Cypriot intercommunal violence

516:, was expected to propose a plan to resolve the Cyprus issue. In light of the new development, the Turks rioted in Nicosia to promote the idea that Greek and Turkish Cypriots could not live together and therefore any plan that did not include partition would not be viable. This violence was soon followed by bombing, Greek Cypriot deaths and looting of Greek Cypriot-owned shops and houses. Greek and Turkish Cypriots started to flee mixed population villages where they were a minority in search of safety. This was effectively the beginning of the segregation of the two communities. On 7 June 1958, a bomb exploded at the entrance of the Turkish Embassy in Cyprus. Following the bombing, Turkish Cypriots looted Greek Cypriot properties. On 26 June 1984, the Turkish Cypriot leader, 2579: 972:

the economic situation many Turkish-Cypriot decided to leave the island, however their departure is made up by incoming Turkish settlers leaving the population ratio between Turkish Cypriots and Greek Cypriots stable. However all these points where criticised and as seen in the vote rejected mainly by the Greek Cypriots. These name the dissolution of the „Republic of Cyprus", economic consequences of a reunion and the remaining Turkish settlers as reason. Many claim that the plan was indeed drawing more from Turkish-Cypriot demands then Greek-Cypriot interests. Taking in consideration that the US wanted to keep Turkey as a strategic partner in future Middle Eastern conflicts.

2545: 673:, called for the removal of undesirable elements of the constitution so as to allow power-sharing to work. The plan envisaged a swift retaliatory attack on Turkish Cypriot strongholds should Turkish Cypriots resort to violence to resist the measures, stating "In the event of a planned or staged Turkish attack, it is imperative to overcome it by force in the shortest possible time, because if we succeed in gaining command of the situation (in one or two days), no outside, intervention would be either justified or possible." Whether Makarios's proposals were part of the Akritas plan is unclear, however it remains that sentiment towards 795:, provided with arms, volunteers and materials from Turkey and abroad. Seeing this incursion of foreign weapons and troops as a major threat, the Cypriot government invited George Grivas to return from Greece as commander of the Greek troops on the island and launch a major attack on the bridgehead. Turkey retaliated by dispatching its fighter jets to bomb Greek positions, causing Makarios to threaten an attack on every Turkish Cypriot village on the island if the bombings did not cease. The conflict had now drawn in Greece and Turkey, with both countries amassing troops on their Thracian borders. Efforts at mediation by 2776: 967:

plan, however the Greek Cypriots voted with a 76% majority against. The Annan plan contained multiple important topics. Firstly it established a confederation of two separate states called the United Cyprus Republic. Both communities would have autonomous states combined under one unified government. The members of parliament would be chosen according to the percentage in population numbers to ensure a just involvement from both communities. The paper proposed a demilitarisation of the island over the next years. Furthermore it agreed upon a number of 45000

3218: 715:, when a Greek Cypriot policemen that had been called to help deal with a taxi driver refusing officers already on the scene access to check the identification documents of his customers, took out his gun upon arrival and shot and killed the taxi driver and his partner. Eric Solsten summarised the events as follows: "a Greek Cypriot police patrol, ostensibly checking identification documents, stopped a Turkish Cypriot couple on the edge of the Turkish quarter. A hostile crowd gathered, shots were fired, and two Turkish Cypriots were killed." 776:(UNFICYP) in 1964. Despite the negotiated ceasefire in Nicosia, attacks on the Turkish Cypriot persisted, particularly in Limassol. Concerned about the possibility of a Turkish invasion, Makarios undertook the creation of a Greek Cypriot conscript-based army called the "National Guard". A general from Greece took charge of the army, whilst a further 20,000 well-equipped officers and men were smuggled from Greece into Cyprus. Turkey threatened to intervene once more, but was prevented by a strongly worded letter from the American President 106: 144: 662:, which would have had the effect of resolving most of the issues in the Greek Cypriot favour. Under the proposals, the President and Vice-President would lose their veto, the separate municipalities as sought after by the Turkish Cypriots would be abandoned, the need for separate majorities by both communities in passing legislation would be discarded and the civil service contribution would be set at actual population ratios (82:18) instead of the slightly higher figure for Turkish Cypriots. 595:, respectively. The new constitution drew heavily on the ethnic composition of the island. The President would be a Greek Cypriot, and the Vice-President a Turkish Cypriot with an equal veto. The contribution to the public service would be set at a ratio of 70:30, and the Supreme Court would consist of an equal number of judges from both communities as well as an independent judge who was not Greek, Turkish or British. The Zurich Agreements were supplemented by a number of treaties. The 3819: 2742: 248: 237: 158: 194: 39: 225: 214: 123: 925:. This expansion of Turkish-occupied zone violated International Law as well as the Charter of the United Nations. Turkish troops managed to capture 3% of the island which was accompanied by the burning of the Turkish Cypriot quarter, as well as the raping and killing of women and children. A temporary cease-fire followed which was mitigated by the UN Security Council. Subsequently, the 439:, the leader of EOKA, did not initially wish to open up a new front by fighting Turkish Cypriots and reassured them that EOKA would not harm their people. In 1956, some Turkish Cypriot policemen were killed by EOKA members and this provoked some intercommunal violence in the spring and summer, but these attacks on policemen were not motivated by the fact that they were Turkish Cypriots. 432:

