: 6871: 6866: 6861: 6856: 6851: 6845: 6843: 6837: 6836: 6834: 6833: 6828: 6826:Public opinion 6823: 6818: 6813: 6808: 6803: 6798: 6793: 6792: 6791: 6781: 6776: 6774:Climate action 6771: 6765: 6763: 6755: 6754: 6741: 6740: 6737: 6736: 6733: 6732: 6730: 6729: 6728: 6727: 6716: 6714: 6710: 6709: 6707: 6706: 6701: 6695: 6694: 6693: 6688: 6686:REDD and REDD+ 6683: 6678: 6670: 6665: 6663:Carbon farming 6660: 6659: 6658: 6653: 6643: 6637: 6635: 6627: 6626: 6624: 6623: 6618: 6613: 6608: 6607: 6606: 6596: 6590: 6588: 6584: 6583: 6581: 6580: 6575: 6570: 6565: 6560: 6555: 6550: 6545: 6540: 6535: 6530: 6525: 6524: 6523: 6513: 6508: 6502: 6500: 6490: 6489: 6477: 6476: 6473: 6472: 6469: 6468: 6466: 6465: 6460: 6455: 6450: 6445: 6440: 6435: 6430: 6425: 6420: 6415: 6409: 6407: 6401: 6400: 6398: 6397: 6395:Water security 6392: 6390:Water scarcity 6387: 6385:Urban flooding 6382: 6377: 6372: 6367: 6362: 6357: 6352: 6347: 6346: 6345: 6335: 6330: 6325: 6324: 6323: 6313: 6308: 6303: 6298: 6293: 6288: 6283: 6278: 6277: 6276: 6271: 6260: 6258: 6254: 6253: 6251: 6250: 6245: 6240: 6235: 6233:Forest dieback 6230: 6225: 6220: 6219: 6218: 6207: 6205: 6201: 6200: 6198: 6197: 6192: 6187: 6182: 6177: 6172: 6170:Sea level rise 6167: 6162: 6157: 6152: 6151: 6150: 6145: 6143:stratification 6140: 6135: 6130: 6125: 6115: 6114: 6113: 6108: 6098: 6097: 6096: 6086: 6081: 6076: 6071: 6066: 6061: 6056: 6050: 6048: 6040: 6039: 6027: 6026: 6023: 6022: 6020: 6019: 6018: 6017: 6012: 6007: 6002: 5997: 5992: 5984: 5979: 5974: 5969: 5964: 5959: 5953: 5950: 5949: 5939: 5938: 5935: 5934: 5931: 5930: 5928: 5927: 5922: 5921: 5920: 5915: 5910: 5908:Carbon leakage 5905: 5900: 5890: 5885: 5880: 5874: 5872: 5868: 5867: 5865: 5864: 5859: 5849: 5847:Climate system 5843: 5841: 5833: 5832: 5820: 5819: 5816: 5815: 5813: 5812: 5807: 5802: 5797: 5792: 5786: 5783: 5782: 5772: 5771: 5768:Climate change 5764: 5763: 5756: 5749: 5741: 5732: 5731: 5729: 5728: 5723: 5717: 5715: 5711: 5710: 5708: 5707: 5702: 5697: 5692: 5687: 5681: 5679: 5675: 5674: 5672: 5671: 5666: 5664:S&P/TSX 60 5661: 5656: 5651: 5646: 5640: 5638: 5634: 5633: 5631: 5630: 5625: 5620: 5615: 5610: 5605: 5600: 5595: 5593:Carbon pricing 5590: 5585: 5579: 5577: 5571: 5570: 5568: 5567: 5562: 5557: 5552: 5547: 5542: 5537: 5532: 5527: 5522: 5517: 5512: 5507: 5502: 5497: 5495:Bank of Canada 5492: 5486: 5484: 5478: 5477: 5475: 5474: 5469: 5464: 5459: 5453: 5451: 5447: 5446: 5444: 5443: 5438: 5433: 5427: 5425: 5421: 5420: 5418: 5417: 5415:Transportation 