Cambodian genocide

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of a 1975 Cambodian population of 7.8 million; 33.5% of Cambodian men died under the Khmer Rouge compared to 15.7% of Cambodian women. According to a 2001 academic source, the most widely accepted estimates of excess deaths under the Khmer Rouge range from 1.5 million to 2 million, although figures as low as 1 million and as high as 3 million have been cited; conventionally accepted estimates of deaths due to Khmer Rouge executions range from 500,000 to 1 million, "a third to one half of excess mortality during the period." However, a 2013 academic source (citing research from 2009) indicates that execution may have accounted for as much as 60% of the total, with 23,745 mass graves containing approximately 1.3 million suspected victims of execution. While considerably higher than earlier and more widely-accepted estimates of Khmer Rouge executions, the Documentation Center of Cambodia (DC-Cam)'s Craig Etcheson defended such estimates of over one million executions as "plausible, given the nature of the mass grave and DC-Cam's methods, which are more likely to produce an under-count of bodies rather than an over-estimate." Demographer Patrick Heuveline estimated that between 1.17 million and 3.42 million Cambodians died unnatural deaths between 1970 and 1979, with between 150,000 and 300,000 of those deaths occurring during the civil war. Heuveline's central estimate is 2.52 million excess deaths, of which 1.4 million were the direct result of violence. Despite being based on a house-to-house survey of Cambodians, the estimate of 3.3 million deaths promulgated by the Khmer Rouge's successor regime, the People's Republic of Kampuchea (PRK), is generally considered to be an exaggeration; among other methodological errors, the PRK authorities added the estimated number of victims that had been found in the partially-exhumed mass graves to the raw survey results, meaning that some victims would have been double-counted.

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population du pays selon les évaluations les plus extrêmes. La cause principale de ces pertes serait les bombardements massifs de l'aviation américaine dont le but principal était l'anéantissement des pistes Ho-Chi-Minh et la destruction d'un mythique Q.G. du Viêt-cong. A cet égard, il est intéressant de rappeler que la population de toutes les régions traversées par les pistes Ho-Chi-Minh, régions situées sur la rive gauche du Mékong, ne comptait au total qu'environ 1 165 000 personnes, et que les trois plus grandes provinces longeant la frontiére laotienne et vietnamienne, Stung Treng, Ratanakiri et Mondolkiri, étaient pratiquement inhabitées. L'impact des bombardments américains sur l'état de la population du Cambodge durant les années 1970–1975 ne paraît donc pas aussi évident que certain auteurs le supposent. Nos propres statistiques sur les causes précises des décés ne situent d'ailleurs les victimes des bombardments qu'à la troisiéme place, loin derriére les victimes des armes à feu portatives et des assassinats. ... Pour la période de guerre civile, l'augmentation totale de la mortalité est donc de 7.5% Si l'on considére que la mortalité naturelle frappe chaque anné quelque 132 000 personnes, on pourrait facilement en déduire que la surmortalité due à la guerre se chiffre par un nombre de décés ne dépassant pas 50 000 personnes durant la périod allant de mars 1970 à avril 1975. Toutefois, en tenant compte du fait que la guerre a eu une forte incidence tant sur la dimunution de la mortalité naturelle que sur l'agumentation de la mortalité infantile, on peut estimer la proportion annuelle des victimes elles-mêmes de cette guerre à 0,64% de la population du pays, soit, pour toutes ces années, 240 000 personnes environ.

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Hitler and the Nazis. This is why the word 'genocide' (associated with Nazism) has been used for the first time in a distinctly Communist regime by the invading Vietnamese to distance themselves from a government they had overturned. This 'revisionism' was expressed in several ways. The Khmer Rouge were said to have killed 3.3 million, some 1.3 million more people than they had in fact killed. There was one abominable state prison, S–21, now the Tuol Sleng Genocide Museum. In fact, there were more than 150 on the same model, at least one per district. ... For the United States in particular, denouncing the crimes of the Khmer Rouge was not at the top of their agenda in the early 1980s. Instead, as in the case of Afghanistan, it was still at times vital to counter what was perceived as the expansionist policies of the Soviets. The USA prioritised its budding friendship with the Democratic Republic of China to counter the 'evil' influence of the USSR in Southeast Asia, acting through its client state, revolutionary Vietnam. All the ASEAN countries shared that vision. So it became vital, with the military and financial help of China, to revive and develop armed resistance to the Vietnamese troops, with the resurrected KR at its core. ... was instrumental in forcing the Sihanoukists and the Republicans to form an obscene alliance with its former tormentors, the KR, under the name of the Coalition Government of Democratic Kampuchea (CGDK) in 1982. In so doing, the international community officially reintegrated some of the worst perpetrators of crimes against humanity into the world diplomatic sphere...

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disaggregate civilian and soldier deaths. Others' attempts to verify the numbers suggest a lower number. Demographer Patrick Heuveline has produced evidence suggesting a range of 150,000 to 300,000 violent deaths from 1970 to 1975. In an article reviewing different sources about civilian deaths during the civil war, Bruce Sharp argues that the total number is likely to be around 250,000 violent deaths. ... Many attempts have been made to count or estimate the scale of deaths under the KR. While the KR officials claim that only around 20,000 civilians were killed, the true estimate likely falls somewhere between 1–3 million total deaths, with upper range estimates of those directly killed by the regime approaching 1 million. ... One of the more thorough demographic studies, conducted by Patrick Heuveline, also attempts to separate out violent civilian deaths from a general increase in mortality caused by famine, disease, working conditions, or other indirect causes. He does so by grouping deaths within different age and sex brackets and analyzing treatment of these age and sex groups by the Khmer Rouge and violent regimes in general. His conclusion is that an average of 2.52 million people (range of 1.17–3.42 million) died as a result of regime actions between 1970 and 1979, with an average estimate of 1.4 million (range of 1.09–2.16 million) directly violent deaths.

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system. Additionally, the Cham were renamed "Islamic Khmers" in an attempt to disassociate them from their ancestral heritage and ethnicity and force them to assimilate into the larger and Khmer-dominated Democratic Kampuchea. The Khmer Rouge believed that the Cham would jeopardize their attempts to establish close-knit communities where everyone could be easily monitored. As a result, the regime decided to disperse the Cham by deporting them from their respective localities and forcing them to work as peasants across Cambodia, hence forcing them to directly contribute to the creation and maintenance of the new Cambodian economy. This move was undertaken in an attempt to ensure that the Cham would not congregate in an attempt to form their own community again, which would have undermined the regime's plan to establish centralized economic cooperatives. Slowly, those Cham who defied the restrictions which the Khmer Rouge imposed on them were arrested by the regime. Hence, in October 1973, Cham Muslims in the Eastern Zone demonstrated their displeasure with the Khmer Rouge's restrictions by beating their drums—they traditionally beat their drums in order to inform locals that it is time to recite the daily prayers—at local

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imposed during that period, they were understood to be the by-products of the ongoing civil war. Moreover, some Cham had also joined the revolution as soldiers and members of the Khmer Rouge. According to some local accounts, people had confidence in the Khmer Rouge when they first came to the village communities which assisted the locals by providing food and provisions to them, and there were no bans on local cultures or religions; even if restrictions were imposed, the consequences of them were not harsh. Many regarded the Khmer Rouge as heroes because they believed that the Khmer Rouge supported the peasantry during its war against the United States backed government. Because the Cham communities could be found across Cambodia, various Cham communities might have experienced the effects of the Khmer Rouge's pre-1975 rule differently; some communities experienced the repressions and restrictions but other communities did not. When Pol Pot consolidated his power by the end of 1975, the persecution became more severe, and it indiscriminately affected all of the Cham people. This could well be one of the simpler reasons as to why the Cambodian government and the

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basically correct…During the transition from the democratic revolution to adopting a socialist path, there exist two possibilities: one is socialism, the other is capitalism. Our situation now is like this. Fifty years from now, or one hundred years from now, the struggle between two lines will exist. Even ten thousand years from now, the struggle between two lines will still exist. When Communism is realized, the struggle between two lines will still be there. Otherwise, you are not a Marxist. This is unity existing among opposites. If one mentions only one side of the two, this is metaphysics. I believe in what Marx and Lenin have said, that the path would be tortuous ... Our state now is, as Lenin said, a capitalist state without capitalists. This state protects capitalist rights, and the wages are not equal. Under the slogan of equality, a system of inequality has been introduced. There will exist a struggle between two lines, the struggle between the advanced and the backward, even when Communism is realized. Today we cannot explain it completely.

2052:, where the largest Cham Muslim community could be found. The brothers told their father about the adventures which they had experienced as participants in the revolution, adventures which included the killing of Khmers and the consumption of pork, in the hope that they would be able to convince their father to join the communist cause. The father, who remained silent, was clearly not impressed by the accounts which were given by his sons. Instead, he grabbed a cleaver, killed his sons, and told his fellow villagers that he killed the enemy. When the villagers pointed out that he murdered his own sons, he recounted the stories which his sons had previously told to him, citing the Khmer Rouge's hatred for Islam and the Cham people. This event prompted the villagers to make a unanimous agreement, that night, they would kill all Khmer Rouge soldiers who were stationed in the area. The next morning, more Khmer Rouge soldiers descended upon the area with heavy weapons, and they surrounded the village, killing every single villager in it. 2083:, and Islam, were banned and adherents of them were persecuted. According to Cham sources, 132 mosques were destroyed during the Khmer Rouge's rule, many other mosques were desecrated, and Muslims were not allowed to practice their faith. Muslims were forced to eat pork and they were murdered when they refused to eat it. Whole Cham villages were exterminated. Chams were not permitted to speak their language. Cham children were separated from their parents and raised as Khmers. Orders which were given by the Khmer Rouge government in 1979 stated: "The Cham nation no longer exists on Kampuchean soil belonging to the Khmer. Accordingly, Cham nationality, language, customs and religious beliefs must be immediately abolished. Those who fail to obey this order will suffer all the consequences for their acts of opposition to 2407: 2095:

extinction theory that was proposed by colonial scholars, according to that theory, the "real" Cham were extinct. Kiernan writes: "In the twentieth century, Chams have suffered from two myths: the glory of their "empire" has been exaggerated, and so has their present plight. A romanticized view of Cham doom helped deprive them of rights in 1975–79. They were called "Malays" by the French, and after Cambodia's independence, received a new, equally inaccurate label: "Islamic Khmers." Again their ethnic origin was denied, in the perverse sense, Chams became victims of History." Scholars also compare the denial of the Khmer Rouge's racist motivation for its genocide against the Cham to the

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Khmer Rouge, and in 1974, they were allowed to return to their homes. Moreover, the Cham were classified as "depositee base people", making them vulnerable to persecution. Despite their plight, the Cham and the locals live side by side in many areas, speaking the Khmer language, and even inter-marrying with the majority Khmers as well as with the minority Chinese and Vietnamese. The diverse ethnic and cultural practices of Cambodians began to deteriorate during the rise of the Khmer Rouge in 1972, when the Cham were prohibited from practising their faith and culture: Cham women were required to keep their hair short like the Khmers; Cham men were not allowed to wear the

1463:." Quinn has written of the Khmer Rouge that "hat emerges as the explanation for the terror and violence that swept Cambodia during the 1970s is that a small group of alienated intellectuals, enraged by their perception of a corrupt society and imbued with a Maoist plan to create a pure socialist order in the shortest possible time, recruited extremely young, poor, and envious cadres, instructed them in harsh and brutal methods learned from Stalinist mentors, and used them to destroy physically the cultural underpinnings of the Khmer civilization and to impose a new society through purges, executions, and violence." 1840: 2251:

of Western medicine (which was forbidden since it was considered a capitalist invention), and they had to practice their own medical experiments and make progress by themselves. They did not have Western medicines (since Cambodia, according to the Khmer Rouge, had to be self-sufficient) and all medical experiments were systematically conducted without proper anesthetics. A medic who worked inside S-21 said that a 17-year-old girl had her throat slit and her abdomen pierced before being beaten and put into water for an entire night. This procedure was repeated many times and carried out without anesthetics.

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terms "chauvinism" and "genocide" just to avoid drawing possible parallels to Hitler. This indicates that Chandler does not believe in the argument of charging the Khmer Rouge regime with the crime of genocide. Similarly, Michael Vickery holds a similar position to Chandler's, and refuses to acknowledge the atrocities of the Khmer Rouge regime as genocide; Vickery regarded the Khmer Rouge a "chauvinist" regime, due to its anti-Vietnam and anti-religion policies. Stephen Heder also believed that the Khmer Rouge were not guilty of genocide, stating that the atrocities of the regime were not motivated by

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in which everyone eats the same food became mandatory, forcing Cham Muslims to violate their religious beliefs by raising pigs and consuming pork. One reason for the occurrence of such rebellions which has been offered by locals is the fact that some of the Cham who were involved in the Khmer Rouge as soldiers were anticipating the acquisition of positions of power once Pol Pot consolidated his power. In 1975, these soldiers were dismissed from the Khmer Rouge's forces, deprived of their Islamic practices and robbed of their ethnic identity.

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Khmer Rouge Foreign Minister was tried but died before his verdict. Although only a few Khmer Rouge leaders were tried, over 350,000 Cambodians attended the trials in person, and they received considerable publicity by radio and television. In polls of Cambodians taken by the International Republican Institute and the University of California at Berkeley over two thirds of Cambodians surveyed expressed their support for the ECCC and said it had contributed significantly to their understanding of the crimes of the Khmer Rouge.

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regime. Stanton wrote the legal analyses for an ICJ case, which could be filed by any State-Party to the Genocide Convention without reservations. After meeting with Stanton, the Foreign Minister of Australia, Bill Hayden, spoke in favor of his country taking the case to the ICJ. However, the Australian Prime Minister received a call from the US State Department urging him to overrule Hayden. Other countries were also approached, but any indicating interest were promptly asked not to file the case by the US State Department.

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blades, killing a few soldiers, only to be retaliated against by the regime's military reinforcements, which annihilated the villagers and their property. In another account which was given by Cham refugees in Malaysia, thirteen leading figures within the Cham Muslim community were killed by the regime in June 1975. The supposed reason for the killings was because some of them were "leading prayers instead of attending a CPK meeting", while the others were purportedly "petitioning for the permission on marriage ceremonies."

2258:, child medics cut out the intestines of a living non-consenting person and joined their ends to study the healing process. The patient died after three days due to the "operation". In the same hospital, other "physicians" trained by the Khmer Rouge opened the chest of a living person, just to see the heart beating. The operation resulted in the patient's immediate death. Other testimonies, as well as Khmer Rouge policy, suggest that these were not isolated cases. They also performed drug testing, for instance by injecting 43: 993:, have cited the United States intervention and bombing campaign from 1965 to 1973 as a significant factor that led to increased support for the Khmer Rouge among the Cambodian peasantry. According to Ben Kiernan, the Khmer Rouge "would not have won power without U.S. economic and military destabilization of Cambodia. ... It used the bombing's devastation and massacre of civilians as recruitment propaganda and as an excuse for its brutal, radical policies and its purge of moderate communists and Sihanoukists." 2823: 2346: 1906:(DC-Cam) as a result of the discovery of Khmer Rouge internal security documents which instructed the killings across Cambodia. However there were also instances of "indiscipline and spontaneity in the mass killings." On top of that, Etcheson has also proven that as a result of the systematic and mass killings which were based on political affiliations, ethnicity, religion, and citizenship, a third of Cambodia's population perished, so the Khmer Rouge is effectively guilty of committing genocide. 2809: 2037:

forced to buy those fish from the cooperative at a higher price. This policy prompted the locals to confront the cooperative to express their discontent, the locals were shot at, "killing and wounding more than 100", as one account put it. By December 1974, a rebellion by the Cham in Region 21 of the Eastern Zone had broken out against the Khmer Rouge after community leaders were arrested. The rebellion was forcefully repressed by the regime and no records of casualties were documented.

2294: 1542: 4432:, pp. 102–105: "As best as can now be estimated, over two million Cambodians died during the 1970s because of the political events of the decade, the vast majority of them during the mere four years of the 'Khmer Rouge' regime. This number of deaths is even more staggering when related to the size of the Cambodian population, then less than eight million. ... Subsequent reevaluations of the demographic data situated the death toll for the in the order of 300,000 or less." 3106:, pp. 102–105: "As best as can now be estimated, over two million Cambodians died during the 1970s because of the political events of the decade, the vast majority of them during the mere four years of the 'Khmer Rouge' regime. This number of deaths is even more staggering when related to the size of the Cambodian population, then less than eight million. ... Subsequent reevaluations of the demographic data situated the death toll for the in the order of 300,000 or less." 10502: 2075:, and other learned men of influence. Second, the Cham's Islamic and ethnic identities were both dismantled when the practices that distinguished the Cham from the Khmers were restricted. Third, the Cham were dispersed from their communities, they were either forced to perform labour in the fields or they were accused of plotting to incite acts of resistance or rebellions against the Khmer Rouge and arrested. During the Khmer Rouge's rule of Cambodia, all religions, including 2483:

Program, a successor to Stanton's Cambodian Genocide Project, won the contract. It was directed by Dr. Kiernan, Dr. Craig Etcheson, and Dr. Susan Cook. With Cambodian Youk Chang, they established the Documentation Center for Cambodia (DCCam). Dr. Helen Jarvis, working with DCCam, discovered thousands of pages of detailed records collected by the Khmer Rouge that documented their crimes. DCCam also conducted a survey of mass graves, and hundreds of eyewitness testimonies.

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Vietnam, and others were repatriated. The Chinese were predominantly city-dwellers, making them vulnerable to the Khmer Rouge's revolutionary ruralism and its evacuation of city residents to farms. The government of the People's Republic of China did not protest against the killings of ethnic Chinese in Cambodia, despite its awareness of the atrocities and its simultaneous condemnation of the Vietnamese government's mistreatment of ethnic Chinese who lived in Vietnam.

2270: 2012:(CPK), and he co-established the Eastern Zone Islamic Movement with his son, Mat Ly. Together, they became the mouthpiece of the Khmer Rouge and they encouraged the Cham people to participate in the revolution. Sos Man's Islamic Movement was also tolerated by the Khmer Rouge's leadership between 1970–1975. The Chams were gradually forced to abandon their faith and their distinct practices, a campaign which was launched in the Southwest as early as 1972. 2795: 2282: 635: 2224: 2306: 2318: 2330: 2507:

the Internal Rule of Procedure for the Tribunal. The rules established the first active participation by victims in an international tribunal and provided for a Victims Support Unit. The UN and government of Cambodia signed the agreement to establish the ECCC in 2003. Judges and other personnel were appointed by the government and the UN. Financing was pledged by UN members and the Tribunal was established in 2006.

1902:—argued that the number of Cham victims who were killed during the Khmer Rouge's rule of Cambodia was around 20,000 which would still be a substantial part of the Cham group and would thus constitute the crime of genocide by Pol Pot and the Khmer Rouge. The killings were a centralized and bureaucratic effort which was undertaken by the Khmer Rouge regime, according to documents which were recently published by the 9916: 1108: 2045:(ECCC) have not prosecuted any Khmer Rouge members who perpetrated atrocities during the pre-1975 period, the period before Pol Pot consolidated his power. As a result, the accounts of those Cham who experienced the repressions prior to 1975 were not considered parts of the genocide because the case for the systematic annihilation of a people based on ethnic or religious profiling was not concrete enough. 2434:

Pol Pot's Khmer Rouge, so they were reluctant to advocate bringing him to trial. The United States had avoided describing Khmer Rouge atrocities as genocide until 1989, claiming it was "counterproductive to finding peace" and only approved capturing and holding a trial for Pol Pot in 1997. There was also speculation that a trial might examine the U.S. bombing of Cambodia during the Vietnam War.

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were key factors in the ensuing genocide. One Khmer Rouge leader said that the killings were meant for the "purification of the populace." The Khmer Rouge virtually forced Cambodia's entire population to divide itself into mobile work teams. Michael Hunt has written that it was "an experiment in social mobilization unmatched in twentieth-century revolutions." The Khmer Rouge used a

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affair to be addressed by the Cambodians themselves. China had never interfered in the internal affairs of another country. Our assistance and support during that certain historical period was to support Cambodia's effort to safeguard its sovereignty and national independence. We never support wrong policies of other countries."

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Nuon Chea ("Brother Number Two") was arrested on 19 September 2007. At the end of his 2013 trial he denied all charges, stating that he had not given orders "to mistreat or kill people to deprive them of food or commit any genocide." He was convicted in 2014 and sentenced to life imprisonment. He has

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The tribunal tried and convicted three of the senior Khmer Rouge leaders, Kang Kek Iew (Duch) chief of the Tuol Sleng extermination prison in Phnom Penh, Nuon Chea (Brother Number Two) chief ideologist, and Khieu Samphan Head of State. Pol Pot, Brother Number One, died before trials began. Ieng Sary,

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After the end of the Khmer Rouge's rule, all religions were restored. Vickery believes that about 185,000 Cham lived in Cambodia in the mid-1980s and he also believes that the number of mosques was about the same then as it was before 1975. In early 1988, there were six mosques in the Phnom Penh area

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The events went from bad to worse in mid-1976 due to the rebellion, when the ethnic minorities were only allowed to pledge allegiance to the Khmer nationality and religion: there were to be no other identities besides the Khmer identity. Consequently, the Cham language was not spoken, communal eating

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Between 1972 and 1974, the Khmer Rouge intensified the enforcement of the restrictions which they imposed on the Cham because they believed that the Cham were a threat to their communist agenda due to the existence of their unique language, their culture, their beliefs, and their independent communal

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Ten Cham villages were taken over by the Khmer Rouge in 1972–1973, where new Cham leaders were installed, and they forced the villagers to work in the fields which were located away from their hometowns. A witness who was interviewed by Kiernan asserts that at that time, they were well-treated by the

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Stanton undertook investigations in Cambodia with Dr. Ben Kiernan of Yale University in the 1980s. They interviewed many survivors, visited mass graves and extermination prisons, and collected hours of videotaped eye-witness testimony. Kiernan wrote several books about the history of the Khmer Rouge

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were signed to mark the official end of the war. In order to include the Khmer Rouge in the agreement, the major powers agreed to avoid using the word "genocide" to describe their actions between 1975 and 1979. Nearly every major leader in Cambodia in 1991 had at one point allied themselves with the

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Ben Kiernan estimates that between 1.671 million to 1.871 million Cambodians died as a result of Khmer Rouge policy, or between 21% and 24% of Cambodia's 1975 population. A study by French demographer Marek Sliwinski calculated slightly fewer than 2 million unnatural deaths under the Khmer Rouge out

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As much as there are records of these restrictions, resistance, and repressions, there are also accounts by members of the Cham community which deny the oppression which it was subjected to by the regime between 1970 and early 1975. While restrictions on certain activities like trade and travel were

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In February 1974, the Cham who lived in Region 31, which was located in the Western Zone, protested against the Khmer Rouge's policy which required fishermen to register their daily catch with the local cooperative and sell it to the cooperative at a low price. At the same time, the locals were also

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in 1977, a plan was proclaimed up to "smash enemies of the revolution", stating that "the enemies of the revolution are many, but our biggest enemy are Cham. So the Plan calls for the destruction of all the Cham people before 1980." In fact, more telegrams were sent from Pol Pot to local governments

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The Khmer Rouge officially blamed minority groups, particularly the Cham and the Vietnamese, for the country's ills. The regime initially ordered the expulsion of ethnic Vietnamese from Cambodia but then conducted large scale massacres of large numbers of Vietnamese civilians who were being deported

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in Southeast Asia, Quinn was stationed at the South Vietnamese border for nine months between 1973–1974. While there, Quinn "interviewed countless Cambodian refugees who had escaped the brutal clutches of the Khmer Rouge." Based upon the compiled interviews and the atrocities he witnessed firsthand,

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stemmed from his experience in Cambodia's rural northeast—where he developed an affinity for the agrarian self-sufficiency of the area's isolated tribes—while the Khmer Rouge gained power. Attempts to implement these goals (formed upon the observations of small, rural communes) into a larger society

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was published in French in 1977 and translated into English in 1978. Ponchaud was one of the first authors to bring the Cambodian genocide to the world's attention. Ponchaud has said that the genocide "was above all, the translation into action the particular vision of a man : A person who has been

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Dr. Helen Jarvis became a senior advisor to Deputy Prime Minister Sok An. She established the Cambodian government Task Force to plan creation of the Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia (ECCC), commonly called the Khmer Rouge Tribunal. Dr. Stanton worked with the Task Force and drafted

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The Director General of the Foreign Service, Genta Hawkins Holmes, directed Dr. Stanton back to Washington, DC and assigned him to the Office of UN Political Affairs in the Bureau of International Organizations, with the mandate to deal with the aftermath of the Rwandan genocide. Stanton joined the

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in 1982. Stanton started the project after directing the Church World Service and CARE relief program in Phnom Penh in 1980. Stanton proposed that the Khmer Rouge regime, which still held Cambodia's seat in the United Nations, should be charged in the International Court of Justice for violation of

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The previous doctors were killed or sent to the countryside to work as farmers during the Khmer Rouge and the library of the Medical Faculty in Phnom Penh was set on fire. The regime then employed child medics, who were just teenagers with no or very little training. They did not have any knowledge

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Le bilan humain de cette périod de guerre civile est difficile à établir. Les chiffres avancés ne sont pas irréfutables, et ils peuvent bien avoir été lancés à des fins de propagande ou d'intoxication. Ils oscillent, pour le nombre des morts, entre 600 000 et 700 000, soit entre 7.7% et 9.6% de la

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On the higher end of estimates, journalist Elizabeth Becker writes that 'officially, more than half a million Cambodians died on the Lon Nol side of the war; another 600,000 were said to have died in the Khmer Rouge zones.' However, it is not clear how these numbers were calculated or whether they

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Between 17 April 1975 and 7 January 1979 the death toll was about 25% of a population of some 7.8 million; 33.5% of men were massacred or died unnatural deaths as against 15.7% of the women, and 41.9% of the population of Phnom Penh. ... Since 1979, the so-called Pol Pot regime has been equated to

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and admitted his guilt for crimes carried out in Tuol Sleng prison, where up to 17,000 political prisoners were executed. He expressed sorrow for his actions, stating that he was willing to stand trial and give evidence against his former comrades. During his trial in February and March 2009, Duch

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In 1992, Dr. Stanton left his law professorship at Washington and Lee University to join the State Department Foreign Service. He realized that in order for the trials to take place, a committed advocate had to join the State Department to promote the project. In 1994, President Clinton signed the

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in his book (written by Huy Vannak), tortures were so atrocious and heinous that the prisoners tried in every way to commit suicide, even using spoons, and their hands were constantly tied behind their back to prevent them from committing suicide or trying to escape. When it was believed that they

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The state of the Chinese Cambodians during the rule of the Khmer Rouge regime was alleged to be "the worst disaster ever to befall any ethnic Chinese community in Southeast Asia." Cambodians of Chinese descent were massacred by the Khmer Rouge under the justification that they "used to exploit the

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writes that the bombing "had the effect the Americans wanted—it broke the Communist encirclement of Phnom Penh", but also accelerated the collapse of rural society and increased social polarization. Craig Etcheson agrees that U.S. intervention increased recruitment for the Khmer Rouge but disputes

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reported over a million civil war deaths, military and civilian included. Other researchers were unable to corroborate such high estimates. Marek Sliwinski notes that many estimates of the dead are open to question and may have been used for propaganda, suggesting that the true number lies between

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before being pushed back. By June, three months after Sihanouk's removal, they had swept government forces from the entire northeastern third of the country. After defeating those forces, the Vietnamese turned the newly won territories over to the local insurgents. The Khmer Rouge also established

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and grave breaches of the Geneva Conventions. On 28 March 2019, the Trial Chamber found Nuon Chea and Khieu Samphan guilty of crimes against humanity, grave breaches of the Geneva Conventions, and genocide of the Vietnamese ethnic, national and racial group. The Chamber additionally convicted Nuon

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claimed: "For a long time China has ... had normal and friendly relations with previous Cambodian governments, including that of Democratic Kampuchea. As everyone knows, the government of Democratic Kampuchea had a legal seat at the United Nations, and had established broad foreign relations with

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from China, and the said request still persists. In 2015, Youk Chhang, the executive director of the Documentation Center of Cambodia, pointed out that "Chinese advisers were there with the prison guards and all the way to the top leader. China has never admitted or apologized for this." In 2009,

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issued a statement in which it claimed that Beijing never supported the wrong policies of the Khmer Rouge while it was governing Cambodia and it refused to apologize. Yang Yanyi (杨燕怡), then the Deputy Director of the Asian Department in the Foreign Ministry of China, claimed: "This is an internal

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Another senior Khmer Rouge leader, Khieu Samphan, was arrested on 19 November 2007 and charged with crimes against humanity. He was convicted in 2014 and sentenced to life imprisonment. At a hearing on 23 June 2017, Samphan stated a desire to bow to the memory of his guiltless victims, while also

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To reverse State Department opposition to trials for the Khmer Rouge, Dr. Stanton, Dr. Kiernan, Sally Benson, and Dr. Craig Etcheson co-founded the Campaign to Oppose the Return of the Khmer Rouge. They drafted the Cambodian Genocide Justice Act, introduced by Senator Charles Robb. It ordered the

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The organization continued to use children extensively until at least 1998, often forcibly recruiting them. During this period, the children were deployed mainly in unpaid support roles, such as ammunition-carriers, and also as combatants. Many children had fled the Khmer Rouge without a means to

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According to Ben Kiernan, the racialization of the Cham during the colonial and post-colonial eras could be the main reason behind the Khmer Rouge's hatred of the Cham people. Misinformation and racial stereotypes were used to disconnect the Cham from their ancestral homelands, including the Cham

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concluded that the mass killings and starvation by the Khmer Rouge did constitute genocide, both as defined in the Genocide Convention and in the broader definition of Raphael Lemkin, which includes destruction of political, social, and economic groups. The crimes were genocide under the Genocide

1882:

Scholars and historians have varying opinions on whether the persecution and killings which occurred during the rule of the Khmer Rouge should be considered genocide. These conflicting opinions exist because scholars who conducted research in Cambodia immediately after the fall of the Khmer Rouge

878:

were not informed about the Khmer Rouge's decision, its forces provided shelter and weapons to the Khmer Rouge after the insurgency began. North Vietnamese support for the Khmer Rouge's insurgency made it impossible for the Cambodian military to effectively counter it. For the next two years, the

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members, who had served the CCP's cause for many years. ... It is ironic that the departure and ill-treatment of the ethnic Chinese in Vietnam turned out to be a much bigger issue than the developments in Cambodia. The ethnic Chinese issue in Vietnam notably generated tensions and undermined the

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published a pamphlet after their visit to Cambodia. The pamphlet stated that reports of mass killings and other atrocities were made up by the USA and it also stated that the reports were then used by the Soviet Union and Vietnam. According to them, a part of the death toll was made up by the US

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In 1997, Thomas Hammarberg, UN Human Rights chief in the UN Transitional Authority in Cambodia that followed the 1991 Paris Peace Accords, persuaded the two prime ministers of Cambodia to appeal to the UN to assist Cambodia in establishing a tribunal to try the senior leaders of the Khmer Rouge.

