Cambodian Civil War

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of this resulted in the Cambodian government being greatly weakened and the insurgents multiplying several fold in size over the course of a few weeks. As noted in the official Vietnamese war history, "our troops helped our Cambodian friends to completely liberate five provinces with a total population of three million people... our troops also helped our Cambodian friends train cadre and expand their armed forces. In just two months the armed forces of our Cambodian allies grew from ten guerrilla teams to nine battalions and 80 companies of full-time troops with a total strength of 20,000 soldiers, plus hundreds of guerrilla squads and platoons in the villages."

2370: 984: 309: 2384:, the main base of the Khmer Air Force. In this one action, the raiders destroyed almost the entire inventory of government aircraft, including all of its fighter planes. This may have been a blessing in disguise, however, since the air force was largely composed of old (even obsolete) Soviet aircraft. The Americans soon replaced the airplanes with more advanced models. The attack did, however, stall a proposed FANK offensive. Two weeks later, Lon Nol had a stroke and was evacuated to Hawaii for treatment. It had been a mild stroke, however, and the general recovered quickly, returning to Cambodia after only two months. 212: 2934:

verify the numbers suggest a lower number. Demographer Patrick Heuveline has produced evidence suggesting a range of 150,000 to 300,000 violent deaths from 1970 to 1975. In an article reviewing different sources about civilian deaths during the civil war, Bruce Sharp argues that the total number is likely to be around 250,000 violent deaths. ... 's conclusion is that an average of 2.52 million people (range of 1.17–3.42 million) died as a result of regime actions between 1970 and 1979, with an average estimate of 1.4 million (range of 1.09–2.16 million) directly violent deaths.

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proclamation and carried on fighting. By March, heavy casualties, desertions, and low recruitment had forced Lon Nol to introduce conscription, and in April insurgent forces launched an offensive that pushed into the suburbs of the capital. The U.S. Air Force responded by launching an intense bombing operation that forced the communists back into the countryside after being decimated by the air strikes. The U.S. Seventh Air Force argued that the bombing prevented the fall of Phnom Penh in 1973 by killing 16,000 of 25,500 Khmer Rouge fighters besieging the city.

610: 2277:) of its own against FANK forces at the request of the Khmer Rouge and in order to protect and expand their Base Areas and logistical system. By June, three months after the removal of Sihanouk, they had swept government forces from the entire northeastern third of the country. After defeating those forces, the North Vietnamese turned the newly won territories over to the local insurgents. The Khmer Rouge also established "liberated" areas in the south and the southwestern parts of the country, where they operated independently of the North Vietnamese. 2483: 1031: 2605: 254: 54: 974: 965: 200: 187: 677: 666: 655: 644: 633: 622: 955: 946: 937: 2392:, the Republic's second largest city, which had been isolated from the capital for more than a year. The operation was initially successful, and the city was relieved. The PAVN and Khmer Rouge counterattacked in November and December, annihilating government forces in the process. There was never an accurate count of the losses, but the estimate was "on the order of ten battalions of personnel and equipment lost plus the equipment of an additional ten battalions." The strategic result of the failure of 434: 423: 412: 401: 390: 379: 224: 500: 489: 478: 467: 456: 445: 8093: 174: 2559: 599: 588: 577: 566: 555: 544: 533: 522: 511: 321: 9314: 9304: 2502:– the forest army. Previously, the very existence of the communist party as a component of GRUNK had been hidden. Within the "liberated zones" it was simply referred to as "Angka" – the organization. During 1973, the communist party fell under the control of its most fanatical members, Pol Pot and Son Sen, who believed that "Cambodia was to go through a total social revolution and that everything that had preceded it was anathema and must be destroyed." 928: 919: 294: 282: 266: 2437:

those troops were withdrawn, the air operation continued, ostensibly to interdict PAVN/Viet Cong troop movements and logistics. In reality (and unknown to the U.S. Congress and American public), they were utilized to provide tactical air support to FANK. As a former U.S. military officer in Phnom Penh reported, "the areas around the Mekong River were so full of bomb craters from B-52 strikes that, by 1973, they looked like the valleys of the moon."

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the press of tactical operations and the need to replace combat casualties, there was insufficient time to impart needed skills to individuals or to units, and lack of training remained the bane of FANK's existence until its collapse. During the period 1974–1975, FANK forces officially grew from 100,000 to approximately 250,000 men, but probably only numbered around 180,000 due to payroll padding by their officers and due to desertions.

790: 779: 768: 757: 746: 735: 724: 1962:, a tribal people who were hostile to both the lowland Khmers and the central government. For the Khmer Rouge, who still lacked assistance from the North Vietnamese, it was a period of regroupment, organization, and training. Hanoi basically ignored its Chinese-sponsored allies, and the indifference of their "fraternal comrades" to their insurgency between 1967 and 1969 would make an indelible impression on the Khmer Rouge leadership. 333: 900: 889: 878: 1966:

Revolutionary Army of Kampuchea as the military wing of the party. As early as the end of the Battambang revolt, Sihanouk had begun to reevaluate his relationship with the communists. His earlier agreement with the Chinese had availed him nothing. They had not only failed to restrain the North Vietnamese, but they had actually involved themselves (through the Khmer Rouge) in active subversion within his country.

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sending their aid shipments to the Khmer Rouge through the DRV, whereas China firmly rebuffed Hanoi's proposal that Chinese aid to Cambodia be sent via North Vietnam. Facing Chinese competition and Soviet acquiescence, the North Vietnamese leaders found the Soviet option more advantageous to their interests, a calculation that played a major role in the gradual pro-Soviet shift in Hanoi's foreign policies.

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medical care. Their condition (and the government's) only worsened when Khmer Rouge forces gradually gained control of the banks of the Mekong. From the riverbanks, their mines and gunfire steadily reduced the river convoys through which 90 percent of the Republic's supplies moved, bringing relief supplies of food, fuel, and ammunition to the slowly starving city from South Vietnam.

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his prime minister. He did so "in order to play a new card, since the Asian communists are already attacking us before the end of the Vietnam War." Besides, PAVN and the Viet Cong would make very convenient scapegoats for Cambodia's ills, much more so than the minuscule Khmer Rouge, and ridding Cambodia of their presence would solve many problems simultaneously.

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character, was quite another. Reports of these atrocities began to surface during the same period in which North Vietnamese troops were withdrawing from the Cambodian battlefields. This was no coincidence. The concentration of the PAVN effort on South Vietnam allowed the Khmer Rouge to apply their doctrine and policies without restraint for the first time.

2644:(Lon Nol's brother), and most members of Lon Nol's cabinet declined the offer. All of them chose to share the fate of their people. Their names were not published on the death lists and many trusted the Khmer Rouge's assertions that former government officials would not be murdered, but would be welcome in helping to rebuild a new Cambodia. 2266:

signal to Hanoi that Nixon meant business. Despite Nixon's appreciation of Lon Nol's position, the Cambodian leader was not even informed in advance of the decision to send troops into his country. He learned about it only after it had begun from the head of the U.S. mission, who had himself learned about it from a radio broadcast.

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www.yale.edu/gsp/publications/Mosyakov.doc "In April–May 1970, many North Vietnamese forces entered Cambodia in response to the call for help addressed to Vietnam not by Pol Pot, but by his deputy Nuon Chea. Nguyen Co Thach recalls: "Nuon Chea has asked for help and we have liberated five provinces of Cambodia in ten days.""

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soon foundered on Hanoi's opposition. Having realized that such a front would exclude the Soviet Union and implicitly challenge the hegemonic role that the DRV had arrogated to itself in Indochina, the North Vietnamese leaders declared that all communist states should join forces against "American imperialism."

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Nol's first priorities was to fix the ailing economy by halting the illegal sale of rice to the communists. Soldiers were dispatched to the rice-growing areas to forcibly collect the harvests at gunpoint, and they paid only the low government price. There was widespread unrest, especially in rice-rich

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By the last day of Operation Freedom Deal (15 August 1973), 250,000 tons of bombs had been dropped on the Khmer Republic, 82,000 tons of which had been released in the last 45 days of the operation. Since the inception of Operation Menu in 1969, the U.S. Air Force had dropped 539,129 tons of ordnance

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The main U.S. contribution to the FANK effort came in the form of the bombers and tactical aircraft of the U.S. Air Force. When President Nixon launched the incursion in 1970, American and South Vietnamese troops operated under an umbrella of air cover that was designated Operation Freedom Deal. When

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The common soldiers fought bravely at first, but they were saddled with low pay (with which they had to purchase their own food and medical care), ammunition shortages, and mixed equipment. Due to the pay system, there were no allotments for their families, who were, therefore, forced to follow their

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As combat operations quickly revealed, the two sides were badly mismatched. FANK, whose ranks had been increased by thousands of young urban Cambodians who had flocked to join it in the months following the removal of Sihanouk, had expanded well beyond its capacity to absorb the new men. Later, given

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The North Vietnamese invasion completely changed the course of the civil war. Cambodia's army was mauled, lands containing nearly half of the Cambodian population were conquered and handed over to the Khmer Rouge and North Vietnam now took an active role in supplying and training the Khmer Rouge. All

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In the wake of the coup, Lon Nol did not immediately launch Cambodia into war. He appealed to the international community and to the United Nations in an attempt to gain support for the new government and condemned violations of Cambodia's neutrality "by foreign forces, whatever camp they come from."

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in April and June 1970, respectively, they called for the establishment of a "united front of the five revolutionary Asian countries" (China, North Korea, North Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia, the last being represented by the GRUNK). While the North Korean leaders enthusiastically welcomed the plan, it

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While Sihanouk was out of the country on a trip to France, anti-Vietnamese rioting (which was semi-sponsored by the government) took place in Phnom Penh, during which the North Vietnamese and Viet Cong embassies were sacked. In the prince's absence, Lon Nol did nothing to halt these activities. On 12

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followed Operation Menu. Under Freedom Deal, from 19 May 1970 to 15 August 1973, U.S. bombing of Cambodia extended over the entire eastern one-half of the country and was especially intense in the heavily populated southeastern one-quarter of the country, including a wide ring surrounding the largest

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Simultaneously, Sihanouk ordered the arrest of Chinese middlemen involved in the illegal rice trade, thereby raising government revenues and placating the conservatives. Lon Nol was forced to resign, and, in a typical move, the prince named new leftists to the government to balance the conservatives.

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By the late 1960s, Sihanouk's delicate domestic and foreign policy balancing act was beginning to go awry. In 1966, an agreement was struck between the prince and the Chinese, allowing the presence of large-scale PAVN and Viet Cong troop deployments and logistical bases in the eastern border regions.

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dispatched General Conroy to Phnom Penh to observe the situation and report back. Conroy's conclusions were that the Cambodian officer corps "had no combat experience...did not know how to run an army nor were they seemingly concerned about their ignorance in the face of the mortal threats that they

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writes that 'officially, more than half a million Cambodians died on the Lon Nol side of the war; another 600,000 were said to have died in the Khmer Rouge zones.' However, it is not clear how these numbers were calculated or whether they disaggregate civilian and soldier deaths. Others' attempts to

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Phnom Penh, which had a pre-war population of around 600,000, was overwhelmed by refugees (who continued to flood in from the steadily collapsing defense perimeter), growing to a size of around two million. These helpless and desperate civilians had no jobs and little in the way of food, shelter, or

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The development of these forces took place in three stages. 1970 to 1972 was a period of organization and recruitment, during which Khmer Rouge units served as auxiliaries to the PAVN. From 1972 to mid-1974, the insurgents formed units of battalion and regimental size. It was during this period that

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There were other problems. The officer corps of FANK was generally corrupt and greedy. The inclusion of "ghost" soldiers allowed massive payroll padding; ration allowances were kept by the officers while their men starved; and the sale of arms and ammunition on the black market (or to the enemy) was

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The majority of middle-class and educated Khmers had grown weary of the prince and welcomed the change of government. They were joined by the military, for whom the prospect of the return of American military and financial aid was a cause for celebration. Within days of his deposition, Sihanouk, now

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After the signing of the Paris Peace Accords, PAVN cut off the supply of arms to the Khmer Rouge, hoping to force them into a cease-fire. When the Americans were freed by the signing of the accords to turn their air power completely on the Khmer Rouge, this too was blamed on Hanoi. During the year,

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From 1972 through 1974, the war was conducted along FANK's lines of communications north and south of the capital. Limited offensives were launched to maintain contact with the rice-growing regions of the northwest and along the Mekong River and Route 5, the Republic's overland connections to South

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to meet Sihanouk in China and recruit him into an alliance with the Khmer Rouge. Pol Pot was also contacted by the Vietnamese who now offered him whatever resources he wanted for his insurgency against the Cambodian government. Pol Pot and Sihanouk were actually in Beijing at the same time, but the

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on 10 January 1968, that he would not oppose American "hot pursuit" of retreating North Vietnamese troops "in remote areas ," provided that Cambodians were unharmed. Kenton Clymer notes that this statement "cannot reasonably be construed to mean that Sihanouk approved of the intensive, ongoing B-52

1969:

At the suggestion of Lon Nol (who had returned to the cabinet as defense minister in November 1968) and other conservative politicians, on 11 May 1969, the prince welcomed the restoration of normal diplomatic relations with the U.S. and created a new Government of National Salvation with Lon Nol as

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On 17 January 1968, the Khmer Rouge launched their first offensive. It was aimed more at gathering weapons and spreading propaganda than in seizing territory since, at that time, the adherents of the insurgency numbered no more than 4,000–5,000. During the same month, the communists established the

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The prince then found himself in a political dilemma. To maintain the balance against the rising tide of the conservatives, he named the leaders of the very group he had been oppressing as members of a "counter-government" that was meant to monitor and criticize Lon Nol's administration. One of Lon

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wrote: "I shall never forget one cripple who had neither hands nor feet, writhing along the ground like a severed worm, or a weeping father carrying his ten-year-old daughter wrapped in a sheet tied around his neck like a sling, or the man with his foot dangling at the end of a leg to which it was

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Of 240,000 Khmer–Cambodian deaths during the war, French demographer Marek Sliwinski attributes 46.3% to firearms, 31.7% to assassinations (a tactic primarily used by the Khmer Rouge), 17.1% to (mainly U.S.) bombing, and 4.9% to accidents. An additional 70,000 Cambodians of Vietnamese descent were

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Desperate but determined units of FANK soldiers, many of whom had run out of ammunition, dug in around the capital and fought until they were overrun as the Khmer Rouge advanced. By the last week of March 1975, approximately 40,000 communist troops had surrounded the capital and began preparing to

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By the time the Khmer Rouge initiated their dry-season offensive to capture the beleaguered Cambodian capital on 1 January 1975, the Republic was in chaos. The economy had been gutted, the transportation network had been reduced to air and waterways, the rice harvest had fallen by one-quarter, and

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As time passed, the need of the Khmer Rouge for the support of Prince Sihanouk lessened. The organization demonstrated to the people of the 'liberated' areas in no uncertain terms that open expressions of support for Sihanouk would result in their liquidation. Although the prince still enjoyed the

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Also hidden from scrutiny was the growing antagonism between the Khmer Rouge and their North Vietnamese allies. The radical leadership of the party could never escape the suspicion that Hanoi had designs on building an Indochinese federation with the North Vietnamese as its master. The Khmer Rouge

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As late as 1972–1973, it was a commonly held belief, both within and outside Cambodia, that the war was essentially a foreign conflict that had not fundamentally altered the nature of the Khmer people. By late 1973, there was a growing awareness among the government and population of Cambodia that

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The attitude of the Nixon administration could be summed up by the advice given by Henry Kissinger to the first head of the liaison team, Colonel Jonathan Ladd: "Don't think of victory; just keep it alive." Nevertheless, McCain constantly petitioned the Pentagon for more arms, equipment, and staff

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that was spurred on by his thirst for revenge against those who had betrayed him. For the Khmer Rouge, it was a means to greatly expand the appeal of their movement. Peasants, motivated by loyalty to the monarchy, gradually rallied to the GRUNK cause. The personal appeal of Sihanouk and widespread

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Khieu Samphan was designated deputy prime minister, minister of defense, and commander in chief of the GRUNK armed forces (though actual military operations were directed by Pol Pot). Hu Nim became minister of information, and Hou Yuon assumed multiple responsibilities as minister of the interior,

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The effectiveness of the U.S. bombing on the Khmer Rouge and the death toll of Cambodian civilians is disputed. With limited data, the range of Cambodian deaths caused by U.S. bombing may be between 30,000 and 150,000 Cambodian civilians and Khmer Rouge fighters. Another impact of the U.S. bombing

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Beginning in 1966, Cambodians sold 100,000 tons of Cambodian rice to PAVN, who offered the world price and paid in U.S. dollars. The government paid only a low fixed price and thereby lost the taxes and profits that would have been gained. The drop in rice for export (from 583,700 tons in 1965 to

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became acting president of a government that had less than three weeks to live. Last-minute efforts on the part of the U.S. to arrange a peace agreement involving Sihanouk ended in failure. When a vote in the U.S. Congress for a resumption of American air support failed, panic and a sense of doom

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Extensive logistical installations and large amounts of supplies were found and destroyed, but as reporting from the American command in Saigon disclosed, still larger amounts of military material had already been moved further from the border to shelter it from the incursion into Cambodia by the

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that Washington hoped would solve three problems: First, it would provide a shield for the American withdrawal from Vietnam (by destroying the PAVN logistical system and killing enemy troops) in Cambodia; second, it would provide a test for the policy of Vietnamization; third, it would serve as a

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Shortly after, Sihanouk issued an appeal by radio to the people of Cambodia to rise up against the government and support the Khmer Rouge. In doing so, Sihanouk lent his name and popularity in the rural areas of Cambodia to a movement over which he had little control. In May 1970, Pol Pot finally