5412: 5407: 5402: 5397: 5392: 5390:Communications 5387: 5381: 5379: 5375: 5374: 5372: 5371: 5366: 5361: 5356: 5351: 5346: 5341: 5336: 5331: 5329:Land ownership 5326: 5321: 5316: 5311: 5306: 5301: 5296: 5291: 5285: 5283: 5277: 5276: 5268: 5265: 5264: 5257: 5256: 5249: 5242: 5234: 5226: 5225: 5199: 5172: 5146: 5121: 5095: 5084:. July 5, 2023 5069: 5044: 5032:Canadian Press 5018: 4972: 4946: 4920: 4893: 4874: 4855: 4829: 4795: 4759: 4734: 4708: 4682: 4653: 4622: 4596: 4567: 4541: 4515: 4506: 4476: 4465:. June 5, 2019 4454: 4426: 4398: 4370: 4337: 4307: 4290:Financial Post 4276: 4239: 4209: 4187: 4161: 4131: 4110: 4078: 4047: 4009: 3983: 3948: 3914: 3885: 3859: 3829: 3801: 3775: 3757: 3725: 3695: 3664: 3651: 3630: 3596: 3568: 3550: 3536: 3505: 3476: 3449: 3423: 3397: 3371: 3330: 3299: 3272: 3227: 3196: 3184: 3155: 3119: 3114: 3110: 3072:Karl Mathiesen 3055: 3024: 3007:Globe and Mail 2994: 2985: 2967: 2936: 2927: 2896: 2857: 2825: 2793: 2745: 2715: 2701:on May 1, 2011 2675: 2640: 2609: 2584: 2553: 2531: 2494: 2473: 2457: 2431: 2400: 2378: 2370: 2360: 2333: 2297: 2278: 2259: 2232: 2231: 2229: 2226: 2223: 2222: 2181: 2180: 2178: 2175: 2172: 2171: 2170: 2169: 2164: 2157: 2150: 2146: 2145: 2144: 2143: 2142: 2141: 2136: 2128: 2121: 2114: 2110: 2109: 2108: 2107: 2102: 2095: 2088: 2084: 2083: 2082: 2081: 2080: 2079: 2074: 2066: 2061: 2054: 2053: 2052: 2047: 2040: 2036: 2035: 2034: 2033: 2028: 2023: 2015: 2008: 2004: 2003: 2002: 2001: 1996: 1989: 1982: 1978: 1977: 1976: 1975: 1968: 1966: 1965:New Brunswick 1962: 1961: 1960: 1959: 1953: 1946: 1939: 1935: 1934: 1933: 1932: 1927: 1922: 1920:Carbon Tax Act 1915: 1908: 1904: 1903: 1902: 1901: 1896: 1890: 1883: 1876: 1872: 1871: 1868: 1865: 1858: 1855: 1854: 1853: 1846: 1843: 1801: 1798: 1780:In June 2018, 1777: 1774: 1757: 1754: 1745: 1742: 1726:Mike Schreiner 1706:Taras Natyshak 1694:climate change 1631: 1628: 1580:Kathleen Wynne 1571: 1568: 1562:, was Bill 1: 1521:20 per tonne. 1513: 1507:In July 2007, 1504: 1501: 1484: 1481: 1471:who would pay 1465:CA$ 39 million 1461:CA$ 43 million 1457:CA$ 36 million 1453:CA$ 69 million 1445:Claude Béchard 1439:In June 2007, 1409: 1406: 1343:Main article: 1340: 1337: 1327: 1324: 1319:Justin Trudeau 1314: 1311: 1291: 1288: 1263: 1260: 1221: 1174: 1171: 1122:direct deposit 1068: 1056: 1053: 1002:Stephen Harper 981:global warming 932: 929: 924:Justin Trudeau 919: 916: 891: 888: 856: 853: 827:In June 2007, 824: 821: 809: 806: 804: 801: 767: 762: 726: 705:levied on the 694: 693: 