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on prisoners. People were imprisoned and tortured merely on suspicion of opposing the regime or because other prisoners gave their names under torture. Whole families (including women and children) ended up in prisons and were tortured because the Khmer Rouge feared that if they did not do this,

1909:

David Chandler has argued that, even though ethnic minorities fell victim to the Khmer Rouge regime, they were not specifically targeted by it because of their ethnic backgrounds, instead, they were targeted because they were considered enemies of the regime. Chandler also rejects the use of the

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were fabricated and that the artifacts were faked by the Vietnamese following their invasion in 1979. Sokha's party has claimed that his comments were taken out of context. Cambodia scholar Ben Kiernan and Genocide Scholar Gregory Stanton personally saw the records and photographs at Tuol Sleng

2414:

The Vietnamese invasion of Cambodia ended the genocide by defeating and overthrowing the Khmer Rouge regime in January 1979. On 15 July 1979, the new Vietnamese installed government of Cambodia passed "Decree Law No. 1." This allowed for the trial of Pol Pot and Ieng Sary for the crime of

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into a living person's body and studying the effects. Coconut juice injection is often lethal. Witness at Tribunal hearing also disclosed that in Tbong Khmum province, he saw a medical staff at the hospital carrying out experiments on the wives of arrested cadre at night, when it was quiet. The

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from the people, and at the same time, they tried to impose a mandatory short haircut on Cham women. The authorities encountered a mass demonstration which was staged by members of the local Cham community who were shot at by the regime's soldiers. The Cham forcefully retaliated with swords and

2024:

were forbidden. Vickery notes that the Cambodian Cham were discriminated against by the Khmer before the beginning of the war "in some localities", partly because the Cham were stereotyped as being practitioners of black magic. In other localities, the Cham were well-assimilated within the host

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A few months before his death on 15 April 1998, Pol Pot was interviewed by Nate Thayer. During the interview, he stated that he had a clear conscience and denied being responsible for the genocide. Pol Pot asserted that he "came to carry out the struggle, not to kill people." According to Alex

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The Office of Cambodian Genocide Investigations was led by Ambassador Alphonse LaPorta and included Dr. Stanton. The Office issued a Request for Proposals to document the Khmer Rouge genocide. Stanton recused himself from any decision making on the bidding. Yale University's Cambodian Genocide

1967:

At the beginning of the rule of the Khmer Rouge regime in 1975, there were 425,000 ethnic Chinese in Cambodia. By the end of 1979, there were just 200,000, most of them were stuck in Thai refugee camps and the rest of them were stuck in Cambodia. 170,000 Chinese fled from Cambodia and moved to

1175:

We agree with you! Much of your experience is better than ours. China is not qualified to criticize you. We committed errors of the political routes for ten times in fifty years—some are national, some are local…Thus I say China has no qualification to criticize you but to applaud you. You are

2454:

The Khmer Rouge were part of a coalition in Thailand and the Cambodian mountains that opposed the new Soviet and Vietnamese backed government in Phnom Penh. The coalition also included the non-communist resistance and the Royalist party. The US opposed the new government because of its Soviet

1758:

Analysis of existing mortality estimates show that men accounted for 81% of all violent deaths and 67% of all excess deaths in this period. The killing of about 50–70% of Cambodia's working-age men led to a shift in norms regarding the sexual division of labor and correlates with present-day

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In 1978, in order to purge the Eastern Military Zone of those he perceived to have been contaminated by the Vietnamese, Pol Pot ordered military units from the Southwest Zone to move into eastern Kampuchea and eliminate the "hidden traitors". Unable to withstand an attack from the Kampuchea

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out of Cambodia. The regime then prevented the remaining 20,000 ethnic Vietnamese from fleeing, and much of this group was also executed. The Khmer Rouge also used the media to support their goals of genocide. Radio Phnom Penh called on Cambodians to "exterminate the 50 million Vietnamese."

4199:: 54. "In April–May 1970, many North Vietnamese forces entered Cambodia in response to the call for help addressed to Vietnam not by Pol Pot, but by his deputy Nuon Chea." Nguyen Co Thach recalls: "Nuon Chea has asked for help and we have 'liberated' five provinces of Cambodia in ten days." 718:; it is estimated that at least 90% of the foreign aid which the Khmer Rouge received came from China, including at least US$ 1 billion in interest-free economic and military aid in 1975 alone. After it seized power in April 1975, the Khmer Rouge wanted to turn the country into an agrarian 2220:, which were mass graves where prisoners were killed at night with metal tools such as scythes or nails and hammers (since bullets were too expensive). Often times, their screams were covered with loudspeakers playing propaganda music of Democratic Kampuchea and noise from generator sets. 950:

240,000 and 310,000. Judith Banister and E. Paige Johnson described 275,000 war deaths as "the highest mortality that we can justify". Patrick Heuveline states that "Subsequent reevaluations of the demographic data situated the death toll for the in the order of 300,000 or less".

2204:

their intended victims' relatives would seek revenge. Pol Pot said, "if you want to kill the grass, you also have to kill the roots". Most prisoners did not even know why they were imprisoned and, if they dared to ask the prison guards, the guards would answer only by saying that

1391:

was one of Pol Pot's favorite authors, according to historian David Chandler. In the mid-1960s, Pol Pot reformulated his ideas about Marxism–Leninism to suit the Cambodian situation by advocating goals such as bringing Cambodia back to an alleged and mythical past of the powerful

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passed legislation to form a tribunal to try additional members of the Khmer Rouge regime. Following lengthy negotiations, an agreement between the Royal Government of Cambodia and the United Nations was reached and signed on 6 June 2003. The agreement was then endorsed by the

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During the genocide, China was the largest military and economic supporter of the Khmer Rouge, supplying "more than 15,000 military advisers" and most of its external aid. It is estimated that at least 90% of foreign aid to Khmer Rouge came from China, with 1975 alone seeing

973:. Estimates range from 30,000 to 500,000. Sliwinski estimates that approximately 17% of total civil war deaths can be attributed to U.S. bombing, noting that this is far behind the leading causes of death, as the U.S. bombing was concentrated in underpopulated border areas. 1773:

The Khmer Rouge regime frequently arrested and executed anyone whom it suspected of having connections with the former Cambodian government along with anyone whom it suspected of having connections with foreign governments, as well as professionals, intellectuals, the

7665:, pp. 586–587: "We may safely conclude, from known pre- and post-genocide population figures and from professional demographic calculations, that the 1975–79 death toll was between 1.671 and 1.871 million people, 21 to 24 percent of Cambodia's 1975 population." 3112:, pp. 586–587: "We may safely conclude, from known pre- and post-genocide population figures and from professional demographic calculations, that the 1975–79 death toll was between 1.671 and 1.871 million people, 21 to 24 percent of Cambodia's 1975 population." 2776:, the subsequent brutality and genocide that occurred when Pol Pot and his Khmer Rouge militia took over, the poverty and suffering of the people, and the limited aid since given by the West. Pilger's first report on Cambodia was published in a special issue of the 1802:

of Cambodia's previous military and political leadership, along with business leaders, journalists, students, doctors, and lawyers. Due to the fact that the perpetrators and the victims of the mass murder were largely members of the same ethnic group, the term

2534:, who had been an unofficial adviser to the regime. On 17 November 2011, following evaluations from medical experts, Thirith was found to be unfit to stand trial due to a mental condition. Sary died of heart failure in 2013 while his trial was in progress. 933:

After Sihanouk demonstrated his support for the Khmer Rouge by visiting them in the field, their ranks swelled from 6,000 to 50,000 fighters. Many of the Khmer Rouge's new recruits were apolitical peasants who fought in support of the King, rather than for

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State Department to make it US policy to try the Khmer Rouge, to create a State Department Office of Cambodian Investigations, to conduct a study by legal scholars to recommend how trials should be conducted, and it earmarked $ 800,000 to fund the effort.

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Although executions of public officials of the old regime had taken place after Phnom Penh fell, 20 May 1975 is commemorated in Cambodia as the date that the Khmer Rouge campaign against private citizens began and 20 May is now observed annually as the

797:

has mapped 23,745 mass graves containing approximately 1.3 million suspected victims of execution. Direct execution is believed to account for up to 60% of the genocide's death toll, with other victims succumbing to starvation, exhaustion, or disease.

1988:" of Chams through population dispersal. Pol Pot then began using intimidation efforts against the Chams that included the assassination of village elders, but he ultimately ordered the full-scale mass killing of the Cham people. American professor 2180:

The Khmer Rouge exploited thousands of desensitized, conscripted children in their early teens to commit mass murder and other atrocities during and after the genocide. The indoctrinated children were taught to follow any order without hesitation.

925:'s archives reveal that the invasion was launched at the Khmer Rouge's explicit request after negotiations were held with Nuon Chea. A North Vietnamese force quickly overran large parts of eastern Cambodia, reaching within 15 miles (24 km) of 1180:

Pol Pot replied: "The issue of lines of struggle raised by Chairman Mao is an important strategic issue. We will follow your words in the future. I have read and learned various works of Chairman Mao since I was young, especially the theory on

1380:

society that would be free from foreign influences. Stalin's works have been described as a "crucial formative influence" on his thought. Mao's works were also heavily influential, particularly influential was Mao's booklet which was titled

1497:

was a major part of the ideology of all three regimes. All three regimes targeted religious minorities and they also tried to use force in order to expand their rule into what they believed were their historic heartlands (the Khmer Empire,

2239:. A similar treatment is supposed to have been given to babies of other prisons like S-21, spread all over Democratic Kampuchea. S-21 also incarcerated a few Westerners who were captured by the regime. One was the British teacher 1446:, the author of a doctoral dissertation about the "origins of the radical Pol Pot regime" is "widely acknowledged as the first person to report on the genocidal policies of Pol Pot and the Khmer Rouge." While he was employed as a 1875:. By decree, the Khmer Rouge banned the existence of more than 20 minority groups, which constituted 15% of Cambodia's population. While Cambodians in general were victims of the Khmer Rouge regime, the persecution, torture, and 1203:

1 billion in interest-free economic and military aid, "the biggest aid ever given to any one country by China". A series of internal crises in 1976 prevented Beijing from exerting substantial influence over Khmer Rouge policies.

1333:

China trained Khmer Rouge soldiers on its soil from 1979 to at least 1986, "stationed military advisers with Khmer Rouge troops as late as 1990", and "supplied at least $ 1 billion in military aid" during the 1980s. There are

1894:, who cited an account by a former Khmer Rouge cadre who claimed that the killings were acts of retribution for the atrocities which were perpetrated by Lon Nol's soldiers when they killed people who were known to be former 1917:

Ben Kiernan makes the argument that it was indeed a genocide and he disagrees with these three scholars, by bringing forth examples from the history of the Cham people in Cambodia, as did an international tribunal finding

2091:

and a "good number" of mosques also existed in the provinces, but Muslim dignitaries were thinly stretched; only 20 of the previous 113 most prominent Cham clergy in Cambodia survived the rule of the Khmer Rouge period.

1790:, were executed out of fear that they would rebel against the Khmer Rouge. As a result, Pol Pot has been described as "a genocidal tyrant" by journalists and historians such as William Branigin. The British sociologist 2597:

In 1988, Cambodian Prime Minister Hun Sen, who was once a member of the Khmer Rouge, described China as "the root of everything that was evil" in Cambodia. But after he ousted his domestic rivals in a bloody factional

6376:"Khmer Rouge's Slaughter in Cambodia Is Ruled a Genocide Photographs of victims of the Khmer Rouge at the Tuol Sleng Genocide Museum in Phnom Penh, Cambodia, on Thursday. Credit Adam Dean for The New York Times Image" 7556: 7353:

Cambodia : the Eastern Zone massacres : a report on social conditions and human rights violations in the Eastern Zone of democratic Kampuchea under the role of Pol Pot's (Khmer Rouge) Communist Party of

805:, many of whom escaped to neighboring Thailand and, to a lesser extent, Vietnam. In 2003, by agreement between the Cambodian government and the United Nations, the Extraordinary Chambers in the Court of Cambodia ( 9722: 3948:

Through interviews and physical exploration, DC-Cam identified 19,733 mass burial pits, 196 prisons that operated during the Democratic Kampuchea (DK) period, and 81 memorials constructed by survivors of the DK

980:

The relationship between the United States' massive bombing of Cambodia and the growth of the Khmer Rouge in recruitment and popular support has been a matter of interest to historians. Some scholars, including

1143:

met with Mao in Beijing; Mao supported many of the policies proposed by the Khmer Rouge, but he did not want the Khmer Rouge to marginalize Sihanouk after they won the civil war and established a new Cambodia.

2119:. According to Catherine Wessinger, "Democratic Kampuchea was officially an atheist state, and the persecution of religion by the Khmer Rouge was only matched in severity by the persecution of religion in the 1130:

In 1970, Lon Nol overthrew Sihanouk, who fled to Beijing, where Pol Pot was also visiting. On the advice of the CCP, the Khmer Rouge changed its position, and in order to support Sihanouk, it established the

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in April 1978, the Khmer Rouge military crossed the border and entered the village, slaughtering 3,157 Vietnamese civilians. This caused an urgent response from the Vietnamese government, precipitating the

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exhibition, which ran from 2011 to 2015, recognized individuals who risked their lives to save others. The Cambodian rescuers are paired alongside similar profiles of courage from other world genocides.

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Inside S-21, a special treatment was given to babies and children; they were taken away from their mothers and relatives, and sent to the Killing Fields, where they were smashed against the so-called

2139:)." All religions were banned, and the repression of adherents of Islam, Christianity, and Buddhism was extensive. It is estimated that up to 50,000 Buddhist monks were massacred by the Khmer Rouge. 1996:

estimate that these efforts would have completely wiped out the Cham population were it not for the overthrow of the Khmer Rouge in 1979. In a Khmer Rouge official meeting took place in Sector 41,

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are analogous narrational canards that seek to use victims' religions to justify the actions of genocide perpetrators but they ignore wider race and ethnic hatreds and discriminatory backgrounds.

1455:

Quinn wrote "a 40-page report about it, which was submitted throughout the U.S. government." In the report, he wrote that the Khmer Rouge had "much in common with those of totalitarian regimes in

7516: 4191:

Mosyakov, Dmitry. "The Khmer Rouge and the Vietnamese Communists: A History of Their Relations as Told in the Soviet Archives". In Cook, Susan E., ed. (2004). "Genocide in Cambodia and Rwanda".

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12 million in aid to Cambodia. Even though the Cambodian government never mentioned the issue of the Khmer Rouge during Jiang's visit, protesters asked for an apology and they even asked for

2048:

In 1975, upon the victory of the Khmer Rouge over the Khmer Republic's forces, two brothers of Cham descent who had joined the Khmer Rouge as soldiers returned home to Region 21 within the

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in Beijing, where Mao lectured Pol Pot on his "Theory of Continuing Revolution under the Dictatorship of the Proletariat (无产阶级专政下继续革命理论)", recommending two articles which were written by

7684: 2523:, torture, and murder and was sentenced to 35 years in prison. On 3 February 2012 his previous sentence was replaced with life imprisonment. Duch died of lung disease in September 2020. 12458: 1195:. Zhou urged them not to repeat the mistakes that had caused havoc. Sihanouk later recalled that Khieu Samphan and Ieng Thirith responded only with "an incredulous and superior smile". 8203: 7998: 4089:"Agreement between the United Nations and the Royal Government of Cambodia concerning the prosecution under Cambodian law of crimes committed during the period of Democratic Kampuchea" 14408: 1350:

continued to allow the Khmer Rouge "to trade and move across the Thai border to sustain their activities ... although international criticism, particularly from the United States and

914:) backed by China. Although thoroughly aware of the weakness of Lon Nol's forces and loath to commit American military force to the new conflict in any form other than air power, the 3535: 2527:

expressed remorse and accepted moral responsibility for his crimes, stating "I would like to sincerely apologize to the public, the victims, the families, and all Cambodian people."

941:

By 1975, with Lon Nol's government running out of ammunition due to its loss of support from the U.S., it was clear that its collapse was imminent. On 17 April 1975, the Khmer Rouge

8402: 2067:

The patterns were consistent throughout the killings of the Cham people: first, the communal structures were dismantled as a result of the murder of Cham Muslim leaders, including

5651: 3144: 1326:(CGDK). Owing to support from China, Thailand, other South East Asian countries, the U.S., and some Western countries, the CGDK held Cambodia's UN seat until 1993, long after the 6718:

An examination of the available sources, then, suggests that the CCP did not raise with the Khmer Rouge, whether officially or privately, the issue of the ethnic Chinese and the

8622: 1960:

Cambodian people". The Chinese were stereotyped as traders and moneylenders associated with capitalism, while historically the group attracted resentment due to their lighter

809:) were established to try the members of the Khmer Rouge leadership responsible for the Cambodian genocide. Trials began in 2009. On 26 July 2010, the Trial Chamber convicted 8545: 4030: 15743: 10027: 7373: 1191:

warned Sihanouk as well as Khmer Rouge leaders including Khieu Samphan and Ieng Sary of the danger of radical movement towards communism, citing the mistakes in China's own

7411: 7032: 5427: 4923: 4333: 2709:, which has been noted by critics for "allow us to observe how memory and time may collapse to render the past as present and by doing so reveal the ordinary face of evil." 9664: 7552: 2602:

in July 1997, prompting outrage in the West, China immediately recognized the status quo and offered military aid. New interests soon came into alignment. Then, in 2000,

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Additionally, the Khmer Rouge conducted many cross-border raids into Vietnam, where they slaughtered an estimated 30,000 Vietnamese civilians. Most notably, during the

11245: 7711: 5738: 5301: 7641: 6582: 4951: 2429:

The war continued until 1989 as an insurgency against the Vietnamese occupation by the Khmer Rouge and several other groups. Following the Vietnamese withdrawal, the

2162:

defected to Vietnam. The series of massacres in the Eastern Zone were the most serious of all of the massacres which took place during the Pol Pot regime's genocide.

1310:

to limit the scale and duration of the war. Following the one-month war, Singapore attempted to serve as a mediator between Vietnam and China on the Cambodian issue.

12886: 5978: 1964:

and cultural differences. Hundreds of Cham, Chinese and Khmer families were rounded up in 1978 and told that they were to be resettled, but were actually executed.

7002: 6695: 3808: 3349: 2836: 1335: 4134: 11563: 7786: 7291: 5617: 4451: 4088: 2703:, a survivor of the genocide, is "considered by many to be the cinematic voice of Cambodia." Panh has directed several documentaries on the genocide, including 16640: 8972: 7612: 8338: 6385: 6224: 14594: 12997: 11802: 11536: 8273: 8043: 1879:

are considered an act of genocide according to the United Nations as ethnic and religious minorities were systematically targeted by Pol Pot and his regime.

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unanimously passed legislation that prohibits the denial of the Cambodian genocide and other war crimes committed by the Khmer Rouge; a bill that mirrors

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After being located in an opulent Phnom Penh villa, Ieng Sary was arrested on 12 November 2007 and indicted for crimes against humanity, as was his wife

517: 7527: 2185:

feed themselves and believed that joining the government forces would enable them to survive, although local commanders frequently denied them any pay.

1898:

agents before Pol Pot and the Khmer Rouge's rise to power. Vickery—erroneously, as has been proven by the research which was more recently conducted by

730:. Pol Pot and other Khmer Rouge officials met with Mao in Beijing in June 1975, receiving approval and advice, while high-ranking CCP officials such as 14073: 11834: 10200: 7486: 3117: 1510:, respectively), and all three regimes "idealized their ethnic peasantry as the true 'national' class, the ethnic soil from which the new state grew." 12541: 813:

for crimes against humanity and grave breaches of the 1949 Geneva Conventions. The Supreme Court Chamber increased his sentence to life imprisonment.

10486: 7586: 7453: 5251: 501: 910:, formed an alliance with the Khmer Rouge, and became the nominal head of a Khmer Rouge–dominated government-in-exile (known by its French acronym, 15895: 15728: 15255: 14005: 12854: 11905: 9904:

Waller, James. "Communist Mass Killings: Cambodia (1975–1979)". Keene State College. Cohen Center, Keene, NH. 17 February 2015. Powerpoint Lecture.

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and toppled the Khmer Rouge regime. By January 1979, 1.5 to 2 million people had died due to the Khmer Rouge's policies, including 200,000–300,000

11224: 8674: 8078: 3441: 17043: 13572: 12713: 12493: 11929: 11190: 11104: 10132: 9235:

Heuveline, Patrick (1998). "'Between One and Three Million': Towards the Demographic Reconstruction of a Decade of Cambodian History (1970–79)".

2851: 2243:, captured by the Khmer Rouge while he was on a yacht. One guard of S-21, Cheam Soeu, said that one of the Westerners had been burned alive, but 1212:

After Mao's death in September 1976, China underwent a two-year transitionary period that ended with the appointment of Deng Xiaoping as its new

83:

Cambodia's previous military and political leadership, middle-class professionals, businesspeople, intellectuals, ethnic and religious minorities

7850: 3471: 945:

and ended the civil war. Mortality estimates for the Cambodian Civil War vary widely. Sihanouk used a figure of 600,000 civil war deaths, while

16344: 16275: 15814: 13323: 13132: 13013: 12175: 11600: 11198: 10220: 10185: 8238: 7681: 4157: 3316: 2611: 2472: 7988: 2263:

victims' bodies were cut open and injected with some liquid that other reports stated that the injection could be some form of coconut fluid.

17088: 16978: 16285: 16074: 12087: 11415: 11301: 10312: 10215: 8181: 7517:"Keeping Them Alive, One Gets Nothing; Killing Them, One Loses Nothing: Prosecuting Khmer Rouge Medical Practices as Crimes against Humanity" 2561:. They also claimed that the reports and images of the Khmer Rouge's atrocities were made up by Thai intelligence and supporters of Lon Nol. 663: 11921: 5951: 3893: 17083: 16789: 15804: 10922: 10205: 9948: 5856:

Gaikwad, Nikhar; Lin, Erin; Zucker, Noah (15 March 2021). "Gender After Genocide: How Violence Shapes Long-Term Political Representation".

5183: 1323: 466: 7055: 4550: 3927: 3840: 1299:, China officially condemned the Vietnamese invasion and continued its material support to the Khmer Rouge. In early 1979, China launched 16099: 15778: 14665: 10160: 8391: 7137: 3505: 969:

The number of Cambodian civilian and Khmer Rouge deaths caused by U.S. bombing is disputed and difficult to disentangle from the broader

883:

did very little to stop it. As the insurgency grew in strength, the party openly declared itself to be the Communist Party of Kampuchea.

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was seen as an "alien" and "foreign" culture that did not belong in the new Communist system. Initially, the Khmer Rouge aimed for the "

1318:

As a result of Chinese and Western opposition to the Vietnamese invasion of 1978 and 1979, the Khmer Rouge continued to hold Cambodia's

1216:

in December of 1978. During the transition period, Pol Pot made an official visit to China in July 1977 and he was welcomed by chairman

1135:. In 1970 alone, the Chinese reportedly gave the United Front 400 tons of military aid. In April 1974, Sihanouk and Khmer Rouge leaders 16025: 15768: 12973: 12920: 11889: 10210: 9457: 9329: 8604: 4222: 2476: 2468: 2008:

and rising through the ranks to become a major in the Party's forces. He then returned home to the Eastern Zone in 1970 and joined the

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Bruckmayr, Philipp (1 July 2006). "The Cham Muslims of Cambodia: From Forgotten Minority to Focal Point of Islamic Internationalism".

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Convention because they included the intentional destruction of a significant part of two ethnic groups, the Vietnamese and the Cham.

16558: 16137: 15857: 12167: 11543: 11332: 11070: 10360: 8908:

Boyle, Deirdre (2009). "Shattering Silence: Traumatic Memory and Reenactment in Rithy Panh's S-21: The Khmer Rouge Killing Machine".

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Similarly, in June or July 1975, the Khmer Rouge authorities in Region 21 of the Eastern Zone tried to confiscate all copies of the

1883:

regime in 1979 claimed that the victims could have been killed due to the circumstances which they were living under. For instance,

738:

later visited Cambodia to offer help. To fulfill its goals, the Khmer Rouge emptied the cities and forced Cambodians to relocate to

17053: 15809: 13842: 11253: 10584: 8535: 4985: 3642: 2004:

The Cham began to rise in prominence when they joined the communists as early as the 1950s, with a Cham elder, Sos Man joining the

793:. Abduction and indoctrination of children was widespread, and many were persuaded or forced to commit atrocities. As of 2009, the 7381: 4026: 2211:

There are many accounts of torture in both the Security Prison 21 records and the documents of the trial; as told by the survivor

16494: 15245: 13889: 11317: 7403: 7028: 5969:"The Cambodian 'auto-genocide' – musings on a concept that needn't exist | Heinrich Böll Stiftung | Phnom Penh Office – Cambodia" 4910: 4325: 2760: 2491: 1250: 12230: 11117: 10481: 7553:"Propaganda, Torture and French Colonial Heritage: Looking into the Methods of the Khmer Rouge | Cambodia Tribunal Monitor" 1338:, because they wished to weaken Vietnam's influence in Southeast Asia. The UK has also been accused of helping the group as the 17098: 16998: 15738: 14010: 11842: 9656: 4991: 4888: 3177: 3087: 2369: 1871:, and other minorities were also targeted for persecution and genocide. The Khmer Rouge forcibly relocated minority groups and 6696:"The Chinese Communist Party's Relationship with the Khmer Rouge in the 1970s: An Ideological Victory and a Strategic Failure" 5730: 3350:"The Chinese Communist Party's Relationship with the Khmer Rouge in the 1970s: An Ideological Victory and a Strategic Failure" 2519:

admitted that he was responsible for the crimes carried out at Tuol Sleng. On 26 July 2010, he was found guilty on charges of

1005:, the United States bombing and ground incursion plunged Cambodia into the chaos that Sihanouk had worked for years to avoid. 930:"liberated" areas in the southern and southwestern parts of the country, where they operated independently of the Vietnamese. 17123: 16390: 16015: 15733: 13668: 13355: 13333: 12576: 11770: 11632: 10677: 9895: 9848: 9825: 9802: 9753: 9696: 9645: 9622: 9595: 9555: 9505: 9486: 9436: 9375: 9311: 9285: 9180: 9155: 9132: 9113: 9086: 9034: 9011: 8961: 8898: 8849: 8823: 8804: 8773: 8739: 8707: 8587: 7766: 7221: 6951: 6928: 6905: 6882: 6780: 6744: 6660: 6557: 6526: 6494: 6467: 6440: 6161: 6099: 5922: 5797: 5691: 5597: 5566: 4999: 4703: 4654: 4592: 4524: 4485: 4406: 4167: 3979: 3876: 3574: 3545: 3515: 3280: 2886: 2705: 1601: 14756: 9516: 7701: 4441:

William Shawcross, "1979 Sideshow: Kissinger, Nixon and the Destruction of Cambodia," (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1979)

3381:

Hood, Steven J. (1990). "Beijing's Cambodia Gamble and the Prospects for Peace in Indochina: The Khmer Rouge or Sihanouk?".

962:

against the Khmer Rouge devastated rural Cambodia. An earlier U.S. bombing campaign of Cambodia began on 18 March 1969 with

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and the leader of Dazhai, visited Cambodia in December 1977, commending the achievement of its movement towards communism.

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opined that the killings were "largely the result of the spontaneous excesses of a vengeful, undisciplined peasant army."