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While the 1967 insurgency had been unplanned, the Khmer Rouge tried, without much success, to organize a more serious revolt during the following year. The prince's decimation of the Prachea Chon and the urban communists had, however, cleared the field of competition for Saloth Sar (also known as

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Between March and June 1970, the North Vietnamese captured most of the northeastern third of the country in engagements with the Cambodian army. The North Vietnamese turned over some of their conquests and provided other assistance to the Khmer Rouge, thus empowering what was at the time a small

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and the killing of monks, attacks on refugee camps involving the deliberate murder of babies and bomb threats against foreign aid workers, the abduction and assassination of journalists, and the shelling of Phnom Penh for more than a year. Journalist accounts stated that the Khmer Rouge shelling

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By the end of 1973, Sihanouk loyalists had been purged from all of GRUNK's ministries, and all of the prince's supporters within the insurgent ranks were also eliminated. Shortly after Christmas, as the insurgents were gearing up for their final offensive, Sihanouk spoke with the French diplomat

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On 4 June, Lon Nol was elected as the first president of the Khmer Republic in a blatantly rigged election. As per the new constitution (ratified on 30 April), political parties formed in the new nation, quickly becoming a source of political factionalism. General Sutsakhan stated: "the seeds of

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Indeed, the issue of Vietnamese versus Chinese hegemony over Indochina greatly influenced the attitude Hanoi adopted towards Moscow in the early and mid-1970s. During the Cambodian civil war, the Soviet leaders, ready to acquiesce in Hanoi's dominance over Laos and Cambodia, actually insisted on

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population. Lon Nol's call for 10,000 volunteers to boost the manpower of Cambodia's poorly equipped, 30,000-man army, managed to swamp the military with over 70,000 recruits. Rumours abounded concerning a possible PAVN offensive aimed at Phnom Penh itself. Paranoia flourished and this set off a

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became president of the National Assembly, while Prime Minister Lon Nol was granted emergency powers. Sirik Matak retained his post as deputy prime minister. The new government emphasized that the transfer of power had been totally legal and constitutional and it received the recognition of most

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bombing raids ... In any event, no one asked him. ... Sihanouk was never asked to approve the B-52 bombings, and he never gave his approval." During the course of the Menu bombings, Sihanouk's government formally protested "American violation of Cambodian territory and airspace" at the

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were signed, ending the conflict (for the time being) in South Vietnam and Laos. On 29 January, Lon Nol proclaimed a unilateral cease-fire throughout the nation. All U.S. bombing operations were halted in hopes of securing a chance for peace. It was not to be. The Khmer Rouge simply ignored the

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Lon Nol hoped to use the Vietnamese as hostages against PAVN/Viet Cong activities, and the military set about rounding them up into detention camps. That was when the killing began. In towns and villages all over Cambodia, soldiers and civilians sought out their Vietnamese neighbors in order to

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It has been argued that the U.S. intervention in Cambodia contributed to the eventual seizure of power by the Khmer Rouge, that grew from 4,000 in number in 1970 to 70,000 in 1975. This view has been disputed, with documents uncovered from the Soviet archives revealing that the North Vietnamese

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The U.S. was motivated by the desire to buy time for its withdrawal from Southeast Asia, to protect its ally in South Vietnam, and to prevent the spread of communism to Cambodia. American, South Vietnamese, and North Vietnamese forces directly participated in the fighting. The U.S. assisted the

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After the river was effectively blocked in early February, the U.S. began an airlift of supplies into Pochentong Airport. This became increasingly risky, however, due to communist rocket and artillery fire, which constantly rained down on the airfield and city. The Khmer Rouge cut off overland

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of any who disobeyed or even asked questions, the forbidding of religious practices, of monks who were defrocked or murdered, and where traditional sexual and marital habits were foresworn. War was one thing; the offhand manner in which the Khmer Rouge dealt out death, so contrary to the Khmer

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was to approve a revised constitution, Lon Nol suspended the deliberations. He then forced Cheng Heng, the head of state since Sihanouk's deposition, to surrender his authority to him. On the second anniversary of the coup, Lon Nol relinquished his authority as head of state, but retained his

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After the Americans (and Saukam Khoy) had departed, a seven-member Supreme Committee, headed by General Sak Sutsakhan, assumed authority over the collapsing Republic. By 15 April, the last solid defenses of the city were overcome by the communists. In the early morning hours of 17 April, the

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With the fall of Sihanouk, Hanoi became alarmed at the prospect of a pro-Western regime that might allow the Americans to establish a military presence on their western flank. To prevent that from happening, they began transferring their military installations away from the border regions to

1848:. Simultaneously, Sihanouk lost the support of Cambodia's conservatives as a result of his failure to come to grips with the deteriorating economic situation (exacerbated by the loss of rice exports, most of which went to the PAVN/Viet Cong) and with the growing communist military presence. 1733:

Children were often being persuaded or forced to commit atrocities during the war. The Cambodian government estimated that more than 20 percent of the property in the country had been destroyed during the war. In total, an estimated 275,000–310,000 people were killed as a result of the war.

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Saukam Khoy, senior Khmer Republic government officials and their families, and members of the news media. In all, 82 U.S., 159 Cambodian, and 35 third-country nationals were evacuated. Although invited by Ambassador Dean to join the evacuation (and much to the Americans' surprise), Prince

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communal reforms, and cooperatives. GRUNK claimed that it was not a government-in-exile since Khieu Samphan and the insurgents remained inside Cambodia. Sihanouk and his loyalists remained in China, although the prince did make a visit to the "liberated areas" of Cambodia, including

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the Khmer Rouge began to break away from Sihanouk and his supporters and the collectivization of agriculture was begun in the "liberated" areas. Division-sized units were being fielded by 1974–1975, when the party was on its own and began the radical transformation of the country.

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in order to demand that the patrons of PAVN and the Viet Cong exert more control over their clients. On 18 March 1970, Lon Nol requested that the National Assembly vote on the future of the prince's leadership of the nation. Sihanouk was ousted from power by a vote of 86–3.

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Dmitry Mosyakov, "The Khmer Rouge and the Vietnamese Communists: A History of Their Relations as Told in the Soviet Archives," in Susan E. Cook, ed., Genocide in Cambodia and Rwanda (Yale Genocide Studies Program Monograph Series No. 1, 2004), p54ff. Available online at:

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commonplace. Worse, the tactical ineptitude among FANK officers was as common as their greed. Lon Nol frequently bypassed the general staff and directed operations down to battalion-level while also forbidding any real coordination between the army, navy and air force.

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When PAVN forces were supplanted, it was by the tough, rigidly indoctrinated peasant army of the Khmer Rouge with its core of seasoned leaders, who now received the full support of Hanoi. Khmer Rouge forces, which had been reorganized at an Indochinese summit held in

1901:, when enraged villagers attacked a tax collection brigade. With the probable encouragement of local communist cadres, the insurrection quickly spread throughout the whole region. Lon Nol, acting in the prince's absence (but with his approval), responded by declaring 2431:

main battle tank used during the war. Large numbers of T-54s were used by Cambodia during and after the bloody fighting of the conflict between 1970 and 1975, with many such wrecks (in various states of abandonment and disrepair) scattered all over the country

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supplies to the city for more than a year before it fell on 17 April 1975. Reports from journalists stated that the Khmer Rouge shelling "tortured the capital almost continuously," inflicting "random death and mutilation" on millions of trapped civilians.

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central government with massive U.S. aerial bombing campaigns and direct material and financial aid, while the North Vietnamese kept soldiers on the lands that they had previously occupied and occasionally engaged the Khmer Republic army in ground combat.

2660:. Long Boret was captured and beheaded on the grounds of the Cercle Sportif, while a similar fate would await Sirik Matak and other senior officials. Captured FANK officers were taken to the Monoram Hotel to write their biographies and then taken to the 2289:

U.S. military aid (ammunition, supplies, and equipment) was funneled to FANK through the Military Equipment Delivery Team, Cambodia (MEDTC). Authorized a total of 113 officers and men, the team arrived in Phnom Penh in 1971, under the overall command of

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government, Lon Nol stated that "it was difficult to distinguish between Vietnamese citizens who were Viet Cong and those who were not. So it is quite normal that the reaction of Cambodian troops, who feel themselves betrayed, is difficult to control."

2254:) with documents uncovered from the Soviet archives revealing that the offensive was launched at the explicit request of the Khmer Rouge following negotiations with Nuon Chea. The North Vietnamese overran most of northeastern Cambodia by June 1970. 2165:) or FUNK. Sihanouk later said "I had chosen not to be with either the Americans or the communists, because I considered that there were two dangers, American imperialism and Asian communism. It was Lon Nol who obliged me to choose between them." 2108:

in Beijing, broadcast an appeal to the people to resist the usurpers. Demonstrations and riots occurred (mainly in areas contiguous to PAVN/Viet Cong controlled areas), but no nationwide groundswell threatened the government. In one incident at

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March, the prime minister closed the port of Sihanoukville to the North Vietnamese and issued an impossible ultimatum to them. All PAVN/Viet Cong forces were to withdraw from Cambodian soil within 72 hours (on 15 March) or face military action.

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The picture of the Khmer Republic which came to mind at that time was one of a sick man who survived only by outside means and that, in its condition, the administration of medication, however efficient it might be, was probably of no further

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Reports of the brutal policies of the organization soon made their way to Phnom Penh and into the population foretelling the violence that was about to consume the nation. There were tales of the forced relocations of entire villages, of the

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attached by nothing but skin"; John Swain recalled that the Khmer Rouge were "tipping out patients from the hospitals like garbage into the streets ... In five years of war, this is the greatest caravan of human misery I have seen."

2336:, China in April 1970, would grow from 12 to 15,000 in 1970 to 35–40,000 by 1972, when the so-called "Khmerization" of the conflict took place and combat operations against the Republic were handed over completely to the insurgents. 2690:

In the Cambodian Civil War, Khmer Rouge insurgents reportedly committed atrocities during the war. These include the murder of civilians and POWs by slowly sawing off their heads part by part each day, the destruction of Buddhist

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in the northwest. Around 10:00, the voice of General Mey Si Chan of the FANK general staff broadcast on the radio, ordering all FANK forces to cease firing, since "negotiations were in progress" for the surrender of Phnom Penh.

1992:

had chosen not to attack them due to possible international repercussions and his belief that Sihanouk could be convinced to alter his policies. Johnson did, however, authorize the reconnaissance teams of the highly classified

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Party, had been integrated into the government. On 3 May 1965, Sihanouk broke diplomatic relations with the U.S., ended the flow of American aid, and turned to the PRC and the Soviet Union for economic and military assistance.

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after it was deposed, the Khmer Rouge continued to use children widely until at least 1998. During this period, the children were deployed mainly in unpaid support roles, such as ammunition-carriers, and also as combatants.

2116:, tore out his liver, and cooked and ate it. An estimated 40,000 peasants then began to march on the capital to demand Sihanouk's reinstatement. They were dispersed, with many casualties, by contingents of the armed forces. 2212:

U.S. aerial bombardment helped recruitment. This task was made even easier for the communists after 9 October 1970, when Lon Nol abolished the loosely federalist monarchy and proclaimed the establishment of a centralized

1801:

by communist-flagged vessels delivering supplies and material to support the PAVN/Viet Cong military effort in South Vietnam. These concessions made questionable Cambodia's neutrality, which had been guaranteed by the

2470:

the extremism, total lack of concern over casualties, and complete rejection of any offer of peace talks "began to suggest that Khmer Rouge fanaticism and capacity for violence were deeper than anyone had suspected."

2416:

Vietnam. The strategy of the Khmer Rouge was to gradually cut those lines of communication and squeeze Phnom Penh. As a result, FANK forces became fragmented, isolated, and unable to lend one another mutual support.

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the supply of freshwater fish (the chief source of protein for the country) had declined drastically. The cost of food was 20 times greater than pre-war levels, while unemployment was not even measured anymore.

2310:

At the beginning of 1974, the Cambodian army inventory included 241,630 rifles, 7,079 machine guns, 2,726 mortars, 20,481 grenade launchers, 304 recoilless rifles, 289 howitzers, 202 APCs, and 4,316 trucks. The

3644:, Revised Edition, Chiang Mai, Thailand: Silkworm Books, pp. 96–7. "The bombing had the effect the Americans wanted—it broke the communist encirclement of Phnom Penh. The war was to drag on for two more years." 2664:, where they were executed. Khmer Rouge troops immediately began to forcibly empty the capital city, driving the population into the countryside and killing tens of thousands of civilians in the process. The 2177:

returned to Cambodia and the pace of the insurgency greatly increased. After Sihanouk showed his support for the Khmer Rouge by visiting them in the field, their ranks swelled from 6,000 to 50,000 fighters.

2387:

It was not until 20 August that FANK launched Operation Chenla II, its first offensive of the year. The objective of the campaign was to clear Route 6 of enemy forces and thereby reopen communications with

2327:

gunships and 44 helicopters. American Embassy military personnel – who were only supposed to coordinate the arms aid program – sometimes found themselves involved in prohibited advisory and combat tasks.

2246:

His hope for continued neutralism availed him no more than it had Sihanouk. On 29 March 1970, the North Vietnamese had taken matters into their own hands and launched an offensive against the now renamed

2104:

foreign governments. There have been, and continue to be, accusations that the U.S. government played some role in the overthrow of Sihanouk, but conclusive evidence has never been found to support them.

1905:. Hundreds of peasants were killed and whole villages were laid waste during the repression. After returning home in March, Sihanouk abandoned his centrist position and personally ordered the arrest of 1833:

and that "our interests are best served by dealing with the camp that one day will dominate the whole of Asia – and coming to terms before its victory – in order to obtain the best terms possible."

1711:

government in power (later declared the Khmer Republic) which demanded that the PAVN leave Cambodia. The PAVN refused and, at the request of the Khmer Rouge, promptly invaded Cambodia in force.

4456:

The Republic's five-year war cost the U.S. about a million dollars a day – a total of $ 1.8 billion in military and economic aid. Operation Freedom Deal added another $ 7 billion. Deac, p. 221.

2032:, the Air Force conducted 3,875 sorties and dropped more than 108,000 tons of ordnance on the eastern border areas. Only five high-ranking congressional officials were informed of the bombing. 3924:"Victory in Vietnam: The Official History of the People's Army of Vietnam, 1954–1975." University Press of Kansas, May 2002 (original 1995). Translation by Merle L. Pribbenow. Pages 256–257. 8700: 320: 4320:

Ideology was not all that separated the two communist groups. Many Cambodian communists shared racially based views about the Vietnamese with their fellow countrymen. Deac, pp. 216, 230.

1994: 6464: 2352:

We need a bold move in Cambodia to show that we stand with Lon Nol...something symbolic...for the only Cambodian regime that had the guts to take a pro-Western and pro-American stand.

2726:

in their early teens to commit mass murder and other atrocities during the genocide. The indoctrinated children were taught to follow any order without hesitation. During its

2510:

these suspicions and attitudes led the party leadership to carry out purges within their ranks. Most of the Hanoi-trained members were then executed on the orders of Pol Pot.

3084: 7799: 4649: 9363: 1859:; an ultraconservative member of the Sisowath branch of the royal clan and long-time enemy of Sihanouk. In addition to these developments and the clash of interests among 3502:

Kiernan and Owen later revised their estimate of 2.7 million tons of U.S. bombs dropped on Cambodia down to the previously accepted figure of roughly 500,000 tons: See

1683:(PAVN) involvement was designed to protect its Base Areas and sanctuaries in eastern Cambodia, without which it would have been harder to pursue its military effort in 9209: 1726:. The war caused a refugee crisis in Cambodia with two million people—more than 25 percent of the population—displaced from rural areas into the cities, especially 2035:

After the event, it was claimed by Nixon and Kissinger that Sihanouk had given his tacit approval for the raids, but this is dubious. Sihanouk told U.S. diplomat

1786:

nor North Vietnam disputed Sihanouk's claim to represent "progressive" political policies and the leadership of the prince's domestic leftist opposition, the

1782:

During the early-to-mid-1960s, Prince Norodom Sihanouk's policies had protected his nation from the turmoil that engulfed Laos and South Vietnam. Neither the

9089: 6650: 1722:

After five years of savage fighting, the Republican government was defeated on 17 April 1975 when the victorious Khmer Rouge proclaimed the establishment of

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democratization, which had been thrown into the wind with such goodwill by the Khmer leaders, returned for the Khmer Republic nothing but a poor harvest."

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Lon Nol resigned and left the country on 1 April, hoping that a negotiated settlement might still be possible if he was absent from the political scene.

2506:

were ideologically tied to the Chinese, while North Vietnam's chief supporters, the Soviet Union, still recognized the Lon Nol government as legitimate.

1317: 2514:

protection of the Chinese, when he made public appearances overseas to publicize the GRUNK cause, he was treated with almost open contempt by Ministers

9317: 6129: 1851:

On 11 September 1966, Cambodia held its first open election. Through manipulation and harassment the conservatives won 75 percent of the seats in the

8880: 8077: 1301: 2219:

The GRUNK was soon caught between the competing Communist powers: North Vietnam, China and the Soviet Union. During the visits that Chinese Premier

2055:

and the Cambodian civil war was to destroy the homes and livelihood of many people. This was a heavy contributor to the refugee crisis in Cambodia.

7784: 7311: 6061: 1715:

guerrilla movement. The Cambodian government hastened to expand its army to combat the North Vietnamese and the growing power of the Khmer Rouge.