691: 690: 683: 676: 668: 665: 664: 661: 660: 658:Rail subsidies 655: 653:Green politics 650: 648:Green New Deal 645: 640: 635: 630: 625: 623:Carbon leakage 619: 616: 615: 612: 611: 608: 607: 602: 597: 592: 587: 582: 577: 575:Feed-in tariff 572: 567: 562: 557: 551: 545: 542: 541: 538: 537: 534: 533: 531:Value of Earth 528: 523: 518: 517: 516: 511: 506: 501: 496: 491: 486: 481: 476: 471: 466: 461: 456: 451: 446: 441: 436: 431: 426: 421: 416: 406: 405: 404: 399: 394: 387:Sustainability 384: 379: 374: 369: 364: 359: 354: 349: 344: 343: 342: 337: 332: 327: 322: 317: 312: 307: 302: 297: 292: 282: 277: 272: 271: 270: 265: 260: 255: 250: 245: 240: 230: 225: 220: 215: 210: 205: 200: 195: 193:Eco-innovation 190: 185: 183:Eco-capitalism 180: 175: 170: 165: 160: 155: 149: 146: 145: 142: 141: 138: 137: 132: 127: 121: 119:Climate change 118: 117: 114: 113: 110: 109: 104: 99: 94: 89: 84: 79: 74: 72:Carbon finance 69: 64: 59: 53: 50: 49: 46: 45: 37: 36: 30: 29: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7436: 7425: 7422: 7420: 7417: 7415: 7412: 7410: 7407: 7405: 7402: 7400: 7397: 7395: 7392: 7390: 7387: 7386: 7384: 7374: 7369: 7364: 7362: 7352: 7350: 7345: 7340: 7338: 7333: 7328: 7327: 7324: 7311: 7310: 7301: 7299: 7298: 7289: 7287: 7286: 7277: 7275: 7274: 7263: 7262: 7259: 7245: 7242: 7240: 7237: 7235: 7232: 7228: 7225: 7224: 7223: 7220: 7218: 7215: 7213: 7212:Climate model 7210: 7208: 7205: 7204: 7202: 7198: 7192: 7189: 7187: 7184: 7182: 7179: 7177: 7174: 7172: 7169: 7167: 7164: 7162: 7159: 7157: 7154: 7150: 7147: 7146: 7145: 7144:Cloud forcing 7142: 7140: 7137: 7135: 7132: 7130: 7127: 7125: 7122: 7118: 7115: 7113: 7110: 7108: 7105: 7103: 7100: 7099: 7098: 7095: 7093: 7090: 7089: 7087: 7083: 7077: 7074: 7072: 7069: 7067: 7064: 7062: 7059: 7058: 7056: 7052: 7048: 7041: 7037: 7023: 7020: 7018: 7015: 7011: 7008: 7006: 7003: 7002: 7001: 6998: 6996: 6993: 6991: 6988: 6987: 6985: 6981: 6975: 6972: 6968: 6965: 6963: 6960: 6958: 6955: 6954: 6953: 6950: 6948: 6945: 6943: 6940: 6938: 6935: 6933: 6930: 6928: 6925: 6924: 6922: 6920: 6919:Communication 6916: 6910: 6907: 6905: 6902: 6900: 6899:Vulnerability 6897: 6895: 6892: 6890: 6887: 6885: 6882: 6880: 6877: 6875: 6872: 6870: 6869:Flood control 6867: 6865: 6862: 6860: 6857: 6855: 6852: 6850: 6847: 6846: 6844: 6842: 6838: 6832: 6829: 6827: 6824: 6822: 6819: 6817: 6814: 6812: 6809: 6807: 6804: 6802: 6799: 6797: 6794: 6790: 6787: 6786: 6785: 6782: 6780: 6777: 6775: 6772: 6770: 6767: 6766: 6764: 6760: 6756: 6752: 6746: 