1432:

to keep the population in line. The Khmer Rouge's economic plan was named the "Maha Lout Ploh", a direct allusion to the "

921:

On 29 March 1970, North Vietnam launched an offensive against the Cambodian army. Documents which were uncovered from the

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Sino-Vietnamese relationship while the CCP turned a blind eye to the atrocities committed by the Khmer Rouge against the

6140: 5889: 3140:"Ideologies of Khmer Rouge Family Policy: Contextualizing Sexual and Gender-Based Violence during the Cambodian Genocide" 2175: 381: 13422: 13350: 9392:(2003b). "The Demography of Genocide in Southeast Asia: The Death Tolls in Cambodia, 1975–79, and East Timor, 1975–80". 6062: 3798: 2565:

Alvarez, Pol Pot "portrayed himself as a misunderstood and unfairly vilified figure". In 2013, Cambodian Prime Minister

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and Anthony Paul was published in 1977. The book drew on accounts from refugees, and an abridged version published in

2625:

During the visit, Jiang met with Norodom Sihanouk and Cambodian Prime Minister Hun Sen, signing an agreement to offer

2494:

requesting assistance to set up trial proceedings against the senior leaders of the Khmer Rouge. In January 2001, the

1187:. Your works have guided our entire party." On the other hand, during another meeting in August 1975, Chinese Premier 17103: 17058: 17033: 16618: 14947: 14510: 13780: 13721: 11850: 11269: 10471: 7288: 7273: 6912: 6889: 6131: 5613: 3618: 2687: 1824: 1288: 656: 556: 461: 13518: 7608: 5108: 2682:

spoiled by a corrupt regime cannot be reformed, he must be physically eliminated from the brotherhood of the pure."

2406: 273: 16628: 16588: 16499: 14650: 14645: 14140: 14103: 13832: 13278: 12936: 12894: 10322: 9941: 9840: 8647: 8328: 6375: 6206: 5583: 3000: 1903: 1663: 794: 781:, one of the 196 prisons the Khmer Rouge operated, and only seven adults survived. The prisoners were taken to the 561: 330: 14328: 14190: 13874: 8260: 8033: 6031: 5074: 4644: 4500: 4413:

An estimated 275,000 excess deaths. We have modeled the highest mortality that we can justify for the early 1970s.

3266: 2020:; farmers were forced to wear rudimentary dark or black clothing; religious activities like the recitation of the 1815:, along with 16% of the rural Khmer population or 825,000 people putting the killing at a scale comparable to the 1322:(UN) seat until 1982, after which the seat was filled by a Khmer Rouge-dominated coalition which was known as the 541: 401: 17128: 17118: 16687: 16280: 16042: 16030: 15881: 15370: 14751: 14680: 14580: 14458: 14230: 14220: 13807: 13194: 11982: 11957: 10874: 10424: 10419: 7189: 5813:"The Boundaries of Genocide: Quantifying the Uncertainty of the Death Toll During the Pol Pot Regime (1975–1979)" 4071: 3765: 3030:"The Boundaries of Genocide: Quantifying the Uncertainty of the Death Toll During the Pol Pot Regime (1975-1979)" 2581: 2500: 2208:(the Communist Party of Kampuchea) never makes mistakes, which meant that they must have done something illegal. 2200: 1257:, visited China and obtained its approval for military aid. In the same year, high-ranking CCP officials such as 1064: 584: 512: 359: 347: 14145: 14032: 14020: 5266: 4618: 2033:. This act of communal defiance prompted the blanket arrest of many Cham Muslim leaders and religious teachers. 2001:

between 1978 to 1979 than usual hastily ordered the total eradication of the Cham must be achieved before 1980.

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Cambodian Genocide Justice Act. That same year, the genocide of the Tutsis in Rwanda killed 800,000 Rwandans.

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Locard, Henri (March 2005). "State Violence in Democratic Kampuchea (1975–1979) and Retribution (1979–2004)".

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Heuveline, Patrick (2001). "The Demographic Analysis of Mortality Crises: The Case of Cambodia, 1970–1979".

8368: 7476: 5285: 4547:"FRONTLINE/WORLD . Cambodia – Pol Pot's Shadow . Chronicle of Survival . 1969–1974: Caught in the crossfire" 17063: 17018: 17013: 16660: 16583: 16515: 16489: 16176: 14781: 14741: 14711: 14660: 14520: 14438: 14434: 14305: 14235: 14000: 13817: 13583: 13478: 13410: 12583: 12555: 11746: 11642: 10785: 10733: 10728: 10657: 10527: 10466: 10112: 10107: 9986: 9660: 9473:

Mayersan, Deborah (2013). "'Never Again' or Again and Again". In Mayersen, Deborah; Pohlman, Annie (eds.).

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support. Stanton likened the tripartite coalition to an alliance between a collie, a poodle, and a wolf.

2430: 2005: 1658: 495: 363: 9634:

Counting Civilian Casualties: An Introduction to Recording and Estimating Nonmilitary Deaths in Conflict

9125:

The Psychology of Genocide, Massacres, and Extreme Violence: Why Normal People Come to Commit Atrocities

4817: 2634:

during the court trials of some of the former Khmer Rouge leaders, Chinese Foreign Ministry spokeswoman

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indicators of women's economic advancements and increased representation in local-level elected office.

1068:—from the personnel of the CCP. From November 1965 to February 1966, high-ranking CCP officials such as 17048: 17023: 16943: 16645: 16509: 16504: 16477: 16367: 16311: 16258: 15590: 14811: 14796: 14786: 14640: 14240: 13728: 13531: 13298: 12785: 11990: 10682: 10574: 10537: 10032: 9817: 9367: 8666: 8069: 5914: 5022: 4738:, in The Emergence of Modern Southeast Asia, edited by Norman Owen. University of Hawaii Press, p. 369. 4394:

Genocide and Democracy in Cambodia: The Khmer Rouge, the United Nations and the International Community

3711: 3593: 3433: 3215: 2585: 2171: 1876: 1844: 782: 685: 16089: 5244:"Deng Xiaoping visited S'pore in 1978. Here's the impact it left on Sino-S'pore relations 40 years on" 16968: 16963: 16958: 16953: 16948: 16814: 16613: 16563: 15934: 15819: 15695: 15640: 15460: 14448: 14155: 13716: 13328: 13245: 12753: 12721: 12603: 12486: 10812: 10713: 10557: 10542: 10394: 8093: 7213: 6091: 5910: 2951:

that both former Khmer Rouge officials are guilty of committing ethnic cleansing exclusively against

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China's Expansion into the Western Hemisphere: Implications for Latin America and the United States

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Bou Meng: A Survivor From Khmer Rouge Prison S-21, Justice for the Future Not Just for the Victims

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ASEAN Resistance to Sovereignty Violation: Interests, Balancing and the Role of the Vanguard State

2654:

Similar recognition to rescuers of the Cambodian Genocide by the Australian social harmony group,

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trained non Khmer Rouge soldiers of the CGDK coalition from 1985 to 1989 in Thailand. After the

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The Cambridge World History of Genocide: Volume 3. Genocide in the Contemporary Era, 1914–2020.

2891: 2861: 2769: 2148: 1976:

According to Ben Kiernan, the "fiercest extermination campaign was directed against the ethnic

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era". The attempt to purify Cambodian society along racial, social and political lines led to

16917: 16829: 16764: 16532: 16327: 16300: 16290: 16269: 16197: 15999: 15974: 15700: 14984: 14979: 14746: 14635: 14590: 14550: 14485: 14429: 14348: 14130: 13944: 13822: 13740: 13648: 13613: 13523: 13468: 13365: 13206: 12878: 12633: 11913: 11591: 11342: 11285: 11166: 10879: 10844: 10807: 10771: 10642: 10615: 10510: 9981: 9447: 9428: 6766: 6620: 6576: 6543: 6278: 6085: 6055:"20th Century death tolls larger than one million but fewer than 5 million people – Cambodia" 5683: 5359: 5355: 5315: 5311: 4695: 4584: 4398: 4392: 3971: 3866: 2382: 2255: 2049: 1997: 1839: 1451: 1388: 1239: 774: 551: 7257: 4911:"June 21, 1975. Conversation between Chinese leader Mao Zedong and Cambodian Leader Pol Pot" 2768:. First broadcast on British television on 30 October 1979, the film recounts the extensive 2764:

is a 1979 British television documentary written and presented by the Australian journalist

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de los Reyes, Faith Suzzette; Mattes, Daniel; Lee, Samantha B.; Van Tuyl, Penelope (2012).

8306: 6596: 6592: 5295: 5068: 3965: 2871: 2401: 2240: 1646: 1561: 1493:. While each genocide was unique, certain features were common in all three genocides, and 1437: 1370: 1254: 915: 806: 751: 689: 604: 546: 436: 190: 60: 5482: 5205: 4692:

The Pol Pot Regime: Race, Power, and Genocide in Cambodia under the Khmer Rouge, 1975–1979

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claiming that he suffered for those who fought for their ideal to have a brighter future.

8: 16912: 16593: 16449: 16437: 16425: 16401: 16295: 16252: 16094: 16047: 15685: 15600: 15595: 15495: 15358: 15155: 15039: 14954: 14842: 14695: 14690: 14670: 14655: 14565: 14560: 14465: 14398: 14388: 14300: 14295: 14285: 14185: 14125: 14098: 13924: 13909: 13879: 13857: 13643: 13633: 13360: 13283: 13253: 13237: 12846: 12548: 12415: 12364: 12070: 11966: 11937: 11897: 11881: 11528: 11480: 11446: 11438: 11407: 11182: 11016: 10997: 10894: 10834: 10766: 10696: 10610: 10449: 10381: 10175: 9791:

Genocide and the Geographical Imagination: Life and Death in Germany, China, and Cambodia

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Hannum, Hurst (1989). "International Law and Cambodian Genocide: The Sounds of Silence".

7706: 7358: 6433:

How Pol Pot Came to Power: Colonialism, Nationalism, and Communism in Cambodia, 1930–1975

5893: 5402: 4579:

How Pol Pot Came to Power: Colonialism, Nationalism, and Communism in Cambodia, 1930–1975

3998: 2919: 2599: 2317: 1985: 1778:, and ethnic minorities. Even those people who were stereotypically thought of as having 1701: 1606: 1421: 1374: 1339: 1300: 1274: 1030: 970: 861: 839: 727: 536: 422: 268: 219: 34: 16379: 14540: 14453: 11682: 10022: 8613:"Telluride Film Review: 'First They Killed My Father: A Daughter of Cambodia Remembers'" 5679:

The Pol Pot Regime… 1975–79: Race, Power, and Genocide in Cambodia under the Khmer Rouge

5137:[The adverse impact of the "Dazhai Workers" on rural areas across the country]. 3986:

Like all but seven of the twenty thousand Tuol Sleng prisoners, she was murdered anyway.

3967:

The Pol Pot Regime: Race, Power, and Genocide in Cambodia Under the Khmer Rouge, 1975–79

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The Pol Pot Regime: Race, Power, and Genocide in Cambodia Under the Khmer Rouge, 1975–79

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could not provide any further useful information, they were blindfolded and sent to the

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The Pol Pot Regime: Race, Power and Genocide in Cambodia under the Khmer Rouge, 1975–79

6211: 6023: 5866: 5833: 5812: 5697: 5047: 4883: 4822: 4577: 3715: 3408: 3232: 3169: 3054: 3029: 2876: 2692: 2614:, arrived in Cambodia for an official visit, the first by a Chinese leader since 1963. 2329: 2194: 2025:

communities, speaking the Khmer language and marrying Khmers, Vietnamese, and Chinese.

1860: 1787: 1576: 1433: 1425: 1377: 1192: 1034: 942: 778: 719: 427: 396: 285: 164: 15873: 15535: 15364: 9351:"Twentieth-Century Genocides Underlying Ideological Themes from Armenia to East Timor" 7787:"Death of Pol Pot: The Diplomacy; Pol Pot's End Won't Stop U.S. Pursuit of His Circle" 16779: 16430: 16241: 16170: 15852: 15705: 15650: 15625: 15580: 15510: 15485: 15450: 15440: 15409: 15296: 15180: 15150: 14887: 14877: 14791: 14685: 14530: 14245: 14042: 13899: 13852: 13750: 13701: 13675: 13653: 13493: 13473: 13417: 13405: 13219: 13054: 12673: 12336: 12262: 12183: 11778: 11658: 11616: 11488: 11472: 11277: 11150: 11092: 11032: 10992: 10977: 10937: 10927: 10884: 10859: 10797: 10230: 9991: 9891: 9863: 9844: 9821: 9798: 9749: 9739: 9692: 9641: 9618: 9607: 9591: 9551: 9501: 9482: 9432: 9415: 9371: 9360: 9350: 9307: 9281: 9260: 9176: 9151: 9128: 9109: 9082: 9030: 9007: 8957: 8937: 8894: 8845: 8819: 8800: 8769: 8735: 8703: 8593: 8583: 8195: 7762: 7351: 7269: 7258: 7217: 6776: 6656: 6553: 6522: 6490: 6463: 6436: 6216: 6127: 6095: 6015: 5918: 5870: 5857: 5838: 5687: 5593: 5562: 5373:"British SAS trained Khmer Rouge in land mines - an extract from a book of reporting" 5051: 5039: 4995: 4718: 4699: 4650: 4588: 4481: 4402: 4388: 4234: 4163: 3975: 3900: 3872: 3614: 3570: 3541: 3511: 3400: 3276: 3236: 3173: 3161: 3059: 2952: 2881: 2420: 2305: 1852: 1811:, 25% of the urban Khmer population or 500,000 people perished under the rule of the 1710: 1641: 1556: 1522: 1470: 1222: 1002: 997: 982: 762: 609: 441: 181: 129: 109: 15829: 15500: 12649: 11674: 11237: 4878: 3139: 3118:"UCLA demographer produces best estimate yet of Cambodia's death toll under Pol Pot" 1062:, where he received political and military training—especially on the theory of the 17093: 16896: 16769: 16635: 16413: 16333: 16247: 16104: 16079: 15615: 15540: 15470: 15455: 15435: 15382: 15165: 15160: 15140: 15090: 15080: 14907: 14872: 14857: 14806: 14535: 14475: 14315: 13974: 13954: 13663: 13605: 13599: 13566: 13546: 13536: 13385: 13186: 13178: 12793: 12681: 12479: 12435: 12350: 12079: 12062: 11762: 11754: 11738: 11464: 11366: 11358: 10047: 9777: 9718: 9520: 9403: 9381: 9295: 9244: 9215: 8917: 7184: 7095: 7091: 5873: 5828: 5820: 5139: 5031: 4783: 3747: 3392: 3224: 3153: 3049: 3041: 2856: 2814: 2751:. Set in 1975, the film depicts five-year-old Ung who is forced to be trained as a 2096: 1891: 1816: 1691: 1653: 1596: 1443: 1405: 1213: 1160: 1119: 880: 352: 105: 30: 5824: 4520: 3045: 16520: 16385: 16230: 16084: 16062: 16035: 15953: 15834: 15690: 15680: 15665: 15645: 15630: 15605: 15550: 15315: 15283: 15175: 15135: 14897: 14892: 14832: 14773: 14505: 14383: 14210: 14175: 14083: 14078: 13802: 13696: 13370: 13303: 13293: 13258: 13214: 13201: 13153: 12989: 12705: 12641: 12617: 12426: 12159: 12126: 12046: 11730: 11698: 11125: 11037: 10947: 10647: 10491: 9858: 9680: 9524: 9147: 9097: 8977: 8859: 8833: 8762:

Governments, Citizens, and Genocide: A Comparative and Interdisciplinary Approach

8651: 7688: 7295: 7289:

Philip Shenon, Phnom Penh Journal; Lord Buddha Returns, With Artists His Soldiers

7060: 6762: 5955: 5035: 4458: 4075: 4005: 3437: 3311: 2828: 2800: 2655: 2443: 2120: 2100: 1993: 1926: 1884: 1571: 1401: 1183: 830:. Both Nuon Chea and Khieu Samphan were sentenced to terms of life imprisonment. 639: 526: 230: 42: 16052: 13797: 9407: 9248: 7317: 6176:"UN genocide adviser welcomes historic conviction of former Khmer Rouge leaders" 5731:"60h Anniversary of Diplomatic Relations between the United States and Cambodia" 5372: 1411:

Pol Pot's strong belief that Cambodia needed to be transformed into an agrarian

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The Pol Pot regime: Race, Power, and Genocide in Cambodia under the Khmer Rouge

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Kiernan, Ben (Winter 1989). "The American Bombardment of Kampuchea 1969–1973".

4516: 4369: 4212:. Washington, D.C.: United States Army Center of Military History, 1987. p. 32. 4078:

United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, p. 92. Retrieved 21 January 2019

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UN Commission of Inquiry on Rwanda and drafted UN Security Council Resolutions

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The Third Indochina War: Conflict Between China, Vietnam and Cambodia, 1972–79

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Chea of genocide of the Cham ethnic and religious group under the doctrine of

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Peace and Justice at the International Criminal Court: A Court of Last Resort

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The Encyclopedia of the Vietnam War A Political, Social, and Military History

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Murder of a gentle land: the untold story of a Communist genocide in Cambodia

8788: 8199: 6758: 6220: 6054: 6019: 5043: 3404: 3165: 2948: 2713: 2684:

Murder of a Gentle Land: The Untold Story of a Communist Genocide in Cambodia

2259: 2236: 2228: 2116: 1989: 1820: 1808: 1383: 1262: 1258: 1168: 1140: 1089: 875: 818: 117: 8597: 8064: 7082:(1988). "Orphans of genocide: The Cham muslims of Kampuchea under Pol Pot". 4646:

Kissinger's Shadow: The Long Reach of America's Most Controversial Statesman

4258: 3751: 16891: 16147: 16142: 15924: 15610: 15560: 15490: 15480: 15334: 15322: 15309: 15115: 14942: 14443: 13691: 13541: 13400: 13395: 13390: 13096: 12777: 12311: 12221: 10409: 10122: 9452: 9423:

Kurlantzick, Joshua (2008). "China's Growing Influence in Southeast Asia".

9264: 8731: 8504: 7968: 7371: 7313: 7194: 6510: 5842: 5701: 5677: 5644:"Kenneth Quinn: From Cambodia's 'killing fields' to Iowa's Field of Dreams" 5407: 3383: 3063: 2778: 2531: 2416: 2244: 2080: 1779: 1541: 1490: 1486: 1460: 1456: 1429: 1417: 1393: 1307: 1292: 1235: 990: 922: 810: 747: 743: 258: 195: 11324: 10562: 6207:"Khmer Rouge's Slaughter in Cambodia Is Ruled a Genocide (Published 2018)" 5676:(2008). "Cleansing the Countryside: Race, Power, and the Party, 1973–75". 4288: 1807:

was coined to describe the unique character of the genocide. According to

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and Khieu Samphan guilty of 92 and 87 counts of said crime respectively.

1899: 1856: 1812: 1478: 1466: 1397: 1287:

and ended the genocide by defeating the Khmer Rouge in January 1979. The

1217: 1152: 974: 867: 850: 790: 766: 750:, and disease were rampant. In 1976, the Khmer Rouge renamed the country 707: 681: 147: 8929: 8644: 7138:"The Cambodian Genocide – The Holocaust Explained: Designed for schools" 5098: 4521:"Statistics of Cambodian Democide: Estimates, Calculations, And Sources" 4182:

Shawcross, pp. 181–182, 194. See also Isaacs, Hardy, & Brown, p. 98.

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was the systematic persecution and killing of Cambodian citizens by the

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The Owl and the Dove: Knowledge Strategies to Improve the Peacebuilding

9256: 8921: 8785:"The Prevention and Intervention of Genocide During the Cold War Years" 6027: 6001: 3412: 2700: 1961: 1768: 1505: 1188: 1148: 1123: 1111: 1097: 926: 871: 739: 715: 320: 113: 101: 97: 48: 14068: 12014: 9227: 6124:

Yugoslavia - Manipulations with the number of Second World War victims

4503:

The Killing of Cambodia: Geography, Genocide and the Unmaking of Space

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Cambodia by the United States in the 1970s as a secret chapter of the

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The Politics of Lists: Bureaucracy and Genocide Under the Khmer Rouge

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Corfield, Justin J. (2011). "Nuon Chea". In Spencer C. Tucker (ed.).

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The Age of Asian Migration: Continuity, Diversity, and Susceptibility

6549: 5589: 5213: 4289:"Mass Atrocity Endings | Documenting declines in civilian fatalities" 4127:"Judgement in Case 002/01 to be pronounced on 7 August 2014 | Drupal" 4045: 3272: 2999:* 500,000 to 560,000 deaths ~ 71,4% to 80% of total Cham population ( 2944: 2755:

while her siblings are sent to labor camps by the Khmer Rouge regime.

2734: 2577: 2223: 2056: 1919: 1895: 1847:

contain thousands of photos taken by the Khmer Rouge of their victims

1828: 1753: 1696: 1499: 1482: 1351: 1306:

Deng was convinced by a conversation with Singapore's prime minister

1156: 1136: 1115: 1093: 1069: 1001:

that it was a primary cause of the Khmer Rouge victory. According to

935: 814: 295: 125: 10338: 7908:"Duch, Prison Chief Who Slaughtered for the Khmer Rouge, Dies at 77" 5144: 4788: 3591:

The roots of evil: the origins of genocide and other group violence.

3396: 16854: 15289: 15130: 15027: 14902: 14721: 14625: 13765: 13623: 13077: 13022:

Defense for Children International – Palestine et al v. Biden et al

12318: 12297: 12269: 12214: 11079: 10369: 10266: 10261: 10245: 10180: 10117: 9219: 9198: 9026: 8973:"Cambodia passes law making denial of Khmer Rouge genocide illegal" 8864: 8841: 8268: 8233: 6772: 5020:

Ciorciari, John D. (3 April 2014). "China and the Pol Pot regime".

4725:, Revised Edition, Chiang Mai, Thailand: Silkworm Books, pp. 96–98. 4452:"Roots of Genocide: New Evidence on the US Bombardment of Cambodia" 2822: 2635: 2573:

passed in European nations after the conclusion of the Holocaust.

2212: 2076: 1795: 1686: 1530: 1366: 1362: 1347: 1327: 786: 93: 64: 14409:

Struggle against political abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union

1396:, eradicating influences which he viewed as "corrupting", such as 16456: 15994: 15989: 15235: 15120: 15110: 15059: 14600: 13345: 10235: 10127: 10090: 10070: 9708:"Cambodia sentence two top Khmer Rouge leaders to life in prison" 8360: 8333: 8191: 7322:

Saving Lives, Enriching Life: Freedom as a Right And a Moral Good

7114: 6632: 6630: 2576:

The legislation was passed despite comments by opposition leader

2566: 2490:

In 1997, Cambodia's two Co-Prime Ministers wrote a letter to the

2155: 1783: 1775: 1246: 1055: 1047: 907: 891: 703: 693: 471: 300: 121: 6002:"Tribulation before Trial in Cambodia: Confronting Autogenocide" 3608: 2592: 1794:

described the Cambodian genocide as "the purest genocide of the

966:, but U.S. bombing in Cambodia had commenced years before that. 16881: 15919: 15303: 15105: 15044: 13979: 12385: 10404: 10240: 10165: 10095: 10064: 9915: 2349:

Impact of the genocide on the country's average life expectancy

2205: 2084: 2030: 2017: 1911: 1799: 1494: 1412: 1354:... caused it to disavow passing any direct military support." 1231: 1230:). Pot also toured around the agricultural production model of 1147:

In June 1975, Pol Pot and other Khmer Rouge officials met with

1107: 1038: 770: 723: 263: 253: 168: 16505:

Monosodium glutamate controversy (Chinese restaurant syndrome)

9632:

Seybolt, Taylor B.; Aronson, Jay D.; Fischoff, Baruch (2013).

9362:

The Specter of Genocide: Mass Murder in Historical Perspective

8231:[Jiang Zemin Arrives in Cambodia for Historic Visit]. 8182:"China Says It Won't Apologize For Supporting the Khmer Rouge" 6627: 5907:

Theory of the Global State: Globality as Unfinished Revolution

5333: 4473:

Final Solutions: Mass Killing and Genocide in the 20th Century

3707:

Ben Kiernan, Wendy Lower, Norman Naimark, Scott Straus et al.

1008: 75:

17 April 1975 – 7 January 1979 (3 years, 8 months and 20 days)

16876: 15788: 15744:

American espionage in the Soviet Union and Russian Federation

15250: 15033: 13112: 11950: 11608: 10982: 9475:

Genocide and Mass Atrocities in Asia: Legacies and Prevention

9144:

After the Killing Fields: Lessons from the Cambodian Genocide

9043: 8714:(Originally published by Jonathan Cape, London, 1986), p. 410 8574:

First They Killed My Father: A Daughter of Cambodia Remembers

7974: 7003:"Cambodian families separated by Khmer Rouge reunite – on TV" 5178: 2956: 2447:

the Genocide Convention, to which Cambodia is a State-Party.

2068: 1981: 1977: 1864: 1101: 911: 248: 8468: 8034:"Khmer Rouge Trial, Perhaps the Last, Nears End in Cambodia" 7989:"Ieng Sary, Khmer Rouge Leader Tied to Genocide, Dies at 87" 7656: 7318:"Chapter 6: Freedom Virtually Ends Genocide and Mass Murder" 5321: 4027:"Cambodia Diary 6: Child Soldiers – Driven by Fear and Hate" 1823:

population of Europe, or 130,000 to 500,000 people) and the

15328: 15210: 13102: 13046: 11048: 9195:

Cambodia, Pol Pot, and the United States: The Faustian Pact

8133:"Cambodia Moves To Outlaw Denial of Khmer Rouge Atrocities" 7875: 6868: 6866: 6655:. Vol. 1. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. p. 244. 6147: 6145: 6143: 5773: 5103: 4444: 3122: 2626: 2072: 1291:

was then established. In order to counter the power of the

1200: 9298:; Lifton, Robert Jay (2004). "In the Shadow of Genocide". 8727:

Tell Me No Lies: Investigative Journalism and its Triumphs

7702:"'Day of Anger' becomes Kingdom's latest national holiday" 7210:

Millennialism, Persecution, and Violence: Historical Cases

6801: 6799: 6309: 6297: 6285: 6251: 4425: 4423: 4421: 3691: 3689: 3687: 3672: 2658:, which published an educational resource on the subject. 15783: 15763: 15758: 12887:

International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia

8137: 7446:"Westerner was burned alive, says Cambodia trial witness" 5206:"1978 Nián guójiā lǐngdǎo rén zhǔyào chūfǎng – lǎn biǎo" 2617:

In December 2000, while Jiang was visiting Cambodia, the

2199:

The Khmer Rouge regime is also well known for practicing

1436:" of China that caused tens of millions of deaths in the 1155:

and sending Pol Pot over 30 books which were authored by

1043: 977:

attributes 50,000 to 150,000 deaths to the U.S. bombing.

9741:

Condemned to Repeat?: The Paradox of Humanitarian Action

9053:. Asian International Justice Initiative. Archived from 8887:

The Genocide Debate: Politicians, Academics, and Victims

8860:"Khmer Rouge trial ends with defendants denying charges" 7932: 7426: 7361:, Center for the Study of Human Rights. p. Preface. 5271: 5269: 5211:[Major visits by state leaders in 1978 – List]. 2837:

Allegations of United States support for the Khmer Rouge

1336:

allegations of United States support for the Khmer Rouge

1088:, etc. Pol Pot also met with other officials, including 15903: 9326:

Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia (ECCC)

8950:

Cambodia's Curse: The Modern History of a Troubled Land

8456: 8432: 8420: 7887: 7831: 7726: 7110:"Khmer Rouge leader denies mass murder, blames Vietnam" 6982: 6970: 6958: 6835: 6811: 6796: 5529: 5132:"'Dà zhài gōng' duì quánguó nóngcūn de èliè yǐngxiǎng" 4418: 3684: 3660: 3004: 9631: 9300:

Why Did They Kill?: Cambodia in the Shadow of Genocide

8112: 7956: 7944: 7738: 6823: 6732: 5927: 5785: 4450:

Cultural Survival Quarterly Magazine, September 1990,

4326:"Cambodia: U.S. bombing, civil war, & Khmer Rouge" 4054: 2415:

genocide. They were given an American defense lawyer,

12998:

International Criminal Court investigation in Ukraine

11537:

Persecution of Muslims during the Ottoman contraction

8444: 8157: 5517: 5505: 4380: 3613:. New Haven: Yale University Southeast Asia Studies. 3138:

Tyner, James A.; Molana, Hanieh Haji (1 March 2020).

1373:

and he wanted to transform Cambodia into an entirely

1303:

to retaliate against Vietnam's invasion of Cambodia.

12966:

International Criminal Court investigation in Darfur

9583:

A Problem from Hell: America and the Age of Genocide

8838:

A Biographical Encyclopedia of Contemporary Genocide

8529: 8527: 8480: 8100: 8013: 7372:

Coalition to Stop the Use of Child Soldiers (2001).

7256:

Westad, Odd Arne; Quinn-Judge, Sophie, eds. (2006).

6649:

Chan, Yuk Wah; Haines, David; Lee, Jonathan (2014).