5628: 2051:

city of Phnom Penh. In large areas, according to maps of U.S. bombing sites, it appears that nearly every square mile of land was hit by bombs.

8720: 7870: 5379: 5188: 3611: 1921:

The immediate crisis had passed, but it engendered two consequences. First, it drove thousands of new recruits into the arms of the hard-line

8926: 4720: 1463: 3037: 1863:'s politicized elite, social tensions created a favorable environment for the growth of a domestic communist insurgency in the rural areas. 9221: 8513: 7860: 5097: 1266: 5093: 2140:

The South Vietnamese, North Vietnamese, and the Viet Cong all harshly denounced these actions. Significantly, no Cambodians—including the

2044:

on over 100 occasions, although it "specifically protested the use of B-52s" only once, following an attack on Bu Chric in November 1969.

9408: 7834: 6721: 1882:, an area long-noted for the presence of large landowners, great disparity in wealth, and where the communists still had some influence. 7824: 3486: 9257: 7951: 7913: 2535: 1587: 1105: 9403: 9214: 8175: 7865: 5898: 2531: 1490: 4657: 3080: 9368: 9145: 7301: 5945: 2920: 1771: 8894: 8072: 3509:"Making More Enemies than We Kill? Calculating U.S. Bomb Tonnages Dropped on Laos and Cambodia, and Weighing Their Implications" 1931:("Red Khmers")). Second, for the peasantry, the name of Lon Nol became associated with ruthless repression throughout Cambodia. 7794: 6066: 3516: 2184:

and the Viet Cong, throwing his personal prestige behind the communists. On 5 May, the actual establishment of FUNK and of the

9378: 8661: 8268: 7789: 5724: 5411: 5389: 4880: 2998: 2828: 2307:

husbands/sons into the battle zones. These problems (exacerbated by continuously declining morale) only increased over time.

6812: 2498:

The Khmer Rouge leadership was almost completely unknown by the public. They were referred to by their fellow countrymen as

9383: 8745: 8123: 8113: 6631: 6556: 6216: 5816: 4104: 2873: 2834: 2696:"tortured the capital almost continuously", inflicting "random death and mutilation" on 2 million trapped civilians. 2192:(Royal Government of National Union of Kampuchea), was proclaimed. Sihanouk assumed the post of head of state, appointing 9272: 9239: 9188: 8917: 8160: 8027: 7829: 6236: 5369: 1661: 1577: 1483: 1181: 173: 5478: 5406: 4992:

Pike Douglas, John Prados, James W. Gibson, Shelby Stanton, Col. Rod Paschall, John Morrocco, and Benjamin F. Schemmer,

4165:

Douglas Pike, John Prados, James W. Gibson, Shelby Stanton, Col. Rod Paschall, John Morrocco, and Benjamin F. Schemmer,

3901:

Szalontai, Balázs (2014). "Political and Economic Relations between Communist States". In Smith, Stephen Anthony (ed.).

9284: 9128: 8903: 8855: 8614: 8347: 8342: 8067: 7964: 7918: 7271: 6366: 5344: 5229: 5183: 5178: 5124: 2760: 2204:, in March 1973. These visits were used mainly for propaganda purposes and had no real influence on political affairs. 2162: 1572: 1290: 286: 20: 9413: 8850: 8062: 7003: 6566: 5836: 5777: 5077: 5058: 5035: 5016: 4983: 4964: 4943: 4924: 4901: 4848: 4824: 4803: 4771: 4743: 4697: 4598: 4496: 4413: 4218: 3545: 3440: 3411: 2963: 2908: 2867: 1456: 1356: 1261: 5574: 1073: 9388: 9204: 8845: 8810: 8725: 6706: 6701: 6196: 6159: 5888: 5334: 2381: 1597: 1361: 1130: 6384: 6246: 5930: 5049:

Decent Interval: An Insider's Account of Saigon's Indecent End Told by the CIA's Chief Strategy Analyst in Vietnam

2970:

An estimated 275,000 excess deaths. We have modeled the highest mortality that we can justify for the early 1970s.

2915:

Subsequent reevaluations of the demographic data situated the death toll for the in the order of 300,000 or less.

2173:

Vietnamese and Chinese leaders never informed Sihanouk of the presence of Pol Pot or allowed the two men to meet.

2157:

From Beijing, Sihanouk proclaimed that the government in Phnom Penh was dissolved and his intention to create the

2059:

offensive in Cambodia in 1970 was launched at the explicit request of the Khmer Rouge following negotiations with

1679:

The struggle was complicated by the influence and actions of the allies of the two warring sides. North Vietnam's

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bombers. This strike was the first in a series of attacks on the sanctuaries that lasted until May 1970. During

9373: 8755: 8750: 8352: 8138: 6857: 6626: 6206: 6108: 5841: 5285: 5280: 3730: 1519: 6526: 6256: 5767: 5539: 9418: 9077: 8430: 8329: 8211: 7980: 7944: 7804: 6819: 6772: 6536: 6459: 6191: 4580: 2930: 2745: 2491: 1783: 1421: 1394: 1366: 6251: 5960: 5883: 5554: 2895:

Heuveline, Patrick (2001). "The Demographic Analysis of Mortality Crises: The Case of Cambodia, 1970–1979".

9348: 9327: 9161: 9094: 8840: 8376: 8324: 8319: 8248: 8118: 8057: 6837: 6797: 6767: 6716: 6576: 6494: 6490: 6361: 6291: 6056: 5873: 5639: 5534: 5466: 2750: 2665: 2661: 2595:

pervaded the capital. The situation was best described by General Sak Sutsakhan (now FANK chief of staff):

2553: 1852: 1645: 1567: 1449: 1399: 1389: 1256: 1010: 150: 9084: 8730: 8696: 8578: 8455: 8243: 8143: 8020: 7809: 7281: 7276: 6993: 6671: 6399: 6144: 6103: 6047: 5950: 5831: 5789: 5694: 5219: 5173: 2619:

On 12 April, concluding that all was lost, the U.S. evacuated its embassy personnel by helicopter during

2369: 2251: 2068: 1855:

to Sihanouk's surprise. Lon Nol was chosen by the right as prime minister and, as his deputy, they named

1707:, following wide scale protests in the capital against the presence of PAVN troops in the country, put a 1680: 1602: 1295: 1163: 9017: 526: 515: 9358: 9353: 9262: 9067: 8931: 8679: 8273: 8165: 8128: 7646: 6867: 6852: 6842: 6696: 6296: 5784: 5587: 5354: 2952:

Genocide and Democracy in Cambodia: The Khmer Rouge, the United Nations and the International Community

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continuing to provide aid to the anti-government Khmer Rouge alarmed Sihanouk and caused him to go to

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Although the U.S. had been aware of the PAVN/Viet Cong sanctuaries in Cambodia since 1966, President

1110: 1038: 548: 2699:

The Khmer Rouge forcibly evacuated the entire city after taking it, in what has been described as a

1627: 827: 9289: 9166: 8875: 8782: 8740: 8460: 8440: 8393: 8309: 8221: 7937: 7501: 7068: 6331: 6221: 5975: 5519: 3608: 3537: 2900: 2001:

in 1968 and the introduction of his policies of gradual U.S. withdrawal from South Vietnam and the

1803: 1730:

which grew from about 600,000 in 1970 to an estimated population of nearly 2 million by 1975.

178: 95: 7241: 592: 559: 9140: 8999: 8908: 8829: 8522: 8299: 8226: 6731: 6676: 6661: 6601: 6409: 6389: 6149: 5826: 5431: 3033: 2649: 2344:

locations deeper within Cambodian territory. A new command center was established at the city of

2208: 1830: 1115: 5634: 2396:

was that the offensive initiative passed completely into the hands of PAVN and the Khmer Rouge.

783: 9171: 9123: 8835: 8563: 8553: 8263: 8258: 8216: 8092: 7521: 7025: 6419: 6093: 5569: 5329: 5324: 5117: 2924: 2410: 2124:

Most of the population, urban and rural, took out their anger and frustrations on the nation's

2085: 2047: 1983: 1704: 1215: 772: 7731: 860: 838: 739: 570: 9026: 8985: 8470: 8435: 8398: 8362: 8233: 8206: 8101: 7756: 7040: 7035: 6802: 6691: 6646: 6606: 6541: 6485: 6404: 6186: 6000: 5878: 5796: 5704: 5669: 5579: 5524: 5421: 5262: 4870: 3629:

Vietnam: The Necessary War: A Reinterpretation of America's Most Disastrous Military Conflict

3560: 2955: 2947: 1351: 816: 537: 2063:. It has also been argued that U.S. bombing was decisive in delaying a Khmer Rouge victory. 9398: 9307: 8647: 8548: 8445: 8418: 8408: 8253: 8189: 8170: 8045: 7296: 7063: 6918: 6872: 6787: 6782: 6581: 6480: 6429: 6424: 6316: 6271: 6226: 6164: 5995: 5970: 5920: 5848: 5762: 5612: 5214: 5193: 3475: 2657: 2633: 2620: 2608:

Saukham Khoy, successor to Lon Nol as President of the Khmer Republic arrives on board the

2441: 2324: 2141: 1997:(SOG) to enter Cambodia and gather intelligence on the Base Areas in 1967. The election of 1798: 1723: 1404: 1346: 1236: 882: 394: 253: 138: 126: 2704: 2419: 2021: 8: 9229: 9178: 9098: 9008: 8821: 8607: 8588: 8485: 8425: 8357: 8287: 8201: 7972: 7741: 7656: 7651: 7551: 7414: 7211: 7095: 7010: 6898: 6751: 6746: 6726: 6711: 6621: 6616: 6521: 6454: 6444: 6356: 6351: 6341: 6241: 6181: 5980: 5965: 5935: 5913: 5699: 5689: 5416: 5339: 5309: 5293: 4547:

Yates, Ronald (17 March 1975). "Priest Won't Leave Refugees Despite Khmer Rouge Threat".

2780:

199,049 tons in 1966) elevated an economic crises that grew worse with each passing year.

2755: 2609: 2453: 2364: 2312: 2109: 2025: 2017: 1958:. They led their followers into the highlands of the northeast and into the lands of the 1879: 1582: 1560: 1528: 1336: 1068: 1019: 581: 504: 6596: 6509: 1836:

During the same year, however, he allowed his pro-American minister of defense, General

871: 761: 9047: 8972: 8958: 8533: 8503: 8493: 8413: 8314: 8050: 8005: 7895: 7691: 7676: 7601: 7581: 7576: 7561: 7408: 7156: 6908: 6792: 6546: 6449: 6434: 6346: 6336: 6311: 6306: 6071: 6025: 5940: 5925: 5868: 5684: 5607: 5483: 5374: 5364: 4913: 2547: 2527: 2482: 2295: 2262: 2180:

The prince then allied himself with the Khmer Rouge, the North Vietnamese, the Laotian

1856: 1754: 1592: 1249: 1227: 1196: 1085: 904: 893: 144: 82: 7591: 7420: 9052: 8962: 8945: 8772: 8623: 8583: 8568: 8528: 8518: 8475: 8450: 8388: 7908: 7761: 7706: 7681: 7636: 7566: 7541: 7506: 7496: 7465: 7352: 7236: 7206: 6943: 6933: 6847: 6741: 6586: 6301: 6098: 5955: 5908: 5806: 5757: 5731: 5709: 5549: 5529: 5473: 5461: 5275: 5110: 5073: 5054: 5047: 5031: 5012: 4979: 4960: 4939: 4920: 4897: 4876: 4844: 4820: 4814: 4799: 4767: 4761: 4739: 4693: 4492: 4214: 3736: 3726: 3564: 3541: 3436: 3407: 2994: 2959: 2904: 2863: 2824: 2740: 2727: 2624: 2604: 2475: 2389: 2261:

On 29 April 1970, South Vietnamese and U.S. units unleashed a limited, multi-pronged

2168:

The North Vietnamese reacted to the political changes in Cambodia by sending Premier

2125: 1989: 1746: 1546: 1409: 1241: 603: 7885: 7556: 4891: 3508: 2348:

and the timing of the move was propitious. President Nixon was of the opinion that:

9062: 8994: 8815: 8805: 8787: 7671: 7596: 7526: 7511: 7491: 7438: 7221: 7216: 7196: 7146: 7136: 6963: 6928: 6913: 6862: 6591: 6531: 6371: 6030: 6010: 5719: 5661: 5655: 5622: 5602: 5592: 5441: 5242: 5234: 4862: 4838: 4100: 2628: 2487: 1998: 1917:, the leaders of the "counter government", all of whom escaped into the northeast. 1894: 1890: 1872: 1688: 1152: 692: 482: 359: 78: 45: 2345: 849: 9278: 9183: 9102: 8889: 8628: 8538: 8238: 8082: 7890: 7746: 7736: 7721: 7701: 7686: 7661: 7606: 7371: 7339: 7231: 7191: 6953: 6948: 6888: 6829: 6561: 6439: 6266: 6231: 6139: 6134: 5858: 5752: 5426: 5359: 5349: 5314: 5270: 5257: 5209: 4517: 3615: 3531: 2857: 2818: 2522:

that when "they have sucked me dry, they will spit me out like a cherry stone."

2316: 2009: 1818: 1742: 1439: 1326: 1030: 614: 471: 460: 240: 235: 5853: 4792: 1829:

Sihanouk was convinced that the PRC, not the U.S., would eventually control the

53: 9057: 9031: 8981: 8543: 8508: 8334: 8035: 7716: 7641: 7631: 7626: 7486: 7226: 7015: 6938: 6666: 6571: 6321: 6261: 5893: 5811: 5714: 5674: 5644: 5544: 5499: 4954: 4834: 4562: 2990: 2519: 2213: 2041: 2036: 2029: 2013: 2002: 1979: 1777: 1738: 1691:, the Cambodian head of state, but domestic resistance combined with China and 1665: 1619: 1507: 1210: 1191: 1186: 1125: 493: 438: 199: 191: 186: 132: 99: 41: 4532:

Kirk, Donald (14 July 1974). "Khmer Rouge's Bloody War on Trapped Villagers".

2820:

The Encyclopedia of the Vietnam War: A Political, Social, and Military History

728: 9342: 8954: 8825: 8710: 8692: 8558: 8498: 7880: 7726: 7621: 7586: 7571: 7531: 7073: 6903: 6641: 6551: 6414: 6394: 6281: 6042: 6020: 5985: 5564: 5559: 5514: 5436: 5396: 5145: 2723: 2377:

During the night of 21 January 1971, a force of 100 PAVN/Viet Cong commandos

1927: 1906: 1692: 1684: 1673: 1669: 1653: 983: 637: 449: 313: 308: 228: 223: 216: 211: 3740: 9072: 8000: 7666: 7616: 7546: 7536: 7390: 7378: 7365: 7171: 6998: 6499: 5747: 5597: 5456: 5451: 5446: 5152: 4936:

Why Vietnam invaded Cambodia : political culture and the causes of war

4138:

The evolution of the communist forces is described in Sutsakhan, pp. 78–82.

3604: 2134: 1708: 1700: 1058: 8153: 2558: 2273:

One month prior, the North Vietnamese had launched an offensive (Campaign

8670: 7990: 7711: 7316: 7286: 7141: 7131: 7030: 6893: 6686: 6175: 6005: 5990: 5801: 5649: 5617: 5504: 5319: 5224: 5163: 4512: 3504: 2700: 2656:

The war was over, and the Khmer Rouge announced the establishment of the

2591: 2224: 1940: 1902: 1788: 1750: 1649: 1537: 298: 258: 204: 113: 37: 4690:

Victory in Vietnam: A History of the People's Army of Vietnam, 1954–1975

2133:

murder them. On 15 April, the bodies of 800 Vietnamese floated down the

7470: 7181: 7151: 7105: 7020: 6988: 6980: 6923: 6611: 6326: 6015: 5903: 5509: 2859:

Leaving the house of ghosts: Cambodian refugees in the American Midwest

2637: 2563: 2220: 2201: 2193: 2181: 2100: 1959: 1898: 1860: 1822: 1814: 1727: 1705:

deposition of Sihanouk by the Cambodian National Assembly in March 1970

1120: 704: 405: 371: 337: 59: 6124: 3458:

Massacres and Morality: Mass Atrocities in an Age of Civilian Immunity

2677:

massacred with the complicity of Lon Nol's government during the war.

8704: 7766: 7611: 7460: 7433: 7246: 7201: 7110: 7078: 7058: 7050: 6379: 6169: 4687: 3432: 3403: 2515: 2424: 2333: 2060: 1657: 1637: 1095: 659: 648: 416: 325: 7929: 5009:

The Cambodian Campaign: the 1970 offensive and America's Vietnam War

4692:. trans. Pribbenow, Merle. Lawrence KS: University of Kansas Press. 7960: 7345: 7186: 7083: 6958: 6777: 6681: 5821: 5679: 5133: 4656:. Coalition to Stop the Use of Child Soldiers. 2001. Archived from 4298: 4296: 4294: 4292: 4290: 3653:

Timothy Carney, "The Unexpected Victory," in Karl D. Jackson, ed.,

1995:

Military Assistance Command, Vietnam Studies and Observations Group

1910: 1745:, South Vietnam, and North Vietnam individually referred to as the 1641: 973: 964: 954: 945: 936: 927: 918: 716: 293: 281: 265: 6465:

Struggle against political abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union

4068: 4066: 3429:

The United States and Cambodia, 1969–2000: A Troubled Relationship

3400:

The United States and Cambodia, 1969–2000: A Troubled Relationship

3096: 3094: 7291: 7176: 7166: 7115: 6656: 5401: 3835: 3833: 3157: 3155: 2641: 2428: 2291: 2129:

violent reaction against the nation's 400,000 ethnic Vietnamese.