6742: 6726: 6723: 6722: 6721: 6718: 6717: 6715: 6711: 6705: 6702: 6699: 6696: 6692: 6691:reforestation 6689: 6687: 6684: 6682: 6679: 6677: 6676:afforestation 6674: 6673: 6671: 6669: 6666: 6664: 6661: 6657: 6654: 6652: 6649: 6648: 6647: 6644: 6642: 6639: 6638: 6636: 6634: 6628: 6622: 6619: 6617: 6614: 6612: 6611:Nuclear power 6609: 6605: 6602: 6601: 6600: 6597: 6595: 6592: 6591: 6589: 6585: 6579: 6576: 6574: 6571: 6569: 6566: 6564: 6561: 6559: 6556: 6554: 6551: 6549: 6546: 6544: 6541: 6539: 6536: 6534: 6531: 6529: 6526: 6522: 6519: 6518: 6517: 6514: 6512: 6509: 6507: 6506:Carbon budget 6504: 6503: 6501: 6499: 6495: 6491: 6487: 6482: 6478: 6464: 6461: 6459: 6456: 6454: 6451: 6449: 6446: 6444: 6441: 6439: 6436: 6434: 6431: 6429: 6426: 6424: 6421: 6419: 6416: 6414: 6411: 6410: 6408: 6406: 6402: 6396: 6393: 6391: 6388: 6386: 6383: 6381: 6378: 6376: 6373: 6371: 6368: 6366: 6363: 6361: 6358: 6356: 6353: 6351: 6348: 6344: 6343:Mental health 6341: 6340: 6339: 6336: 6334: 6331: 6329: 6326: 6322: 6319: 6318: 6317: 6314: 6312: 6309: 6307: 6304: 6302: 6299: 6297: 6294: 6292: 6289: 6287: 6284: 6282: 6279: 6275: 6274:United States 6272: 6270: 6267: 6266: 6265: 6262: 6261: 6259: 6255: 6249: 6246: 6244: 6241: 6239: 6236: 6234: 6231: 6229: 6226: 6224: 6221: 6217: 6214: 6213: 6212: 6209: 6208: 6206: 6202: 6196: 6193: 6191: 6188: 6186: 6183: 6181: 6178: 6176: 6173: 6171: 6168: 6166: 6163: 6161: 6158: 6156: 6153: 6149: 6146: 6144: 6141: 6139: 6136: 6134: 6131: 6129: 6128:deoxygenation 6126: 6124: 6123:acidification 6121: 6120: 6119: 6116: 6112: 6109: 6107: 6104: 6103: 6102: 6099: 6095: 6092: 6091: 6090: 6087: 6085: 6082: 6080: 6077: 6075: 6072: 6070: 6067: 6065: 6062: 6060: 6057: 6055: 6052: 6051: 6049: 6045: 6041: 6037: 6032: 6028: 6016: 6013: 6011: 6008: 6006: 6003: 6001: 5998: 5996: 5993: 5991: 5988: 5987: 5985: 5983: 5980: 5978: 5975: 5973: 5970: 5968: 5965: 5963: 5960: 5958: 5955: 5954: 5951: 5944: 5940: 5926: 5923: 5919: 5918:from wetlands 5916: 5914: 5911: 5909: 5906: 5904: 5901: 5899: 5896: 5895: 5894: 5891: 5889: 5886: 5884: 5881: 5879: 5878:Deforestation 5876: 5875: 5873: 5869: 5863: 5860: 5857: 5853: 5850: 5848: 5845: 5844: 5842: 5838: 5834: 5830: 5825: 5821: 5811: 5808: 5806: 5803: 5801: 5798: 5796: 5793: 5791: 5788: 5787: 5784: 5777: 5773: 5769: 5762: 5757: 5755: 5750: 5748: 5743: 5742: 5739: 5727: 5724: 5722: 5719: 5718: 5716: 5712: 5706: 5703: 5701: 5698: 5696: 5693: 5691: 5688: 5686: 5683: 5682: 5680: 5678:Organisations 5676: 5670: 5667: 5665: 5662: 