6239: 5761: 4858:

Xiamen University Forum on International Development

4723:

Brother Number One: A Political Biography of Pol Pot

4107: 3719: 3268:

Brother Number One: A Political Biography of Pol Pot

2790: 2557:

embassy in Thailand and then, it was popularized by

2188: 1171:

as gifts. During this meeting, Mao said to Pol Pot:

8329:"China defends its Khmer Rouge ties as trial opens" 8266:[China distances itself from Khmer Rouge]. 6331:, p. 252; see also the footnote on Chandler's 5403:"Butcher of Cambodia set to expose Thatcher's role" 4093:

United Nations Assistance to the Khmer Rouge Trials

2387: 2111:Under the leadership of Pol Pot, who was an ardent 9862: 9706: 9606: 9359: 9349: 9000:Survivors: Cambodian Refugees in the United States 8571: 8261:"Zhōngguó shūyuǎn tóng hóngsè gāo mián de guānxì" 7632: 7630: 4576: 4397:. Yale University Southeast Asia Studies. p. 4366:Le Génocide Khmer Rouge: Une Analyse Démographique 1951:in which the Khmer Rouge was ultimately defeated. 918:announced its support for the new Khmer Republic. 8524: 7477:"For Khmer Rouge guard, it was kill or be killed" 7340: 7255: 7029:"The question of genocide and Cambodia's Muslims" 6409:"Why the Khmer Rouge Murdered Two Million People" 4389:"After the Nightmare: The Population of Cambodia" 3602: 2997:* 90,000 deaths ~ 36% (Kiernan's 1982 estimate). 2589:prison in 1980 and vouch for their authenticity. 2437: 953: 757:The massacres ended when the Vietnamese military 16930: 15729:List of Eastern Bloc agents in the United States 12855:International Military Tribunal for the Far East 12601: 10318:Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia 9102:Routledge Handbook of International Criminal Law 8645:"Year Zero: The Silent Death of Cambodia (1979)" 8389: 8226:"Jiāngzémín dǐ jiǎn zhǎnkāi lìshǐ xìng fǎngwèn" 7404:"Dealing with Cambodia's past and life nowadays" 6701:Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars 6459:Revolution and Genocide in Ethiopia and Cambodia 5890:Architect of Genocide Was Unrepentant to the End 5855: 4919:Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars 4210:The Khmer Republic at War and the Final Collapse 3355:Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars 3081:"Trial Chamber Summary of Judgement Case 002/02" 2941:Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia 2514:In 1999, Duch was interviewed by Nic Dunlop and 2410:The tribunal's main building with the court room 2043:Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia 14166:North Yemen-South Yemen Border conflict of 1972 13573:On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences 11795:German atrocities committed against Soviet POWs 9096:Donlon, Fidelma (2012). "Hybrid Tribunals". In 8752: 7627: 7510: 7508: 7506: 7504: 7452:. Phnom Penh. Associated Press. 5 August 2009. 6084:Niewyk, Donald L.; Nicosia, Francis R. (2000). 4386: 2852:Crimes against humanity under communist regimes 1220:and other high-ranking CCP officials, with the 874:across Cambodia. Even though the government of 16345:Union Colliery Co of British Columbia v Bryden 16276:Royal Commission on Chinese Immigration (1885) 9766:(1991). "Cambodia: Misperceptions and Peace". 7638:"Tribunal Hears of Secret Medical Experiments" 7201: 7160:"Cambodia: Criminalizing Denial of Atrocities" 5477: 5475: 4229:. Archived from the original on 28 March 2007. 4193:Yale Genocide Studies Program Monograph Series 3864: 3609:David Chandler & Ben Kiernan, ed. (1983). 2442:The Cambodian Genocide Project was founded by 906:(CCP)'s advice, Sihanouk, who was in exile in 16286:Attack on Squak Valley Chinese laborers, 1885 15889: 13062: 12088:Massacres of Hutus during the First Congo War 11064: 10354: 9942: 9705: 8661: 8659: 8536:"SLJ Speaks to National Book Award Finalists" 7682:Cambodian Day of Hate Marks Pol Pot's Victims 6757: 6648: 6083: 4617:. Routledge. pp. 189–190. Archived from 4539: 2593:Denial of support of the Khmer Rouge by China 2357: 1728: 657: 15805:Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War 13356:Incapacitation of the Allied Control Council 9294: 8066:Canadian Communist League (Marxist-Leninist) 7761:. London: Footprint Handbooks. p. 228. 7609:"Barbarous KR medical experiments uncovered" 7501: 6636: 6482: 6455: 5779: 4649:. Henry Holt and Company. pp. 179–180. 4387:Banister, Judith; Johnson, E. Paige (1993). 4359: 4357: 4355: 4320: 4318: 4316: 4314: 4312: 4310: 3472:"China Is Urged to Confront Its Own History" 3075: 3073: 2674: 2668: 1503: 1324:Coalition Government of Democratic Kampuchea 14666:1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre 12974:International Crimes Tribunal of Bangladesh 12714:Post–World War II Romanian war crime trials 9422: 8793:The Prevention and Intervention of Genocide 8717: 8689: 8390:Strozek, Karolina; Seldowitz, Dovi (2019). 5472: 5080: 5064: 4749:The Rise and Demise of Democratic Kampuchea 4024: 3137: 2925: 1469:has compared the Cambodian genocide to the 1009:International supporters of the Khmer Rouge 958:From 1970 to 1973, a massive United States 742:in the countryside, where mass executions, 15896: 15882: 15769:United States involvement in regime change 13324:1947–1948 civil war in Mandatory Palestine 13069: 13055: 12921:International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda 11071: 11057: 10361: 10347: 9949: 9935: 9657:"Cambodia and the International Community" 9320: 8910:Framework: The Journal of Cinema and Media 8813: 8656: 8462: 7893: 6950:sfn error: no target: CITEREFKiernan2003 ( 6927:sfn error: no target: CITEREFKiernan2003 ( 6904:sfn error: no target: CITEREFKiernan2003 ( 6881:sfn error: no target: CITEREFKiernan2003 ( 6743:sfn error: no target: CITEREFKiernan2003 ( 6160:sfn error: no target: CITEREFKiernan2003 ( 5796:sfn error: no target: CITEREFKiernan2003 ( 5555:The World Transformed: 1945 to the Present 3999:"The Killing Fields: Genocide in Cambodia" 3766:"Cambodia: Holocaust and Genocide Studies" 3563:Cambodia, 1975–1978: Rendezvous with Death 2995:Estimates may vary according to scholars: 2661: 2642: 2477:International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda 1735: 1721: 1540: 938:, of which they had little understanding. 844: 664: 650: 16138:Canadian Brotherhood of Railway Employees 11544:Massacres of Albanians in the Balkan Wars 9539: 9445: 9271: 9234: 8858: 8667:"Year Zero: The Silent Death of Cambodia" 7962: 7950: 7640:. The Cambodia Daily. 22 September 2016. 7236: 7207: 6362:From Pol Pot to Pen Sovan to the Villages 6115: 5832: 5810: 5433: 5275: 5019: 4469: 4463: 4429: 4363: 4352: 4307: 4162:. Infobase Publishing. pp. 266–267. 3737: 3731: 3678: 3641:(in Chinese). The University of Chicago. 3103: 3070: 3053: 3027: 2541: 1890:This point of view was also supported by 1226:calling him the "Comrade from Cambodia" ( 16:1975–1979 mass killing by the Khmer Rouge 9811: 9604: 9472: 9388: 9344: 9141: 9020: 8970: 8944: 8884: 8702:. London: South End Press. p. 417. 8500:"The Killing Fields: authentically good" 8474: 8426: 8163: 7938: 7732: 7662: 7579:"Chilling Evidence in Khmer Rouge Trial" 6588: 6572: 6315: 6303: 6291: 6257: 6121: 5581: 5351: 5307: 5291: 4252: 4250: 4185: 4012:, 27 March 2017. 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Yale University Press. 6430: 6406: 6348: 6344: 6328: 6269: 6245: 6151: 5933: 5791: 5725: 5723: 5672: 5641: 5637: 5635: 5548: 5546: 5544: 5523: 5511: 5238: 5236: 5164: 5162: 4686: 4642: 4571: 3960: 3560: 3503: 2761:Year Zero: The Silent Death of Cambodia 2492:Secretary-General of the United Nations 2115:, the Khmer Rouge enforced a policy of 1827:(300,000 to 500,000 people) during the 785:, where they were executed (often with 17044:Genocide of indigenous peoples in Asia 16931: 15739:Russian espionage in the United States 14011:Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia 9956: 9834: 9762: 9654: 9517:"Ex-Khmer Rouge Head of State Charged" 9495: 9448:"Leading Khmer Rouge figures arrested" 9205: 9122: 9095: 8723: 8695: 8533: 8176: 8174: 8172: 8130: 8031: 7986: 7905: 7781: 7744: 7559:from the original on 25 September 2018 7474: 7432: 7312: 7053: 7035:from the original on 19 September 2020 7027:Le Coz, Clothilde (19 November 2015). 7026: 6509: 6277:(2nd ed.). New Haven and London: 5999: 5949:– Dictionary – autogenocide definition 5535: 5339: 5015: 5013: 5011: 4992:National University of Singapore Press 4979: 4977: 4946: 4944: 4848: 4772: 4770: 4768: 4766: 4611:Genocide: A Comprehensive Introduction 4113: 4020: 4018: 3565:. Princeton University Press. p. 3529: 3527: 3499: 3497: 3212: 3088:United Nations Office of Legal Affairs 2712:The genocide is portrayed in the 1984 855: 16391:Soviet deportations of Chinese people 15877: 15734:Soviet espionage in the United States 13890:Indonesian mass killings of 1965–1966 13669:Consolidation of the Cuban Revolution 13334:1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight 13050: 12951: 12832: 12600: 12577:Mass killings under communist regimes 12102: 11865: 11560: 11221: 11101: 11052: 10368: 10342: 9930: 9881: 9788: 9737: 9576: 8907: 8872:from the original on 28 December 2013 8625:from the original on 12 November 2020 8566: 8548:from the original on 10 February 2013 8534:Whelan, Debra Lau (10 October 2012). 8486: 8450: 8371:from the original on 22 December 2022 8241:from the original on 18 February 2003 8084:from the original on 27 February 2023 7920:from the original on 3 September 2020 7514: 7456:from the original on 12 December 2022 7282: 7000: 6373: 6351:, pp. 181–182, 255, 258, 264–265 6204: 6034:from the original on 20 February 2023 5767: 5493:from the original on 17 November 2022 4983: 4812: 4810: 4808: 4806: 4607: 4553:from the original on 16 December 2017 4295:from the original on 20 February 2023 4269:from the original on 15 November 2013 4247: 3891: 3860: 3858: 3740:American Journal of Islam and Society 3533: 3469: 3465: 3463: 3461: 3459: 3428: 3426: 3424: 3422: 3344: 3342: 3340: 3338: 3336: 3334: 3319:from the original on 17 December 2020 3300: 3298: 3296: 3294: 3292: 3195: 2887:Mass killings under communist regimes 2706:S-21: The Khmer Rouge Killing Machine 2580:, who is the deputy president of the 1877:killings committed by the Khmer Rouge 1602:Perpetrators, victims, and bystanders 898:, establishing the pro-United States 710:were supported for many years by the 17089:Medical experimentation on prisoners 16979:Anti-Christian sentiment in Cambodia 15810:Soviet Union–United States relations 14161:1972 visit by Richard Nixon to China 12526:Terminology of the Armenian genocide 9725:from the original on 11 January 2022 9460:from the original on 11 January 2014 9189: 9164: 8997: 8985:from the original on 25 January 2014 8814:Barron, John; Paul, Anthony (1977). 8512:from the original on 4 February 2023 8253: 8218: 8145:from the original on 2 February 2023 8106: 8058: 7668: 7164:Library of Congress, Washington, D.C 7084:Bulletin of Concerned Asian Scholars 6675: 6602: 6489:. Xlibris Corporation. p. 176. 5981:from the original on 10 January 2023 5749:from the original on 28 October 2020 5720: 5708:from the original on 14 January 2023 5654:from the original on 4 November 2020 5632: 5552: 5541: 5327: 5233: 5221:from the original on 5 November 2020 5186:from the original on 3 February 2018 5176:[The Khmer Rouge Movement]. 5159: 4830:from the original on 30 October 2020 4155: 4149: 4055:Seybolt, Aronson & Fischoff 2013 3779:from the original on 6 November 2019 3380: 3260: 3258: 3256: 3254: 3252: 3250: 2743:(2000). The book was adapted into a 2619:Ministry of Foreign Affairs of China 2584:. Sokha stated that exhibits at the 2395: 2392:) and marked by a national holiday. 1207: 821:were tried and convicted in 2014 of 17084:Religious persecution by communists 16495:Indonesian mass killings of 1965–66 15774:Soviet involvement in regime change 12762:War crimes trials in Soviet Estonia 9446:MacKinnon, Ian (12 November 2007). 8795:. Transaction Publishers. pp. 8643:Independent Movie Database (IMDB), 8611:Debruge, Peter (3 September 2017). 8294: 8169: 7365: 7054:Perrin, Andrew (16 November 2010). 6087:The Columbia Guide to the Holocaust 5811:Heuveline, Patrick (28 July 2015). 5616:. The World Food Prize Foundation. 5096: 5008: 4987:Kampuchea Between China and Vietnam 4974: 4941: 4903: 4891:from the original on 3 January 2021 4867:from the original on 14 April 2019. 4842: 4763: 4527:from the original on 4 January 2018 4068:State of the World's Refugees, 2000 4015: 3758: 3701: 3524: 3494: 3305:Strangio, Sebastian (16 May 2012). 2924:'Genocide in Cambodia', or 2340: 2176:History of children in the military 2158:committed suicide while his deputy 2106: 1313: 1265:visited Cambodia to offer support. 1096:. He was particularly impressed by 777:. 20,000 people passed through the 722:, founded on the policies of ultra- 13: 16472:Legislation on Chinese Indonesians 16323:Vancouver anti-Chinese riots, 1886 16307:1885 Chinese expulsion from Eureka 15815:Soviet Union–United States summits 13289:1947 Polish parliamentary election 13174:Guerrilla war in the Baltic states 9875: 9564:from the original on 3 August 2017 9168:Genocide and International Justice 8677:from the original on 29 March 2023 8001:from the original on 14 March 2013 7799:from the original on 26 March 2023 7589:from the original on 18 April 2023 7328:from the original on 9 August 2016 6708:from the original on 26 March 2023 6517:. Transaction Publishers. p. 6388:from the original on 13 April 2019 6374:Beech, Hannah (16 November 2018). 6227:from the original on 13 April 2019 6205:Beech, Hannah (16 November 2018). 5575: 5383:from the original on 15 March 2023 5254:from the original on 20 April 2020 5168: 4960:University of California, Berkeley 4803: 4515: 4159:Genocide and International Justice 4137:from the original on 11 April 2023 4033:from the original on 20 March 2018 3855: 3456: 3444:from the original on 26 March 2023 3419: 3374: 3362:from the original on 26 March 2023 3331: 3289: 2930:, 'Khmer genocidal act(s)' 2897: 2733:The genocide is also recounted by 2165: 2142: 2137:Freedom of religion in North Korea 1404:, as well as restoring Cambodia's 1133:National United Front of Kampuchea 1076:trained him on topics such as the 870:officially launched a nation-wide 14: 17140: 14576:Lord's Resistance Army insurgency 14511:United States invasion of Grenada 13781:Guinea-Bissau War of Independence 13722:Expulsion of Soviets from Albania 9908: 9691:. Transaction. pp. 401–428. 9687:; Jacobs, Steven Leonard (eds.). 9667:from the original on 6 April 2018 9515:Munthit, Ker (19 November 2007). 9332:from the original on 2 March 2021 8408:from the original on 6 March 2023 8341:from the original on 9 April 2023 8206:from the original on 11 July 2021 8046:from the original on 3 April 2023 7906:Mydans, Seth (2 September 2020). 7714:from the original on 27 June 2022 7615:from the original on 3 April 2023 7489:from the original on 3 April 2023 7414:from the original on 3 April 2023 7374:"Global Report on Child Soldiers" 7001:Roasa, Dustin (3 November 2012). 6486:British Foreign Policy since 1870 6065:from the original on 5 March 2011 6052: 5620:from the original on 1 April 2023 5415:from the original on 12 June 2018 4849:Song, Lianghe; Wu, Yijun (2013). 4336:from the original on 14 July 2019 4256: 3843:from the original on 13 June 2021 3648:from the original on 25 June 2020 3247: 3180:from the original on 9 April 2023 2554:Canadian Workers' Communist Party 2189:Torture and human experimentation 1834: 789:, to save bullets) and buried in 16629:Artificial Intelligence Cold War 16589:2014 Vietnam anti-China protests 16500:1967 anti-Chinese riots in Burma 14651:United States invasion of Panama 14501:1982 Ethiopian–Somali Border War 14141:1971 Turkish military memorandum 14104:Communist insurgency in Thailand 14074:Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty 14006:Communist insurgency in Malaysia 13833:Assassination of John F. Kennedy 13761:Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation 13279:Restatement of Policy on Germany 12952: 12833: 12103: 11866: 11561: 11222: 10923:Courtship, marriage, and divorce 10500: 10323:Documentation Center of Cambodia 9914: 9841:Documentation Center of Cambodia 8971:Buncombe, Andrew (7 June 2013). 8637: 8560: 8492: 8383: 8353: 8321: 8288: 8276:from the original on 9 July 2021 8272:(in Chinese). 14 November 2000. 8237:(in Chinese). 13 November 2000. 8124: 8025: 7980: 7899: 7843: 7821: 7811: 7775: 7750: 7694: 7644:from the original on 18 May 2022 7601: 7571: 7545: 7468: 7438: 7396: 7249: 7230: 7177: 7152: 7130: 7102: 7072: 7047: 7020: 6994: 6688: 6678:Remapping Asian American History 6669: 6642: 6535: 6503: 6476: 6462:. 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Russian Federation 11310:Jews in the Cossack Hetmanate 9075:Body Studies: An Introduction 8297:"Seeking Justice in Cambodia" 8131:Neuman, Scott (7 June 2013). 7475:Mydans, Seth (1 March 2009). 7208:Wessinger, Catherine (2000). 6007:Economic and Political Weekly 5825:10.1080/00324728.2015.1045546 5642:Boshart, Rod (17 June 2019). 5614:"Ambassador Kenneth M. Quinn" 4826:(in Chinese). 10 April 2008. 4223:"Dining with the Dear Leader" 3046:10.1080/00324728.2015.1045546 2552:In 1979, some members of the 2370:"National Day of Remembrance" 2201:torturous medical experiments 2129:Religion in communist Albania 1933: 1762: 1473:which was perpetrated by the 1078:communist revolution in China 697: 557:Cambodian–Thai border dispute 17124:Persecution of intellectuals 16661:Boycotts of Chinese products 16584:2013 Tiananmen Square attack 16516:1969 race riots of Singapore 16490:1964 race riots in Singapore 16177:2nd Sangley Rebellion (1639) 14742:Fall of communism in Albania 14712:Mongolian Revolution of 1990 14661:Polish Round Table Agreement 14001:1968 Polish political crisis 13818:Eritrean War of Independence 13584:Hungarian Revolution of 1956 13479:East German uprising of 1953 13411:Chinese Communist Revolution 13076: 12937:Croatia–Serbia genocide case 12738:Nuremberg Military Tribunals 12584:Anti-communist mass killings 11318:Indigenous peoples in Canada 11254:Indigenous peoples in Brazil 11078: 10113:Liberation Army of Kampuchea 10108:Communist Party of Kampuchea 9812:Verkoren, Willemijn (2008). 9689:Pioneers of Genocide Studies 9661:Council on Foreign Relations 9165:Frey, Rebecca Joyce (2009). 9004:University of Illinois Press 8885:Beachler, Donald W. 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Pol Pot was influenced by 1251:Minister of National Defense 1058:made frequent visits to the 803:a second outflow of refugees 732:Politburo Standing Committee 152:Kampuchea Revolutionary Army 7: 16651:2021 Solomon Islands unrest 16641:COVID-19 pandemic incidents 16538:May 1998 riots of Indonesia 14616:Korean Air Lines Flight 007 14344:Korean Air Lines Flight 902 14089:Corrective Movement (Syria) 14053:New People's Army rebellion 14048:Sino-Soviet border conflict 13776:Angolan War of Independence 13639:Second Taiwan Strait Crisis 13519:1954 Guatemalan coup d'état 13164:Jamaican political conflict 12871:Nanjing War Crimes Tribunal 12039:National Population Program 9408:10.1080/1467271032000147041 9249:10.1080/0032472031000150176 6768:Dictionary of Genocide: A–L 6122:Žerjavić, Vladimir (1993). 3265:Chandler, David P. (2018). 3028:Heuveline, Patrick (2015). 2786: 2740:First They Killed My Father 2496:Cambodian National Assembly 2431:1991 Paris Peace Agreements 2426:and convicted of genocide. 2388: 1782:qualities, such as wearing 1357: 1285:Vietnamese invaded Cambodia 1279:Soon after Deng became the 1268: 502:United Nations Transitional 496:1991 Paris Peace Agreements 467:exiled coalition government 10: 17145: 16646:2021 Atlanta spa shootings 16510:13 May incident (Malaysia) 16478:Chinese Confession Program 16368:Vancouver anti-Asian riots 16312:Chinese head tax in Canada 16259:San Francisco riot of 1877 14812:Sino-Indian border dispute 14641:First Nagorno-Karabakh War 14571:1987–1989 JVP insurrection 14329:1976 Argentine coup d'état 14241:Turkish invasion of Cyprus 14191:1973 Uruguayan coup d'état 13875:1964 Brazilian coup d'état 13843:Cyprus crisis of 1963–1964 13532:First Taiwan Strait Crisis 13299:Asian Relations Conference 12786:Frankfurt Auschwitz trials 12730:Hamburg Ravensbrück trials 12556:Effects on young survivors 11991:Sabra and Shatila massacre 9869:. 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New York: 5915:Cambridge University Press 3712:Cambridge University Press 3594:Cambridge University Press 3434:"China-Cambodia Relations" 3216:European Review of History 2673:("Cambodia Year Zero") by 2586:Tuol Sleng Genocide Museum 2545: 2399: 2358:After Democratic Kampuchea 2287:Photo from genocide museum 2275:Tuol Sleng genocide museum 2192: 2172:Child soldiers in Cambodia 2169: 2146: 1954: 1845:Tuol Sleng Genocide Museum 1766: 1751: 1272: 1234:, a product of Mao's era. 1060:People's Republic of China 1028: 1024: 1017: 894:, with the support of the 859: 848: 837: 17114:Persecution of Christians 17004:Anti-Vietnamese sentiment 16905: 16847: 16752: 16716: 16680: 16673: 16614:2015 Aksu colliery attack 16564:2008 Kunming bus bombings 16546: 16354: 16211: 16190: 16163: 16156: 16120: 16008: 15962: 15935:The Unparalleled Invasion 15912: 15848: 15797: 15719: 15696:William Appleman Williams 15641:Arthur M. 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"The Call". 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Israel 12982:Rohingya genocide case 12519:Names of the Holocaust 11983:Chittagong Hill Tracts 11691:Kinder der Landstrasse 11577:Late Ottoman genocides 10757:Special Economic Zones 10752:Science and technology 10038:Eastern Zone massacres 9496:Mendes, Errol (2011). 9395:Critical Asian Studies 9208:Human Rights Quarterly 8998:Chan, Sucheng (2004). 