2113: 2112:

on 29 March, however, an enraged crowd killed Lon Nol's brother,

2095: 1947: 1837: 1475: 1271: 1100: 681: 626: 427: 383: 4287: 3016: 3014: 3012: 3010: 7995: 7359: 7161: 7100: 6035: 4063: 3091: 2518:

and Khieu Samphan. In June, the prince told Italian journalist

2145: 1951: 1914: 1886: 1809: 1696: 1063: 1053: 670: 8639: 4489:

When the war was over: Cambodia and the Khmer Rouge Revolution

3830: 3533:

Final Solutions: Mass Killing and Genocide in the 20th Century

3152: 1925:

of the Cambodian Communist Party (which Sihanouk labelled the

8573: 7844: 7800:

American espionage in the Soviet Union and Russian Federation

7306: 7089: 5168: 4910: 3007: 2189: 1845: 1048: 270: 63: 4889: 3226: 3224: 3133: 3131: 3081:"Cambodia Diary 6: Child Soldiers – Driven by Fear and Hate" 1973: 7384: 7266: 5158: 5102: 4872:

Duped!: Delusion, denial, and the end of the American Dream

4812: 4789: 1885:

On 11 March 1967, while Sihanouk was out of the country in

1776:

Further information on the PAVN/NLF logistical system:

332: 5028:

Sideshow: Kissinger, Nixon and the Destruction of Cambodia

4783:

Road to the Killing Fields: the Cambodian War of 1970–1975

4409: 4407: 3725:(3rd ed.). Boulder, CO: Westview Press. p. 204. 3102:

Sideshow: Kissinger, Nixon and the Destruction of Cambodia

2530:. He said that his hopes for a moderate socialism akin to 2399: 1844:

by accusing its members of subversion and subservience to

7839: 7819: 7814: 3221: 3128: 2692: 2240: 1668:, which had succeeded the kingdom (both supported by the 3600: 3598: 2144:

community—condemned the killings. In his apology to the

2094:

Sihanouk, hearing of the turmoil, headed for Moscow and

1770:

Further information on the rule of Prince Sihanouk:

4711:. Washington DC: Air Force History and Museums Program. 4404: 3561:

The Crime of Cambodia: Shawcross on Kissinger's Memoirs

2615:

on 12 April 1975 after being evacuated from Phnom Penh.

2196:, one of his most loyal supporters, as prime minister. 5094:

U.S. and Vietnamese Involvement in Cambodian Civil War

2921:"Cambodia: U.S. bombing, civil war, & Khmer Rouge" 2888: 4785:. College Station TX: Texas A&M University Press. 3896: 3894: 3595: 2722:

The Khmer Rouge exploited thousands of desensitized,

5070:

A short history of Cambodia: from empire to survival

4890:

Lipsman, Samuel; Doyle, Edward; et al. (1983).

3843:, New Haven CT: Yale University Press, 1991, p. 231. 3642:

Brother Number One: A Political Biography of Pol Pot

3523: 2939: 2648:

committee decided to move the seat of government to

1840:, to crack down on leftist activities, crushing the 9364:

Civil wars involving the states and peoples of Asia

4790:Dougan, Clark; Fulghum, David; et al. (1985). 4116: 4114: 3295: 3293: 1797:He had also agreed to allow the use of the port of 1631: 5046: 5025: 4912: 4791: 4759: 4615: 4262: 4260: 4169:. Boston: Boston Publishing Company, 1988, p. 146. 3891: 2987:Le Génocide Khmer Rouge: Une Analyse Démographique 2954:. Yale University Southeast Asia Studies. p. 2427:, Cambodia, with a rusted wreck of a Soviet-built 2008:On 18 March 1969, on secret orders from Nixon and 1687:. Their presence was at first tolerated by Prince 5098:Dean Peter Krogh Foreign Affairs Digital Archives 4706: 4579: 4515:(14 July 1974). "I watched them saw him 3 days". 2948:"After the Nightmare: The Population of Cambodia" 2816: 2445:position as prime minister and defense minister. 2409:Further information on the bombing campaign: 2186:Gouvernement royal d'union nationale du Kampuchéa 2016:carried out the bombing of Base Area 353 (in the 1753:respectively. The Cambodian civil war led to the 9340: 7785:List of Eastern Bloc agents in the United States 4780: 4717:The Khmer Republic at War and the Final Collapse 4111: 3993:Division. Artillery support was provided by the 3469: 3467: 3290: 3028: 3026: 2440:On 10 March 1972, just before the newly renamed 1760: 1741:(1955–1975) which also consumed the neighboring 6222:North Yemen-South Yemen Border conflict of 1972 5629:On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences 4973: 4933: 4833: 4733: 4633:River of Time: A Memoir of Vietnam and Cambodia 4561: 4257: 3905:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 316. 3455: 2945: 2074: 5003:. New York: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston, 1981. 4952: 4688:Military History Institute of Vietnam (2002). 4583:(28 January 1974). "The Agony of Phnom Penh". 3973:Deac, p. 72. PAVN units involved included the 3657:(Princeton University Press, 1989), pp. 13–35. 2299:for what he proprietarily viewed as "my war". 8655: 7945: 5118: 5006: 4736:Sihanouk: Prince of Light, Prince of Darkness 4721:United States Army Center of Military History 4546: 3464: 3023: 2119: 1491: 1457: 7861:Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War 5412:Incapacitation of the Allied Control Council 5044: 4531: 4511: 2946:Banister, Judith; Johnson, E. Paige (1993). 2855: 2623:. The 276 evacuees included U.S. Ambassador 86:(8 years, 1 month and 6 days) 9189:Normalization of US–Vietnam relations 6722:1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre 5067: 5011:. Lawrence KS: University of Kansas Press. 4630: 4620:. Holt, Rinehart and Winston. pp. 6–7. 4211:The Rise and Demise of Democratic Kampuchea 3903:Oxford Handbook in the History of Communism 3503: 3474:Owen, Taylor; Kiernan, Ben (October 2006). 3473: 3078: 2980: 2978: 2929:On the higher end of estimates, journalist 2812: 2810: 2808: 2806: 2804: 2802: 2452:In January 1973, hope was renewed when the 2373:Areas under government control, August 1970 2235: 2005:of the conflict there, changed everything. 1703:rein in the behavior of North Vietnam. The 8662: 8648: 7952: 7938: 7825:United States involvement in regime change 5380:1947–1948 civil war in Mandatory Palestine 5125: 5111: 4996:. Boston: Boston Publishing Company, 1991. 4938:. Stanford CA: Stanford University Press. 4597: 4482: 4480: 4250: 4248: 3113:Isaacs, Hardy and Brown et al., pp. 54–58. 3104:New York: Simon and Schuster, 1979, p. 222 3059: 3057: 3055: 2464: 1588:Sino-Vietnamese border and naval conflicts 1498: 1484: 1464: 1450: 3900: 3655:Cambodia 1975–1978: Rendezvous With Death 3529: 2984: 2894: 1974:Operation Menu and Operation Freedom Deal 4911:Lipsman, Samuel; Weiss, Stephen (1985). 4208: 3778: 3776: 3774: 3772: 3770: 3768: 3720: 3618:, Brookings Institution, 23 August 2007. 3196: 3194: 3121: 3119: 2975: 2799: 2603: 2557: 2481: 2418: 2404: 2368: 1934: 1808: 9210:Opposition to United States involvement 5951:Transition to the New Order (Indonesia) 4766:. New Haven CT: Yale University Press. 4681: 4477: 4245: 3941: 3939: 3519:from the original on 18 September 2016. 3460:. Oxford University Press. p. 200. 3247: 3245: 3052: 2627:, other American diplomatic personnel, 2400:Agony of the Khmer Republic (1972–1975) 1866: 1660:) against the government forces of the 9341: 7795:Russian espionage in the United States 6067:Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia 4813:Isaacs, Arnold; Hardy, Gordon (1988). 4644: 4642: 4605:. Reader's Digest Press. pp. 1–2. 4486: 3426: 3397: 3353:Military Assistance Command, Vietnam, 2241:North Vietnamese offensive in Cambodia 8643: 7959: 7933: 7790:Soviet espionage in the United States 5946:Indonesian mass killings of 1965–1966 5725:Consolidation of the Cuban Revolution 5390:1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight 5106: 4976:Before Kampuchea: Preludes to Tragedy 4959:. Boston: Boston Publishing Company. 4919:. Boston: Boston Publishing Company. 4896:. Boston: Boston Publishing Company. 4868: 4819:. Boston: Boston Publishing Company. 4798:. Boston: Boston Publishing Company. 4709:Air War Over South Vietnam: 1968–1975 4266:Isaacs, Hardy and Brown, pp. 106–107. 3765: 3377:United States and Cambodia: 1969–2000 3191: 3116: 3074: 3072: 3070: 2541: 1479: 9323: 7866:Soviet Union–United States relations 6217:1972 visit by Richard Nixon to China 4978:. Sydney: George Allen & Unwin. 4753: 4105:Military Assistance Command, Vietnam 3936: 3492:from the original on 24 October 2013 3242: 3040:from the original on 31 October 2014 8927:U.S. escalation / "Americanization" 7830:Soviet involvement in regime change 4639: 3087:from the original on 20 March 2018. 2587:to about half as many FANK forces. 1772:Cambodia under Sihanouk (1954–1970) 1757:, one of the bloodiest in history. 13: 9409:1975 disestablishments in Cambodia 8856:1960 South Vietnamese coup attempt 7871:Soviet Union–United States summits 5345:1947 Polish parliamentary election 5230:Guerrilla war in the Baltic states 4569:. Perennial Books. pp. 98–99. 3388:Shawcross, pps. 68–71 & 93–94. 3067: 2876:from the original on 12 April 2018 2837:from the original on 12 April 2018 2761:Weapons of the Cambodian Civil War 2711: 2671: 2534:'s must now be totally dismissed. 2207:For Sihanouk, this proved to be a 2163:National United Front of Kampuchea 2067:, the official war history of the 1505: 14: 9430: 8851:North Vietnamese invasion of Laos 6632:Lord's Resistance Army insurgency 6567:United States invasion of Grenada 5837:Guinea-Bissau War of Independence 5778:Expulsion of Soviets from Albania 5087: 4650:"Global Report on Child Soldiers" 4420:, Reader's Digest Press, pp. 1–2. 2280: 2152: 1644:fought between the forces of the 9322: 9313: 9312: 9303: 9302: 9205:Draft evasion in the Vietnam War 8514:Courtship, marriage, and divorce 8091: 6707:United States invasion of Panama 6557:1982 Ethiopian–Somali Border War 6197:1971 Turkish military memorandum 6160:Communist insurgency in Thailand 6130:Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty 6062:Communist insurgency in Malaysia 5889:Assassination of John F. Kennedy 5817:Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation 5335:Restatement of Policy on Germany 5072:. Singapore: Allen & Unwin. 4956:Rain of Fire: Air War, 1969–1973 4763:The Tragedy of Cambodian History 4624: 4609: 4591: 4573: 4555: 4540: 4525: 4505: 4468: 4465:Isaacs, Hardy and Brown, p. 111. 4459: 4450: 4441: 4432: 4423: 4395: 4386: 4377: 4368: 4359: 4350: 4341: 4332: 4323: 4314: 4305: 4302:Isaacs, Hardy and Brown, p. 107. 4278: 4269: 4254:Isaacs, Hardy and Brown, p. 106. 4236: 4227: 4202: 4199:Isaacs, Hardy and Brown, p. 100. 4193: 4072:Isaacs, Hardy and Brown, p. 108. 3841:The Tragedy of Cambodian History 3507:; Owen, Taylor (26 April 2015). 3034:"Cambodia: U.S. Invasion, 1970s" 2248:Forces Armées Nationales Khmères 2020:region opposite South Vietnam's 1784:People's Republic of China (PRC) 1598:FULRO insurgency against Vietnam 1433: 1029: 982: 972: 963: 953: 944: 935: 926: 917: 898: 887: 876: 865: 854: 843: 832: 821: 810: 799: 788: 777: 766: 755: 744: 733: 722: 710: 698: 686: 675: 664: 653: 642: 631: 620: 608: 597: 586: 575: 564: 553: 542: 531: 520: 509: 498: 487: 476: 465: 454: 443: 432: 421: 410: 399: 388: 377: 365: 353: 331: 319: 307: 292: 280: 264: 252: 234: 222: 210: 198: 185: 172: 52: 9404:1967 establishments in Cambodia 8841:Vietnamese migration of 1954–55 8669: 8011:French protectorate of Cambodia 7427:Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty 6808:Dissolution of the Soviet Union 6737:Fall of the inner German border 6637:1988 Black Sea bumping incident 6287:Strategic Arms Limitation Talks 6277:Spanish transition to democracy 6237:1972–1975 Bangladesh insurgency 5864:Communist insurgency in Sarawak 5370:Indo-Pakistani War of 1947–1948 5251:Occupation of the Baltic states 4816:Pawns of War: Cambodia and Laos 4491:. Public Affairs. p. 160. 4347:Isaacs, Hardy and Brown, p. 107 4184: 4172: 4159: 4150: 4141: 4132: 4123: 4093: 4084: 4075: 4054: 4045: 4036: 4027: 4018: 4009: 4000: 3967: 3957: 3948: 3927: 3918: 3909: 3882: 3873: 3864: 3855: 3846: 3821: 3812: 3803: 3794: 3785: 3756: 3747: 3714: 3705: 3696: 3687: 3678: 3669: 3660: 3647: 3634: 3621: 3583: 3571: 3554: 3449: 3420: 3391: 3382: 3369: 3360: 3347: 3338: 3335:Isaacs, Hardy and Brown, p. 88. 3329: 3320: 3317:Isaacs, Hardy and Brown, p. 89. 3311: 3302: 3281: 3272: 3263: 3260:Isaacs, Hardy and Brown, p. 87. 3254: 3233: 3212: 3203: 3200:Isaacs, Hardy and Brown, p. 86. 3182: 3173: 3164: 3161:Isaacs, Hardy and Brown, p. 85. 3140: 3125:Isaacs, Hardy and Brown, p. 83. 3107: 3079:Southerland, D (20 July 2006). 3020:Isaacs, Hardy and Brown, p. 90. 2773: 2538:, he said, would be the model. 2423:A memorial to the civil war in 2319:had 211 aircraft, including 64 2159:Front uni national du Kampuchéa 9369:Civil wars of the 20th century 9090:United States prisoners of war 8068:Cambodian Conflict (1979–1998) 8063:People's Republic of Kampuchea 6207:Four Power Agreement on Berlin 5842:Mozambican War of Independence 5281:Indonesian National Revolution 4727: 3357:, Annex F, Saigon, 1968, p. 4. 2897:Forced Migration and Mortality 2849: 1950:), Ieng Sary, and Son Sen—the 1291:Cambodian Conflict (1979–1998) 1262:People's Republic of Kampuchea 21:Cambodian Conflict (1979–1998) 1: 9273:Henry Kissinger’s involvement 7805:CIA and the Cultural Cold War 6820:Dissolution of Czechoslovakia 6773:Min Ping Yu No. 5540 incident 6495:1984 Summer Olympics boycotts 6460:Seven Days to the River Rhine 6192:Corrective Revolution (Egypt) 5479:March 1949 Syrian coup d'état 5407:1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état 4738:. Sydney: Allen & Unwin. 2787: 2746:Cambodian humanitarian crisis 2685: 2680: 1893:broke out in the area around 1765: 1761:Setting the stage (1965–1970) 1737:The conflict was part of the 1664:and, after October 1970, the 1357:Cambodian–Thai border dispute 9379:Military history of Cambodia 6798:Fall of communism in Albania 6768:Mongolian Revolution of 1990 6717:Polish Round Table Agreement 6057:1968 Polish political crisis 5874:Eritrean War of Independence 5640:Hungarian Revolution of 1956 5535:East German uprising of 1953 5467:Chinese Communist Revolution 5132: 4893:Fighting for Time: 1969–1970 3530:Valentino, Benjamin (2005). 2792: 2751:Economic history of Cambodia 2562:The final offensive against 2554:Khmer Rouge rule of Cambodia 2461:on Cambodia/Khmer Republic. 2356: 2079: 2075:Overthrow of Sihanouk (1970) 1646:Communist Party of Kampuchea 131:Creation, then fall, of the 7: 9384:Revolution-based civil wars 8881:Independence Palace bombing 6672:Korean Air Lines Flight 007 6400:Korean Air Lines Flight 902 6145:Corrective Movement (Syria) 6109:New People's Army rebellion 6104:Sino-Soviet border conflict 5832:Angolan War of Independence 5695:Second Taiwan Strait Crisis 5575:1954 Guatemalan coup d'état 5220:Jamaican political conflict 5026:Shawcross, William (1979). 4760:Chandler, David P. (1991). 4616:Ponchaud, François (1978). 3989:Divisions and the PAVN/NLF 3721:Chandler, David P. (2000). 2734: 2252:Khmer National Armed Forces 1632: 1302:United Nations Transitional 1296:1991 Paris Peace Agreements 1267:exiled coalition government 10: 9435: 9263:Canada and the Vietnam War 8932:1965 South Vietnamese coup 8741:People's Republic of China 8721:International participants 6868:Sino-Indian border dispute 6697:First Nagorno-Karabakh War 6627:1987–1989 JVP insurrection 6385:1976 Argentine coup d'état 6297:Turkish invasion of Cyprus 6247:1973 Uruguayan coup d'état 5931:1964 Brazilian coup d'état 5899:Cyprus crisis of 1963–1964 5588:First Taiwan Strait Crisis 5355:Asian Relations Conference 5053:. New York: Random House. 5030:. University of Michigan. 4843:. New York: Viking Press. 4707:Nalty, Bernard C. (2000). 4676: 4487:Becker, Elizabeth (1998). 4401:Lipsman and Weiss, p. 119. 3915:Lipsman and Brown, p. 146. 3827:Lipsman and Doyle, p. 146. 3818:Lipsman and Doyle, p. 145. 3782:Lipsman and Doyle, p. 144. 3711:Lipsman and Doyle, p. 143. 3693:Lipsman and Doyle, p. 142. 3326:Lipsman and Doyle, p. 140. 3230:Lipsman and Doyle, p. 130. 3137:Lipsman and Doyle, p. 127. 2817:Spencer C. Tucker (2011). 2718:Child soldiers in Cambodia 2715: 2551: 2545: 2408: 2362: 2120:Massacre of the Vietnamese 2083: 1977: 1938: 1870: 1775: 1769: 18: 9298: 9268:CIA activities in Vietnam 9250: 9197: 9154: 9116: 9040: 8864: 8798: 8765: 8686: 8677: 8601: 8484: 8384: 8375: 8295: 8286: 8197: 8188: 8109: 8100: 8089: 7971: 7904: 7853: 7775: 7752:William Appleman Williams 7697:Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr. 7479: 7451: 7400: 7332: 7325: 7259: 7124: 7049: 6979: 6972: 6881: 6828: 6760: 6473: 6212:Bangladesh Liberation War 6202:1971 Sudanese coup d'état 6117: 6089:1969 Sudanese coup d'état 6077:1968 Peruvian coup d'état 5740: 5515:Arab Cold War (1952–1979) 5492: 5202: 5140: 4781:Deac, Wilfred P. (2000). 4715:Sutsakhan, Lt. Gen. Sak, 4416:and Anthony Paul (1977), 4213:. Westview. p. 118. 2985:Sliwinski, Marek (1995). 2862:. McFarland. p. 10. 2823:. ABC-CLIO. p. 376. 1804:Geneva Conference of 1954 1633:Sângkréam Sivĭl Kâmpŭchéa 1623: 1515: 1173:Independence and conflict 1131:Nguyễn Kingdom's invasion 998: 993: 910: 346: 162: 70: 51: 35: 30: 9414:20th century in Cambodia 9290:Women in the Vietnam War 9222:United States news media 9167:Indochina refugee crisis 9162:Cambodian–Vietnamese War 8937:Bombing of North Vietnam 8876:Strategic Hamlet Program 8114:Administrative divisions 8058:Cambodian–Vietnamese War 6527:1980 Turkish coup d'état 6362:Cambodian–Vietnamese War 6332:1978 Somali coup attempt 6292:Second Iraqi–Kurdish War 6257:1973 Chilean coup d'état 6082:Revolutionary Government 5976:South African Border War 5768:1960 Turkish coup d'état 5685:Iraqi 14 July Revolution 5540:1953 Iranian coup d'état 5520:1952 Egyptian revolution 4974:Osborne, Milton (1979). 4934:Morris, Stephen (1999). 4915:The False Peace: 1972–74 4734:Osborne, Milton (1994). 4601:; Paul, Anthony (1977). 4209:Etcheson, Craig (1984). 4060:Shawcross, pp. 169, 191. 