5660: 5659:Occupy Canada 5657: 5655: 5654:NASDAQ Canada 5652: 5650: 5647: 5645: 5642: 5641: 5639: 5635: 5629: 5626: 5624: 5621: 5619: 5616: 5614: 5611: 5609: 5606: 5604: 5601: 5599: 5596: 5594: 5591: 5589: 5586: 5584: 5581: 5580: 5578: 5572: 5566: 5563: 5561: 5558: 5556: 5553: 5551: 5548: 5546: 5543: 5541: 5538: 5536: 5533: 5531: 5528: 5526: 5523: 5521: 5518: 5516: 5513: 5511: 5508: 5506: 5503: 5501: 5498: 5496: 5493: 5491: 5488: 5487: 5485: 5479: 5473: 5470: 5468: 5465: 5463: 5460: 5458: 5455: 5454: 5452: 5448: 5442: 5439: 5437: 5434: 5432: 5429: 5428: 5426: 5422: 5416: 5413: 5411: 5408: 5406: 5403: 5401: 5398: 5396: 5393: 5391: 5388: 5386: 5383: 5382: 5380: 5376: 5370: 5367: 5365: 5362: 5360: 5357: 5355: 5352: 5350: 5347: 5345: 5342: 5340: 5337: 5335: 5332: 5330: 5327: 5325: 5322: 5320: 5317: 5315: 5312: 5310: 5309:Energy policy 5307: 5305: 5302: 5300: 5297: 5295: 5292: 5290: 5287: 5286: 5284: 5278: 5274: 5273: 5266: 5262: 5255: 5250: 5248: 5243: 5241: 5236: 5235: 5232: 5214: 5210: 5203: 5187: 5183: 5176: 5161: 5157: 5150: 5134: 5133: 5125: 5109: 5105: 5099: 5083: 5079: 5073: 5057: 5056: 5048: 5033: 5029: 5022: 5007: 5003: 4999: 4995: 4991: 4987: 4983: 4976: 4961: 4957: 4950: 4934: 4930: 4924: 4908: 4902: 4900: 4898: 4889: 4885: 4878: 4870: 4866: 4859: 4843: 4839: 4833: 4817: 4813: 4809: 4802: 4800: 4783: 4779: 4772: 4770: 4768: 4766: 4764: 4748: 4744: 4738: 4727:September 24, 4722: 4718: 4712: 4697:. May 2, 2019 4696: 4692: 4686: 4671: 4667: 4660: 4658: 4641: 4637: 4631: 4629: 4627: 4610: 4606: 4600: 4584: 4580: 4574: 4572: 4560:September 24, 4555: 4551: 4545: 4534:September 24, 4529: 4525: 4519: 4510: 4494: 4490: 4483: 4481: 4464: 4458: 4443: 4436: 4430: 4415: 4414: 4409: 4402: 4387: 4386: 4381: 4374: 4358: 4354: 4353: 4348: 4341: 4325: 4321: 4317: 4311: 4300:September 14, 4295: 4291: 4287: 4280: 4264: 4260: 4259: 4254: 4248: 4246: 4244: 4227: 4223: 4219: 4213: 4205: 4201: 4197: 4191: 4175: 4172:. Brookings. 4171: 4165: 4149: 4145: 4141: 4135: 4120: 4114: 4095: 4088: 4082: 4066: 4062: 4058: 4051: 4044: 4031: 4027: 4025: 4020: 4013: 3997: 3993: 3987: 3971: 3967: 3963: 3957: 3955: 3953: 3936: 3932: 3928: 3921: 3919: 3903:. May 3, 2019 3902: 3898: 3892: 3890: 3873: 3869: 3863: 3847: 3843: 3836: 3834: 3818: 3817: 3812: 3805: 3789: 3785: 3779: 3771: 3767: 3761: 3742: 3736: 3734: 3732: 3730: 3722: 3710:. May 2, 2018 3709: 3705: 3699: 3684: 3682: 3674: 3668: 3654: 3648: 3644: 3640: 3634: 3619: 3615: 3614: 3609: 3603: 3601: 3585: 3584: 3579: 3572: 