8783:Alvarez, Alex (2007). 8760:Alvarez, Alex (2001). 8541:School Library Journal 8463:Barron & Paul 1977 8032:Mydans, Seith (2017). 6676:Chan, Sucheng (2003). 6335:, pp. 4, 263–265, 285) 5974:Heinrich-Böll-Stiftung 5954:28 August 2009 at the 4643:Grandin, Greg (2015). 4372:. pp. 42–43, 48. 4330:World Peace Foundation 3831:"Genocide in Cambodia" 3799:"Genocide in Cambodia" 2892:Operation Freedom Deal 2862:Eastern Zone massacres 2745:2017 biographical film 2669: 2542:Denial of the genocide 2411: 2350: 2232: 2149:Eastern Zone massacres 1873:banned their languages 1848: 1504: 1301:an invasion of Vietnam 1178: 1127: 1051: 726:and influenced by the 17109:Persecution of Hindus 17074:Massacres in Cambodia 16918:Hong Kong nationalism 16554:2006 Nukuʻalofa riots 16533:1997 Banjarmasin riot 16328:Hells Canyon Massacre 16301:Rock Springs massacre 16291:Issaquah riot of 1885 16270:Chinese Exclusion Act 16198:1740 Batavia massacre 16000:Plaek Phibunsongkhram 15975:Andrew Jackson Bryant 15820:Russia–NATO relations 15701:Jonathan Reed Winkler 14985:Democratic capitalism 14980:Supply-side economics 14948:American conservatism 14747:Breakup of Yugoslavia 14636:Bougainville conflict 14551:South Yemen civil war 14486:Martial law in Poland 14349:Nicaraguan Revolution 14324:Dirty War (Argentina) 14131:1971 JVP insurrection 13945:Years of Lead (Italy) 13823:North Yemen civil war 13741:Berlin Crisis of 1961 13717:Albanian–Soviet split 13649:1959 Tibetan uprising 13614:Syrian Crisis of 1957 13469:Iraqi Intifada (1952) 13329:1948 Arab–Israeli War 12879:Bosnian genocide case 12533:Holocaust terminology 12176:Christians under ISIS 11914:1966 anti-Igbo pogrom 11343:1740 Batavia massacre 11167:Harrying of the North 9738:Terry, Fiona (2002). 9429:Brookings Institution 8724:Pilger, John (2011). 8696:Pilger, John (2001). 7515:Vilim, Laura (2012). 7264:. 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Germany 12929:Khmer Rouge Tribunal 12305:Utilitarian genocide 12284:Transgender genocide 11651:Osage Indian murders 11351:Great Gypsy Round-up 10585:World Heritage Sites 10455:Democratic Kampuchea 10171:John Dawson Dewhirst 9923:at Wikimedia Commons 9835:Vannak, Huy (2010). 8337:. 17 February 2009. 8295:Stanton, Gregory H. 7710:. 20 February 2018. 7068:on 29 November 2010. 6182:. 16 November 2018. 5878:10.2139/ssrn.3801980 5455:"Pol Pot overthrown" 4608:Jones, Adam (2006). 3358:. 13 December 2018. 2872:Great Chinese Famine 2402:Khmer Rouge Tribunal 2241:John Dawson Dewhirst 1869:Cambodian Christians 1825:genocide of Serbians 1817:genocide of the Roma 1617:Recognition politics 1562:Genocides in history 1438:Great Chinese Famine 1420:regime, starvation, 1255:Democratic Kampuchea 916:Nixon administration 807:Khmer Rouge Tribunal 752:Democratic Kampuchea 690:Democratic Kampuchea 547:Khmer Rouge Tribunal 437:Democratic Kampuchea 326:Loss of Mekong Delta 191:Anti-intellectualism 163:Establishment of an 61:Democratic Kampuchea 51:memorial in Cambodia 17064:Cannibalism in Asia 17019:Communist terrorism 17014:Anti-Thai sentiment 16913:Chinese imperialism 16594:2014 Kunming attack 16450:Home Office 213/926 16438:Sook Ching massacre 16426:Japanese war crimes 16402:Wanpaoshan Incident 16296:Tacoma riot of 1885 16253:Trout Creek Outrage 15686:Alex von Tunzelmann 15676:Vladimir Tismăneanu 15601:Thomas J. McCormick 15596:Jack F. Matlock Jr. 15496:Robert Hugh Ferrell 15359:Crusade for Freedom 15156:Illiberal democracy 15040:Ho Chi Minh Thought 14843:Eisenhower Doctrine 14696:Peaceful Revolution 14691:Romanian Revolution 14671:Revolutions of 1989 14656:1988 Polish strikes 14566:Operation INFEKTION 14561:1987 Lieyu massacre 14466:Eritrean Civil Wars 14449:Peruvian Revolution 14399:1979 Herat uprising 14389:Sino-Vietnamese War 14354:Uganda–Tanzania War 14334:Egyptian–Libyan War 14301:Third Indochina War 14296:Sino-Albanian split 14286:Ethiopian Civil War 14186:Eritrean Civil Wars 14126:Ping-pong diplomacy 14099:Cambodian Civil War 13925:Korean DMZ Conflict 13910:Cultural Revolution 13880:Dominican Civil War 13858:Tlatelolco massacre 13644:1959 Mosul uprising 13634:1958 Lebanon crisis 13361:Al-Wathbah uprising 13284:First Indochina War 13254:Iran crisis of 1946 12416:Settler colonialism 12365:Forced assimilation 12071:Srebrenica massacre 11843:Chechens and Ingush 11601:Thracian Bulgarians 11447:Sand Creek massacre 11408:Siege of Tripolitsa 11159:Ancestral Puebloans 10875:Social organization 10425:Japanese occupation 10176:Joseph Chhmar Salas 9865:Cambodia: 1975–1982 9714:The Daily Telegraph 9681:Stanton, Gregory H. 9108:. pp. 85–106. 9098:Schabas, William A. 8868:. 31 October 2013. 8673:. 30 October 1979. 8477:, pp. 183–184. 8399:Courage to Care NSW 8194:. 7 November 2000. 7884:, pp. 166–167. 7707:The Phnom Penh Post 7687:20 May 2018 at the 7359:Columbia University 7140:. 13 September 1933 6545:Genocide Since 1945 6515:Death by Government 6347:, p. 252; see 6281:. pp. 254–255. 5894:The Washington Post 5686:. pp. 65–101. 5208:1978年国家领导人主要出访 – 览表 5099:"老照片：七十年代波尔布特曾两度访华" 4791:on 24 November 2020 4291:. sites.tufts.edu. 3997:Landsiedel, Peter, 3908:on 24 November 2020 3868:Genocide Since 1945 3158:10.3138/gsi.13.2.03 2670:Cambodge année zéro 1986:forced assimilation 1702:Forced assimilation 1422:forced resettlement 1275:Sino-Vietnamese War 1031:Cultural Revolution 996:Pol Pot biographer 971:Cambodian Civil War 964:Operation Breakfast 943:captured Phnom Penh 890:in 1970 by Premier 862:Cambodian Civil War 856:Cambodian Civil War 840:History of Cambodia 728:Cultural Revolution 640:Cambodia portal 595:Humanitarian crisis 518:Khmer Rouge PGNUNSC 423:Cambodian Civil War 360:Japanese occupation 348:French protectorate 316:Cambodian–Dutch War 35:Cambodian Civil War 17079:Murder in Cambodia 16939:Cambodian genocide 16527:Cambodian genocide 16464:Mergosono massacre 16444:Changkiao massacre 16420:Nanshitou Massacre 16225:Lambing Flat riots 16128:Anti-Chinese Union 16058:Racism in Malaysia 15970:Adriaan Valckenier 15930:Chinese emigration 15840:Russian Revolution 15636:Mary Elise Sarotte 15621:William B. Pickett 15546:Patrick J. Hearden 15526:Gabriel Gorodetsky 15521:Timothy Garton Ash 15506:Anneli Ute Gabanyi 15101:Ethnic nationalism 14853:Hallstein Doctrine 14737:Yemeni unification 14526:1985 Geneva Summit 14491:Casamance conflict 14394:New Jewel Movement 14379:Iranian Revolution 14364:Chadian–Libyan War 14311:Cambodian conflict 14291:Lebanese Civil War 14281:Western Sahara War 14256:June 1976 protests 14251:Cambodian genocide 14016:17 July Revolution 13970:Nigerian Civil War 13885:Rhodesian Bush War 13870:Colombian conflict 13813:Ramadan Revolution 13552:Bandung Conference 13428:Operation Valuable 13309:Partition of India 12895:Slobodan Milošević 12746:Erich von Manstein 12358:Extermination camp 12119:Effacer le tableau 11882:Hyderabadi Muslims 11827:Nanshitou Massacre 11811:Muslims and Croats 11513:Hamidian massacres 11400:Al-Jawazi massacre 11390:Stolen Generations 11093:list by death toll 10762:Telecommunications 10460:Cambodian genocide 10415:Post-Angkor period 10287:Mengly Jandy Quach 9958:Cambodian genocide 9921:Cambodian genocide 9548:Human Rights Watch 9237:Population Studies 8922:10.1353/frm.0.0049 8891:Palgrave Macmillan 8309:on 26 October 2009 8187:The New York Times 8071:Kampuchea Will Win 8039:The New York Times 7994:The New York Times 7913:The New York Times 7792:The New York Times 7759:Footprint Cambodia 7676:The New York Times 7482:The New York Times 7378:child-soldiers.org 7314:Rummel, Rudolph J. 7300:The New York Times 6381:The New York Times 6212:The New York Times 5888:William Branigin, 5817:Population Studies 5489:. 21 August 2018. 5411:. 9 January 2000. 5147:on 1 November 2020 4970:on 1 October 2015. 4736:Cambodia 1884–1975 4698:. pp. 16–19. 4671:Vietnam Generation 4010:P&E World Tour 3895:华侨忆红色高棉屠杀：有文化的华人必死 3476:The New York Times 3034:Population Studies 2877:Great Leap Forward 2724:Patricia McCormick 2719:The Killing Fields 2412: 2378:ទិវាជាតិនៃការចងចាំ 2351: 2233: 2195:Security Prison 21 1849: 1788:multiple languages 1434:Great Leap Forward 1378:agrarian socialist 1193:Great Leap Forward 1128: 1052: 1035:Great Leap Forward 779:Security Prison 21 763:Chinese Cambodians 746:, physical abuse, 720:socialist republic 678:Cambodian genocide 562:2013–2014 protests 450:Cambodian genocide 428:Fall of Phnom Penh 397:Cambodian campaign 286:Post-Angkor period 274:Đại Việt–Khmer War 165:agrarian socialist 139:1.2 to 2.8 million 24:Cambodian genocide 17049:Genocides in Asia 17024:Cultural genocide 16944:1970s in Cambodia 16926: 16925: 16860:Chinaman's chance 16843: 16842: 16810:Mi Gao Huang Chen 16780:Franklin Feng Tao 16669: 16668: 16431:Three Alls Policy 16242:Pigtail Ordinance 16171:Sangley Rebellion 15871: 15870: 15858:List of conflicts 15706:Rudolph Winnacker 15651:Giles Scott-Smith 15626:Ronald E. Powaski 15581:Melvyn P. Leffler 15511:John Lewis Gaddis 15486:Robert D. English 15451:Warren H. Carroll 15441:Michael Beschloss 15410:Nuclear arms race 15391: 15390: 15297:Neues Deutschland 15199: 15198: 15181:White nationalism 15151:Liberal democracy 14888:Ulbricht Doctrine 14878:Brezhnev Doctrine 14686:Velvet Revolution 14430:Soviet–Afghan War 14246:Angolan Civil War 14043:Goulash Communism 13900:ASEAN Declaration 13853:Mexican Dirty War 13751:Annexation of Goa 13702:1960 U-2 incident 13676:Sino-Soviet split 13654:Laotian Civil War 13494:Bricker Amendment 13474:Mau Mau rebellion 13418:Malayan Emergency 13406:Chinese Civil War 13366:Tito–Stalin split 13220:Division of Korea 13044: 13043: 13040: 13039: 12947: 12946: 12828: 12827: 12674:Euthanasia trials 12594:Legal proceedings 12337:Cultural genocide 12263:Cultural genocide 12202: 12201: 12135:Masalit massacres 12098: 12097: 11999:Sri Lankan Tamils 11906:Arabs in Zanzibar 11861: 11860: 11779:Three Alls policy 11556: 11555: 11489:Putumayo genocide 11217: 11216: 11046: 11045: 11006: 11005: 10840:Human trafficking 10780: 10779: 10739:Natural resources 10691: 10690: 10678:Political parties 10621:Foreign relations 10593: 10592: 10482:State of Cambodia 10336: 10335: 10231:Paul Tep Im Sotha 9992:Khmer nationalism 9919:Media related to 9897:978-1-946684-42-4 9850:978-99950-60-19-0 9827:978-90-5629-506-6 9804:978-1-4422-0898-8 9755:978-0-8014-8796-5 9721:. 7 August 2014. 9698:978-1-4128-4974-6 9647:978-0-19-997731-4 9624:978-0-8133-4308-2 9597:978-0-465-06150-1 9557:978-1-56432-150-3 9507:978-1-84980-382-3 9488:978-0-415-64511-9 9438:978-0-815-77554-6 9377:978-0-521-52750-7 9313:978-0-520-24179-4 9287:978-0-309-07334-9 9182:978-0-8160-7310-8 9157:978-0-275-98513-4 9134:978-0-275-99000-8 9115:978-0-415-52450-6 9088:978-0-415-69930-3 9047:KRT Trial Monitor 9036:978-1-85109-961-0 9013:978-0-252-07179-9 8963:978-1-610-39001-9 8900:978-0-230-11414-2 8851:978-0-313-38678-7 8825:978-0-88349-129-4 8806:978-0-7658-0384-9 8775:978-0-253-33849-5 8741:978-1-4070-8570-8 8709:978-0-89608-666-1 8589:978-0-06-019332-4 8068:(February 1979). 7785:(17 April 1998). 7783:Becker, Elizabeth 7768:978-1-903471-40-1 7435:, pp. 32–35. 7223:978-0-8156-2809-5 7185:Blainey, Geoffrey 7007:Los Angeles Times 6782:978-0-313-34642-2 6662:978-1-4438-6569-2 6639:, pp. 54–58. 6559:978-0-415-60634-9 6528:978-1-4128-2129-2 6496:978-1-4628-3577-5 6469:978-0-7391-6037-4 6442:978-0-30010-262-8 6318:, pp. 10–11. 6306:, pp. 84–85. 6294:, pp. 78–79. 6260:, pp. 45–47. 6101:978-0-231-50590-1 5923:978-0-521-59730-2 5693:978-0-300-14299-0 5682:. New Haven, CT: 5599:978-0-429-96406-0 5568:978-0-19-937102-0 5538:, pp. 88–89. 5001:978-9971-69-089-2 4884:Phoenix New Media 4851:"中国对柬埔寨的援助：评价及建议" 4823:Phoenix New Media 4747:Etcheson, Craig, 4705:978-0-300-14299-0 4656:978-1-62779-450-3 4594:978-0-300-10262-8 4587:. p. xxiii. 4506:(Routledge, 2017) 4487:978-0-8014-7273-2 4408:978-0-938692-49-2 4332:. 7 August 2015. 4169:978-0-8160-7310-8 3981:978-0-300-14299-0 3878:978-0-415-60634-9 3681:, pp. 49–65. 3576:978-0-691-02541-4 3547:978-1-5292-0221-2 3517:978-0-300-14299-0 3282:978-0-429-98161-6 2953:ethnic Vietnamese 2923: 2882:Intelligenzaktion 2677:François Ponchaud 2612:Chinese President 2559:François Ponchaud 2396:War crimes trials 2386: 2254:In a hospital of 1925:Genocide scholar 1776:Buddhist monkhood 1745: 1744: 1557:List of genocides 1471:Armenian genocide 1208:Transition period 1054:Since the 1950s, 1003:William Shawcross 998:David P. Chandler 983:Michael Ignatieff 896:National Assembly 765:, 90,000–500,000 674: 673: 567:COVID-19 pandemic 382:Post-independence 203: 202: 182:Khmer nationalism 167:society based on 130:summary execution 110:cultural genocide 17136: 16969:1979 in Cambodia 16964:1978 in Cambodia 16959:1977 in Cambodia 16954:1976 in Cambodia 16949:1975 in Cambodia 16897:Sick man of Asia 16887:Locust/Wongchung 16805:Leung Chi-cheung 16678: 16677: 16636:China Initiative 16414:Nanking Massacre 16380:Torreón massacre 16334:Scott Act (1888) 16248:Page Act of 1875 16161: 16160: 16105:China Initiative 15898: 15891: 15884: 15875: 15874: 15616:David S. Painter 15541:John Earl Haynes 15471:Nicholas J. Cull 15456:Adrian Cioroianu 15436:Thomas A. Bailey 15383:Voice of America 15274: 15273: 15186:White separatism 15166:Social democracy 15161:Guided democracy 15141:Authoritarianism 15091:Ultranationalism 15081:Anti-imperialism 15008:Marxism–Leninism 14921: 14920: 14908:Kinmen Agreement 14873:Johnson Doctrine 14858:Kennedy Doctrine 14774:Frozen conflicts 14757:1991 August Coup 14646:Afghan Civil War 14541:Reykjavík Summit 14536:Somali Rebellion 14476:Ugandan Bush War 14454:Gdańsk Agreement 13975:Protests of 1968 13955:War of Attrition 13664:Cuban Revolution 13600:We will bury you 13567:Cyprus Emergency 13547:Kashmir Princess 13537:Jebel Akhdar War 13386:Western betrayal 13071: 13064: 13057: 13048: 13047: 13033: 13025: 13017: 13009: 13001: 12993: 12985: 12977: 12969: 12955: 12949: 12948: 12940: 12932: 12924: 12914: 12906: 12903:Radovan Karadžić 12898: 12890: 12882: 12874: 12866: 12863:Belgrade Process 12858: 12850: 12836: 12830: 12829: 12821: 12813: 12805: 12797: 12794:Treblinka trials 12789: 12781: 12773: 12765: 12757: 12749: 12741: 12733: 12725: 12717: 12709: 12701: 12693: 12685: 12677: 12669: 12661: 12653: 12645: 12637: 12634:Épuration légale 12629: 12621: 12607: 12604:Holocaust trials 12598: 12597: 12586: 12579: 12572: 12565: 12558: 12551: 12544: 12535: 12528: 12521: 12514: 12496: 12489: 12482: 12475: 12468: 12461: 12454: 12445: 12438: 12418: 12411: 12404: 12397: 12388: 12381: 12374: 12367: 12360: 12353: 12351:Ethnic cleansing 12346: 12339: 12321: 12314: 12307: 12300: 12293: 12286: 12279: 12272: 12265: 12258: 12247: 12240: 12233: 12224: 12217: 12195: 12187: 12179: 12171: 12168:Shias under ISIS 12163: 12155: 12147: 12137: 12130: 12122: 12108: 12100: 12099: 12091: 12083: 12073: 12066: 12058: 12050: 12042: 12034: 12026: 12018: 12010: 12002: 11994: 11986: 11978: 11970: 11960: 11953: 11946: 11941: 11933: 11925: 11917: 11909: 11901: 11893: 11885: 11871: 11863: 11862: 11854: 11846: 11838: 11830: 11822: 11814: 11806: 11803:Serbs in Croatia 11798: 11790: 11782: 11774: 11766: 11763:Nanjing Massacre 11758: 11755:Parsley massacre 11750: 11747:Polish Operation 11742: 11739:Romani Holocaust 11734: 11726: 11718: 11710: 11702: 11694: 11686: 11683:Napalpí massacre 11678: 11670: 11662: 11654: 11646: 11636: 11628: 11620: 11612: 11604: 11594: 11587: 11579: 11566: 11558: 11557: 11547: 11539: 11532: 11524: 11516: 11508: 11500: 11492: 11484: 11476: 11468: 11460: 11450: 11442: 11434: 11426: 11418: 11411: 11403: 11393: 11385: 11377: 11370: 11362: 11354: 11346: 11336: 11328: 11320: 11313: 11305: 11297: 11289: 11281: 11273: 11265: 11257: 11249: 11241: 11227: 11219: 11218: 11210: 11202: 11194: 11186: 11178: 11175:Mongol conquests 11170: 11162: 11154: 11144: 11137: 11129: 11121: 11107: 11099: 11098: 11073: 11066: 11059: 11050: 11049: 11026: 11019: 10791: 10790: 10747: 10729:Economic history 10702: 10701: 10604: 10603: 10516: 10515: 10504: 10440: 10363: 10356: 10349: 10340: 10339: 10201:Michael S. Deeds 10048:Dangrek genocide 10023:Ba Chúc massacre 9977:Marxism–Leninism 9951: 9944: 9937: 9928: 9927: 9918: 9901: 9870: 9868: 9859:Vickery, Michael 9854: 9831: 9808: 9785: 9759: 9734: 9732: 9730: 9719:Associated Press 9710: 9702: 9676: 9674: 9672: 9651: 9628: 9612: 9601: 9573: 9571: 9569: 9536: 9534: 9532: 9523:. Archived from 9521:Associated Press 9511: 9500:. Edward Elgar. 9492: 9469: 9467: 9465: 9442: 9419: 9385: 9382:Internet Archive 9365: 9353: 9341: 9339: 9337: 9322:"KAING Guek Eav" 9317: 9291: 9268: 9231: 9202: 9186: 9161: 9138: 9119: 9092: 9069: 9067: 9065: 9059: 9052: 9040: 9017: 8994: 8992: 8990: 8967: 8941: 8904: 8881: 8879: 8877: 8855: 8834:Bartrop, Paul R. 8829: 8810: 8779: 8746: 8745: 8721: 8715: 8713: 8693: 8687: 8686: 8684: 8682: 8663: 8654: 8641: 8635: 8634: 8632: 8630: 8608: 8602: 8601: 8577: 8564: 8558: 8557: 8555: 8553: 8531: 8522: 8521: 8519: 8517: 8496: 8490: 8484: 8478: 8472: 8466: 8460: 8454: 8448: 8442: 8436: 8430: 8424: 8418: 8417: 8415: 8413: 8407: 8396: 8387: 8381: 8380: 8378: 8376: 8357: 8351: 8350: 8348: 8346: 8325: 8319: 8318: 8316: 8314: 8305:. Archived from 8292: 8286: 8285: 8283: 8281: 8257: 8251: 8250: 8248: 8246: 8222: 8216: 8215: 8213: 8211: 8178: 8167: 8161: 8155: 8154: 8152: 8150: 8128: 8122: 8116: 8110: 8104: 8098: 8097: 8091: 8089: 8083: 8076: 8062: 8056: 8055: 8053: 8051: 8029: 8023: 8017: 8011: 8010: 8008: 8006: 7984: 7978: 7972: 7966: 7960: 7954: 7948: 7942: 7936: 7930: 7929: 7927: 7925: 7903: 7897: 7891: 7885: 7879: 7873: 7872: 7870: 7868: 7862: 7855: 7847: 7841: 7835: 7829: 7825: 7819: 7815: 7809: 7808: 7806: 7804: 7779: 7773: 7772: 7754: 7748: 7742: 7736: 7730: 7724: 7723: 7721: 7719: 7698: 7692: 7672: 7666: 7660: 7654: 7653: 7651: 7649: 7634: 7625: 7624: 7622: 7620: 7611:. 23 June 2000. 7605: 7599: 7598: 7596: 7594: 7575: 7569: 7568: 7566: 7564: 7549: 7543: 7542: 7540: 7538: 7532: 7526:. Archived from 7521: 7512: 7499: 7498: 7496: 7494: 7472: 7466: 7465: 7463: 7461: 7442: 7436: 7430: 7424: 7423: 7421: 7419: 7400: 7394: 7393: 7391: 7389: 7380:. Archived from 7369: 7363: 7362: 7344: 7338: 7337: 7335: 7333: 7310: 7304: 7303:(2 January 1992) 7286: 7280: 7279: 7263: 7253: 7247: 7246: 7234: 7228: 7227: 7205: 7199: 7198: 7181: 7175: 7174: 7172: 7170: 7156: 7150: 7149: 7147: 7145: 7134: 7128: 7127: 7125: 7123: 7106: 7100: 7099: 7076: 7070: 7069: 7064:. Archived from 7051: 7045: 7044: 7042: 7040: 7024: 7018: 7017: 7015: 7013: 6998: 6992: 6986: 6980: 6974: 6968: 6962: 6956: 6955: 6939: 6933: 6932: 6916: 6910: 6909: 6893: 6887: 6886: 6870: 6861: 6851: 6845: 6839: 6833: 6827: 6821: 6815: 6809: 6803: 6794: 6793: 6791: 6789: 6763:Bartrop, Paul R. 6755: 6749: 6748: 6736: 6730: 6729: 6715: 6713: 6692: 6686: 6685: 6673: 6667: 6666: 6646: 6640: 6634: 6625: 6624: 6609: 6600: 6586: 6580: 6570: 6564: 6563: 6539: 6533: 6532: 6507: 6501: 6500: 6480: 6474: 6473: 6453: 6447: 6446: 6428: 6422: 6421: 6413: 6404: 6398: 6397: 6395: 6393: 6371: 6365: 6358: 6352: 6342: 6336: 6325: 6319: 6313: 6307: 6301: 6295: 6289: 6283: 6282: 6267: 6261: 6255: 6249: 6243: 6237: 6236: 6234: 6232: 6202: 6196: 6195: 6193: 6191: 6172: 6166: 6165: 6149: 6138: 6137: 6119: 6113: 6112: 6110: 6108: 6081: 6075: 6074: 6072: 6070: 6053:White, Matthew. 6050: 6044: 6043: 6041: 6039: 5997: 5991: 5990: 5988: 5986: 5965: 5959: 5943: 5937: 5931: 5925: 5917:, 2000, pp 141, 5904: 5898: 5886: 5880: 5865: 5853: 5847: 5846: 5836: 5808: 5802: 5801: 5789: 5783: 5777: 5771: 5765: 5759: 5758: 5756: 5754: 5748: 5735: 5727: 5718: 5717: 5715: 5713: 5670: 5664: 5663: 5661: 5659: 5639: 5630: 5629: 5627: 5625: 5610: 5604: 5603: 5579: 5573: 5572: 5550: 5539: 5533: 5527: 5521: 5515: 5509: 5503: 5502: 5500: 5498: 5479: 5470: 5469: 5467: 5465: 5451: 5445: 5431: 5425: 5424: 5422: 5420: 5399: 5393: 5392: 5390: 5388: 5369: 5363: 5349: 5343: 5337: 5331: 5325: 5319: 5305: 5299: 5289: 5283: 5273: 5264: 5263: 5261: 5259: 5240: 5231: 5230: 5228: 5226: 5202: 5196: 5195: 5193: 5191: 5166: 5157: 5156: 5154: 5152: 5140:Yanhuang Chunqiu 5134:'大寨工' 对全国农村的恶劣影响 5127: 5121: 5120: 5118: 5116: 5094: 5088: 5081:Kurlantzick 2008 5078: 5072: 5065:Kurlantzick 2008 5062: 5056: 5055: 5023:Cold War History 5017: 5006: 5005: 4981: 4972: 4971: 4969: 4963:. Archived from 4956: 4948: 4939: 4938: 4936: 4934: 4928: 4915: 4907: 4901: 4900: 4898: 4896: 4875: 4869: 4868: 4866: 4855: 4846: 4840: 4839: 4837: 4835: 4814: 4801: 4800: 4798: 4796: 4784:Yanhuang Chunqiu 4774: 4761: 4758: 4752: 4745: 4739: 4732: 4726: 4716: 4710: 4709: 4684: 4678: 4667: 4661: 4660: 4640: 4634: 4633: 4631: 4629: 4624:on 5 August 2019 4623: 4616: 4605: 4599: 4598: 4582: 4569: 4563: 4562: 4560: 4558: 4543: 4537: 4536: 4534: 4532: 4513: 4507: 4501:James A. Tyner, 4498: 4492: 4491: 4467: 4461: 4448: 4442: 4439: 4433: 4427: 4416: 4415: 4384: 4378: 4377: 4361: 4350: 4349: 4343: 4341: 4322: 4305: 4304: 4302: 4300: 4285: 4279: 4278: 4276: 4274: 4254: 4245: 4244: 4238: 4230: 4219: 4213: 4206: 4200: 4189: 4183: 4180: 4174: 4173: 4153: 4147: 4146: 4144: 4142: 4123: 4117: 4111: 4105: 4104: 4102: 4100: 4085: 4079: 4064: 4058: 4052: 4043: 4042: 4040: 4038: 4022: 4013: 3995: 3989: 3988: 3958: 3952: 3951: 3945: 3943: 3938:on 26 March 2016 3934:. Archived from 3924: 3918: 3917: 3915: 3913: 3889: 3883: 3882: 3862: 3853: 3852: 3850: 3848: 3827: 3821: 3820: 3818: 3816: 3795: 3789: 3788: 3786: 3784: 3762: 3756: 3755: 3735: 3729: 3723: 3717: 3705: 3699: 3693: 3682: 3676: 3670: 3664: 3658: 3657: 3655: 3653: 3647: 3640: 3631: 3625: 3624: 3606: 3600: 3587: 3581: 3580: 3558: 3552: 3551: 3540:. Policy Press. 