3538:Cornell University Press 3513:The Asia-Pacific Journal 3456:Alex J. Bellamy (2012). 2901:National Academies Press 2766: 2270:U.S. and South Vietnam. 2236:Widening war (1970–1971) 2137:and into South Vietnam. 2069:People's Army of Vietnam 1681:People's Army of Vietnam 1257:Cambodian–Vietnamese War 151:Cambodian–Vietnamese War 19:Not to be confused with 9389:Wars involving Cambodia 8909:Gulf of Tonkin incident 8830:Battle of Dien Bien Phu 6732:Fall of the Berlin Wall 6677:People Power Revolution 6662:Central American crisis 6602:1986 Black Sea incident 6252:1973 Afghan coup d'état 6150:Western Sahara conflict 5961:1966 Syrian coup d'état 5884:1963 Syrian coup d'état 5827:Portuguese Colonial War 5790:First Iraqi–Kurdish War 5555:1954 Syrian coup d'état 5432:Annexation of Hyderabad 5375:1947–1949 Palestine war 4953:Morrocco, John (1985). 4603:Murder of a Gentle Land 4418:Murder of a Gentle Land 4081:Shawcross, pp. 313–315. 3995:69th Artillery Division 3753:Shawcross, pp. 112–122. 3427:Clymer, Kenton (2013). 3398:Clymer, Kenton (2013). 3375:Clymer, Kenton (2004), 2650:Oddar Meanchey Province 2465:Shape of things to come 2209:marriage of convenience 1603:Thai–Laotian Border War 9394:Wars involving Vietnam 9318:Battles and operations 9258:Awards and decorations 9172:Vietnamese boat people 9141:Impact of Agent Orange 9129:Body count controversy 8836:1954 Geneva Conference 8348:Special Economic Zones 8343:Science and technology 7026:Neoclassical economics 6537:Gulf of Sidra incident 6094:1969 Libyan revolution 5785:Iraqi–Kurdish conflict 5570:1954 Geneva Conference 5330:Turkish straits crisis 5325:Corfu Channel incident 5007:Shaw, John M. (2005). 4863:Avery Publishing Group 4190:Chandler, pp. 222–223. 3870:Osborne, pp. 214, 218. 3852:Chandler, pp. 228–229. 3640:Chandler, David 2000, 3308:Chandler, pp. 174–176. 3209:Chandler, pp. 164–165. 3170:Chandler, pp. 153–156. 2993:. pp. 42–43, 48. 2925:World Peace Foundation 2616: 2602: 2567: 2495: 2433: 2411:Operation Freedom Deal 2374: 2354: 2086:Cambodian coup of 1970 2048:Operation Freedom Deal 1984:Operation Freedom Deal 1826: 1568:Khmer Rouge–Vietnamese 999:275,000–310,000 killed 347:Commanders and leaders 9374:Communist revolutions 9027:1975 spring offensive 8986:ARVN campaign in Laos 8982:Vietnamization policy 7876:Russia–NATO relations 7757:Jonathan Reed Winkler 7041:Democratic capitalism 7036:Supply-side economics 7004:American conservatism 6803:Breakup of Yugoslavia 6692:Bougainville conflict 6607:South Yemen civil war 6542:Martial law in Poland 6405:Nicaraguan Revolution 6380:Dirty War (Argentina) 6187:1971 JVP insurrection 6001:Years of Lead (Italy) 5879:North Yemen civil war 5797:Berlin Crisis of 1961 5773:Albanian–Soviet split 5705:1959 Tibetan uprising 5670:Syrian Crisis of 1957 5525:Iraqi Intifada (1952) 5385:1948 Arab–Israeli War 5045:Snepp, Frank (1977). 4869:Kroth, Jerry (2012). 4794:The Fall of the South 4129:Sutsakhan, pp. 26–27. 4108:faced." Shaw, p. 137. 3723:A history of Cambodia 3609:Returning to Cambodia 3476:"Bombs Over Cambodia" 2856:Sarah Streed (2002). 2716:Further information: 2607: 2597: 2561: 2552:Further information: 2490:of Cambodia visiting 2485: 2422: 2405:Struggling to survive 2372: 2363:Further information: 2350: 2315:had 171 vessels; the 2223:and Sihanouk paid to 2084:Further information: 1939:Further information: 1935:Communist regroupment 1871:Further information: 1831:Indochinese Peninsula 1812: 1624:សង្គ្រាមស៊ីវិលកម្ពុជា 1578:Cambodian–Thai border 1352:2003 Phnom Penh riots 1111:Cambodian–Spanish War 1106:Siamese-Cambodian War 994:Casualties and losses 9419:Insurgencies in Asia 9146:Environmental impact 9018:Battle of Phước Long 8783:Cold War (1962–1979) 8176:World Heritage Sites 8046:Democratic Kampuchea 7297:Non-Aligned Movement 6919:Peaceful coexistence 6873:North Borneo dispute 6788:German reunification 6783:Min Ping Yu No. 5202 6481:Salvadoran Civil War 6430:Grand Mosque seizure 6425:Yemenite War of 1979 6317:Mozambican Civil War 6272:Carnation Revolution 6227:Yemenite War of 1972 6165:1970 Polish protests 5996:1967 Hong Kong riots 5971:Argentine Revolution 5921:Guatemalan Civil War 5849:Cuban Missile Crisis 5763:Bay of Pigs Invasion 5635:1956 Poznań protests 5613:Geneva Summit (1955) 5215:Hukbalahap Rebellion 5194:Non-Aligned Movement 5068:Tully, John (2005). 4999:Ponchaud, Francois, 4682:Government documents 4631:Swain, John (1999). 3379:, Routledge, pg. 12. 3355:Command History 1967 3100:Shawcross, William, 2903:. pp. 103–104. 2724:conscripted children 2658:Democratic Kampuchea 2634:Sisowath Sirik Matak 2621:Operation Eagle Pull 2442:Constituent Assembly 2321:North American T-28s 1867:Revolt in Battambang 1813:Meeting in Beijing: 1739:Second Indochina War 1724:Democratic Kampuchea 1347:Khmer Rouge Tribunal 1237:Democratic Kampuchea 1126:Loss of Mekong Delta 988:40,000–60,000 (1975) 395:Sisowath Sirik Matak 139:Democratic Kampuchea 66:in Cambodia in 1970. 9349:Cambodian Civil War 9226:In popular culture 9179:Sino-Vietnamese War 9009:Paris Peace Accords 8822:First Indochina War 8811:Japanese occupation 8778:Cambodian Civil War 8466:Social organization 8016:Japanese occupation 7742:Alex von Tunzelmann 7732:Vladimir Tismăneanu 7657:Thomas J. McCormick 7652:Jack F. Matlock Jr. 7552:Robert Hugh Ferrell 7415:Crusade for Freedom 7212:Illiberal democracy 7096:Ho Chi Minh Thought 6899:Eisenhower Doctrine 6752:Peaceful Revolution 6747:Romanian Revolution 6727:Revolutions of 1989 6712:1988 Polish strikes 6622:Operation INFEKTION 6617:1987 Lieyu massacre 6522:Eritrean Civil Wars 6505:Peruvian Revolution 6455:1979 Herat uprising 6445:Sino-Vietnamese War 6410:Uganda–Tanzania War 6390:Egyptian–Libyan War 6357:Third Indochina War 6352:Sino-Albanian split 6342:Ethiopian Civil War 6242:Eritrean Civil Wars 6182:Ping-pong diplomacy 6155:Cambodian Civil War 5981:Korean DMZ Conflict 5966:Cultural Revolution 5936:Dominican Civil War 5914:Tlatelolco massacre 5700:1959 Mosul uprising 5690:1958 Lebanon crisis 5417:Al-Wathbah uprising 5340:First Indochina War 5310:Iran crisis of 1946 5001:Cambodia: Year Zero 4585:The Washington Post 4567:A Problem From Hell 4103:, commander of the 3839:David P. Chandler, 3631:, Free Press, 1999. 3614:18 May 2013 at the 3580:, 26 February 1983. 3366:Nalty, pp. 127–133. 3036:. Global Security. 2756:History of Cambodia 2454:Paris Peace Accords 2382:Pochentong airfield 2365:Operation Chenla II 2026:B-52 Stratofortress 1880:Battambang Province 1662:Kingdom of Cambodia 1616:Cambodian Civil War 1552:Cambodian Civil War 1440:Cambodia portal 1395:Humanitarian crisis 1318:Khmer Rouge PGNUNSC 1223:Cambodian Civil War 1160:Japanese occupation 1148:French protectorate 1116:Cambodian–Dutch War 505:Melvin Robert Laird 179:Kingdom of Cambodia 127:Kingdom of Cambodia 31:Cambodian Civil War 9000:Christmas bombings 8973:Cambodian campaign 8353:Telecommunications 8051:Cambodian genocide 8006:Post-Angkor period 7896:Russian Revolution 7692:Mary Elise Sarotte 7677:William B. Pickett 7602:Patrick J. Hearden 7582:Gabriel Gorodetsky 7577:Timothy Garton Ash 7562:Anneli Ute Gabanyi 7157:Ethnic nationalism 6909:Hallstein Doctrine 6793:Yemeni unification 6582:1985 Geneva Summit 6547:Casamance conflict 6450:New Jewel Movement 6435:Iranian Revolution 6420:Chadian–Libyan War 6367:Cambodian conflict 6347:Lebanese Civil War 6337:Western Sahara War 6312:June 1976 protests 6307:Cambodian genocide 6072:17 July Revolution 6026:Nigerian Civil War 5941:Rhodesian Bush War 5926:Colombian conflict 5869:Ramadan Revolution 5608:Bandung Conference 5484:Operation Valuable 5365:Partition of India 4994:War in the Shadows 4857:Kinnard, Douglas, 4840:Vietnam: A History 4654:child-soldiers.org 4618:Cambodia Year Zero 4447:Sutsakhan, p. 155. 4392:Shawcross, p. 343. 4383:Shawcross, p. 321. 4338:Shawcross, p. 281. 4275:Shawcross, p. 322. 4242:Shawcross, p. 297. 4179:War in the Shadows 4167:War in the Shadows 4051:Shawcross, p. 169. 4042:Shawcross, p. 190. 3762:Shawcross, p. 126. 3675:Shawcross, p. 118. 3666:Pribbenow, p. 257. 3435:. pp. 19–20. 3406:. pp. 14–16. 3147:Victory in Vietnam 2617: 2568: 2548:Fall of Phnom Penh 2542:Fall of Phnom Penh 2496: 2434: 2375: 2296:John S. McCain Jr. 2263:Cambodian Campaign 2065:Victory in Vietnam 1954:leadership of the 1857:Prince Sirik Matak 1827: 1755:Cambodian genocide 1573:Cambodian Conflict 1362:2013–2014 protests 1250:Cambodian genocide 1228:Fall of Phnom Penh 1197:Cambodian campaign 1086:Post-Angkor period 1074:Đại Việt–Khmer War 905:Nouhak Phoumsavanh 894:Kaysone Phomvihane 145:Cambodian genocide 16:1970–1975 conflict 9359:1970s in Cambodia 9354:1960s in Cambodia 9336: 9335: 9053:Ho Chi Minh trail 8946:Buddhist Uprising 8904:Coup against Minh 8895:Coup against Diem 8818:(1949–1955) 8773:Laotian Civil War 8766:Related conflicts 8746:Republic of China 8637: 8636: 8597: 8596: 8431:Human trafficking 8371: 8370: 8330:Natural resources 8282: 8281: 8269:Political parties 8212:Foreign relations 8184: 8183: 8073:State of Cambodia 7927: 7926: 7914:List of conflicts 7762:Rudolph Winnacker 7707:Giles Scott-Smith 7682:Ronald E. Powaski 7637:Melvyn P. Leffler 7567:John Lewis Gaddis 7542:Robert D. English 7507:Warren H. Carroll 7497:Michael Beschloss 7466:Nuclear arms race 7447: 7446: 7353:Neues Deutschland 7255: 7254: 7237:White nationalism 7207:Liberal democracy 6944:Ulbricht Doctrine 6934:Brezhnev Doctrine 6742:Velvet Revolution 6486:Soviet–Afghan War 6302:Angolan Civil War 6099:Goulash Communism 5956:ASEAN Declaration 5909:Mexican Dirty War 5807:Annexation of Goa 5758:1960 U-2 incident 5732:Sino-Soviet split 5710:Laotian Civil War 5550:Bricker Amendment 5530:Mau Mau rebellion 5474:Malayan Emergency 5462:Chinese Civil War 5422:Tito–Stalin split 5276:Division of Korea 4882:978-0-936618-08-1 4754:Secondary sources 4719:. Washington DC: 4581:Becker, Elizabeth 4365:Chandler, p. 231. 4356:Chandler, p. 211. 4311:Chandler, p. 216. 4233:Morrocco, p. 172. 4120:Sutsakhan, p. 89. 4090:Chandler, p. 205. 4024:Sutsakhan, p. 39. 4006:Sutsakhan, p. 48. 3888:Chandler, p. 202. 3879:Chandler, p. 201. 3861:Chandler, p. 200. 3702:Sutsakhan, p. 42. 3568:, 5 November 1979 3565:New York Magazine 3299:Sutsakhan, p. 32. 3287:Chandler, p. 141. 3269:Chandler, p. 128. 3251:Chandler, p. 166. 3239:Chandler, p. 165. 3188:Chandler, p. 157. 3149:, p. 465, fn. 24. 3000:978-2-738-43525-5 2927:. 7 August 2015. 2830:978-1-85109-960-3 2741:Cambodia Tribunal 2705:François Ponchaud 2625:John Gunther Dean 2492:Communist Romania 2476:summary execution 2022:Tây Ninh Province 1990:Lyndon B. Johnson 1853:National Assembly 1747:Laotian Civil War 1611: 1610: 1547:Laotian Civil War 1474: 1473: 1367:COVID-19 pandemic 1182:Post-independence 1003: 1002: 158: 157: 149:Beginning of the 143:Beginning of the 137:Establishment of 9426: 9326: 9325: 9316: 9315: 9306: 9305: 9063:Operation Popeye 8995:Easter Offensive 8816:State of Vietnam 8806:French Indochina 8788:Cold War in Asia 8697:Việt Minh / PAVN 8664: 8657: 8650: 8641: 8640: 8617: 8610: 8382: 8381: 8338: 8320:Economic history 8293: 8292: 8195: 8194: 8107: 8106: 8095: 8031: 7954: 7947: 7940: 7931: 7930: 7672:David S. Painter 7597:John Earl Haynes 7527:Nicholas J. Cull 7512:Adrian Cioroianu 7492:Thomas A. Bailey 7439:Voice of America 7330: 7329: 7242:White separatism 7222:Social democracy 7217:Guided democracy 7197:Authoritarianism 7147:Ultranationalism 7137:Anti-imperialism 7064:Marxism–Leninism 6977: 6976: 6964:Kinmen Agreement 6929:Johnson Doctrine 6914:Kennedy Doctrine 6830:Frozen conflicts 6813:1991 August Coup 6702:Afghan Civil War 6597:Reykjavík Summit 6592:Somali Rebellion 6532:Ugandan Bush War 6510:Gdańsk Agreement 6031:Protests of 1968 6011:War of Attrition 5720:Cuban Revolution 5656:We will bury you 5623:Cyprus Emergency 5603:Kashmir Princess 5593:Jebel Akhdar War 5442:Western betrayal 5127: 5120: 5113: 5104: 5103: 5083: 5064: 5052: 5041: 5022: 4989: 4970: 4949: 4930: 4918: 4907: 4886: 4859:The War Managers 4854: 4830: 4809: 4797: 4786: 4777: 4749: 4712: 4703: 4670: 4669: 4667: 4665: 4646: 4637: 4636: 4635:. Berkley Trade. 4628: 4622: 4621: 4613: 4607: 4606: 4595: 4589: 4588: 4577: 4571: 4570: 4559: 4553: 4552: 4544: 4538: 4537: 4529: 4523: 4522: 4509: 4503: 4502: 4484: 4475: 4472: 4466: 4463: 4457: 4454: 4448: 4445: 4439: 4436: 4430: 4427: 4421: 4411: 4402: 4399: 4393: 4390: 4384: 4381: 4375: 4374:Osborne, p. 224. 4372: 4366: 4363: 4357: 4354: 4348: 4345: 4339: 4336: 4330: 4327: 4321: 4318: 4312: 4309: 4303: 4300: 4285: 4284:Osborne, p. 203. 4282: 4276: 4273: 4267: 4264: 4255: 4252: 4243: 4240: 4234: 4231: 4225: 4224: 4206: 4200: 4197: 4191: 4188: 4182: 4176: 4170: 4163: 4157: 4154: 4148: 4147:Sutsakhan, p. 79 4145: 4139: 4136: 4130: 4127: 4121: 4118: 4109: 4101:Creighton Abrams 4097: 4091: 4088: 4082: 4079: 4073: 4070: 4061: 4058: 4052: 4049: 4043: 4040: 4034: 4031: 4025: 4022: 4016: 4013: 4007: 4004: 3998: 3971: 3965: 3961: 3955: 3952: 3946: 3943: 3934: 3931: 3925: 3922: 3916: 3913: 3907: 3906: 3898: 3889: 3886: 3880: 3877: 3871: 3868: 3862: 3859: 3853: 3850: 3844: 3837: 3828: 3825: 3819: 3816: 3810: 3807: 3801: 3798: 3792: 3789: 3783: 3780: 3763: 3760: 3754: 3751: 3745: 3744: 3718: 3712: 3709: 3703: 3700: 3694: 3691: 3685: 3684:Deac, pp. 56–57. 3682: 3676: 3673: 3667: 3664: 3658: 3651: 3645: 3638: 3632: 3625: 3619: 3602: 3593: 3592:, 23 April 1985. 3587: 3581: 3575: 3569: 3558: 3552: 3551: 3527: 3521: 3520: 3501: 3499: 3497: 3491: 3480: 3471: 3462: 3461: 3453: 3447: 3446: 3424: 3418: 3417: 3395: 3389: 3386: 3380: 3373: 3367: 3364: 3358: 3351: 3345: 3342: 3336: 3333: 3327: 3324: 3318: 3315: 3309: 3306: 3300: 3297: 3288: 3285: 3279: 3276: 3270: 3267: 3261: 3258: 3252: 3249: 3240: 3237: 3231: 3228: 3219: 3218:Osborne, p. 192. 3216: 3210: 3207: 3201: 3198: 3189: 3186: 3180: 3179:Osborne, p. 187. 