3564: 3560: 3554: 3546: 3540: 3524: 3523: 3518: 3512: 3510: 3493: 3489: 3483: 3481: 3464: 3460: 3453: 3437: 3433: 3427: 3411: 3407: 3401: 3385: 3381: 3375: 3356: 3352: 3345: 3339: 3337: 3335: 3318: 3314: 3310: 3303: 3287: 3283: 3276: 3260: 3256: 3252: 3250: 3246: 3241: 3234: 3232: 3224: 3223: 3218: 3214: 3211: 3205: 3203: 3201: 3193: 3188: 3172: 3170: 3165: 3159: 3152: 3140: 3136: 3135: 3130: 3123: 3108: 3095: 3091: 3090: 3085: 3081: 3077: 3073: 3069: 3065: 3064:Caelainn Barr 3059: 3043: 3039: 3035: 3028: 3012: 3008: 3004: 2998: 2989: 2981: 2980:ABC Australia 2977: 2971: 2955: 2951: 2947: 2940: 2931: 2915: 2911: 2907: 2900: 2881: 2874: 2868: 2866: 2864: 2862: 2842: 2835: 2829: 2810: 2803: 2797: 2781: 2777: 2773: 2766: 2764: 2762: 2760: 2758: 2756: 2754: 2752: 2750: 2733: 2729: 2725: 2719: 2712: 2697: 2693: 2686: 2679: 2663: 2659: 2658: 2653: 2647: 2645: 2628: 2624: 2620: 2613: 2605: 2601: 2600: 2595: 2588: 2572: 2568: 2564: 2557: 2549: 2545: 2541: 2535: 2519: 2515: 2511: 2505: 2503: 2501: 2499: 2490: 2483: 2477: 2470: 2464: 2462: 2446: 2442: 2435: 2420: 2419:National Post 2416: 2409: 2407: 2405: 2388: 2382: 2374: 2364: 2348: 2344: 2337: 2321: 2317: 2316: 2311: 2304: 2302: 2293: 2292:www.canada.ca 2289: 2282: 2274: 2273:www.canada.ca 2270: 2263: 2252:September 26, 2248: 2247:energyhub.org 2244: 2237: 2233: 2219: 2218:New Brunswick 2215: 2211: 2208: 2204: 2200: 2196: 2192: 2186: 2182: 2168: 2165: 2163: 2160: 2159: 2158: 2156: 2155: 2151: 2149:Saskatchewan 2148: 2147: 2140: 2137: 2135: 2132: 2131: 2130:Regulations: 2129: 2127: 2124: 2123: 2122: 2120: 2119: 2115: 2112: 2111: 2106: 2103: 2101: 2098: 2097: 2096: 2094: 2093: 2089: 2086: 2085: 2078: 2075: 2073: 2070: 2069: 2068:Regulations: 2067: 2065: 2062: 2060: 2057: 2056: 2055: 2051: 2048: 2046: 2043: 2042: 2041: 2038: 2037: 2032: 2029: 2027: 2024: 2021: 2018: 2017: 2016: 2014: 2013: 2009: 2006: 2005: 2000: 1997: 1995: 1992: 1991: 1990: 1988: 1987: 1983: 1980: 1979: 1974: 1971: 1970: 1969: 1967: 1964: 1963: 1957: 1954: 1952: 1949: 1948: 1947: 1945: 1944: 1940: 1937: 1936: 1931: 1928: 1926: 1923: 1921: 1918: 1917: 1916: 1914: 1913: 1909: 1906: 1905: 1900: 1897: 1894: 1891: 1889: 1886: 1885: 1884: 1882: 1881: 1877: 1874: 1873: 1869: 1866: 1863: 1862: 1852: 1849: 1848: 1842: 1839: 1835: 1832: 1828: 1825: 1822: 1818: 1813: 1810: 1809: 1797: 1795: 1794:Andrew Scheer 1791: 1787: 1786:National Post 1784:wrote in the 1783: 1773: 1769: 1765: 1763: 1753: 1751: 1741: 1739: 1735: 1730: 1727: 1723: 1719: 1715: 