3531: 3522: 3521: 3501: 3492: 3491: 3489: 3487: 3467: 3454: 3453: 3451: 3449: 3430: 3417: 3416: 3378: 3372: 3371: 3369: 3367: 3346: 3329: 3328: 3326: 3324: 3302: 3287: 3286: 3262: 3245: 3244: 3210: 3193: 3189: 3187: 3185: 3134: 3132: 3130: 3098: 3092: 3091: 3085: 3077: 3068: 3067: 3057: 3025: 3008: 2993: 2987: 2984: 2978: 2975: 2969: 2966: 2960: 2937: 2931: 2929: 2928: 2918: 2916: 2908: 2857:Dangrek genocide 2842:Ba Chúc massacre 2831: 2826: 2825: 2817: 2815:Communism portal 2812: 2811: 2810: 2803: 2798: 2797: 2796: 2696:was widely read. 2680: 2679: 2672: 2391: 2381: 2379: 2341:Number of deaths 2332: 2320: 2308: 2296: 2284: 2272: 2121:communist states 2107:Religious groups 2099:, both forms of 1944:Ba Chúc massacre 1892:Alexander Hinton 1737: 1730: 1723: 1692:Ethnic cleansing 1567:Effects on youth 1544: 1534: 1518: 1517: 1509: 1444:Kenneth M. Quinn 1406:agrarian society 1384:On New Democracy 1371:Marxism–Leninism 1314:Other supporters 1229: 1214:paramount leader 1161:Friedrich Engels 1120:Norodom Sihanouk 960:bombing campaign 947:Elizabeth Becker 881:Norodom Sihanouk 769:(who are mostly 699: 666: 659: 652: 638: 637: 636: 600:Military history 590:Economic history 507: 506:(UNTAC, 1992–93) 364:Cambodia in 1945 353:French Indochina 233: 223: 205: 204: 174:Cultural reset ( 106:ethnic cleansing 45: 31:Cold War in Asia 21: 20: 17144: 17143: 17139: 17138: 17137: 17135: 17134: 17133: 16929: 16928: 16927: 16922: 16901: 16839: 16748: 16712: 16665: 16542: 16521:Malari incident 16386:1918 Kudus riot 16350: 16231:Anti-Coolie Act 16207: 16186: 16152: 16116: 16063:Ketuanan Melayu 16036:Racism in Japan 16004: 15958: 15954:De-Sinicization 15908: 15902: 15872: 15867: 15844: 15835:Second Cold War 15793: 15721: 15715: 15691:Odd Arne Westad 15681:Patrick Vaughan 15666:Athan Theoharis 15646:Ellen Schrecker 15631:Yakov M. Rabkin 15606:Timothy Naftali 15551:Tvrtko Jakovina 15536:Jussi Hanhimäki 15419: 15397: 15387: 15365:Paix et Liberté 15340: 15284:Active measures 15265: 15195: 15176:White supremacy 15136:Totalitarianism 15064: 14989: 14912: 14898:Reagan Doctrine 14893:Carter Doctrine 14833:Truman Doctrine 14821: 14768: 14700: 14595:Soviet reaction 14506:Ndogboyosoi War 14413: 14384:Saur Revolution 14211:1973 oil crisis 14176:Munich massacre 14084:Alcora Exercise 14079:Black September 14057: 13803:Sino-Indian War 13697:Simba rebellion 13680: 13524:Capture of the 13432: 13371:Berlin Blockade 13304:May 1947 crises 13294:Truman Doctrine 13259:Greek Civil War 13248:Blacklist Forty 13215:Gouzenko Affair 13202:Cursed soldiers 13154:Morgenthau Plan 13142: 13080: 13075: 13045: 13036: 13028: 13020: 13012: 13004: 12996: 12990:Uyghur Tribunal 12988: 12980: 12972: 12964: 12956: 12953: 12943: 12935: 12927: 12919: 12909: 12901: 12893: 12885: 12877: 12869: 12861: 12853: 12845: 12837: 12834: 12824: 12816: 12810:Fedorenko trial 12808: 12800: 12792: 12784: 12776: 12768: 12760: 12752: 12744: 12736: 12728: 12720: 12712: 12706:Stutthof trials 12704: 12696: 12688: 12682:Nuremberg trial 12680: 12672: 12664: 12656: 12648: 12642:Majdanek trials 12640: 12632: 12624: 12618:Krasnodar trial 12616: 12608: 12602: 12589: 12582: 12575: 12568: 12561: 12554: 12547: 12540: 12531: 12524: 12517: 12510: 12499: 12492: 12485: 12478: 12471: 12464: 12457: 12450: 12441: 12434: 12421: 12414: 12407: 12400: 12393: 12384: 12377: 12370: 12363: 12356: 12349: 12342: 12335: 12324: 12317: 12310: 12303: 12296: 12289: 12282: 12275: 12268: 12261: 12254: 12243: 12236: 12229: 12220: 12213: 12198: 12190: 12182: 12174: 12166: 12158: 12150: 12144:Southern Kaduna 12142: 12133: 12125: 12117: 12109: 12104: 12094: 12086: 12078: 12069: 12061: 12053: 12045: 12037: 12029: 12021: 12013: 12005: 11997: 11989: 11981: 11973: 11965: 11956: 11949: 11944: 11936: 11928: 11920: 11912: 11904: 11896: 11888: 11880: 11872: 11867: 11857: 11849: 11841: 11833: 11825: 11817: 11809: 11801: 11793: 11785: 11777: 11769: 11761: 11753: 11745: 11737: 11731:Simele massacre 11729: 11721: 11713: 11705: 11697: 11689: 11681: 11673: 11665: 11657: 11649: 11641: 11631: 11623: 11615: 11607: 11599: 11590: 11582: 11575: 11567: 11562: 11552: 11542: 11535: 11527: 11521:Herero and Nama 11519: 11511: 11503: 11495: 11487: 11479: 11471: 11463: 11455: 11445: 11437: 11429: 11421: 11414: 11406: 11398: 11388: 11380: 11373: 11365: 11357: 11349: 11341: 11331: 11323: 11316: 11308: 11300: 11292: 11284: 11276: 11268: 11260: 11252: 11244: 11236: 11228: 11223: 11213: 11205: 11197: 11189: 11181: 11173: 11165: 11157: 11149: 11140: 11132: 11126:Asiatic Vespers 11124: 11116: 11108: 11103: 11090: 11082: 11077: 11047: 11042: 11029: 11022: 11015: 11002: 10988:Public holidays 10889: 10865:Sex trafficking 10776: 10745: 10687: 10653:Law enforcement 10589: 10570:Protected areas 10505: 10496: 10492:Modern Cambodia 10438: 10376: 10367: 10337: 10332: 10301: 10250: 10139: 10052: 10001: 9960: 9955: 9911: 9898: 9878: 9876:Further reading 9873: 9851: 9828: 9805: 9756: 9728: 9726: 9699: 9670: 9668: 9648: 9625: 9598: 9578:Power, Samantha 9567: 9565: 9558: 9543:Cambodia at War 9530: 9528: 9527:on 10 June 2014 9508: 9489: 9463: 9461: 9439: 9378: 9335: 9333: 9314: 9288: 9183: 9158: 9148:Greenwood Press 9135: 9116: 9089: 9063: 9061: 9060:on 4 March 2016 9057: 9050: 9037: 9014: 8988: 8986: 8978:The Independent 8964: 8916:(1/2): 95–106. 8901: 8875: 8873: 8852: 8826: 8807: 8776: 8755: 8750: 8749: 8742: 8734:. p. 121. 8722: 8718: 8710: 8694: 8690: 8680: 8678: 8665: 8664: 8657: 8652:Wayback Machine 8642: 8638: 8628: 8626: 8609: 8605: 8590: 8565: 8561: 8551: 8549: 8532: 8525: 8515: 8513: 8498: 8497: 8493: 8485: 8481: 8473: 8469: 8461: 8457: 8449: 8445: 8437: 8433: 8425: 8421: 8411: 8409: 8405: 8394: 8388: 8384: 8374: 8372: 8359: 8358: 8354: 8344: 8342: 8327: 8326: 8322: 8312: 8310: 8293: 8289: 8279: 8277: 8264: 8259: 8258: 8254: 8244: 8242: 8229: 8224: 8223: 8219: 8209: 8207: 8180: 8179: 8170: 8162: 8158: 8148: 8146: 8129: 8125: 8117: 8113: 8105: 8101: 8087: 8085: 8081: 8074: 8063: 8059: 8049: 8047: 8030: 8026: 8018: 8014: 8004: 8002: 7985: 7981: 7973: 7969: 7961: 7957: 7949: 7945: 7937: 7933: 7923: 7921: 7904: 7900: 7894:ECCC-Kaing 2012 7892: 7888: 7880: 7876: 7866: 7864: 7860: 7853: 7851:"A/RES/57/228B" 7849: 7848: 7844: 7836: 7832: 7826: 7822: 7816: 7812: 7802: 7800: 7780: 7776: 7769: 7755: 7751: 7743: 7739: 7731: 7727: 7717: 7715: 7700: 7699: 7695: 7689:Wayback Machine 7673: 7669: 7661: 7657: 7647: 7645: 7636: 7635: 7628: 7618: 7616: 7607: 7606: 7602: 7592: 7590: 7577: 7576: 7572: 7562: 7560: 7551: 7550: 7546: 7536: 7534: 7533:on 7 April 2014 7530: 7519: 7513: 7502: 7492: 7490: 7473: 7469: 7459: 7457: 7444: 7443: 7439: 7431: 7427: 7417: 7415: 7410:. 1 July 2015. 7402: 7401: 7397: 7387: 7385: 7370: 7366: 7345: 7341: 7331: 7329: 7311: 7307: 7296:Wayback Machine 7287: 7283: 7276: 7254: 7250: 7235: 7231: 7224: 7216:. p. 282. 7206: 7202: 7182: 7178: 7168: 7166: 7158: 7157: 7153: 7143: 7141: 7136: 7135: 7131: 7121: 7119: 7108: 7107: 7103: 7077: 7073: 7052: 7048: 7038: 7036: 7025: 7021: 7011: 7009: 6999: 6995: 6987: 6983: 6975: 6971: 6963: 6959: 6949: 6940: 6936: 6926: 6917: 6913: 6903: 6894: 6890: 6880: 6871: 6864: 6852: 6848: 6840: 6836: 6828: 6824: 6816: 6812: 6804: 6797: 6787: 6785: 6783: 6756: 6752: 6742: 6737: 6733: 6711: 6709: 6694: 6693: 6689: 6674: 6670: 6663: 6647: 6643: 6635: 6628: 6610: 6603: 6587: 6583: 6571: 6567: 6560: 6540: 6536: 6529: 6508: 6504: 6497: 6481: 6477: 6470: 6454: 6450: 6443: 6429: 6425: 6411: 6405: 6401: 6391: 6389: 6372: 6368: 6359: 6355: 6343: 6339: 6326: 6322: 6314: 6310: 6302: 6298: 6290: 6286: 6268: 6264: 6256: 6252: 6244: 6240: 6230: 6228: 6203: 6199: 6189: 6187: 6174: 6173: 6169: 6159: 6150: 6141: 6134: 6120: 6116: 6106: 6104: 6102: 6082: 6078: 6068: 6066: 6051: 6047: 6037: 6035: 5998: 5994: 5984: 5982: 5967: 5966: 5962: 5956:Wayback Machine 5944: 5940: 5932: 5928: 5905: 5901: 5897:, 17 April 1998 5887: 5883: 5854: 5850: 5809: 5805: 5795: 5790: 5786: 5778: 5774: 5766: 5762: 5752: 5750: 5746: 5733: 5729: 5728: 5721: 5711: 5709: 5694: 5671: 5667: 5657: 5655: 5640: 5633: 5623: 5621: 5612: 5611: 5607: 5600: 5580: 5576: 5569: 5561:. p. 377. 5551: 5542: 5534: 5530: 5522: 5518: 5510: 5506: 5496: 5494: 5481: 5480: 5473: 5463: 5461: 5453: 5452: 5448: 5432: 5428: 5418: 5416: 5401: 5400: 5396: 5386: 5384: 5371: 5370: 5366: 5350: 5346: 5338: 5334: 5326: 5322: 5306: 5302: 5290: 5286: 5274: 5267: 5257: 5255: 5242: 5241: 5234: 5224: 5222: 5209: 5204: 5203: 5199: 5189: 5187: 5174: 5167: 5160: 5150: 5148: 5135: 5128: 5124: 5114: 5112: 5095: 5091: 5079: 5075: 5063: 5059: 5018: 5009: 5002: 4982: 4975: 4967: 4954: 4950: 4949: 4942: 4932: 4930: 4926: 4913: 4909: 4908: 4904: 4894: 4892: 4877: 4876: 4872: 4864: 4853: 4847: 4843: 4833: 4831: 4816: 4815: 4804: 4794: 4792: 4777:Wang, Xiaolin. 4775: 4764: 4759: 4755: 4746: 4742: 4733: 4729: 4719:Chandler, David 4717: 4713: 4706: 4685: 4681: 4668: 4664: 4657: 4641: 4637: 4627: 4625: 4621: 4614: 4606: 4602: 4595: 4570: 4566: 4556: 4554: 4545: 4544: 4540: 4530: 4528: 4517:Rummel, Rudolph 4514: 4510: 4499: 4495: 4488: 4468: 4464: 4459:Wayback Machine 4449: 4445: 4440: 4436: 4428: 4419: 4409: 4385: 4381: 4362: 4353: 4339: 4337: 4324: 4323: 4308: 4298: 4296: 4287: 4286: 4282: 4272: 4270: 4259:"Counting Hell" 4255: 4248: 4232: 4231: 4221: 4220: 4216: 4207: 4203: 4190: 4186: 4181: 4177: 4170: 4154: 4150: 4140: 4138: 4131:www.eccc.gov.kh 4125: 4124: 4120: 4112: 4108: 4098: 4096: 4095:. 11 April 2022 4087: 4086: 4082: 4076:Wayback Machine 4065: 4061: 4053: 4046: 4036: 4034: 4023: 4016: 4006:Wayback Machine 3996: 3992: 3982: 3974:. p. 464. 3959: 3955: 3941: 3939: 3926: 3925: 3921: 3911: 3909: 3896: 3890: 3886: 3879: 3863: 3856: 3846: 3844: 3829: 3828: 3824: 3814: 3812: 3797: 3796: 3792: 3782: 3780: 3764: 3763: 3759: 3736: 3732: 3724: 3720: 3706: 3702: 3694: 3685: 3677: 3673: 3665: 3661: 3651: 3649: 3645: 3638: 3632: 3628: 3621: 3607: 3603: 3588: 3584: 3577: 3559: 3555: 3548: 3532: 3525: 3518: 3502: 3495: 3485: 3483: 3468: 3457: 3447: 3445: 3438:Radio Free Asia 3432: 3431: 3420: 3397:10.2307/2644784 3391:(10): 977–991. 3379: 3375: 3365: 3363: 3348: 3347: 3332: 3322: 3320: 3312:Yale University 3303: 3290: 3283: 3263: 3248: 3211: 3196: 3192: 3183: 3181: 3128: 3126: 3099: 3095: 3083: 3079: 3078: 3071: 3026: 3022: 3017: 3012: 3011: 2998: 2996: 2994: 2990: 2985: 2981: 2976: 2972: 2967: 2963: 2938: 2934: 2909: 2905: 2900: 2898:Reference notes 2829:Genocide portal 2827: 2820: 2813: 2808: 2806: 2801:Cambodia portal 2799: 2794: 2792: 2789: 2728:Never Fall Down 2693:Reader's Digest 2664: 2656:Courage to Care 2645: 2595: 2550: 2544: 2444:Gregory Stanton 2440: 2404: 2398: 2365: 2360: 2343: 2336: 2333: 2324: 2323:Genocide museum 2321: 2312: 2309: 2300: 2297: 2288: 2285: 2276: 2273: 2197: 2191: 2178: 2168: 2166:Use of children 2151: 2145: 2143:Internal purges 2113:Marxist atheist 2109: 2101:genocide denial 1994:Paul R. Bartrop 1974: 1957: 1936: 1927:Gregory Stanton 1885:Michael Vickery 1837: 1771: 1765: 1756: 1750: 1741: 1637:Anti-Indigenous 1591:In relation to 1533: 1531: 1516: 1402:Western culture 1375:self-sufficient 1360: 1316: 1295:and Vietnam in 1277: 1271: 1210: 1102:political purge 1082:class conflicts 1041: 1027: 1022: 1016: 1011: 956: 864: 858: 853: 847: 842: 836: 759:invaded in 1978 670: 634: 632: 614: 571: 527:Modern Cambodia 509: 505: 503: 478: 340:Colonial period 335: 280: 269:Khmer–Cham wars 221: 214: 90: 52: 17: 12: 11: 5: 17142: 17132: 17131: 17126: 17121: 17116: 17111: 17106: 17101: 17096: 17091: 17086: 17081: 17076: 17071: 17066: 17061: 17056: 17051: 17046: 17041: 17036: 17031: 17026: 17021: 17016: 17011: 17006: 17001: 16996: 16991: 16986: 16981: 16976: 16971: 16966: 16961: 16956: 16951: 16946: 16941: 16924: 16923: 16921: 16920: 16915: 16909: 16907: 16903: 16902: 16900: 16899: 16894: 16889: 16884: 16879: 16874: 16869: 16864: 16863: 16862: 16851: 16849: 16845: 16844: 16841: 16840: 16838: 16837: 16832: 16827: 16822: 16820:Teoh Beng Hock 16817: 16812: 16807: 16802: 16797: 16795:Jiansheng Chen 16792: 16787: 16782: 16777: 16772: 16767: 16762: 16756: 16754: 16750: 16749: 16747: 16746: 16741: 16739:Velma Demerson 16736: 16731: 16726: 16720: 16718: 16714: 16713: 16711: 16710: 16705: 16700: 16695: 16690: 16688:Chae Chan Ping 16684: 16682: 16675: 16671: 16670: 16667: 16666: 16664: 16663: 16658: 16653: 16648: 16643: 16638: 16633: 16632: 16631: 16616: 16611: 16606: 16601: 16596: 16591: 16586: 16581: 16579:Wolf Amendment 16576: 16571: 16566: 16561: 16556: 16550: 16548: 16544: 16543: 16541: 16540: 16535: 16530: 16524: 16518: 16513: 16507: 16502: 16497: 16492: 16487: 16481: 16475: 16469: 16468: 16467: 16453: 16447: 16441: 16435: 16434: 16433: 16428: 16423: 16417: 16405: 16399: 16394: 16388: 16383: 16377: 16374:Beipu uprising 16371: 16365: 16358: 16356: 16352: 16351: 16349: 16348: 16342: 16336: 16331: 16325: 16320: 16315: 16309: 16304: 16298: 16293: 16288: 16283: 16278: 16273: 16267: 16261: 16256: 16250: 16245: 16239: 16234: 16228: 16222: 16215: 16213: 16209: 16208: 16206: 16205: 16200: 16194: 16192: 16188: 16187: 16185: 16184: 16179: 16174: 16167: 16165: 16158: 16154: 16153: 16151: 16150: 16145: 16140: 16135: 16130: 16124: 16122: 16121:By institution 16118: 16117: 16115: 16114: 16109: 16108: 16107: 16097: 16092: 16087: 16082: 16077: 16072: 16067: 16066: 16065: 16060: 16050: 16045: 16040: 16039: 16038: 16028: 16023: 16018: 16012: 16010: 16006: 16005: 16003: 16002: 15997: 15992: 15987: 15982: 15977: 15972: 15966: 15964: 15960: 15959: 15957: 15956: 15951: 15950: 15949: 15939: 15938: 15937: 15932: 15922: 15916: 15914: 15910: 15909: 15901: 15900: 15893: 15886: 15878: 15869: 15868: 15866: 15865: 15860: 15855: 15849: 15846: 15845: 15843: 15842: 15837: 15832: 15827: 15822: 15817: 15812: 15807: 15801: 15799: 15795: 15794: 15792: 15791: 15786: 15781: 15776: 15771: 15766: 15761: 15756: 15751: 15746: 15741: 15736: 15731: 15725: 15723: 15717: 15716: 15714: 15713: 15708: 15703: 15698: 15693: 15688: 15683: 15678: 15673: 15668: 15663: 15661:Timothy Snyder 15658: 15653: 15648: 15643: 15638: 15633: 15628: 15623: 15618: 15613: 15608: 15603: 15598: 15593: 15591:Vojtech Mastny 15588: 15586:Geir Lundestad 15583: 15578: 15576:Walter Laqueur 15573: 15571:Walter LaFeber 15568: 15563: 15558: 15553: 15548: 15543: 15538: 15533: 15528: 15523: 15518: 15513: 15508: 15503: 15501:André Fontaine 15498: 15493: 15488: 15483: 15478: 15473: 15468: 15463: 15458: 15453: 15448: 15443: 15438: 15433: 15431:Gar Alperovitz 15427: 15425: 15421: 15420: 15418: 15417: 15412: 15407: 15401: 15399: 15393: 15392: 15389: 15388: 15386: 15385: 15380: 15374: 15373: 15368: 15361: 15356: 15348: 15346: 15342: 15341: 15339: 15338: 15331: 15326: 15319: 15312: 15307: 15300: 15293: 15286: 15280: 15278: 15271: 15267: 15266: 15264: 15263: 15258: 15253: 15248: 15243: 15238: 15233: 15228: 15223: 15218: 15213: 15207: 15205: 15201: 15200: 15197: 15196: 15194: 15193: 15188: 15183: 15178: 15173: 15171:Third-Worldism 15168: 15163: 15158: 15153: 15148: 15143: 15138: 15133: 15128: 15123: 15118: 15113: 15108: 15103: 15098: 15093: 15088: 15083: 15078: 15072: 15070: 15066: 15065: 15063: 15062: 15057: 15052: 15047: 15042: 15037: 15030: 15025: 15020: 15015: 15010: 15005: 14999: 14997: 14991: 14990: 14988: 14987: 14982: 14977: 14972: 14967: 14962: 14960:Libertarianism 14957: 14952: 14951: 14950: 14940: 14938:Chicago school 14935: 14929: 14927: 14918: 14914: 14913: 14911: 14910: 14905: 14900: 14895: 14890: 14885: 14883:Nixon Doctrine 14880: 14875: 14870: 14865: 14860: 14855: 14850: 14845: 14840: 14835: 14829: 14827: 14826:Foreign policy 14823: 14822: 14820: 14819: 14814: 14809: 14804: 14799: 14794: 14789: 14784: 14778: 14776: 14770: 14769: 14767: 14766: 14761: 14760: 14759: 14749: 14744: 14739: 14734: 14729: 14724: 14719: 14714: 14708: 14706: 14702: 14701: 14699: 14698: 14693: 14688: 14683: 14678: 14673: 14668: 14663: 14658: 14653: 14648: 14643: 14638: 14633: 14628: 14623: 14618: 14613: 14611:Operation RYAN 14608: 14603: 14598: 14588: 14583: 14578: 14573: 14568: 14563: 14558: 14553: 14548: 14543: 14538: 14533: 14528: 14523: 14518: 14516:Able Archer 83 14513: 14508: 14503: 14498: 14493: 14488: 14483: 14478: 14473: 14468: 14463: 14462: 14461: 14451: 14446: 14441: 14432: 14427: 14421: 14419: 14415: 14414: 14412: 14411: 14406: 14401: 14396: 14391: 14386: 14381: 14376: 14371: 14366: 14361: 14356: 14351: 14346: 14341: 14336: 14331: 14326: 14321: 14313: 14308: 14303: 14298: 14293: 14288: 14283: 14278: 14273: 14268: 14266:Oromo conflict 14263: 14258: 14253: 14248: 14243: 14238: 14233: 14228: 14223: 14218: 14213: 14208: 14206:Yom Kippur War 14203: 14198: 14193: 14188: 14183: 14178: 14173: 14168: 14163: 14158: 14153: 14148: 14143: 14138: 14133: 14128: 14123: 14116: 14111: 14106: 14101: 14096: 14091: 14086: 14081: 14076: 14071: 14065: 14063: 14059: 14058: 14056: 14055: 14050: 14045: 14040: 14035: 14030: 14029: 14028: 14018: 14013: 14008: 14003: 13998: 13989: 13984: 13983: 13982: 13972: 13967: 13962: 13957: 13952: 13947: 13942: 13937: 13932: 13927: 13922: 13917: 13912: 13907: 13902: 13897: 13892: 13887: 13882: 13877: 13872: 13867: 13862: 13861: 13860: 13850: 13845: 13840: 13838:Aden Emergency 13835: 13830: 13825: 13820: 13815: 13810: 13805: 13800: 13795: 13790: 13789: 13788: 13783: 13778: 13768: 13763: 13758: 13756:Papua conflict 13753: 13748: 13743: 13738: 13737: 13736: 13726: 13725: 13724: 13714: 13709: 13704: 13699: 13694: 13688: 13686: 13682: 13681: 13679: 13678: 13673: 13672: 13671: 13661: 13659:Kitchen Debate 13656: 13651: 13646: 13641: 13636: 13631: 13626: 13621: 13619:Sputnik crisis 13616: 13611: 13603: 13596: 13591: 13589:Polish October 13586: 13581: 13576: 13569: 13564: 13559: 13554: 13549: 13544: 13539: 13534: 13529: 13521: 13516: 13511: 13506: 13501: 13496: 13491: 13489:Pact of Madrid 13486: 13481: 13476: 13471: 13466: 13461: 13456: 13451: 13446: 13444:Bamboo Curtain 13440: 13438: 13434: 13433: 13431: 13430: 13425: 13420: 13415: 13414: 13413: 13403: 13398: 13393: 13388: 13383: 13378: 13373: 13368: 13363: 13358: 13353: 13348: 13343: 13338: 13337: 13336: 13331: 13326: 13316: 13311: 13306: 13301: 13296: 13291: 13286: 13281: 13276: 13271: 13266: 13261: 13256: 13251: 13243: 13235: 13227: 13222: 13217: 13212: 13204: 13199: 13198: 13197: 13192: 13184: 13171: 13166: 13161: 13156: 13150: 13148: 13144: 13143: 13141: 13140: 13135: 13130: 13125: 13120: 13115: 13110: 13105: 13100: 13093: 13085: 13082: 13081: 13074: 13073: 13066: 13059: 13051: 13042: 13041: 13038: 13037: 13035: 13034: 13026: 13018: 13010: 13002: 12994: 12986: 12978: 12970: 12961: 12958: 12957: 12945: 12944: 12942: 12941: 12933: 12925: 12917: 12916: 12915: 12907: 12899: 12883: 12875: 12867: 12859: 12851: 12842: 12839: 12838: 12826: 12825: 12823: 12822: 12814: 12806: 12798: 12790: 12782: 12774: 12770:Eichmann trial 12766: 12758: 12750: 12742: 12734: 12726: 12718: 12710: 12702: 12694: 12686: 12678: 12670: 12662: 12654: 12650:Chełmno trials 12646: 12638: 12630: 12622: 12613: 12610: 12609: 12595: 12591: 12590: 12588: 12587: 12580: 12573: 12566: 12559: 12552: 12545: 12538: 12537: 12536: 12529: 12522: 12507: 12505: 12501: 12500: 12498: 12497: 12490: 12483: 12476: 12469: 12462: 12455: 12448: 12447: 12446: 12443:Trivialization 12431: 12429: 12423: 12422: 12420: 12419: 12412: 12405: 12398: 12391: 12390: 12389: 12382: 12379:Killing Fields 12368: 12361: 12354: 12347: 12340: 12332: 12330: 12326: 12325: 12323: 12322: 12315: 12308: 12301: 12294: 12287: 12280: 12273: 12266: 12259: 12252: 12251: 12250: 12249: 12248: 12227: 12226: 12225: 12210: 12208: 12204: 12203: 12200: 12199: 12197: 12196: 12188: 12180: 12172: 12164: 12156: 12148: 12140: 12139: 12138: 12123: 12114: 12111: 12110: 12096: 12095: 12093: 12092: 12084: 12076: 12075: 12074: 12059: 12051: 12043: 12035: 12027: 12019: 12015:Kuwaiti Bedoon 12011: 12003: 11995: 11987: 11979: 11971: 11963: 11962: 11961: 11954: 11942: 11934: 11926: 11918: 11910: 11902: 11894: 11886: 11877: 11874: 11873: 11859: 11858: 11856: 11855: 11851:Crimean Tatars 11847: 11839: 11831: 11823: 11815: 11807: 11799: 11791: 11783: 11775: 11767: 11759: 11751: 11743: 11735: 11727: 11719: 11711: 11703: 11695: 11687: 11679: 11675:Kantō Massacre 11671: 11663: 11655: 11647: 11639: 11638: 11637: 11629: 11621: 11613: 11605: 11597: 11596: 11595: 11572: 11569: 11568: 11554: 11553: 11551: 11550: 11549: 11548: 11533: 11525: 11517: 11509: 11501: 11493: 11485: 11477: 11469: 11461: 11453: 11452: 11451: 11443: 11435: 11431:Trail of Tears 11427: 11423:Indian removal 11412: 11404: 11396: 11395: 11394: 11386: 11371: 11363: 11355: 11347: 11339: 11338: 11337: 11329: 11314: 11306: 11298: 11290: 11282: 11274: 11266: 11262:Kashmiri Shias 11258: 11250: 11242: 11233: 11230: 11229: 11215: 11214: 11212: 11211: 11203: 11195: 11187: 11179: 11171: 11163: 11155: 11147: 11146: 11145: 11130: 11122: 11113: 11110: 11109: 11096: 11084: 11083: 11076: 11075: 11068: 11061: 11053: 11044: 11043: 11041: 11040: 11035: 11028: 11027: 11020: 11012: 11011: 11008: 11007: 11004: 11003: 11001: 11000: 10995: 10990: 10985: 10980: 10975: 10970: 10965: 10960: 10955: 10950: 10945: 10940: 10935: 10925: 10920: 10915: 10910: 10905: 10899: 10897: 10891: 10890: 10888: 10887: 10882: 10877: 10872: 10867: 10862: 10857: 10852: 10847: 10842: 10837: 10832: 10831: 10830: 10820: 10815: 10810: 10805: 10800: 10794: 10788: 10782: 10781: 10778: 10777: 10775: 10774: 10772:Transportation 10769: 10764: 10759: 10754: 10749: 10741: 10736: 10731: 10726: 10721: 10716: 10711: 10705: 10699: 10693: 10692: 10689: 10688: 10686: 10685: 10683:Prime Minister 10680: 10675: 10670: 10665: 10660: 10655: 10650: 10645: 10640: 10639: 10638: 10628: 10623: 10618: 10613: 10607: 10601: 10595: 10594: 10591: 10590: 10588: 10587: 10582: 10577: 10572: 10567: 10566: 10565: 10555: 10550: 10545: 10540: 10538:Climate change 10535: 10530: 10525: 10519: 10513: 10507: 10506: 10499: 10497: 10495: 10494: 10489: 10484: 10479: 10474: 10469: 10464: 10463: 10462: 10452: 10447: 10445:Khmer Republic 10442: 10434: 10433: 10432: 10422: 10417: 10412: 10407: 10402: 10397: 10392: 10386: 10384: 10378: 10377: 10366: 10365: 10358: 10351: 10343: 10334: 10333: 10331: 10330: 10328:Bophana Center 10325: 10320: 10315: 10309: 10307: 10306:Investigations 10303: 10302: 10300: 10299: 10294: 10289: 10284: 10279: 10274: 10269: 10264: 10258: 10256: 10252: 10251: 10249: 10248: 10243: 10238: 10233: 10228: 10223: 10218: 10213: 10208: 10203: 10198: 10193: 10188: 10183: 10178: 10173: 10168: 10163: 10158: 10153: 10147: 10145: 10141: 10140: 10138: 10137: 10136: 10135: 10130: 10125: 10115: 10110: 10105: 10100: 10099: 10098: 10093: 10088: 10083: 10078: 10073: 10060: 10058: 10054: 10053: 10051: 10050: 10045: 10040: 10035: 10030: 10025: 10020: 10018:Killing Fields 10015: 10009: 10007: 10003: 10002: 10000: 9999: 9994: 9989: 9984: 9979: 9974: 9968: 9966: 9962: 9961: 9954: 9953: 9946: 9939: 9931: 9925: 9924: 9910: 9909:External links 9907: 9906: 9905: 9902: 9896: 9886:. Morgantown: 9877: 9874: 9872: 9871: 9855: 9849: 9832: 9826: 9809: 9803: 9786: 9776:(2): 179–191. 