will be taken over by the Turks", and that "Turkey cannot tolerate otherwise". This perspective contributed to the willingness of Turkish Cypriots to align themselves with the British, who started recruiting Turkish Cypriots into the police force that patrolled Cyprus to fight EOKA, a Greek Cypriot nationalist organisation that sought to rid the island of British rule.

1421: 722:, without incident. On the evening of the 22nd, gunfire broke out, communication lines to the Turkish neighbourhoods were cut, and the Greek Cypriot police occupied the nearby airport. On the 23rd, a ceasefire was negotiated, but did not hold. Fighting, including automatic weapons fire, between Greek and Turkish Cypriots and militias increased in Nicosia and 505:) paramilitary group to promote partition and the annexation of Cyprus to Turkey as dictated by the Menderes plan. Volkan initially consisted of roughly 100 members, with the stated aim of raising awareness in Turkey of the Cyprus issue and courting military training and support for Turkish Cypriot fighters from the Turkish government. 864:

Cypriot enclaves be lifted. Grivas was recalled by the Athens Junta and the 12,000 Greek troops were withdrawn. Makarios now attempted to consolidate his position by reducing the number of National Guard troops, and by creating a paramilitary force loyal to Cypriot independence. In 1968, acknowledging that

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Greek Cypriots however believe the amendments were a necessity stemming from a perceived attempt by Turkish Cypriots to frustrate the working of government. Turkish Cypriots saw it as a means to reduce their status within the state from one of co-founder to that of minority, seeing it as a first step

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was deployed in the streets. Greek Cypriot stores were burned and their neighbourhoods attacked. Following the events, the Greek Cypriot leadership spread the propaganda that the riots had merely been an act of Turkish Cypriot aggression. Such events created chaos and drove the communities apart both

975:

A week after the failed referendum the Republic of Cyprus joined the EU. In multiple instances the EU tried to promote trade with Northern Cyprus but without internationally recognised ports this spiked a grand debate. Both side endure their intention of negotiations, however without the prospect of

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Within three years tensions between the two communities in administrative affairs began to show. In particular disputes over separate municipalities and taxation created a deadlock in government. A constitutional court ruled in 1963 Makarios had failed to uphold article 173 of the constitution which

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that could remain on the island. These settlers became a very important issue concerning peace talks. Originally the Turkish government encouraged Turks to settle in Cyprus providing transfer and property, to establish a counterpart to the Greek Cypriot population due to their 1 to 5 minority. With

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was formulated. In 2004 the fifth version agreed upon from both sides and with the endorsement of Turkey, US, UK and EU then was presented to the public and was given a referendum in both Cypriot communities to assure the legitimisation of the resolution. The Turkish Cypriots voted with 65% for the

807:

had failed, all the while the division of the two communities becoming more apparent. Greek Cypriot forces were estimated at some 30,000, including the National Guard and the large contingent from Greece. Defending the Turkish Cypriot enclaves was a force of approximately 5,000 irregulars, led by a

742:

Further ceasefires were arranged between the two sides, but also failed. By Christmas Eve, the 24th, Britain, Greece, and Turkey had joined talks, with all sides calling for a truce. On Christmas day, Turkish fighter jets overflew Nicosia in a show of support. Finally it was agreed to allow a force

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The new constitution brought dissatisfaction to Greek Cypriots, who felt it to be highly unjust for them, since although they made up 77.1% of the island's population, had lived on the island for over 3,000 years, and paid 92.5% of Direct & Indirect and 94% of Income taxes, the new constitution

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in 1997 new hopes arose for a fresh start. International involvement from sides of the US and UK, wanting a solution to the Cyprus dispute prior to the EU accession led to political pressures for new talks. The believe that an accession without a solution would threaten Greek-Turkish relations and

431:

By the mid-1950s, the "Cyprus is Turkish" party, movement, and slogan gained force in both Cyprus and Turkey. In a 1954 editorial, Turkish Cypriot leader Dr. Fazil Kuchuk expressed the sentiment that the Turkish youth had grown up with the idea that "as soon as Great Britain leaves the island, it

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by the United Nations, which divided the island into two zones through the 'Green Line' and put an end to the Turkish invasion. Although Turkey announced that the occupied areas of Cyprus to be called the Federated Turkish State in 1975, it is not legitimised on a worldwide political scale. The

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The military junta in Athens saw Makarios as an obstacle. Makarios's failure to disband the National Guard, whose officer class was dominated by mainland Greeks, had meant the junta had practical control over the Cypriot military establishment, leaving Makarios isolated and a vulnerable target.