3177: 3171: 3168: 3162: 3159: 3150: 3144: 3138: 3135: 3126: 3123: 3114: 3111: 3105: 3098: 3089: 3088: 3076: 3065: 3061: 3050: 3049: 3047: 3045: 3030: 3021: 3018: 3005: 3004: 2982: 2973: 2972: 2943: 2937: 2936: 2931:Elizabeth Becker 2917: 2892: 2886: 2885: 2883: 2881: 2853: 2847: 2846: 2844: 2842: 2814: 2781: 2777: 2629:Acting President 2488:Norodom Sihanouk 1873:Samlaut Uprising 1635: 1625: 1593:Hmong insurgency 1510: 1500: 1493: 1486: 1477: 1476: 1466: 1459: 1452: 1438: 1437: 1436: 1400:Military history 1390:Economic history 1307: 1306:(UNTAC, 1992–93) 1164:Cambodia in 1945 1153:French Indochina 1033: 1023: 1005: 1004: 989: 987: 986: 977: 976: 968: 967: 958: 957: 949: 948: 940: 939: 931: 930: 922: 921: 903: 902: 901: 892: 891: 890: 881: 880: 879: 870: 869: 868: 859: 858: 857: 848: 847: 846: 837: 836: 835: 826: 825: 824: 815: 814: 813: 804: 803: 802: 793: 792: 791: 782: 781: 780: 771: 770: 769: 760: 759: 758: 749: 748: 747: 738: 737: 736: 727: 726: 725: 715: 714: 713: 703: 702: 701: 693:Norodom Sihanouk 691: 690: 689: 680: 679: 678: 669: 668: 667: 658: 657: 656: 647: 646: 645: 636: 635: 634: 625: 624: 623: 613: 612: 611: 602: 601: 600: 591: 590: 589: 580: 579: 578: 569: 568: 567: 558: 557: 556: 549:Ngô Quang Trưởng 547: 546: 545: 536: 535: 534: 527:Trần Thiện Khiêm 525: 524: 523: 516:Nguyễn Văn Thiệu 514: 513: 512: 503: 502: 501: 492: 491: 490: 483:Creighton Abrams 481: 480: 479: 470: 469: 468: 459: 458: 457: 448: 447: 446: 437: 436: 435: 426: 425: 424: 415: 414: 413: 404: 403: 402: 393: 392: 391: 382: 381: 380: 370: 369: 368: 360:Norodom Sihanouk 358: 357: 356: 336: 335: 324: 323: 312: 311: 297: 296: 285: 284: 269: 268: 257: 256: 239: 238: 227: 226: 215: 214: 203: 202: 190: 189: 177: 176: 72: 71: 56: 46:Cold War in Asia 28: 27: 9434: 9433: 9429: 9428: 9427: 9425: 9424: 9423: 9339: 9338: 9337: 9332: 9294: 9279:Pentagon Papers 9246: 9193: 9150: 9112: 9036: 8890:Buddhist crisis 8860: 8846:1955 referendum 8794: 8761: 8682: 8673: 8668: 8638: 8633: 8620: 8613: 8606: 8593: 8579:Public holidays 8480: 8456:Sex trafficking 8367: 8336: 8278: 8244:Law enforcement 8180: 8161:Protected areas 8096: 8087: 8083:Modern Cambodia 8029: 7967: 7958: 7928: 7923: 7900: 7891:Second Cold War 7849: 7777: 7771: 7747:Odd Arne Westad 7737:Patrick Vaughan 7722:Athan Theoharis 7702:Ellen Schrecker 7687:Yakov M. Rabkin 7662:Timothy Naftali 7607:Tvrtko Jakovina 7592:Jussi Hanhimäki 7475: 7453: 7443: 7421:Paix et Liberté 7396: 7340:Active measures 7321: 7251: 7232:White supremacy 7192:Totalitarianism 7120: 7045: 6968: 6954:Reagan Doctrine 6949:Carter Doctrine 6889:Truman Doctrine 6877: 6824: 6756: 6651:Soviet reaction 6562:Ndogboyosoi War 6469: 6440:Saur Revolution 6267:1973 oil crisis 6232:Munich massacre 6140:Alcora Exercise 6135:Black September 6113: 5859:Sino-Indian War 5753:Simba rebellion 5736: 5580:Capture of the 5488: 5427:Berlin Blockade 5360:May 1947 crises 5350:Truman Doctrine 5315:Greek Civil War 5304:Blacklist Forty 5271:Gouzenko Affair 5258:Cursed soldiers 5210:Morgenthau Plan 5198: 5136: 5131: 5090: 5080: 5061: 5038: 5019: 4986: 4967: 4946: 4927: 4904: 4883: 4875:. Jerry Kroth. 4851: 4835:Karnow, Stanley 4827: 4806: 4774: 4756: 4746: 4730: 4700: 4684: 4679: 4674: 4673: 4663: 4661: 4648: 4647: 4640: 4629: 4625: 4614: 4610: 4596: 4592: 4578: 4574: 4563:Power, Samantha 4560: 4556: 4549:Chicago Tribune 4545: 4541: 4534:Chicago Tribune 4530: 4526: 4518:Chicago Tribune 4510: 4506: 4499: 4485: 4478: 4474:Ponchaud, p. 7. 4473: 4469: 4464: 4460: 4455: 4451: 4446: 4442: 4437: 4433: 4428: 4424: 4412: 4405: 4400: 4396: 4391: 4387: 4382: 4378: 4373: 4369: 4364: 4360: 4355: 4351: 4346: 4342: 4337: 4333: 4328: 4324: 4319: 4315: 4310: 4306: 4301: 4288: 4283: 4279: 4274: 4270: 4265: 4258: 4253: 4246: 4241: 4237: 4232: 4228: 4221: 4207: 4203: 4198: 4194: 4189: 4185: 4177: 4173: 4164: 4160: 4155: 4151: 4146: 4142: 4137: 4133: 4128: 4124: 4119: 4112: 4098: 4094: 4089: 4085: 4080: 4076: 4071: 4064: 4059: 4055: 4050: 4046: 4041: 4037: 4032: 4028: 4023: 4019: 4014: 4010: 4005: 4001: 3972: 3968: 3962: 3958: 3953: 3949: 3945:Karnow, p. 608. 3944: 3937: 3933:Karnow, p. 607. 3932: 3928: 3923: 3919: 3914: 3910: 3899: 3892: 3887: 3883: 3878: 3874: 3869: 3865: 3860: 3856: 3851: 3847: 3838: 3831: 3826: 3822: 3817: 3813: 3808: 3804: 3799: 3795: 3790: 3786: 3781: 3766: 3761: 3757: 3752: 3748: 3733: 3719: 3715: 3710: 3706: 3701: 3697: 3692: 3688: 3683: 3679: 3674: 3670: 3665: 3661: 3652: 3648: 3639: 3635: 3627:Lind, Michael, 3626: 3622: 3616:Wayback Machine 3603: 3596: 3590:Washington Post 3588: 3584: 3576: 3572: 3559: 3555: 3548: 3528: 3524: 3495: 3493: 3489: 3478: 3472: 3465: 3454: 3450: 3443: 3425: 3421: 3414: 3396: 3392: 3387: 3383: 3374: 3370: 3365: 3361: 3352: 3348: 3344:Karnow, p. 590. 3343: 3339: 3334: 3330: 3325: 3321: 3316: 3312: 3307: 3303: 3298: 3291: 3286: 3282: 3277: 3273: 3268: 3264: 3259: 3255: 3250: 3243: 3238: 3234: 3229: 3222: 3217: 3213: 3208: 3204: 3199: 3192: 3187: 3183: 3178: 3174: 3169: 3165: 3160: 3153: 3145: 3141: 3136: 3129: 3124: 3117: 3112: 3108: 3099: 3092: 3077: 3068: 3062: 3053: 3043: 3041: 3032: 3031: 3024: 3019: 3008: 3001: 2983: 2976: 2966: 2944: 2940: 2919: 2911: 2893: 2889: 2879: 2877: 2870: 2854: 2850: 2840: 2838: 2831: 2815: 2800: 2795: 2790: 2785: 2784: 2778: 2774: 2769: 2737: 2720: 2714: 2712:Use of children 2688: 2683: 2674: 2672:Causes of death 2662:Olympic Stadium 2556: 2550: 2544: 2536:Hoxha's Albania 2528:Etienne Manac'h 2467: 2413: 2407: 2402: 2367: 2361: 2317:Khmer Air Force 2283: 2243: 2238: 2155: 2122: 2088: 2082: 2077: 2010:Henry Kissinger 1986: 1978:Main articles: 1976: 1943: 1937: 1875: 1869: 1819:Prince Sihanouk 1780: 1774: 1768: 1763: 1699:to request the 1652:, supported by 1612: 1607: 1583:Sino-Vietnamese 1511: 1506: 1504: 1470: 1434: 1432: 1414: 1371: 1327:Modern Cambodia 1309: 1305: 1303: 1278: 1140:Colonial period 1135: 1080: 1069:Khmer–Cham wars 1021: 1014: 981: 980: 979: 971: 970: 962: 952: 951: 943: 942: 934: 933: 925: 924: 916: 899: 897: 896: 888: 886: 885: 877: 875: 874: 866: 864: 863: 861:Nguyễn Văn Linh 855: 853: 852: 844: 842: 841: 833: 831: 830: 822: 820: 819: 811: 809: 808: 800: 798: 797: 789: 787: 786: 778: 776: 775: 767: 765: 764: 756: 754: 753: 745: 743: 742: 734: 732: 731: 723: 721: 720: 711: 709: 708: 699: 697: 696: 687: 685: 684: 676: 674: 673: 665: 663: 662: 654: 652: 651: 643: 641: 640: 632: 630: 629: 621: 619: 615:Souvanna Phouma 609: 607: 606: 598: 596: 595: 587: 585: 584: 576: 574: 573: 571:Trần Quang Khôi 565: 563: 562: 554: 552: 551: 543: 541: 540: 532: 530: 529: 521: 519: 518: 510: 508: 507: 499: 497: 496: 488: 486: 485: 477: 475: 474: 472:Robert McNamara 466: 464: 463: 461:Henry Kissinger 455: 453: 452: 444: 442: 441: 433: 431: 430: 422: 420: 419: 411: 409: 408: 400: 398: 397: 389: 387: 386: 378: 376: 375: 366: 364: 363: 354: 352: 342: 330: 318: 306: 291: 279: 276: 263: 251: 245: 241:Kingdom of Laos 233: 221: 209: 197: 184: 171: 119: 102: 85: 62:tanks entering 57: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 9432: 9422: 9421: 9416: 9411: 9406: 9401: 9396: 9391: 9386: 9381: 9376: 9371: 9366: 9361: 9356: 9351: 9334: 9333: 9331: 9330: 9320: 9310: 9299: 9296: 9295: 9293: 9292: 9287: 9282: 9275: 9270: 9265: 9260: 9254: 9252: 9248: 9247: 9245: 9244: 9243: 9242: 9237: 9232: 9224: 9219: 9218: 9217: 9207: 9201: 9199: 9195: 9194: 9192: 9191: 9186: 9181: 9176: 9175: 9174: 9164: 9158: 9156: 9152: 9151: 9149: 9148: 9143: 9138: 9137: 9136: 9131: 9120: 9118: 9114: 9113: 9111: 9110: 9092: 9087: 9082: 9081: 9080: 9075: 9065: 9060: 9058:Sihanouk Trail 9055: 9050: 9048:Củ Chi tunnels 9044: 9042: 9038: 9037: 9035: 9034: 9032:Fall of Saigon 9029: 9020: 9011: 9002: 8997: 8988: 8975: 8966: 8948: 8939: 8934: 8929: 8920: 8915: 8906: 8897: 8892: 8883: 8878: 8868: 8866: 8862: 8861: 8859: 8858: 8853: 8848: 8843: 8838: 8833: 8819: 8813: 8808: 8802: 8800: 8796: 8795: 8793: 8792: 8791: 8790: 8780: 8775: 8769: 8767: 8763: 8762: 8760: 8759: 8758: 8753: 8748: 8743: 8738: 8733: 8728: 8718: 8708: 8690: 8688: 8684: 8683: 8678: 8675: 8674: 8667: 8666: 8659: 8652: 8644: 8635: 8634: 8632: 8631: 8626: 8619: 8618: 8611: 8603: 8602: 8599: 8598: 8595: 8594: 8592: 8591: 8586: 8581: 8576: 8571: 8566: 8561: 8556: 8551: 8546: 8541: 8536: 8531: 8526: 8516: 8511: 8506: 8501: 8496: 8490: 8488: 8482: 8481: 8479: 8478: 8473: 8468: 8463: 8458: 8453: 8448: 8443: 8438: 8433: 8428: 8423: 8422: 8421: 8411: 8406: 8401: 8396: 8391: 8385: 8379: 8373: 8372: 8369: 8368: 8366: 8365: 8363:Transportation 8360: 8355: 8350: 8345: 8340: 8332: 8327: 8322: 8317: 8312: 8307: 8302: 8296: 8290: 8284: 8283: 8280: 8279: 8277: 8276: 8274:Prime Minister 8271: 8266: 8261: 8256: 8251: 8246: 8241: 8236: 8231: 8230: 8229: 8219: 8214: 8209: 8204: 8198: 8192: 8186: 8185: 8182: 8181: 8179: 8178: 8173: 8168: 8163: 8158: 8157: 8156: 8146: 8141: 8136: 8131: 8129:Climate change 8126: 8121: 8116: 8110: 8104: 8098: 8097: 8090: 8088: 8086: 8085: 8080: 8075: 8070: 8065: 8060: 8055: 8054: 8053: 8043: 8038: 8036:Khmer Republic 8033: 8025: 8024: 8023: 8013: 8008: 8003: 7998: 7993: 7988: 7983: 7977: 7975: 7969: 7968: 7957: 7956: 7949: 7942: 7934: 7925: 7924: 7922: 7921: 7916: 7911: 7905: 7902: 7901: 7899: 7898: 7893: 7888: 7883: 7878: 7873: 7868: 7863: 7857: 7855: 7851: 7850: 7848: 7847: 7842: 7837: 7832: 7827: 7822: 7817: 7812: 7807: 7802: 7797: 7792: 7787: 7781: 7779: 7773: 7772: 7770: 7769: 7764: 7759: 7754: 7749: 7744: 7739: 7734: 7729: 7724: 7719: 7717:Timothy Snyder 7714: 7709: 7704: 7699: 7694: 7689: 7684: 7679: 7674: 7669: 7664: 7659: 7654: 7649: 7647:Vojtech Mastny 7644: 7642:Geir Lundestad 7639: 7634: 7632:Walter Laqueur 7629: 7627:Walter LaFeber 7624: 7619: 7614: 7609: 7604: 7599: 7594: 7589: 7584: 7579: 7574: 7569: 7564: 7559: 7557:André Fontaine 7554: 7549: 7544: 7539: 7534: 7529: 7524: 7519: 7514: 7509: 7504: 7499: 7494: 7489: 7487:Gar Alperovitz 7483: 7481: 7477: 7476: 7474: 7473: 7468: 7463: 7457: 7455: 7449: 7448: 7445: 7444: 7442: 7441: 7436: 7430: 7429: 7424: 7417: 7412: 7404: 7402: 7398: 7397: 7395: 7394: 7387: 7382: 7375: 7368: 7363: 7356: 7349: 7342: 7336: 7334: 7327: 7323: 7322: 7320: 7319: 7314: 7309: 7304: 7299: 7294: 7289: 7284: 7279: 7274: 7269: 7263: 7261: 7257: 7256: 7253: 7252: 7250: 7249: 7244: 7239: 7234: 7229: 7227:Third-Worldism 7224: 7219: 7214: 7209: 7204: 7199: 7194: 7189: 7184: 7179: 7174: 7169: 7164: 7159: 7154: 7149: 7144: 7139: 7134: 7128: 7126: 7122: 7121: 7119: 7118: 7113: 7108: 7103: 7098: 7093: 7086: 7081: 7076: 7071: 7066: 7061: 7055: 7053: 7047: 7046: 7044: 7043: 7038: 7033: 7028: 7023: 7018: 7016:Libertarianism 7013: 7008: 7007: 7006: 6996: 6994:Chicago school 6991: 6985: 6983: 6974: 6970: 6969: 6967: 6966: 6961: 6956: 6951: 6946: 6941: 6939:Nixon Doctrine 6936: 6931: 6926: 6921: 6916: 6911: 6906: 6901: 6896: 6891: 6885: 6883: 6882:Foreign policy 6879: 6878: 6876: 6875: 6870: 6865: 6860: 6855: 6850: 6845: 6840: 6834: 6832: 6826: 6825: 6823: 6822: 6817: 6816: 6815: 6805: 6800: 6795: 6790: 6785: 6780: 6775: 6770: 6764: 6762: 6758: 6757: 6755: 6754: 6749: 6744: 6739: 6734: 6729: 6724: 6719: 6714: 6709: 6704: 6699: 6694: 6689: 6684: 6679: 6674: 6669: 6667:Operation RYAN 6664: 6659: 6654: 6644: 6639: 6634: 6629: 6624: 6619: 6614: 6609: 6604: 6599: 6594: 6589: 6584: 6579: 6574: 6572:Able Archer 83 6569: 6564: 6559: 6554: 6549: 6544: 6539: 6534: 6529: 6524: 6519: 6518: 6517: 6507: 6502: 6497: 6488: 6483: 6477: 6475: 6471: 6470: 6468: 6467: 6462: 6457: 6452: 6447: 6442: 6437: 6432: 6427: 6422: 6417: 6412: 6407: 6402: 6397: 6392: 6387: 6382: 6377: 6369: 6364: 6359: 6354: 6349: 6344: 6339: 6334: 6329: 6324: 6322:Oromo conflict 6319: 6314: 6309: 6304: 6299: 6294: 6289: 6284: 6279: 6274: 6269: 6264: 6262:Yom Kippur War 6259: 6254: 6249: 6244: 6239: 6234: 6229: 6224: 6219: 6214: 6209: 6204: 6199: 6194: 6189: 6184: 6179: 6172: 6167: 6162: 6157: 6152: 6147: 6142: 6137: 6132: 6127: 6121: 6119: 6115: 6114: 6112: 6111: 6106: 6101: 6096: 6091: 6086: 6085: 6084: 6074: 6069: 6064: 6059: 6054: 6045: 6040: 6039: 6038: 6028: 6023: 6018: 6013: 6008: 6003: 5998: 5993: 5988: 5983: 5978: 5973: 5968: 5963: 5958: 5953: 5948: 5943: 5938: 5933: 5928: 5923: 5918: 5917: 5916: 5906: 5901: 5896: 5894:Aden Emergency 5891: 5886: 5881: 5876: 5871: 5866: 5861: 5856: 5851: 5846: 5845: 5844: 5839: 5834: 5824: 5819: 5814: 5812:Papua conflict 5809: 5804: 5799: 5794: 5793: 5792: 5782: 5781: 5780: 5770: 5765: 5760: 5755: 5750: 5744: 5742: 5738: 5737: 5735: 5734: 5729: 5728: 5727: 5717: 5715:Kitchen Debate 5712: 5707: 5702: 5697: 5692: 5687: 5682: 5677: 5675:Sputnik crisis 5672: 5667: 5659: 5652: 5647: 5645:Polish October 5642: 5637: 5632: 5625: 5620: 5615: 5610: 5605: 5600: 5595: 5590: 5585: 5577: 5572: 5567: 5562: 5557: 5552: 5547: 5545:Pact of Madrid 5542: 5537: 5532: 5527: 5522: 5517: 5512: 5507: 5502: 5500:Bamboo Curtain 5496: 5494: 5490: 5489: 5487: 5486: 5481: 5476: 5471: 5470: 5469: 5459: 5454: 5449: 5444: 5439: 5434: 5429: 5424: 5419: 5414: 5409: 5404: 5399: 5394: 5393: 5392: 5387: 5382: 5372: 5367: 5362: 5357: 5352: 5347: 5342: 5337: 5332: 5327: 5322: 5317: 5312: 5307: 5299: 5291: 5283: 5278: 5273: 5268: 5260: 5255: 5254: 5253: 5248: 5240: 5227: 5222: 5217: 5212: 5206: 5204: 5200: 5199: 5197: 5196: 5191: 5186: 5181: 5176: 5171: 5166: 5161: 5156: 5149: 5141: 5138: 5137: 5130: 5129: 5122: 5115: 5107: 5101: 5100: 5089: 5088:External links 5086: 5085: 5084: 5078: 5065: 5059: 5042: 5036: 5023: 5017: 5004: 4997: 4990: 4984: 4971: 4965: 4950: 4944: 4931: 4925: 4908: 4902: 4887: 4881: 4866: 4855: 4849: 4831: 4825: 4810: 4804: 4787: 4778: 4772: 4755: 4752: 4751: 4750: 4744: 4729: 4726: 4725: 4724: 4713: 4704: 4698: 4683: 4680: 4678: 4675: 4672: 4671: 4660:on 25 May 2019 4638: 4623: 4608: 4590: 4572: 4554: 4539: 4524: 4504: 4497: 4476: 4467: 4458: 4449: 4440: 4431: 4429:Snepp, p. 279. 4422: 4403: 4394: 4385: 4376: 4367: 4358: 4349: 4340: 4331: 4322: 4313: 4304: 4286: 4277: 4268: 4256: 4244: 4235: 4226: 4219: 4201: 4192: 4183: 4171: 4158: 4156:Nalty, p. 199. 4149: 4140: 4131: 4122: 4110: 4092: 4083: 4074: 4062: 4053: 4044: 4035: 4033:Nalty, p. 276. 4026: 4017: 4008: 3999: 3966: 3956: 3947: 3935: 3926: 3917: 3908: 3890: 3881: 3872: 3863: 3854: 3845: 3829: 3820: 3811: 3802: 3793: 3784: 3764: 3755: 3746: 3731: 3713: 3704: 3695: 3686: 3677: 3668: 3659: 3646: 3633: 3620: 3594: 3582: 3570: 3553: 3546: 3540:. p. 84. 