9760: 9754: 9735: 9703: 9697: 9685:Totten, Samuel 9677: 9652: 9646: 9629: 9623: 9615:Westview Press 9602: 9596: 9574: 9556: 9537: 9512: 9506: 9493: 9487: 9470: 9443: 9437: 9420: 9402:(4): 585–597. 9386: 9376: 9342: 9318: 9312: 9292: 9286: 9269: 9232: 9220:10.2307/761936 9203: 9187: 9181: 9162: 9156: 9139: 9133: 9120: 9114: 9093: 9087: 9070: 9041: 9035: 9018: 9012: 8995: 8968: 8962: 8946:Brinkley, Joel 8942: 8905: 8899: 8882: 8856: 8850: 8830: 8824: 8811: 8805: 8789:Totten, Samuel 8780: 8774: 8756: 8754: 8751: 8748: 8747: 8740: 8716: 8708: 8688: 8671:johnpilger.com 8655: 8636: 8603: 8588: 8559: 8523: 8491: 8479: 8467: 8455: 8453:, p. 145. 8443: 8441:, p. 261. 8431: 8419: 8382: 8361:"The Rescuers" 8352: 8320: 8302:Genocide Watch 8287: 8252: 8217: 8168: 8156: 8123: 8111: 8109:, p. 256. 8099: 8057: 8024: 8012: 7979: 7967: 7963:MacKinnon 2007 7955: 7951:Nuon Chea 2013 7943: 7941:, p. 855. 7931: 7898: 7886: 7874: 7863:on 3 July 2007 7842: 7840:, p. 411. 7830: 7820: 7810: 7774: 7767: 7749: 7747:, p. 103. 7737: 7725: 7693: 7667: 7655: 7626: 7600: 7570: 7544: 7500: 7467: 7437: 7425: 7395: 7384:on 25 May 2019 7364: 7339: 7305: 7281: 7274: 7248: 7245:. p. 495. 7229: 7222: 7200: 7197:. p. 543. 7176: 7151: 7129: 7118:. 23 June 2017 7101: 7071: 7046: 7031:. Al Jazeera. 7019: 6993: 6991:, p. 264. 6981: 6979:, p. 269. 6969: 6967:, p. 263. 6957: 6934: 6911: 6888: 6862: 6846: 6844:, p. 256. 6834: 6822: 6820:, p. 259. 6810: 6808:, p. 258. 6795: 6781: 6775:. p. 64. 6759:Totten, Samuel 6750: 6731: 6687: 6684:. p. 189. 6668: 6661: 6641: 6626: 6623:. p. 431. 6601: 6581: 6565: 6558: 6552:. p. 71. 6534: 6527: 6502: 6495: 6475: 6468: 6448: 6441: 6423: 6417:Genocide Watch 6399: 6366: 6353: 6337: 6320: 6308: 6296: 6284: 6262: 6250: 6238: 6197: 6167: 6139: 6132: 6114: 6100: 6094:. p. 47. 6076: 6045: 6014:(3): 199–203. 5992: 5960: 5938: 5926: 5899: 5881: 5848: 5803: 5784: 5772: 5760: 5719: 5692: 5665: 5631: 5605: 5598: 5574: 5567: 5540: 5528: 5516: 5504: 5471: 5446: 5434:PoKempner 1995 5426: 5394: 5364: 5344: 5332: 5320: 5300: 5284: 5276:PoKempner 1995 5265: 5232: 5197: 5182:(in Chinese). 5158: 5122: 5107:(in Chinese). 5089: 5073: 5057: 5030:(2): 215–235. 5007: 5000: 4973: 4940: 4902: 4887:(in Chinese). 4870: 4841: 4818:"西哈努克、波尔布特与中国" 4802: 4779:"波尔布特：并不遥远的教训" 4762: 4753: 4740: 4727: 4711: 4704: 4679: 4662: 4655: 4635: 4600: 4593: 4564: 4538: 4508: 4493: 4486: 4480:. p. 84. 4462: 4443: 4434: 4430:Heuveline 2001 4417: 4407: 4379: 4351: 4306: 4280: 4257:Sharp, Bruce. 4246: 4214: 4201: 4184: 4175: 4168: 4148: 4118: 4106: 4080: 4059: 4057:, p. 238. 4044: 4014: 3990: 3980: 3953: 3919: 3884: 3877: 3854: 3822: 3790: 3757: 3730: 3718: 3700: 3698:, p. 182. 3683: 3679:Heuveline 1998 3671: 3669:, p. 119. 3659: 3634:Wang, Youqin. 3626: 3619: 3601: 3582: 3575: 3553: 3546: 3523: 3516: 3493: 3455: 3418: 3373: 3330: 3288: 3281: 3246: 3223:(1): 121–143. 3194: 3191: 3190: 3152:(2): 168–189. 3135: 3113: 3107: 3104:Heuveline 2001 3100: 3093: 3069: 3040:(2): 201–218. 3019: 3018: 3016: 3013: 3010: 3009: 2988: 2979: 2970: 2961: 2932: 2902: 2901: 2899: 2896: 2895: 2894: 2889: 2884: 2879: 2874: 2869: 2864: 2859: 2854: 2849: 2844: 2839: 2833: 2832: 2818: 2804: 2788: 2785: 2784: 2783: 2756: 2749:Angelina Jolie 2737:in her memoir 2731: 2726:'s 2012 novel 2716:–winning film 2710: 2697: 2663: 2660: 2644: 2641: 2606:, who was the 2594: 2591: 2546:Main article: 2543: 2540: 2439: 2436: 2400:Main article: 2397: 2394: 2364: 2361: 2359: 2356: 2342: 2339: 2338: 2337: 2334: 2327: 2325: 2322: 2315: 2313: 2310: 2303: 2301: 2298: 2291: 2289: 2286: 2279: 2277: 2274: 2267: 2218:Killing Fields 2193:Main article: 2190: 2187: 2167: 2164: 2147:Main article: 2144: 2141: 2108: 2105: 1973: 1970: 1956: 1953: 1935: 1932: 1836: 1835:Ethnic victims 1833: 1767:Main article: 1764: 1761: 1752:Main article: 1749: 1746: 1743: 1742: 1740: 1739: 1732: 1725: 1717: 1714: 1713: 1707: 1706: 1705: 1704: 1699: 1694: 1689: 1684: 1676: 1675: 1674:Related topics 1671: 1670: 1669: 1668: 1667: 1666: 1661: 1651: 1650: 1649: 1644: 1639: 1631: 1630: 1629: 1619: 1614: 1609: 1604: 1599: 1589: 1584: 1579: 1574: 1569: 1564: 1559: 1551: 1550: 1546: 1545: 1537: 1536: 1527: 1526: 1515: 1512: 1475:Ottoman Empire 1359: 1356: 1320:United Nations 1315: 1312: 1297:Southeast Asia 1270: 1267: 1223:People's Daily 1209: 1206: 1165:Vladimir Lenin 1074:Zhang Chunqiao 1026: 1023: 1018:Main article: 1015: 1012: 1010: 1007: 955: 952: 900:Khmer Republic 860:Main article: 857: 854: 849:Main article: 846: 843: 838:Main article: 835: 832: 783:Killing Fields 773:), and 20,000 767:Cambodian Cham 736:Zhang Chunqiao 700:7.8 million). 686:Prime Minister 672: 671: 669: 668: 661: 654: 646: 643: 642: 629: 628: 627: 626: 616: 615: 613: 612: 607: 602: 597: 592: 587: 581: 578: 577: 573: 572: 570: 569: 564: 559: 554: 549: 544: 539: 533: 530: 529: 523: 522: 521: 520: 515: 510: 500: 498: 493: 485: 484: 480: 479: 477: 476: 475: 474: 469: 459: 454: 453: 452: 447: 433: 432: 431: 430: 420: 419: 418: 411:Khmer Republic 407: 406: 405: 404: 399: 394: 392:Sihanouk Trail 389: 378: 375: 374: 370: 369: 368: 367: 357: 356: 355: 342: 341: 337: 336: 334: 333: 328: 323: 318: 313: 308: 303: 298: 292: 289: 288: 282: 281: 279: 278: 277: 276: 271: 266: 256: 251: 245: 242: 241: 235: 234: 226: 225: 216: 215: 208: 201: 200: 199: 198: 193: 188: 179: 172: 159: 155: 154: 145: 141: 140: 137: 133: 132: 91: 88: 85: 84: 81: 77: 76: 73: 69: 68: 58: 54: 53: 47:Skulls at the 46: 38: 37: 26: 25: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 17141: 17130: 17127: 17125: 17122: 17120: 17117: 17115: 17112: 17110: 17107: 17105: 17102: 17100: 17097: 17095: 17092: 17090: 17087: 17085: 17082: 17080: 17077: 17075: 17072: 17070: 17067: 17065: 17062: 17060: 17057: 17055: 17052: 17050: 17047: 17045: 17042: 17040: 17037: 17035: 17032: 17030: 17027: 17025: 17022: 17020: 17017: 17015: 17012: 17010: 17007: 17005: 17002: 17000: 16997: 16995: 16992: 16990: 16989:Anti-Buddhism 16987: 16985: 16982: 16980: 16977: 16975: 16972: 16970: 16967: 16965: 16962: 16960: 16957: 16955: 16952: 16950: 16947: 16945: 16942: 16940: 16937: 16936: 16934: 16919: 16916: 16914: 16911: 16910: 16908: 16904: 16898: 16895: 16893: 16890: 16888: 16885: 16883: 16880: 16878: 16875: 16873: 16870: 16868: 16865: 16861: 16858: 16857: 16856: 16853: 16852: 16850: 16846: 16836: 16833: 16831: 16828: 16826: 16823: 16821: 16818: 16816: 16813: 16811: 16808: 16806: 16803: 16801: 16798: 16796: 16793: 16791: 16788: 16786: 16783: 16781: 16778: 16776: 16773: 16771: 16768: 16766: 16763: 16761: 16758: 16757: 16755: 16751: 16745: 16742: 16740: 16737: 16735: 16732: 16730: 16727: 16725: 16722: 16721: 16719: 16715: 16709: 16706: 16704: 16701: 16699: 16696: 16694: 16693:Fong Yue Ting 16691: 16689: 16686: 16685: 16683: 16679: 16676: 16672: 16662: 16659: 16657: 16654: 16652: 16649: 16647: 16644: 16642: 16639: 16637: 16634: 16630: 16627: 16626: 16624: 16623:Trump tariffs 16620: 16617: 16615: 16612: 16610: 16607: 16605: 16602: 16600: 16597: 16595: 16592: 16590: 16587: 16585: 16582: 16580: 16577: 16575: 16572: 16570: 16567: 16565: 16562: 16560: 16557: 16555: 16552: 16551: 16549: 16545: 16539: 16536: 16534: 16531: 16528: 16525: 16522: 16519: 16517: 16514: 16511: 16508: 16506: 16503: 16501: 16498: 16496: 16493: 16491: 16488: 16485: 16482: 16479: 16476: 16473: 16470: 16465: 16462: 16461: 16459: 16458: 16454: 16451: 16448: 16445: 16442: 16439: 16436: 16432: 16429: 16427: 16424: 16421: 16418: 16415: 16412: 16411: 16409: 16406: 16403: 16400: 16398: 16395: 16393:(1920s–1930s) 16392: 16389: 16387: 16384: 16381: 16378: 16375: 16372: 16369: 16366: 16363: 16360: 16359: 16357: 16353: 16346: 16343: 16340: 16337: 16335: 16332: 16329: 16326: 16324: 16321: 16319: 16316: 16313: 16310: 16308: 16305: 16302: 16299: 16297: 16294: 16292: 16289: 16287: 16284: 16282: 16279: 16277: 16274: 16271: 16268: 16265: 16262: 16260: 16257: 16254: 16251: 16249: 16246: 16243: 16240: 16238: 16235: 16232: 16229: 16226: 16223: 16220: 16219:Buckland Riot 16217: 16216: 16214: 16210: 16204: 16201: 16199: 16196: 16195: 16193: 16189: 16183: 16180: 16178: 16175: 16172: 16169: 16168: 16166: 16162: 16159: 16155: 16149: 16146: 16144: 16141: 16139: 16136: 16134: 16131: 16129: 16126: 16125: 16123: 16119: 16113: 16110: 16106: 16103: 16102: 16101: 16100:United States 16098: 16096: 16093: 16091: 16088: 16086: 16083: 16081: 16078: 16076: 16073: 16071: 16068: 16064: 16061: 16059: 16056: 16055: 16054: 16051: 16049: 16046: 16044: 16041: 16037: 16034: 16033: 16032: 16029: 16027: 16024: 16022: 16019: 16017: 16014: 16013: 16011: 16007: 16001: 15998: 15996: 15993: 15991: 15988: 15986: 15983: 15981: 15980:Denis Kearney 15978: 15976: 15973: 15971: 15968: 15967: 15965: 15963:By persecutor 15961: 15955: 15952: 15948: 15945: 15944: 15943: 15940: 15936: 15933: 15931: 15928: 15927: 15926: 15923: 15921: 15918: 15917: 15915: 15911: 15906: 15899: 15894: 15892: 15887: 15885: 15880: 15879: 15876: 15864: 15861: 15859: 15856: 15854: 15851: 15850: 15847: 15841: 15838: 15836: 15833: 15831: 15828: 15826: 15825:War on terror 15823: 15821: 15818: 15816: 15813: 15811: 15808: 15806: 15803: 15802: 15800: 15796: 15790: 15787: 15785: 15782: 15780: 15777: 15775: 15772: 15770: 15767: 15765: 15762: 15760: 15757: 15755: 15752: 15750: 15747: 15745: 15742: 15740: 15737: 15735: 15732: 15730: 15727: 15726: 15724: 15720:Espionage and 15718: 15712: 15709: 15707: 15704: 15702: 15699: 15697: 15694: 15692: 15689: 15687: 15684: 15682: 15679: 15677: 15674: 15672: 15671:Andrew Thorpe 15669: 15667: 15664: 15662: 15659: 15657: 15654: 15652: 15649: 15647: 15644: 15642: 15639: 15637: 15634: 15632: 15629: 15627: 15624: 15622: 15619: 15617: 15614: 15612: 15609: 15607: 15604: 15602: 15599: 15597: 15594: 15592: 15589: 15587: 15584: 15582: 15579: 15577: 15574: 15572: 15569: 15567: 15566:Gabriel Kolko 15564: 15562: 15559: 15557: 15554: 15552: 15549: 15547: 15544: 15542: 15539: 15537: 15534: 15532: 15531:Fred Halliday 15529: 15527: 15524: 15522: 15519: 15517: 15516:Lloyd Gardner 15514: 15512: 15509: 15507: 15504: 15502: 15499: 15497: 15494: 15492: 15489: 15487: 15484: 15482: 15479: 15477: 15476:Norman Davies 15474: 15472: 15469: 15467: 15464: 15462: 15461:John Costello 15459: 15457: 15454: 15452: 15449: 15447: 15444: 15442: 15439: 15437: 15434: 15432: 15429: 15428: 15426: 15422: 15416: 15413: 15411: 15408: 15406: 15403: 15402: 15400: 15396:Technological 15394: 15384: 15381: 15379: 15376: 15375: 15372: 15369: 15367: 15366: 15362: 15360: 15357: 15355: 15354: 15350: 15349: 15347: 15343: 15337: 15336: 15332: 15330: 15327: 15325: 15324: 15320: 15318: 15317: 15313: 15311: 15308: 15306: 15305: 15301: 15299: 15298: 15294: 15292: 15291: 15287: 15285: 15282: 15281: 15279: 15277:Pro-communist 15275: 15272: 15268: 15262: 15259: 15257: 15254: 15252: 15249: 15247: 15244: 15242: 15239: 15237: 15234: 15232: 15229: 15227: 15224: 15222: 15219: 15217: 15214: 15212: 15209: 15208: 15206: 15204:Organizations 15202: 15192: 15189: 15187: 15184: 15182: 15179: 15177: 15174: 15172: 15169: 15167: 15164: 15162: 15159: 15157: 15154: 15152: 15149: 15147: 15144: 15142: 15139: 15137: 15134: 15132: 15129: 15127: 15124: 15122: 15119: 15117: 15114: 15112: 15109: 15107: 15104: 15102: 15099: 15097: 15094: 15092: 15089: 15087: 15084: 15082: 15079: 15077: 15074: 15073: 15071: 15067: 15061: 15058: 15056: 15053: 15051: 15048: 15046: 15043: 15041: 15038: 15036: 15035: 15031: 15029: 15026: 15024: 15021: 15019: 15018:Eurocommunism 15016: 15014: 15011: 15009: 15006: 15004: 15001: 15000: 14998: 14996: 14992: 14986: 14983: 14981: 14978: 14976: 14973: 14971: 14968: 14966: 14963: 14961: 14958: 14956: 14953: 14949: 14946: 14945: 14944: 14941: 14939: 14936: 14934: 14931: 14930: 14928: 14926: 14922: 14919: 14915: 14909: 14906: 14904: 14901: 14899: 14896: 14894: 14891: 14889: 14886: 14884: 14881: 14879: 14876: 14874: 14871: 14869: 14866: 14864: 14861: 14859: 14856: 14854: 14851: 14849: 14848:Domino theory 14846: 14844: 14841: 14839: 14836: 14834: 14831: 14830: 14828: 14824: 14818: 14815: 14813: 14810: 14808: 14805: 14803: 14802:South Ossetia 14800: 14798: 14795: 14793: 14790: 14788: 14785: 14783: 14780: 14779: 14777: 14775: 14771: 14765: 14762: 14758: 14755: 14754: 14753: 14750: 14748: 14745: 14743: 14740: 14738: 14735: 14733: 14730: 14728: 14725: 14723: 14720: 14718: 14715: 14713: 14710: 14709: 14707: 14703: 14697: 14694: 14692: 14689: 14687: 14684: 14682: 14679: 14677: 14674: 14672: 14669: 14667: 14664: 14662: 14659: 14657: 14654: 14652: 14649: 14647: 14644: 14642: 14639: 14637: 14634: 14632: 14629: 14627: 14624: 14622: 14619: 14617: 14614: 14612: 14609: 14607: 14604: 14602: 14599: 14596: 14592: 14589: 14587: 14586:8888 Uprising 14584: 14582: 14579: 14577: 14574: 14572: 14569: 14567: 14564: 14562: 14559: 14557: 14554: 14552: 14549: 14547: 14544: 14542: 14539: 14537: 14534: 14532: 14531:Iran–Iraq War 14529: 14527: 14524: 14522: 14519: 14517: 14514: 14512: 14509: 14507: 14504: 14502: 14499: 14497: 14496:Falklands War 14494: 14492: 14489: 14487: 14484: 14482: 14479: 14477: 14474: 14472: 14469: 14467: 14464: 14460: 14457: 14456: 14455: 14452: 14450: 14447: 14445: 14442: 14440: 14436: 14433: 14431: 14428: 14426: 14423: 14422: 14420: 14416: 14410: 14407: 14405: 14402: 14400: 14397: 14395: 14392: 14390: 14387: 14385: 14382: 14380: 14377: 14375: 14372: 14370: 14367: 14365: 14362: 14360: 14359:NDF Rebellion 14357: 14355: 14352: 14350: 14347: 14345: 14342: 14340: 14339:German Autumn 14337: 14335: 14332: 14330: 14327: 14325: 14322: 14320: 14319: 14314: 14312: 14309: 14307: 14304: 14302: 14299: 14297: 14294: 14292: 14289: 14287: 14284: 14282: 14279: 14277: 14274: 14272: 14269: 14267: 14264: 14262: 14259: 14257: 14254: 14252: 14249: 14247: 14244: 14242: 14239: 14237: 14234: 14232: 14229: 14227: 14226:Metapolitefsi 14224: 14222: 14219: 14217: 14214: 14212: 14209: 14207: 14204: 14202: 14199: 14197: 14194: 14192: 14189: 14187: 14184: 14182: 14179: 14177: 14174: 14172: 14169: 14167: 14164: 14162: 14159: 14157: 14154: 14152: 14149: 14147: 14144: 14142: 14139: 14137: 14134: 14132: 14129: 14127: 14124: 14122: 14121: 14117: 14115: 14112: 14110: 14107: 14105: 14102: 14100: 14097: 14095: 14092: 14090: 14087: 14085: 14082: 14080: 14077: 14075: 14072: 14070: 14067: 14066: 14064: 14060: 14054: 14051: 14049: 14046: 14044: 14041: 14039: 14036: 14034: 14031: 14027: 14024: 14023: 14022: 14019: 14017: 14014: 14012: 14009: 14007: 14004: 14002: 13999: 13997: 13995: 13990: 13988: 13987:Prague Spring 13985: 13981: 13978: 13977: 13976: 13973: 13971: 13968: 13966: 13965:Al-Wadiah War 13963: 13961: 13958: 13956: 13953: 13951: 13948: 13946: 13943: 13941: 13938: 13936: 13933: 13931: 13930:12-3 incident 13928: 13926: 13923: 13921: 13918: 13916: 13913: 13911: 13908: 13906: 13903: 13901: 13898: 13896: 13893: 13891: 13888: 13886: 13883: 13881: 13878: 13876: 13873: 13871: 13868: 13866: 13863: 13859: 13856: 13855: 13854: 13851: 13849: 13846: 13844: 13841: 13839: 13836: 13834: 13831: 13829: 13826: 13824: 13821: 13819: 13816: 13814: 13811: 13809: 13806: 13804: 13801: 13799: 13796: 13794: 13791: 13787: 13784: 13782: 13779: 13777: 13774: 13773: 13772: 13769: 13767: 13764: 13762: 13759: 13757: 13754: 13752: 13749: 13747: 13744: 13742: 13739: 13735: 13732: 13731: 13730: 13727: 13723: 13720: 13719: 13718: 13715: 13713: 13710: 13708: 13705: 13703: 13700: 13698: 13695: 13693: 13690: 13689: 13687: 13683: 13677: 13674: 13670: 13667: 13666: 13665: 13662: 13660: 13657: 13655: 13652: 13650: 13647: 13645: 13642: 13640: 13637: 13635: 13632: 13630: 13627: 13625: 13622: 13620: 13617: 13615: 13612: 13610: 13609: 13604: 13601: 13597: 13595: 13592: 13590: 13587: 13585: 13582: 13580: 13577: 13574: 13570: 13568: 13565: 13563: 13560: 13558: 13555: 13553: 13550: 13548: 13545: 13543: 13540: 13538: 13535: 13533: 13530: 13528: 13527: 13522: 13520: 13517: 13515: 13512: 13510: 13509:Domino theory 13507: 13505: 13504:Petrov Affair 13502: 13500: 13497: 13495: 13492: 13490: 13487: 13485: 13482: 13480: 13477: 13475: 13472: 13470: 13467: 13465: 13462: 13460: 13457: 13455: 13452: 13450: 13447: 13445: 13442: 13441: 13439: 13435: 13429: 13426: 13424: 13421: 13419: 13416: 13412: 13409: 13408: 13407: 13404: 13402: 13399: 13397: 13394: 13392: 13389: 13387: 13384: 13382: 13381:Madiun Affair 13379: 13377: 13374: 13372: 13369: 13367: 13364: 13362: 13359: 13357: 13354: 13352: 13349: 13347: 13344: 13342: 13341:Marshall Plan 13339: 13335: 13332: 13330: 13327: 13325: 13322: 13321: 13320: 13317: 13315: 13312: 13310: 13307: 13305: 13302: 13300: 13297: 13295: 13292: 13290: 13287: 13285: 13282: 13280: 13277: 13275: 13272: 13270: 13267: 13265: 13262: 13260: 13257: 13255: 13252: 13250: 13249: 13244: 13242: 13241: 13236: 13234: 13233: 13228: 13226: 13223: 13221: 13218: 13216: 13213: 13211: 13210: 13205: 13203: 13200: 13196: 13193: 13191: 13190: 13185: 13183: 13182: 13177: 13176: 13175: 13172: 13170: 13167: 13165: 13162: 13160: 13157: 13155: 13152: 13151: 13149: 13145: 13139: 13136: 13134: 13131: 13129: 13126: 13124: 13121: 13119: 13116: 13114: 13111: 13109: 13106: 13104: 13101: 13099: 13098: 13094: 13092: 13091: 13090:United States 13087: 13086: 13083: 13079: 13072: 13067: 13065: 13060: 13058: 13053: 13052: 13049: 13031: 13027: 13023: 13019: 13015: 13011: 13007: 13003: 12999: 12995: 12991: 12987: 12983: 12979: 12975: 12971: 12967: 12963: 12962: 12959: 12950: 12938: 12934: 12930: 12926: 12922: 12918: 12912: 12908: 12904: 12900: 12896: 12892: 12891: 12888: 12884: 12880: 12876: 12872: 12868: 12864: 12860: 12856: 12852: 12848: 12844: 12843: 12840: 12831: 12819: 12815: 12811: 12807: 12803: 12802:Sobibor trial 12799: 12795: 12791: 12787: 12783: 12779: 12775: 12771: 12767: 12763: 12759: 12755: 12751: 12747: 12743: 12739: 12735: 12731: 12727: 12723: 12719: 12715: 12711: 12707: 12703: 12699: 12695: 12691: 12687: 12683: 12679: 12675: 12671: 12667: 12666:Belsen trials 12663: 12659: 12658:Dachau trials 12655: 12651: 12647: 12643: 12639: 12635: 12631: 12627: 12626:Kharkov trial 12623: 12619: 12615: 12614: 12611: 12605: 12599: 12596: 12592: 12585: 12581: 12578: 12574: 12571: 12570:Justification 12567: 12564: 12560: 12557: 12553: 12550: 12546: 12543: 12539: 12534: 12530: 12527: 12523: 12520: 12516: 12515: 12513: 12509: 12508: 12506: 12502: 12495: 12491: 12488: 12484: 12481: 12477: 12474: 12470: 12467: 12463: 12460: 12456: 12453: 12449: 12444: 12440: 12439: 12437: 12436:The Holocaust 12433: 12432: 12430: 12428: 12424: 12417: 12413: 12410: 12406: 12403: 12399: 12396: 12395:Death marches 12392: 12387: 12383: 12380: 12376: 12375: 12373: 12369: 12366: 12362: 12359: 12355: 12352: 12348: 12345: 12341: 12338: 12334: 12333: 12331: 12327: 12320: 12316: 12313: 12309: 12306: 12302: 12299: 12295: 12292: 12288: 12285: 12281: 12278: 12274: 12271: 12267: 12264: 12260: 12257: 12253: 12246: 12242: 12241: 12239: 12235: 12234: 12232: 12228: 12223: 12219: 12218: 12216: 12212: 12211: 12209: 12205: 12193: 12189: 12185: 12181: 12177: 12173: 12169: 12165: 12161: 12157: 12153: 12152:Iraqi Turkmen 12149: 12145: 12141: 12136: 12132: 12131: 12128: 12124: 12120: 12116: 12115: 12112: 12107: 12101: 12089: 12085: 12081: 12077: 12072: 12068: 12067: 12064: 12060: 12056: 12052: 12048: 12044: 12040: 12036: 12032: 12028: 12024: 12020: 12016: 12012: 12008: 12004: 12000: 11996: 11992: 11988: 11984: 11980: 11976: 11972: 11968: 11964: 11959: 11955: 11952: 11948: 11947: 11943: 11939: 11935: 11931: 11927: 11923: 11919: 11915: 11911: 11907: 11903: 11899: 11895: 11891: 11887: 11883: 11879: 11878: 11875: 11870: 11864: 11852: 11848: 11844: 11840: 11836: 11832: 11828: 11824: 11820: 11816: 11812: 11808: 11804: 11800: 11796: 11792: 11788: 11787:The Holocaust 11784: 11780: 11776: 11772: 11768: 11764: 11760: 11756: 11752: 11748: 11744: 11740: 11736: 11732: 11728: 11724: 11720: 11716: 11712: 11708: 11704: 11700: 11696: 11692: 11688: 11684: 11680: 11676: 11672: 11669:(1920s–1930s) 11668: 11667:Ingrian Finns 11664: 11660: 11656: 11652: 11648: 11644: 11640: 11634: 11630: 11626: 11622: 11618: 11614: 11610: 11606: 11602: 11598: 11593: 11592:Pontic Greeks 11589: 11588: 11585: 11581: 11580: 11578: 11574: 11573: 11570: 11565: 11559: 11545: 11541: 11540: 11538: 11534: 11530: 11526: 11522: 11518: 11514: 11510: 11507:(1890s–1900s) 11506: 11502: 11498: 11494: 11490: 11486: 11482: 11478: 11474: 11470: 11466: 11462: 11458: 11454: 11448: 11444: 11440: 11436: 11432: 11428: 11424: 11420: 11419: 11417: 11413: 11409: 11405: 11401: 11397: 11391: 11387: 11383: 11379: 11378: 11376: 11372: 11368: 11364: 11360: 11356: 11352: 11348: 11344: 11340: 11334: 11330: 11327:(1700s–1800s) 11326: 11322: 11321: 11319: 11315: 11311: 11307: 11303: 11299: 11295: 11291: 11287: 11283: 11279: 11275: 11271: 11267: 11263: 11259: 11255: 11251: 11247: 11243: 11239: 11235: 11234: 11231: 11226: 11220: 11208: 11204: 11200: 11196: 11192: 11188: 11184: 11180: 11177:(1200s–1360s) 11176: 11172: 11168: 11164: 11160: 11156: 11152: 11148: 11143: 11139: 11138: 11135: 11131: 11127: 11123: 11119: 11115: 11114: 11111: 11106: 11100: 11097: 11094: 11089: 11085: 11081: 11074: 11069: 11067: 11062: 11060: 11055: 11054: 11051: 11039: 11036: 11034: 11031: 11030: 