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By the time of his withdrawal 26 Turkish Cypriots had been killed. Turkey replied with an ultimatum demanding that Grivas be removed from the island, that the troops smuggled from Greece in excess of the limits of the Treaty of Alliance be removed, and that the economic blockades on the Turkish

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forces. In order to divert the attention of the Crown forces, EOKA members started to target Turkish Cypriot policemen intentionally in the towns, so that Turkish Cypriots would riot against the Greek Cypriots and the security forces would have to be diverted to the towns to restore order. The

416:

for Turkish Cypriots). Also, Lindlay wrote that "the merging of church, schools/education, and politics in divisive and nationalistic ways" had played a crucial role in creation of havoc in Cyprus' history. Attalides Michael also pointed to the opposing nationalisms as the cause of the Cyprus

385:

Turkey actively promoted the idea that on the island of Cyprus two distinctive communities existed, and sidestepped its former claim that "the people of Cyprus were all Turkish subjects". In doing so, Turkey's aim to have self-determination of two to-be equal communities in effect led to

447:

killing of a Turkish Cypriot policeman on 19 January, when a power station was bombed, and the injury of three others, provoked three days of intercommunal violence in Nicosia. The two communities targeted each other in reprisals, at least one Greek Cypriot was killed and the

976:

any new compromises or agreements the UN is unwilling to start the process again. Since 2004 negotiations took place in numbers but without any results, both sides are strongly holding on to their position without an agreeable solution in sight that would suit both parties.

820:

UNFICYP carried out a detailed survey of all damage to properties throughout the island during the disturbances; it shows that in 109 villages, most of them Turkish-Cypriot or mixed villages, 527 houses have been destroyed while 2,000 others have suffered damage from

743:

of 2,700 British soldiers to help enforce a ceasefire. In the next days, a "buffer zone" was created in Nicosia, and a British officer marked a line on a map with green ink, separating the two sides of the city, which was the beginning of the "

738:

and engaged in heavy firing on armed, as well as by some accounts unarmed, Turkish Cypriots. The Omorphita clash has been described by Turkish Cypriots as a massacre, while this view has generally not been acknowledged by Greek Cypriots.

658:

called for the establishment of separate municipalities for Turkish Cypriots. Makarios subsequently declared his intention to ignore the judgement, resulting in the West German judge resigning from his position. Makarios proposed

844:. This caused tensions with the junta in Greece as well as George Grivas in Cyprus. Grivas's control over the National Guard and Greek contingent was seen as a threat to Makarios's position, who now feared a possible coup. The 882:

After 1967 tensions between the Greek and Turkish Cypriots subsided. Instead, the main source of tension on the island came from factions within the Greek Cypriot community. Although Makarios had effectively abandoned

590:

Britain resolved to solve the dispute by creating an independent Cyprus. In 1959, all involved parties signed the Zurich Agreements: Britain, Turkey, Greece, and the Greek and Turkish Cypriot leaders, Makarios and Dr.

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on suspicion of preparing an attack on the Turkish quarter of Skylloura, were killed in a suspected attack by Turkish Cypriot locals, near the village of Geunyeli, having been ordered to walk back to their village of

1817:

The trade of the Turkish community had considerably declined during the period, due to the existing situation, and unemployment reached a very high level as approximately 25,000 Turkish Cypriots had become

371:, to be addressed by the transfer of thousands of Turks from mainland Turkey so that Greek Cypriots would cease to be the majority. When Erim visited Cyprus as the Turkish representative, he was advised by 367:, the division of the island. Due to the Turkish Cypriots' support for the British, EOKA's leader, Georgios Grivas, declared them to be enemies. The fact that the Turks were a minority was, according to 576:

and requested for Cyprus to remain a colony, he replied: "You should not be asking for colonialism at this day and age, you should be asking for Cyprus be returned to Turkey, its former owner".

868:

was now all but impossible, Makarios stated, "A solution by necessity must be sought within the limits of what is feasible which does not always coincide with the limits of what is desirable."