3522: 3463: 3448: 3441: 3419: 3412: 3390: 3381: 3368: 3359: 3346: 3337: 3328: 3319: 3310: 3301: 3289: 3280: 3271: 3262: 3253: 3241: 3232: 3220: 3211: 3202: 3190: 3181: 3172: 3163: 3151: 3139: 3127: 3115: 3106: 3090: 3066: 3051: 3022: 3006: 2999: 2974: 2964: 2938: 2909: 2887: 2868: 2848: 2829: 2797: 2796: 2794: 2791: 2789: 2786: 2783: 2782: 2771: 2770: 2768: 2765: 2764: 2763: 2758: 2753: 2748: 2743: 2736: 2733: 2713: 2710: 2687: 2684: 2682: 2679: 2673: 2670: 2546:Main article: 2543: 2540: 2520:Oriana Fallaci 2466: 2463: 2406: 2403: 2401: 2398: 2360: 2355: 2282: 2281:Opposing sides 2279: 2242: 2239: 2237: 2234: 2214:Khmer Republic 2154: 2153:FUNK and GRUNK 2151: 2121: 2118: 2081: 2078: 2076: 2073: 2042:United Nations 2037:Chester Bowles 2030:Operation Menu 2014:U.S. Air Force 2003:Vietnamization 1980:Operation Menu 1975: 1972: 1936: 1933: 1868: 1865: 1821:(center), and 1778:Sihanouk Trail 1767: 1764: 1762: 1759: 1666:Khmer Republic 1648:(known as the 1609: 1608: 1606: 1605: 1600: 1595: 1590: 1585: 1580: 1575: 1570: 1557: 1556: 1555: 1554: 1549: 1534: 1533: 1525: 1524: 1516: 1513: 1512: 1508:Indochina Wars 1503: 1502: 1495: 1488: 1480: 1472: 1471: 1469: 1468: 1461: 1454: 1446: 1443: 1442: 1429: 1428: 1427: 1426: 1416: 1415: 1413: 1412: 1407: 1402: 1397: 1392: 1387: 1381: 1378: 1377: 1373: 1372: 1370: 1369: 1364: 1359: 1354: 1349: 1344: 1339: 1333: 1330: 1329: 1323: 1322: 1321: 1320: 1315: 1310: 1300: 1298: 1293: 1285: 1284: 1280: 1279: 1277: 1276: 1275: 1274: 1269: 1259: 1254: 1253: 1252: 1247: 1233: 1232: 1231: 1230: 1220: 1219: 1218: 1211:Khmer Republic 1207: 1206: 1205: 1204: 1199: 1194: 1192:Sihanouk Trail 1189: 1178: 1175: 1174: 1170: 1169: 1168: 1167: 1157: 1156: 1155: 1142: 1141: 1137: 1136: 1134: 1133: 1128: 1123: 1118: 1113: 1108: 1103: 1098: 1092: 1089: 1088: 1082: 1081: 1079: 1078: 1077: 1076: 1071: 1066: 1056: 1051: 1045: 1042: 1041: 1035: 1034: 1026: 1025: 1016: 1015: 1008: 1001: 1000: 996: 995: 991: 990: 960: 950:200,000 (1973) 941:100,000 (1972) 913: 912: 908: 907: 839:Hoàng Văn Thái 828:Huỳnh Tấn Phát 806:Nguyễn Hữu Thọ 740:Võ Nguyên Giáp 617: 494:Clark Clifford 439:Sơn Ngọc Thành 349: 348: 344: 343: 341: 340: 328: 316: 303: 302: 301: 289: 275: 274: 261: 248: 246: 244: 243: 231: 219: 207: 195: 192:Khmer Republic 182: 168: 165: 164: 160: 159: 156: 155: 154: 153: 147: 141: 135: 133:Khmer Republic 129: 118: 117: 110: 108: 104: 103: 100:Khmer Republic 94: 92: 88: 87: 76: 68: 67: 49: 48: 42:Indochina Wars 33: 32: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 9431: 9420: 9417: 9415: 9412: 9410: 9407: 9405: 9402: 9400: 9397: 9395: 9392: 9390: 9387: 9385: 9382: 9380: 9377: 9375: 9372: 9370: 9367: 9365: 9362: 9360: 9357: 9355: 9352: 9350: 9347: 9346: 9344: 9329: 9321: 9319: 9311: 9309: 9301: 9300: 9297: 9291: 9288: 9286: 9283: 9281: 9280: 9276: 9274: 9271: 9269: 9266: 9264: 9261: 9259: 9256: 9255: 9253: 9249: 9241: 9238: 9236: 9233: 9231: 9228: 9227: 9225: 9223: 9220: 9216: 9213: 9212: 9211: 9208: 9206: 9203: 9202: 9200: 9196: 9190: 9187: 9185: 9182: 9180: 9177: 9173: 9170: 9169: 9168: 9165: 9163: 9160: 9159: 9157: 9153: 9147: 9144: 9142: 9139: 9135: 9134:POW/MIA issue 9132: 9130: 9127: 9126: 9125: 9122: 9121: 9119: 9115: 9108: 9104: 9100: 9096: 9093: 9091: 9088: 9086: 9083: 9079: 9076: 9074: 9071: 9070: 9069: 9066: 9064: 9061: 9059: 9056: 9054: 9051: 9049: 9046: 9045: 9043: 9039: 9033: 9030: 9028: 9024: 9021: 9019: 9015: 9012: 9010: 9006: 9003: 9001: 8998: 8996: 8992: 8989: 8987: 8983: 8979: 8976: 8974: 8970: 8967: 8964: 8960: 8956: 8955:Tet Offensive 8952: 8949: 8947: 8943: 8940: 8938: 8935: 8933: 8930: 8928: 8924: 8921: 8919: 8918:December coup 8916: 8914: 8910: 8907: 8905: 8901: 8898: 8896: 8893: 8891: 8887: 8884: 8882: 8879: 8877: 8873: 8870: 8869: 8867: 8863: 8857: 8854: 8852: 8849: 8847: 8844: 8842: 8839: 8837: 8834: 8831: 8827: 8823: 8820: 8817: 8814: 8812: 8809: 8807: 8804: 8803: 8801: 8797: 8789: 8786: 8785: 8784: 8781: 8779: 8776: 8774: 8771: 8770: 8768: 8764: 8757: 8754: 8752: 8749: 8747: 8744: 8742: 8739: 8737: 8734: 8732: 8729: 8727: 8726:United States 8724: 8723: 8722: 8719: 8716: 8712: 8711:South Vietnam 8709: 8706: 8702: 8698: 8694: 8693:North Vietnam 8691: 8689: 8685: 8681: 8676: 8672: 8665: 8660: 8658: 8653: 8651: 8646: 8645: 8642: 8630: 8627: 8625: 8622: 8621: 8616: 8612: 8609: 8605: 8604: 8600: 8590: 8587: 8585: 8582: 8580: 8577: 8575: 8574:Ornamentation 8572: 8570: 8567: 8565: 8562: 8560: 8557: 8555: 8552: 8550: 8547: 8545: 8542: 8540: 8537: 8535: 8532: 8530: 8527: 8524: 8523:royal cuisine 8520: 8517: 8515: 8512: 8510: 8507: 8505: 8502: 8500: 8497: 8495: 8492: 8491: 8489: 8487: 8483: 8477: 8474: 8472: 8469: 8467: 8464: 8462: 8459: 8457: 8454: 8452: 8449: 8447: 8444: 8442: 8439: 8437: 8434: 8432: 8429: 8427: 8424: 8420: 8417: 8416: 8415: 8412: 8410: 8407: 8405: 8404:Ethnic groups 8402: 8400: 8397: 8395: 8392: 8390: 8387: 8386: 8383: 8380: 8378: 8374: 8364: 8361: 8359: 8356: 8354: 8351: 8349: 8346: 8344: 8341: 8339: 8333: 8331: 8328: 8326: 8323: 8321: 8318: 8316: 8313: 8311: 8308: 8306: 8303: 8301: 8298: 8297: 8294: 8291: 8289: 8285: 8275: 8272: 8270: 8267: 8265: 8262: 8260: 8257: 8255: 8252: 8250: 8247: 8245: 8242: 8240: 8237: 8235: 8232: 8228: 8225: 8224: 8223: 8220: 8218: 8215: 8213: 8210: 8208: 8205: 8203: 8200: 8199: 8196: 8193: 8191: 8187: 8177: 8174: 8172: 8169: 8167: 8164: 8162: 8159: 8155: 8152: 8151: 8150: 8147: 8145: 8142: 8140: 8137: 8135: 8134:Deforestation 8132: 8130: 8127: 8125: 8122: 8120: 8117: 8115: 8112: 8111: 8108: 8105: 8103: 8099: 8094: 8084: 8081: 8079: 8076: 8074: 8071: 8069: 8066: 8064: 8061: 8059: 8056: 8052: 8049: 8048: 8047: 8044: 8042: 8039: 8037: 8034: 8032: 8028:Sihanouk era 8026: 8022: 8019: 8018: 8017: 8014: 8012: 8009: 8007: 8004: 8002: 7999: 7997: 7994: 7992: 7989: 7987: 7986:Early history 7984: 7982: 7979: 7978: 7976: 7974: 7970: 7966: 7962: 7955: 7950: 7948: 7943: 7941: 7936: 7935: 7932: 7920: 7917: 7915: 7912: 7910: 7907: 7906: 7903: 7897: 7894: 7892: 7889: 7887: 7884: 7882: 7881:War on terror 7879: 7877: 7874: 7872: 7869: 7867: 7864: 7862: 7859: 7858: 7856: 7852: 7846: 7843: 7841: 7838: 7836: 7833: 7831: 7828: 7826: 7823: 7821: 7818: 7816: 7813: 7811: 7808: 7806: 7803: 7801: 7798: 7796: 7793: 7791: 7788: 7786: 7783: 7782: 7780: 7776:Espionage and 7774: 7768: 7765: 7763: 7760: 7758: 7755: 7753: 7750: 7748: 7745: 7743: 7740: 7738: 7735: 7733: 7730: 7728: 7727:Andrew Thorpe 7725: 7723: 7720: 7718: 7715: 7713: 7710: 7708: 7705: 7703: 7700: 7698: 7695: 7693: 7690: 7688: 7685: 7683: 7680: 7678: 7675: 7673: 7670: 7668: 7665: 7663: 7660: 7658: 7655: 7653: 7650: 7648: 7645: 7643: 7640: 7638: 7635: 7633: 7630: 7628: 7625: 7623: 7622:Gabriel Kolko 7620: 7618: 7615: 7613: 7610: 7608: 7605: 7603: 7600: 7598: 7595: 7593: 7590: 7588: 7587:Fred Halliday 7585: 7583: 7580: 7578: 7575: 7573: 7572:Lloyd Gardner 7570: 7568: 7565: 7563: 7560: 7558: 7555: 7553: 7550: 7548: 7545: 7543: 7540: 7538: 7535: 7533: 7532:Norman Davies 7530: 7528: 7525: 7523: 7520: 7518: 7517:John Costello 7515: 7513: 7510: 7508: 7505: 7503: 7500: 7498: 7495: 7493: 7490: 7488: 7485: 7484: 7482: 7478: 7472: 7469: 7467: 7464: 7462: 7459: 7458: 7456: 7452:Technological 7450: 7440: 7437: 7435: 7432: 7431: 7428: 7425: 7423: 7422: 7418: 7416: 7413: 7411: 7410: 7406: 7405: 7403: 7399: 7393: 7392: 7388: 7386: 7383: 7381: 7380: 7376: 7374: 7373: 7369: 7367: 7364: 7362: 7361: 7357: 7355: 7354: 7350: 7348: 7347: 7343: 7341: 7338: 7337: 7335: 7333:Pro-communist 7331: 7328: 7324: 7318: 7315: 7313: 7310: 7308: 7305: 7303: 7300: 7298: 7295: 7293: 7290: 7288: 7285: 7283: 7280: 7278: 7275: 7273: 7270: 7268: 7265: 7264: 7262: 7260:Organizations 7258: 7248: 7245: 7243: 7240: 7238: 7235: 7233: 7230: 7228: 7225: 7223: 7220: 7218: 7215: 7213: 7210: 7208: 7205: 7203: 7200: 7198: 7195: 7193: 7190: 7188: 7185: 7183: 7180: 7178: 7175: 7173: 7170: 7168: 7165: 7163: 7160: 7158: 7155: 7153: 7150: 7148: 7145: 7143: 7140: 7138: 7135: 7133: 7130: 7129: 7127: 7123: 7117: 7114: 7112: 7109: 7107: 7104: 7102: 7099: 7097: 7094: 7092: 7091: 7087: 7085: 7082: 7080: 7077: 7075: 7074:Eurocommunism 7072: 7070: 7067: 7065: 7062: 7060: 7057: 7056: 7054: 7052: 7048: 7042: 7039: 7037: 7034: 7032: 7029: 7027: 7024: 7022: 7019: 7017: 7014: 7012: 7009: 7005: 7002: 7001: 7000: 6997: 6995: 6992: 6990: 6987: 6986: 6984: 6982: 6978: 6975: 6971: 6965: 6962: 6960: 6957: 6955: 6952: 6950: 6947: 6945: 6942: 6940: 6937: 6935: 6932: 6930: 6927: 6925: 6922: 6920: 6917: 6915: 6912: 6910: 6907: 6905: 6904:Domino theory 6902: 6900: 6897: 6895: 6892: 6890: 6887: 6886: 6884: 6880: 6874: 6871: 6869: 6866: 6864: 6861: 6859: 6858:South Ossetia 6856: 6854: 6851: 6849: 6846: 6844: 6841: 6839: 6836: 6835: 6833: 6831: 6827: 6821: 6818: 6814: 6811: 6810: 6809: 6806: 6804: 6801: 6799: 6796: 6794: 6791: 6789: 6786: 6784: 6781: 6779: 6776: 6774: 6771: 6769: 6766: 6765: 6763: 6759: 6753: 6750: 6748: 6745: 6743: 6740: 6738: 6735: 6733: 6730: 6728: 6725: 6723: 6720: 6718: 6715: 6713: 6710: 6708: 6705: 6703: 6700: 6698: 6695: 6693: 6690: 6688: 6685: 6683: 6680: 6678: 6675: 6673: 6670: 6668: 6665: 6663: 6660: 6658: 6655: 6652: 6648: 6645: 6643: 6642:8888 Uprising 6640: 6638: 6635: 6633: 6630: 6628: 6625: 6623: 6620: 6618: 6615: 6613: 6610: 6608: 6605: 6603: 6600: 6598: 6595: 6593: 6590: 6588: 6587:Iran–Iraq War 6585: 6583: 6580: 6578: 6575: 6573: 6570: 6568: 6565: 6563: 6560: 6558: 6555: 6553: 6552:Falklands War 6550: 6548: 6545: 6543: 6540: 6538: 6535: 6533: 6530: 6528: 6525: 6523: 6520: 6516: 6513: 6512: 6511: 6508: 6506: 6503: 6501: 6498: 6496: 6492: 6489: 6487: 6484: 6482: 6479: 6478: 6476: 6472: 6466: 6463: 6461: 6458: 6456: 6453: 6451: 6448: 6446: 6443: 6441: 6438: 6436: 6433: 6431: 6428: 6426: 6423: 6421: 6418: 6416: 6415:NDF Rebellion 6413: 6411: 6408: 6406: 6403: 6401: 6398: 6396: 6395:German Autumn 6393: 6391: 6388: 6386: 6383: 6381: 6378: 6376: 6375: 6370: 6368: 6365: 6363: 6360: 6358: 6355: 6353: 6350: 6348: 6345: 6343: 6340: 6338: 6335: 6333: 6330: 6328: 6325: 6323: 6320: 6318: 6315: 6313: 6310: 6308: 6305: 6303: 6300: 6298: 6295: 6293: 6290: 6288: 6285: 6283: 6282:Metapolitefsi 6280: 6278: 6275: 6273: 6270: 6268: 6265: 6263: 6260: 6258: 6255: 6253: 6250: 6248: 6245: 6243: 6240: 6238: 6235: 6233: 6230: 6228: 6225: 6223: 6220: 6218: 6215: 6213: 6210: 6208: 6205: 6203: 6200: 6198: 6195: 6193: 6190: 6188: 6185: 6183: 6180: 6178: 6177: 6173: 6171: 6168: 6166: 6163: 6161: 6158: 6156: 6153: 6151: 6148: 6146: 6143: 6141: 6138: 6136: 6133: 6131: 6128: 6126: 6123: 6122: 6120: 6116: 6110: 6107: 6105: 6102: 6100: 6097: 6095: 6092: 6090: 6087: 6083: 6080: 6079: 6078: 6075: 6073: 6070: 6068: 6065: 6063: 6060: 6058: 6055: 6053: 6051: 6046: 6044: 6043:Prague Spring 6041: 6037: 6034: 6033: 6032: 6029: 6027: 6024: 6022: 6021:Al-Wadiah War 6019: 6017: 6014: 6012: 6009: 6007: 6004: 6002: 5999: 5997: 5994: 5992: 5989: 5987: 5986:12-3 incident 5984: 5982: 5979: 5977: 5974: 5972: 5969: 5967: 5964: 5962: 5959: 5957: 5954: 5952: 5949: 5947: 5944: 5942: 5939: 5937: 5934: 5932: 5929: 5927: 5924: 5922: 5919: 5915: 5912: 5911: 5910: 5907: 5905: 5902: 5900: 5897: 5895: 5892: 5890: 5887: 5885: 5882: 5880: 5877: 5875: 5872: 5870: 5867: 5865: 5862: 5860: 5857: 5855: 5852: 5850: 5847: 5843: 5840: 5838: 5835: 5833: 5830: 5829: 5828: 5825: 5823: 5820: 5818: 5815: 5813: 5810: 5808: 5805: 5803: 5800: 5798: 5795: 5791: 5788: 5787: 5786: 5783: 5779: 5776: 5775: 5774: 5771: 5769: 5766: 5764: 5761: 5759: 5756: 5754: 5751: 5749: 5746: 5745: 5743: 5739: 5733: 5730: 5726: 5723: 5722: 5721: 5718: 5716: 5713: 5711: 5708: 5706: 5703: 5701: 5698: 5696: 5693: 5691: 5688: 5686: 5683: 5681: 5678: 5676: 5673: 5671: 5668: 5666: 5665: 5660: 5657: 5653: 5651: 5648: 5646: 5643: 5641: 5638: 5636: 5633: 5630: 5626: 5624: 5621: 5619: 5616: 5614: 5611: 5609: 5606: 5604: 5601: 5599: 5596: 5594: 5591: 5589: 5586: 5584: 5583: 5578: 5576: 5573: 5571: 5568: 5566: 5565:Domino theory 5563: 5561: 5560:Petrov Affair 5558: 5556: 5553: 5551: 5548: 5546: 5543: 5541: 5538: 5536: 5533: 5531: 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2702: 2697: 2694: 2678: 2669: 2667: 2663: 2659: 2654: 2651: 2645: 2643: 2639: 2635: 2630: 2626: 2622: 2614: 2613: 2606: 2601: 2596: 2593: 2588: 2586: 2585:coup de grace 2580: 2576: 2572: 2566:in April 1975 2565: 2560: 2555: 2549: 2539: 2537: 2533: 2529: 2523: 2521: 2517: 2511: 2507: 2503: 2501: 2493: 2489: 2484: 2480: 2477: 2471: 2462: 2458: 2455: 2450: 2446: 2443: 2438: 2430: 2426: 2421: 2417: 2412: 2397: 2395: 2391: 2385: 2383: 2380: 2371: 2366: 2359: 2353: 2349: 2347: 2341: 2337: 2335: 2329: 2326: 2325:Douglas AC-47 2322: 2318: 2314: 2308: 2304: 2300: 2297: 2293: 2287: 2278: 2276: 2271: 2267: 2264: 2259: 2255: 2253: 2249: 2233: 2229: 2226: 2222: 2217: 2215: 2210: 2205: 2203: 2197: 2195: 2191: 2187: 2183: 2178: 2174: 2171: 2170:Phạm Văn Đồng 2166: 2164: 2160: 2150: 2147: 2143: 2138: 2136: 2130: 2127: 2117: 2115: 2111: 2105: 2102: 2097: 2092: 2087: 2072: 2070: 2066: 2062: 2056: 2052: 2049: 2045: 2043: 2038: 2033: 2031: 2027: 2023: 2019: 2015: 2011: 2006: 2004: 2000: 1999:Richard Nixon 1996: 1991: 1985: 1981: 1971: 1967: 1963: 1961: 1957: 1953: 1949: 1942: 1932: 1930: 1929: 1928:Khmers rouges 1924: 1918: 1916: 1912: 1908: 1907:Khieu Samphan 1904: 1900: 1896: 1892: 1888: 1883: 1881: 1874: 1864: 1862: 1858: 1854: 1849: 1847: 1843: 1839: 1834: 1832: 1824: 1820: 1816: 1811: 1807: 1805: 1800: 1799:Sihanoukville 1794: 1791: 1790: 1785: 1779: 1773: 1758: 1756: 1752: 1748: 1744: 1740: 1735: 1731: 1729: 1725: 1720: 1716: 1712: 1710: 1706: 1702: 1698: 1694: 1693:North Vietnam 1690: 1686: 1685:South Vietnam 1682: 1677: 1675: 1674:South Vietnam 1671: 1670:United States 1667: 1663: 1659: 1655: 1654:North Vietnam 1651: 1647: 1643: 1639: 1634: 1629: 1621: 1617: 1604: 1601: 1599: 1596: 1594: 1591: 1589: 1586: 1584: 1581: 1579: 1576: 1574: 1571: 1569: 1566: 1565: 1564: 1563: 1562: 1553: 1550: 1548: 1545: 1544: 1543: 1542: 1541: 1540: 1539: 1532: 1531: 1527: 1526: 1523: 1522: 1518: 1517: 1514: 1509: 1501: 1496: 1494: 1489: 1487: 1482: 1481: 1478: 1467: 1462: 1460: 1455: 1453: 1448: 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1046: 1044: 1043: 1040: 1039:Early history 1037: 1036: 1032: 1028: 1027: 1024: 1018: 1017: 1012: 1007: 1006: 997: 992: 985: 978:70,000 (1972) 975: 966: 961: 959:50,000 (1974) 956: 947: 938: 932:35,000 (1970) 929: 923:30,000 (1968) 920: 915: 914: 909: 906: 895: 884: 883:Souphanouvong 873: 862: 851: 840: 829: 818: 807: 796: 795:Phạm Văn Đồng 785: 774: 773:Văn Tiến Dũng 763: 752: 751:Tôn Đức Thắng 741: 730: 718: 706: 694: 683: 672: 661: 650: 639: 638:Khieu Samphan 628: 618: 616: 605: 594: 583: 572: 561: 560:Nguyễn Hữu Có 550: 539: 538:Nguyễn Cao Kỳ 528: 517: 506: 495: 484: 473: 462: 451: 450:Richard Nixon 440: 429: 418: 407: 396: 385: 373: 361: 351: 350: 345: 339: 334: 329: 327: 322: 317: 315: 314:North Vietnam 310: 305: 304: 300: 295: 290: 288: 283: 278: 277: 272: 267: 262: 260: 255: 250: 249: 247: 242: 237: 232: 230: 229:South Vietnam 225: 220: 218: 217:United States 213: 208: 206: 201: 196: 193: 188: 183: 180: 175: 170: 169: 167: 166: 161: 152: 148: 146: 142: 140: 136: 134: 130: 128: 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Paris: 2793:Citations 2666:Year Zero 2610:USS 2516:Ieng Sary 2500:peap prey 2425:Siem Reap 2394:Chenla II 2358:Chenla II 2334:Guangzhou 2250:or FANK ( 2080:Overthrow 2061:Nuon Chea 1891:rebellion 1658:Viet Cong 1638:civil war 1521:Masterdom 1342:1997 coup 1202:1970 coup 850:Phạm Hùng 660:Nuon Chea 649:Ieng Sary 417:Um Savuth 326:Viet Cong 9308:Category 9215:Protests 9184:Veterans 9041:Conflict 8959:Khe Sanh 8731:Thailand 8624:Category 8544:Keyboard 8509:Clothing 8446:Religion 8419:HIV/AIDS 8409:Gambling 8254:Monarchy 8249:Military 8190:Politics 8171:Wildlife 7981:Timeline 7965:articles 7961:Cambodia 7919:Timeline 7909:Category 7854:See also 7346:Izvestia 7187:Islamism 7084:Hoxhaism 6959:Rollback 6838:Abkhazia 6778:Gulf War 6682:Glasnost 6052:incident 5822:Sand War 5680:Ifni War 5189:Rio Pact 5134:Cold War 4837:(1983). 4565:(2002). 4099:General 3741:42968022 3612:Archived 3517:Archived 3496:21 April 3487:Archived 3085:Archived 3038:Archived 2874:Archived 2835:Archived 2735:See also 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Lai 8865:Events 8629:Portal 8504:Cinema 8414:Health 8325:Mining 8315:Energy 8166:Rivers 8124:Cities 7996:Chenla 7963: 7360:Pravda 7162:Racism 7101:Maoism 6853:Kosovo 6374:Condor 6050:Pueblo 6036:May 68 5664:Gladio 5582:Tuapse 5245:Jungle 5237:Priboi 5076: 5057: 5034: 5015: 4982: 4963: 4942: 4923: 4900: 4879: 4847: 4823: 4802: 4770: 4742: 4696: 4664:16 May 4495: 4217: 3985:, and 3739: 3729: 3544: 3439: 3410: 2997: 2962: 2907: 2866: 2827: 2600:value. 2432:today. 2346:Kratié 2146:Saigon 2012:, the 1952:Maoist 1923:maquis 1915:Hu Nim 1913:, and 1887:France 1697:Moscow 1628:UNGEGN 1538:Second 1064:Angkor 1054:Chenla 1013:on the 671:Ta Mok 107:Result 40:, the 9285:SEATO 9240:Songs 9235:Games 8615:Index 8584:Sport 8569:Music 8564:Media 8529:Dance 8476:Youth 8451:Women 8389:Crime 8335:Riel 8259:Motto 8149:Lakes 8078:UNTAC 7845:Stasi 7312:SAARC 7307:ASEAN 7272:SEATO 7125:Other 7090:Juche 6848:Korea 6761:1990s 6474:1980s 6118:1970s 5741:1960s 5493:1950s 5203:1940s 5184:NEATO 5179:SEATO 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