11025: 11021: 11018: 11014: 11013: 11009: 10999: 10996: 10994: 10991: 10989: 10986: 10984: 10983:Ornamentation 10981: 10979: 10976: 10974: 10971: 10969: 10966: 10964: 10961: 10959: 10956: 10954: 10951: 10949: 10946: 10944: 10941: 10939: 10936: 10933: 10932:royal cuisine 10929: 10926: 10924: 10921: 10919: 10916: 10914: 10911: 10909: 10906: 10904: 10901: 10900: 10898: 10896: 10892: 10886: 10883: 10881: 10878: 10876: 10873: 10871: 10868: 10866: 10863: 10861: 10858: 10856: 10853: 10851: 10848: 10846: 10843: 10841: 10838: 10836: 10833: 10829: 10826: 10825: 10824: 10821: 10819: 10816: 10814: 10813:Ethnic groups 10811: 10809: 10806: 10804: 10801: 10799: 10796: 10795: 10792: 10789: 10787: 10783: 10773: 10770: 10768: 10765: 10763: 10760: 10758: 10755: 10753: 10750: 10748: 10742: 10740: 10737: 10735: 10732: 10730: 10727: 10725: 10722: 10720: 10717: 10715: 10712: 10710: 10707: 10706: 10703: 10700: 10698: 10694: 10684: 10681: 10679: 10676: 10674: 10671: 10669: 10666: 10664: 10661: 10659: 10656: 10654: 10651: 10649: 10646: 10644: 10641: 10637: 10634: 10633: 10632: 10629: 10627: 10624: 10622: 10619: 10617: 10614: 10612: 10609: 10608: 10605: 10602: 10600: 10596: 10586: 10583: 10581: 10578: 10576: 10573: 10571: 10568: 10564: 10561: 10560: 10559: 10556: 10554: 10551: 10549: 10546: 10544: 10543:Deforestation 10541: 10539: 10536: 10534: 10531: 10529: 10526: 10524: 10521: 10520: 10517: 10514: 10512: 10508: 10503: 10493: 10490: 10488: 10485: 10483: 10480: 10478: 10475: 10473: 10470: 10468: 10465: 10461: 10458: 10457: 10456: 10453: 10451: 10448: 10446: 10443: 10441: 10437:Sihanouk era 10435: 10431: 10428: 10427: 10426: 10423: 10421: 10418: 10416: 10413: 10411: 10408: 10406: 10403: 10401: 10398: 10396: 10395:Early history 10393: 10391: 10388: 10387: 10385: 10383: 10379: 10375: 10371: 10364: 10359: 10357: 10352: 10350: 10345: 10344: 10341: 10329: 10326: 10324: 10321: 10319: 10316: 10314: 10311: 10310: 10308: 10304: 10298: 10295: 10293: 10290: 10288: 10285: 10283: 10280: 10278: 10277:Haing S. Ngor 10275: 10273: 10270: 10268: 10265: 10263: 10260: 10259: 10257: 10253: 10247: 10244: 10242: 10239: 10237: 10234: 10232: 10229: 10227: 10224: 10222: 10219: 10217: 10214: 10212: 10209: 10207: 10204: 10202: 10199: 10197: 10196:Ly Theam Teng 10194: 10192: 10189: 10187: 10184: 10182: 10179: 10177: 10174: 10172: 10169: 10167: 10164: 10162: 10159: 10157: 10154: 10152: 10149: 10148: 10146: 10142: 10134: 10133:Tang Sin Hean 10131: 10129: 10126: 10124: 10121: 10120: 10119: 10116: 10114: 10111: 10109: 10106: 10104: 10101: 10097: 10094: 10092: 10089: 10087: 10086:Khieu Samphan 10084: 10082: 10079: 10077: 10074: 10072: 10069: 10068: 10066: 10062: 10061: 10059: 10055: 10049: 10046: 10044: 10041: 10039: 10036: 10034: 10031: 10029: 10026: 10024: 10021: 10019: 10016: 10014: 10011: 10010: 10008: 10004: 9998: 9995: 9993: 9990: 9988: 9985: 9983: 9980: 9978: 9975: 9973: 9970: 9969: 9967: 9963: 9959: 9952: 9947: 9945: 9940: 9938: 9933: 9932: 9929: 9922: 9917: 9913: 9912: 9903: 9899: 9893: 9889: 9885: 9880: 9879: 9867: 9866: 9860: 9856: 9852: 9846: 9842: 9838: 9833: 9829: 9823: 9819: 9815: 9810: 9806: 9800: 9796: 9792: 9787: 9783: 9779: 9775: 9771: 9770: 9765: 9761: 9757: 9751: 9747: 9743: 9742: 9736: 9724: 9720: 9716: 9715: 9709: 9704: 9700: 9694: 9690: 9686: 9682: 9678: 9666: 9662: 9658: 9653: 9649: 9643: 9639: 9635: 9630: 9626: 9620: 9616: 9611: 9610: 9603: 9599: 9593: 9589: 9585: 9584: 9579: 9575: 9563: 9559: 9553: 9549: 9545: 9544: 9538: 9526: 9522: 9518: 9513: 9509: 9503: 9499: 9494: 9490: 9484: 9480: 9476: 9471: 9459: 9455: 9454: 9449: 9444: 9440: 9434: 9430: 9426: 9421: 9417: 9413: 9409: 9405: 9401: 9397: 9396: 9391: 9387: 9383: 9379: 9373: 9369: 9364: 9363: 9357: 9352: 9347: 9343: 9331: 9327: 9323: 9319: 9315: 9309: 9305: 9301: 9297: 9293: 9289: 9283: 9279: 9275: 9270: 9266: 9262: 9258: 9254: 9250: 9246: 9242: 9238: 9233: 9229: 9225: 9221: 9217: 9214:(1): 82–138. 9213: 9209: 9204: 9200: 9196: 9192: 9191:Haas, Michael 9188: 9184: 9178: 9174: 9173:Facts on File 9170: 9169: 9163: 9159: 9153: 9149: 9145: 9140: 9136: 9130: 9126: 9121: 9117: 9111: 9107: 9103: 9099: 9094: 9090: 9084: 9080: 9076: 9071: 9056: 9049: 9048: 9042: 9038: 9032: 9028: 9024: 9019: 9015: 9009: 9005: 9001: 8996: 8984: 8980: 8979: 8974: 8969: 8965: 8959: 8955: 8954:PublicAffairs 8951: 8947: 8943: 8939: 8935: 8931: 8927: 8923: 8919: 8915: 8911: 8906: 8902: 8896: 8892: 8888: 8883: 8871: 8867: 8866: 8861: 8857: 8853: 8847: 8843: 8839: 8835: 8831: 8827: 8821: 8817: 8812: 8808: 8802: 8798: 8794: 8790: 8786: 8781: 8777: 8771: 8767: 8763: 8758: 8757: 8743: 8737: 8733: 8729: 8728: 8720: 8711: 8705: 8701: 8700: 8692: 8676: 8672: 8668: 8662: 8660: 8653: 8649: 8646: 8640: 8624: 8620: 8619: 8614: 8607: 8599: 8595: 8591: 8585: 8581: 8576: 8575: 8569: 8563: 8547: 8543: 8542: 8537: 8530: 8528: 8511: 8507: 8506: 8501: 8495: 8489:, p. 95. 8488: 8483: 8476: 8475:Mayersan 2013 8471: 8464: 8459: 8452: 8447: 8440: 8435: 8429:, p. 45. 8428: 8427:Beachler 2011 8423: 8404: 8400: 8393: 8386: 8370: 8366: 8362: 8356: 8340: 8336: 8335: 8330: 8324: 8308: 8304: 8303: 8298: 8291: 8275: 8271: 8270: 8265: 8256: 8240: 8236: 8235: 8230: 8221: 8205: 8201: 8197: 8193: 8189: 8188: 8183: 8177: 8175: 8173: 8165: 8164:Buncombe 2013 8160: 8144: 8140: 8139: 8134: 8127: 8121:, p. 56. 8120: 8115: 8108: 8103: 8095: 8080: 8073: 8072: 8067: 8061: 8045: 8041: 8040: 8035: 8028: 8021: 8016: 8000: 7996: 7995: 7990: 7983: 7976: 7971: 7964: 7959: 7952: 7947: 7940: 7939:Corfield 2011 7935: 7919: 7915: 7914: 7909: 7902: 7895: 7890: 7883: 7878: 7859: 7852: 7846: 7839: 7834: 7828: 7824: 7818: 7814: 7798: 7794: 7793: 7788: 7784: 7778: 7770: 7764: 7760: 7753: 7746: 7741: 7735:, p. 14. 7734: 7733:Etcheson 2005 7729: 7713: 7709: 7708: 7703: 7697: 7691: 7690: 7686: 7683: 7678: 7677: 7671: 7664: 7663:Kiernan 2003b 7659: 7643: 7639: 7633: 7631: 7614: 7610: 7604: 7588: 7584: 7580: 7574: 7558: 7554: 7548: 7529: 7525: 7518: 7511: 7509: 7507: 7505: 7488: 7484: 7483: 7478: 7471: 7455: 7451: 7447: 7441: 7434: 7429: 7413: 7409: 7405: 7399: 7383: 7379: 7375: 7368: 7360: 7356: 7355: 7349: 7343: 7327: 7323: 7319: 7315: 7309: 7302: 7301: 7297: 7293: 7290: 7285: 7277: 7275:9780415390583 7271: 7267: 7262: 7261: 7252: 7244: 7240: 7233: 7225: 7219: 7215: 7211: 7204: 7196: 7192: 7191: 7186: 7180: 7165: 7161: 7155: 7139: 7133: 7117: 7116: 7111: 7105: 7097: 7093: 7089: 7085: 7081: 7075: 7067: 7063: 7062: 7057: 7050: 7034: 7030: 7023: 7008: 7004: 6997: 6990: 6985: 6978: 6973: 6966: 6961: 6953: 6947: 6943: 6938: 6930: 6924: 6920: 6915: 6907: 6901: 6897: 6892: 6884: 6878: 6874: 6869: 6867: 6859: 6855: 6850: 6843: 6838: 6832:, p. 57. 6831: 6826: 6819: 6814: 6807: 6802: 6800: 6784: 6778: 6774: 6770: 6769: 6764: 6760: 6754: 6746: 6741:, p. 30. 6740: 6735: 6728: 6726: 6721: 6707: 6703: 6702: 6697: 6691: 6683: 6679: 6672: 6664: 6658: 6654: 6653: 6645: 6638: 6633: 6631: 6622: 6618: 6614: 6608: 6606: 6598: 6594: 6590: 6589:SarDesai 1998 6585: 6578: 6574: 6573:Brinkley 2011 6569: 6561: 6555: 6551: 6547: 6546: 6538: 6530: 6524: 6520: 6516: 6512: 6511:Rummel, R. J. 6506: 6498: 6492: 6488: 6487: 6479: 6471: 6465: 6461: 6460: 6452: 6444: 6438: 6434: 6427: 6419: 6418: 6410: 6403: 6387: 6383: 6382: 6377: 6370: 6363: 6357: 6350: 6346: 6341: 6334: 6330: 6324: 6317: 6316:Etcheson 2005 6312: 6305: 6304:Etcheson 2005 6300: 6293: 6292:Etcheson 2005 6288: 6280: 6276: 6272: 6266: 6259: 6258:Etcheson 2005 6254: 6247: 6242: 6226: 6222: 6218: 6214: 6213: 6208: 6201: 6185: 6181: 6177: 6171: 6163: 6157: 6153: 6148: 6146: 6144: 6135: 6133:0-919817-32-7 6129: 6125: 6118: 6103: 6097: 6093: 6089: 6088: 6080: 6064: 6060: 6056: 6049: 6033: 6029: 6025: 6021: 6017: 6013: 6009: 6008: 6003: 5996: 5980: 5976: 5975: 5970: 5964: 5958:. 2009-10-31. 5957: 5953: 5950: 5947: 5942: 5936:, p. 12. 5935: 5930: 5924: 5920: 5916: 5912: 5908: 5903: 5896: 5895: 5891: 5885: 5879: 5875: 5872: 5868: 5863: 5859: 5852: 5844: 5840: 5835: 5830: 5826: 5822: 5818: 5814: 5807: 5799: 5794:, p. 29. 5793: 5788: 5782:, p. 23. 5781: 5776: 5770:, p. 96. 5769: 5764: 5745: 5741: 5740: 5732: 5726: 5724: 5707: 5703: 5699: 5695: 5689: 5685: 5681: 5680: 5675: 5669: 5653: 5649: 5645: 5638: 5636: 5619: 5615: 5609: 5601: 5595: 5591: 5587: 5586: 5578: 5570: 5564: 5560: 5556: 5549: 5547: 5545: 5537: 5532: 5526:, p. 16. 5525: 5520: 5514:, p. 50. 5513: 5508: 5492: 5488: 5484: 5483:"Khmer Rouge" 5478: 5476: 5460: 5456: 5450: 5443: 5439: 5435: 5430: 5414: 5410: 5409: 5404: 5398: 5382: 5378: 5374: 5368: 5361: 5357: 5353: 5352:Brinkley 2011 5348: 5341: 5336: 5329: 5324: 5317: 5313: 5309: 5308:Brinkley 2011 5304: 5297: 5293: 5292:SarDesai 1998 5288: 5281: 5277: 5272: 5270: 5253: 5249: 5248:mothership.sg 5245: 5239: 5237: 5220: 5216: 5215: 5210: 5201: 5185: 5181: 5180: 5175: 5165: 5163: 5146: 5142: 5141: 5136: 5126: 5110: 5106: 5105: 5100: 5093: 5086: 5082: 5077: 5070: 5066: 5061: 5053: 5049: 5045: 5041: 5037: 5033: 5029: 5025: 5024: 5016: 5014: 5012: 5003: 4997: 4993: 4989: 4988: 4980: 4978: 4966: 4962: 4961: 4953: 4947: 4945: 4925: 4921: 4920: 4912: 4906: 4890: 4886: 4885: 4880: 4879:"人间正道：审判红色高棉" 4874: 4863: 4859: 4852: 4845: 4829: 4825: 4824: 4819: 4813: 4811: 4809: 4807: 4790: 4786: 4785: 4780: 4773: 4771: 4769: 4767: 4757: 4750: 4744: 4737: 4731: 4724: 4720: 4715: 4707: 4701: 4697: 4693: 4689: 4683: 4676: 4672: 4666: 4658: 4652: 4648: 4647: 4639: 4620: 4613: 4612: 4604: 4596: 4590: 4586: 4581: 4580: 4574: 4568: 4552: 4548: 4542: 4526: 4522: 4518: 4512: 4505: 4504: 4497: 4489: 4483: 4479: 4475: 4474: 4466: 4460: 4456: 4453: 4447: 4438: 4431: 4426: 4424: 4422: 4414: 4410: 4404: 4400: 4396: 4395: 4390: 4383: 4376: 4371: 4367: 4360: 4358: 4356: 4348: 4335: 4331: 4327: 4321: 4319: 4317: 4315: 4313: 4311: 4294: 4290: 4284: 4268: 4264: 4260: 4253: 4251: 4242: 4236: 4228: 4224: 4218: 4211: 4205: 4198: 4194: 4188: 4179: 4171: 4165: 4161: 4160: 4152: 4136: 4132: 4128: 4122: 4116:, p. 13. 4115: 4110: 4094: 4090: 4084: 4077: 4073: 4070: 4069: 4063: 4056: 4051: 4049: 4032: 4028: 4021: 4019: 4011: 4007: 4003: 4000: 3994: 3987: 3983: 3977: 3973: 3969: 3968: 3963: 3957: 3950: 3937: 3933: 3929: 3923: 3907: 3903: 3902: 3897: 3888: 3880: 3874: 3870: 3869: 3861: 3859: 3842: 3838: 3837: 3832: 3826: 3810: 3806: 3805: 3800: 3794: 3778: 3774: 3773: 3767: 3761: 3753: 3749: 3745: 3741: 3734: 3727: 3726:Kiernan 2003b 3722: 3716: 3713: 3710: 3704: 3697: 3696:Mayersan 2013 3692: 3690: 3688: 3680: 3675: 3668: 3667:Etcheson 2005 3663: 3644: 3637: 3636:"2016: 张春桥幽灵" 3630: 3622: 3620:9780938692058 3616: 3612: 3605: 3599: 3595: 3592: 3589:Ervin Staub. 3586: 3578: 3572: 3568: 3564: 3557: 3549: 3543: 3539: 3538: 3530: 3528: 3519: 3513: 3509: 3508: 3500: 3498: 3481: 3477: 3473: 3466: 3464: 3462: 3460: 3443: 3439: 3435: 3429: 3427: 3425: 3423: 3414: 3410: 3406: 3402: 3398: 3394: 3390: 3386: 3385: 3377: 3361: 3357: 3356: 3351: 3345: 3343: 3341: 3339: 3337: 3335: 3318: 3314: 3313: 3308: 3301: 3299: 3297: 3295: 3293: 3284: 3278: 3274: 3270: 3269: 3261: 3259: 3257: 3255: 3253: 3251: 3243: 3238: 3234: 3230: 3226: 3222: 3218: 3217: 3209: 3207: 3205: 3203: 3201: 3199: 3179: 3175: 3171: 3167: 3163: 3159: 3155: 3151: 3147: 3146: 3141: 3136: 3125: 3124: 3119: 3114: 3111: 3110:Kiernan 2003b 3108: 3105: 3102: 3101: 3097: 3089: 3082: 3076: 3074: 3065: 3061: 3056: 3051: 3047: 3043: 3039: 3035: 3031: 3024: 3020: 3006: 3002: 2992: 2983: 2974: 2965: 2958: 2954: 2950: 2949:Khieu Samphan 2946: 2942: 2939:In 2018, the 2936: 2921: 2912: 2907: 2903: 2893: 2890: 2888: 2885: 2883: 2880: 2878: 2875: 2873: 2870: 2868: 2865: 2863: 2860: 2858: 2855: 2853: 2850: 2848: 2845: 2843: 2840: 2838: 2835: 2834: 2830: 2824: 2819: 2816: 2805: 2802: 2791: 2781: 2780: 2775: 2771: 2767: 2763: 2762: 2757: 2754: 2753:child soldier 2750: 2746: 2742: 2741: 2736: 2732: 2729: 2725: 2721: 2720: 2715: 2714:Academy Award 2711: 2708: 2707: 2702: 2698: 2695: 2694: 2689: 2685: 2678: 2671: 2666: 2665: 2659: 2657: 2652: 2649: 2640: 2637: 2632: 2628: 2623: 2620: 2615: 2613: 2609: 2605: 2601: 2590: 2587: 2583: 2579: 2574: 2572: 2568: 2562: 2560: 2555: 2549: 2539: 2535: 2533: 2528: 2524: 2522: 2517: 2512: 2508: 2504: 2502: 2497: 2493: 2488: 2484: 2480: 2478: 2474: 2470: 2464: 2460: 2456: 2452: 2448: 2445: 2435: 2432: 2427: 2425: 2424: 2418: 2408: 2403: 2393: 2390: 2384: 2375: 2371: 2363:Commemoration 2355: 2347: 2335:In the museum 2331: 2326: 2319: 2314: 2307: 2302: 2295: 2290: 2283: 2278: 2271: 2266: 2265: 2264: 2261: 2260:coconut juice 2257: 2252: 2248: 2246: 2242: 2238: 2237:Chankiri Tree 2230: 2229:Chankiri Tree 2225: 2221: 2219: 2214: 2209: 2207: 2202: 2196: 2186: 2182: 2177: 2173: 2163: 2161: 2157: 2150: 2140: 2138: 2134: 2130: 2126: 2122: 2118: 2117:state atheism 2114: 2104: 2102: 2098: 2092: 2088: 2086: 2082: 2078: 2074: 2070: 2065: 2061: 2058: 2053: 2051: 2046: 2044: 2038: 2034: 2032: 2026: 2023: 2019: 2013: 2011: 2007: 2002: 1999: 1995: 1991: 1990:Samuel Totten 1987: 1983: 1979: 1969: 1965: 1963: 1952: 1950: 1945: 1940: 1931: 1928: 1923: 1921: 1915: 1913: 1907: 1905: 1901: 1897: 1893: 1888: 1886: 1880: 1878: 1874: 1870: 1866: 1862: 1858: 1854: 1846: 1843:Rooms of the 1841: 1832: 1830: 1826: 1822: 1818: 1814: 1810: 1809:Samuel Totten 1806: 1801: 1797: 1793: 1789: 1785: 1781: 1777: 1770: 1760: 1755: 1738: 1733: 1731: 1726: 1724: 1719: 1718: 1716: 1715: 1712: 1709: 1708: 1703: 1700: 1698: 1695: 1693: 1690: 1688: 1685: 1683: 1680: 1679: 1678: 1677: 1673: 1672: 1665: 1662: 1660: 1657: 1656: 1655: 1652: 1648: 1645: 1643: 1640: 1638: 1635: 1634: 1632: 1628: 1625: 1624: 1623: 1620: 1618: 1615: 1613: 1610: 1608: 1605: 1603: 1600: 1598: 1594: 1590: 1588: 1585: 1583: 1580: 1578: 1575: 1573: 1570: 1568: 1565: 1563: 1560: 1558: 1555: 1554: 1553: 1552: 1548: 1547: 1543: 1539: 1538: 1535: 1529: 1528: 1524: 1520: 1519: 1511: 1508: 1507: 1501: 1496: 1492: 1488: 1484: 1480: 1476: 1472: 1468: 1464: 1462: 1458: 1453: 1449: 1445: 1441: 1439: 1435: 1431: 1427: 1423: 1419: 1414: 1409: 1407: 1403: 1399: 1395: 1390: 1386: 1385: 1379: 1376: 1372: 1368: 1364: 1355: 1353: 1349: 1345: 1341: 1337: 1331: 1329: 1325: 1321: 1311: 1309: 1304: 1302: 1298: 1294: 1290: 1286: 1282: 1276: 1266: 1264: 1263:Deng Yingchao 1260: 1259:Wang Dongxing 1256: 1252: 1248: 1243: 1241: 1237: 1233: 1225: 1224: 1219: 1215: 1205: 1202: 1196: 1194: 1190: 1186: 1185: 1177: 1172: 1170: 1169:Joseph Stalin 1166: 1162: 1158: 1154: 1150: 1145: 1142: 1141:Khieu Samphan 1138: 1134: 1125: 1121: 1117: 1113: 1109: 1105: 1103: 1099: 1095: 1091: 1090:Deng Xiaoping 1087: 1083: 1079: 1075: 1071: 1067: 1066: 1061: 1057: 1049: 1045: 1040: 1036: 1032: 1021: 1006: 1004: 999: 994: 992: 988: 984: 978: 976: 972: 967: 965: 961: 951: 948: 944: 939: 937: 931: 928: 924: 919: 917: 913: 909: 905: 901: 897: 893: 889: 886:Sihanouk was 884: 882: 877: 876:North Vietnam 873: 869: 866:In 1968, the 863: 852: 841: 831: 829: 824: 820: 819:Khieu Samphan 816: 812: 808: 804: 799: 796: 792: 788: 784: 780: 776: 772: 768: 764: 760: 755: 753: 749: 745: 741: 737: 733: 729: 725: 721: 717: 713: 709: 705: 701: 695: 691: 687: 683: 679: 667: 662: 660: 655: 653: 648: 647: 645: 644: 641: 631: 630: 625: 624: 620: 619: 618: 617: 611: 608: 606: 603: 601: 598: 596: 593: 591: 588: 586: 583: 582: 580: 579: 575: 574: 568: 565: 563: 560: 558: 555: 553: 550: 548: 545: 543: 540: 538: 535: 534: 532: 531: 528: 525: 524: 519: 516: 514: 513:1993 election 511: 508: 499: 497: 494: 492: 489: 488: 487: 486: 483:Peace process 482: 481: 473: 470: 468: 465: 464: 463: 460: 458: 455: 451: 448: 446: 444: 440: 439: 438: 435: 434: 429: 426: 425: 424: 421: 417: 414: 413: 412: 409: 408: 403: 400: 398: 395: 393: 390: 388: 385: 384: 383: 380: 379: 377: 376: 372: 371: 365: 361: 358: 354: 351: 350: 349: 346: 345: 344: 343: 339: 338: 332: 329: 327: 324: 322: 319: 317: 314: 312: 309: 307: 304: 302: 299: 297: 296:Chaktomuk era 294: 293: 291: 290: 287: 284: 283: 275: 272: 270: 267: 265: 262: 261: 260: 257: 255: 252: 250: 247: 246: 244: 243: 240: 239:Early history 237: 236: 232: 228: 227: 224: 218: 217: 212: 207: 206: 197: 194: 192: 189: 187: 183: 180: 177: 173: 170: 166: 162: 161: 160: 156: 153: 149: 146: 142: 138: 134: 131: 127: 123: 119: 118:forced labour 115: 111: 107: 103: 99: 95: 92: 86: 82: 78: 74: 70: 66: 63:(present-day 62: 59: 55: 50: 44: 39: 36: 32: 27: 22: 19: 16753:21st century 16724:Vincent Chin 16717:20th century 16703:Wong Kim Ark 16681:19th century 16547:21st century 16526: 16460:(1945–1947) 16455: 16410:(1937-1945) 16355:20th century 16212:19th century 16191:18th century 16164:17th century 16148:Uyoku dantai 16143:Tsagaan Khas 16075:Nazi Germany 15925:Yellow Peril 15907:(Sinophobia) 15830:Brinkmanship 15722:intelligence 15611:Marius Oprea 15561:Harvey Klehr 15491:Herbert Feis 15481:Willem Drees 15446:Archie Brown 15363: 15351: 15333: 15323:Trybuna Ludu 15321: 15314: 15310:Radio Moscow 15302: 15295: 15288: 15116:Anti-Zionism 15032: 14955:Keynesianism 14943:Conservatism 14807:Transnistria 14787:China-Taiwan 14444:Gera Demands 14317: 14250: 14118: 13993: 13798:El Porteñazo 13692:Congo Crisis 13607: 13542:Algerian War 13525: 13401:Western Bloc 13396:Eastern Bloc 13391:Iron Curtain 13247: 13239: 13231: 13208: 13188: 13180: 13097:Soviet Union 13095: 13088: 12954:21st century 12911:Ratko Mladić 12835:20th century 12778:Belzec trial 12542:Genocide law 12402:Death squads 12312:Mass killing 12222:Autogenocide 12106:21st century 11974: 11869:1946 to 1999 11741:(1935–1945) 11699:Libyan Arabs 11564:1913 to 1945 11225:1490 to 1913 10903:Architecture 10870:Social class 10850:Prostitution 10803:Demographics 10719:Child labour 10631:Human rights 10459: 10430:Puppet state 10410:Khmer Empire 10221:Tauch Phoeun 10186:Kerry Hamill 10123:Kang Kek Iew 10057:Perpetrators 9957: 9883: 9864: 9836: 9813: 9790: 9773: 9767: 9764:Thayer, Nate 9740: 9727:. Retrieved 9712: 9688: 9669:. Retrieved 9633: 9608: 9582: 9566:. Retrieved 9542: 9529:. Retrieved 9525:the original 9497: 9474: 9462:. Retrieved 9453:The Guardian 9451: 9424: 9399: 9393: 9390:Kiernan, Ben 9380:– via 9361: 9356:Kiernan, Ben 9346:Kiernan, Ben 9334:. Retrieved 9325: 9299: 9273: 9243:(1): 49–65. 9240: 9236: 9211: 9207: 9194: 9167: 9143: 9124: 9101: 9074: 9062:. Retrieved 9055:the original 9046: 9022: 8999: 8987:. Retrieved 8976: 8949: 8913: 8909: 8886: 8874:. Retrieved 8863: 8837: 8815: 8792: 8761: 8732:Random House 8726: 8719: 8698: 8691: 8679:. Retrieved 8670: 8639: 8629:20 September 8627:. Retrieved 8616: 8606: 8573: 8562: 8550:. Retrieved 8539: 8516:20 September 8514:. Retrieved 8505:The Guardian 8503: 8494: 8482: 8470: 8458: 8446: 8439:Bartrop 2012 8434: 8422: 8410:. Retrieved 8398: 8385: 8373:. Retrieved 8364: 8355: 8343:. Retrieved 8332: 8323: 8311:. Retrieved 8307:the original 8300: 8290: 8278:. Retrieved 8267: 8263:中国疏远同红色高棉的关系 8255: 8243:. Retrieved 8232: 8228:江泽民抵柬展开历史性访问 8220: 8208:. Retrieved 8185: 8159: 8147:. Retrieved 8136: 8126: 8119:Alvarez 2001 8114: 8102: 8092:– via 8086:. Retrieved 8070: 8060: 8048:. Retrieved 8037: 8027: 8020:Munthit 2007 8015: 8003:. Retrieved 7992: 7982: 7977:, p. 1. 7970: 7958: 7946: 7934: 7922:. Retrieved 7911: 7901: 7889: 7882:Bartrop 2012 7877: 7865:. Retrieved 7858:the original 7845: 7838:Stanton 2013 7833: 7823: 7813: 7801:. Retrieved 7790: 7777: 7758: 7752: 7740: 7728: 7718:15 September 7716:. Retrieved 7705: 7696: 7680: 7674: 7670: 7658: 7646:. Retrieved 7619:29 September 7617:. Retrieved 7603: 7593:29 September 7591:. Retrieved 7583:The Diplomat 7582: 7573: 7563:29 September 7561:. Retrieved 7547: 7537:29 September 7535:. Retrieved 7528:the original 7523: 7491:. Retrieved 7480: 7470: 7458:. Retrieved 7450:The Guardian 7449: 7440: 7428: 7416:. Retrieved 7408:Now or never 7407: 7398: 7386:. Retrieved 7382:the original 7377: 7367: 7357:. New York: 7352: 7348:Kiernan, Ben 7342: 7330:. 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Retrieved 6379: 6369: 6361: 6356: 6349:Vickery 1984 6345:Kiernan 2002 6340: 6332: 6329:Kiernan 2002 6323: 6311: 6299: 6287: 6274: 6271:Kiernan, Ben 6265: 6253: 6246:Vickery 1984 6241: 6229:. Retrieved 6210: 6200: 6188:. Retrieved 6179: 6170: 6152:Kiernan 2003 6123: 6117: 6105:. Retrieved 6086: 6079: 6067:. Retrieved 6059:necrometrics 6058: 6048: 6036:. Retrieved 6011: 6005: 5995: 5983:. Retrieved 5972: 5963: 5941: 5934:Alvarez 2001 5929: 5906: 5902: 5892: 5884: 5851: 5816: 5806: 5792:Kiernan 2003 5787: 5775: 5763: 5753:14 September 5751:. Retrieved 5737: 5712:14 September 5710:. Retrieved 5678: 5674:Kiernan, Ben 5668: 5658:14 September 5656:. Retrieved 5647: 5624:14 September 5622:. Retrieved 5608: 5584: 5577: 5557:. New York: 5554: 5531: 5524:Alvarez 2007 5519: 5512:Alvarez 2001 5507: 5495:. Retrieved 5486: 5464:29 September 5462:. Retrieved 5458: 5449: 5429: 5417:. Retrieved 5408:The Guardian 5406: 5397: 5385:. Retrieved 5376: 5367: 5347: 5335: 5323: 5303: 5287: 5256:. 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1029:See also: 987:Adam Jones 927:Phnom Penh 872:insurgency 716:Mao Zedong 504:Authority 416:US bombing 387:US bombing 321:Oudong era 171:principles 114:starvation 102:politicide 98:classicide 49:Choeung Ek 16785:Gang Chen 16775:Eileen Gu 16760:Anming Hu 16698:Mary Tape 16674:By victim 16339:Geary Act 16085:Singapore 16026:Indonesia 16016:Hong Kong 15711:Ken Young 15556:Tony Judt 15405:Arms race 15378:Red Scare 15246:NN States 15191:Apartheid 15146:Autocracy 15055:Stalinism 15023:Guevarism 15013:Castroism 15003:Communism 14995:Socialism 14521:Star Wars 14114:Koza riot 13240:Beleaguer 13232:Masterdom 12487:Cambodian 12480:Holodomor 12372:Massacres 12256:Ethnocide 12245:Eliticide 11975:Cambodian 11723:Holodomor 11617:Armenians 11609:Assyrians 11382:Black War 11270:Huguenots 11153:(132–136) 11136:(50s BCE) 11120:(146 BCE) 11088:Genocides 10948:Jewellery 10943:Epigraphy 10880:Squatting 10845:Languages 10808:Education 10643:Judiciary 10616:Elections 10563:Tonlé Sap 10511:Geography 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