1711: 1707: 1703: 1699: 1695: 1691: 1688: 1683: 1669: 1665: 1661: 1652: 1645: 1641: 1636: 1627: 1625: 1621: 1616: 1613: 1609: 1605: 1601: 1597: 1593: 1589: 1584: 1581: 1577: 1567: 1565: 1561: 1556: 1552: 1549: 1546:$ 1.50 / 1528: 1525: 1522: 1518: 1510: 1500: 1498: 1497:Vassy Kapelos 1494: 1490: 1480: 1478: 1470: 1446: 1442: 1437: 1435: 1431: 1428: 1427:international 1424: 1419: 1415: 1405: 1403: 1399: 1398: 1392: 1390: 1385: 1383: 1382:cap and trade 1379: 1375: 1371: 1367: 1363: 1359: 1354: 1352: 1346: 1336: 1332: 1323: 1320: 1310: 1307:$ 170 /t 1299: 1287: 1285: 1284: 1279: 1273: 1269: 1259: 1235: 1227: 1220: 1216: 1194: 1189: 1186: 1183:CA$ 2 billion 1180: 1166: 1162: 1159: 1154: 1152: 1148: 1144: 1140: 1136: 1135:Vassy Kapelos 1132: 1131: 1125: 1123: 1118: 1093: 1066: 1062: 1052: 1050: 1044: 1042: 1038: 1034: 1033:Stewart Elgie 1030: 1029: 1024: 1019: 1017: 1012: 1010: 1005: 1003: 999: 995: 991: 990: 984: 982: 978: 974: 970: 966: 962: 958: 954: 950: 946: 942: 938: 928: 925: 915: 913: 909: 905: 901: 897: 887: 885: 881: 877: 876:cap-and-trade 872: 870: 869:Liberal Party 866: 865:Stéphane Dion 862: 852: 849: 845: 841: 840:Rex Tillerson 837: 832: 830: 820: 817: 815: 800: 798: 797: 792: 788: 784: 780: 775: 771: 765: 758: 754: 750: 746: 741: 739: 734: 722: 716: 712: 708: 704: 700: 689: 684: 682: 677: 675: 670: 669: 667: 666: 659: 656: 654: 651: 649: 646: 644: 641: 639: 636: 634: 631: 629: 626: 624: 621: 620: 614: 613: 606: 603: 601: 598: 596: 593: 591: 588: 586: 583: 581: 578: 576: 573: 571: 568: 566: 563: 561: 558: 555: 552: 550: 547: 546: 540: 539: 532: 529: 527: 524: 522: 519: 515: 512: 510: 507: 505: 502: 500: 499:refurbishment 497: 495: 492: 490: 487: 485: 482: 480: 477: 475: 472: 470: 467: 465: 462: 460: 457: 455: 452: 450: 447: 445: 442: 440: 437: 435: 432: 430: 427: 425: 422: 420: 417: 415: 412: 411: 410: 407: 403: 400: 398: 395: 393: 390: 389: 388: 385: 383: 380: 378: 375: 373: 370: 368: 365: 363: 360: 358: 355: 353: 350: 348: 345: 341: 338: 336: 333: 331: 328: 326: 323: 321: 318: 316: 313: 311: 308: 306: 303: 301: 298: 296: 293: 291: 288: 287: 286: 283: 281: 278: 276: 273: 269: 266: 264: 263:impact design 261: 259: 256: 254: 251: 249: 246: 244: 241: 239: 236: 235: 234: 233:Environmental 231: 229: 226: 224: 221: 219: 218:Ecotechnology 216: 214: 211: 209: 206: 204: 201: 199: 198:Eco-investing 196: 194: 191: 189: 186: 184: 181: 179: 178:Disinvestment 176: 174: 171: 169: 166: 164: 161: 159: 156: 154: 151: 150: 144: 143: 136: 133: 131: 128: 126: 123: 122: 116: 115: 108: 105: 103: 100: 98: 95: 93: 90: 88: 85: 83: 80: 78: 77:Carbon offset 75: 73: 70: 68: 65: 63: 60: 58: 57:Carbon credit 55: 54: 48: 47: 43: 39: 38: 35: 32: 31: 27: 23: 22: 19: 7307: 7295: 7283: 7264: 7097:Carbon cycle 7054:Measurements 6749:Society and 6633:carbon sinks 6538:Climate debt 6528:Carbon price 6350:Human rights 6175:Season creep 6133:heat content 6059:Anoxic event 5972:James Hansen 5592: 5472:Trade unions 5339:Oil reserves 5269: 5216:. Retrieved 5213:Toronto Star 5212: 5202: 5190:. Retrieved 5186:Toronto Star 5185: 5175: 5163:. Retrieved 5159: 5149: 5137:. Retrieved 5131: 5124: 5112:. Retrieved 5107: 5098: 5086:. Retrieved 5081: 5072: 5060:. Retrieved 5054: 5047: 5035:. Retrieved 5031: 5021: 5011:September 2, 5009:. Retrieved 4989: 4985: 4975: 4965:September 2, 4963:. Retrieved 4959: 4949: 4939:September 2, 4937:. Retrieved 4932: 4923: 4911:. Retrieved 4887: 4877: 4868: 4858: 4846:. Retrieved 4841: 4832: 4822:December 25, 4820:. Retrieved 4811: 4788:December 25, 4786:. Retrieved 4752:December 18, 4750:. Retrieved 4746: 4737: 4725:. Retrieved 4721:Toronto Star 4720: 4711: 4699:. Retrieved 4694: 4685: 4673:. Retrieved 4669: 4644:. Retrieved 4639: 4613:. Retrieved 4608: 4599: 4587:. Retrieved 4582: 4558:. Retrieved 4554:Windsor Star 4553: 4544: 4532:. Retrieved 4527: 4518: 4509: 4499:December 18, 4497:. Retrieved 4467:. Retrieved 4457: 4446:, retrieved 4441: 4429: 4417:. Retrieved 4411: 4401: 4389:. Retrieved 4383: 4373: 4361:. Retrieved 4350: 4340: 4330:November 27, 4328:. Retrieved 4319: 4310: 4298:. Retrieved 4289: 4279: 4267:. Retrieved 4263:the original 4256: 4230:. Retrieved 4212: 4204:the original 4199: 4190: 4180:December 12, 4178:. Retrieved 4164: 4154:December 12, 4152:. Retrieved 4143: 4134: 4124:December 11, 4122:. Retrieved 4113: 4101:. Retrieved 4081: 4071:December 10, 4069:. Retrieved 4060: 4050: 4043:adjustments. 4041: 4036:December 31, 4034:. Retrieved 4022: 4012: 4000:. Retrieved 3986: 3974:. Retrieved 3965: 3939:. Retrieved 3931:The Atlantic 3930: 3905:. Retrieved 3900: 3876:. Retrieved 3871: 3862: 3852:December 23, 3850:. Retrieved 3845: 3820:. Retrieved 3814: 3804: 3792:. Retrieved 3778: 3769: 3760: 3748:. Retrieved 3719: 3712:. Retrieved 3707: 3698: 3687:, retrieved 3679: 3667: 3656:, retrieved 3642: 3633: 3623:December 19, 3621:. Retrieved 3611: 3587:. Retrieved 3583:Toronto Star 3581: 3571: 3562: 3553: 3539: 3529:December 19, 3527:. 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