572:, Menderes replied: "You should go to the British foreign minister and request the status quo be prolonged, Cyprus to remain as a British colony". When the Turkish Cypriots visited the British 349:, systematically targeted British colonial authorities. One of the effects of EOKA's campaign was to alter the Turkish position from demanding full reincorporation into Turkey to a demand for 3157: 3930: 3371: 954:

resulted in a rise of inter-communal tensions and made it increasingly hard to find mutual understanding. With Cyprus' interest of a possible EU membership and a new UN Secretary-General

634:

to Turkish Cypriots, who made up 18.2% of the island's population, who had lived on the island for just under 400 years, and paid 7.5% of Direct & Indirect and 5% of Income taxes.

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On his arrival, Grivas began by establishing a nationalist paramilitary group known as the National Organization of Cypriot Fighters (Ethniki Organosis Kyprion Agoniston B or

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stated that secession or union with any state was forbidden, and that Greece, Turkey and Britain would be given guarantor status to intervene if that was violated. The

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In the years after the Turkish invasion of northern Cyprus one can observe a history of failed talks between the two parties. The 1983 declaration of the independent

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replaced Sir John Harding as the British Governor of Cyprus. Foot suggested five to seven years of self-government before any final decision. His plan rejected both

2502:

An independent and comprehensive website dedicated to the Cyprus conflict, containing a detailed narrative as well as documents, reports and eye-witness accounts.

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In total 364 Turkish Cypriots and 174 Greek Cypriots were killed during the violence. 25,000 Turkish Cypriots from 103-109 villages fled and were displaced into

887:

in favour of an 'attainable solution', many others continued to believe that the only legitimate political aspiration for Greek Cypriots was union with Greece.

568:. The Turkish Cypriot leadership visited Menderes to discuss the Cyprus issue. When asked how the Turkish Cypriots should respond to the Greek Cypriot claim of 524:

that the bomb was placed by the Turks themselves in order to create tension. On 9 January 1995, Rauf Denktaş repeated his claim to the famous Turkish newspaper

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The Inter-State Application under the European Convention on Human Rights: Between Collective Enforcement of Human Rights and International Dispute Settlement

4437: 2730: 1548: 1496:"Cyprus Critical History Archive: Reconsidering the culture of violence in Cyprus, 1955-64 | What Greeks and Turks contribute to the government revenue" 1983: 4469: 5192: 4442: 2526: 1999: 1571: 5148: 392:

partition of the island. This could be justified to the international community against the will of the majority Greek population of the island. Dr.

359:) within the Turkish Cypriot community, as its members feared that they would be forced to leave the island in such a case as had been the case with 1285:

Crawshaw, Nancy. The Cyprus revolt : an account of the struggle for union with Greece. London : Boston : G. Allen & Unwin, 1978.

5238: 3287: 1213: 307:, an island lying in the eastern Mediterranean, hosted a population of Greeks and Turks (four-fifths and one-fifth, respectively), who lived under 772:

Turkey had by now readied its fleet and its fighter jets appeared over Nicosia. Turkey was dissuaded from direct involvement by the creation of a

280:

of 1955–59 during British rule, the post-independence Cyprus crisis of 1963–64, and the Cyprus crisis of 1967. Hostilities culminated in the 1974

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Prolonged conflicts are listed in the decade when initiated; ongoing conflicts are marked italic, and conflicts with +100,000 killed with bold.

4464: 2692: 2688: 939: 930: 4502: 2519: 1443: 2541: 840:. Makarios, not wishing to become part of a military dictatorship or trigger a Turkish invasion, began to distance himself from the goal of 4881: 3839: 3487: 375: 933:

was broken after Turkey attacked a second time and managed to get a hold of 37% of Cyprus territory. The Island of Cyprus was appointed a

5166: 4355: 2657: 2568: 1049: 1041: 773: 4995: 2227:"Power-sharing and its discontents: Dysfunctional constitutional arrangements and the failure of the Annan plan for a reunified Cyprus" 471:

on 27 and 28 January 1958 rejecting the proposed plan because the plan did not include partition. The British then withdrew the plan.

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in 1964, threats, shootings and attempts of arson were committed against the Turkish Cypriots to force them out of their homes. The

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The crisis reached a climax on 12 June 1958, when eight Greeks, out of an armed group of thirty five arrested by soldiers of the

494:, against activities of EOKA. The organisation later attempted to grow into a national scale, but failed to gain public support. 4985: 1061:

Sachenko, Daria (2012). The Making of Informal States: Statebuilding in Northern Cyprus and Transdniestria. Palgrave Macmillan.

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contingents to be stationed on the island, and the Treaty of Establishment gave Britain sovereignty over two military bases in

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began looking for a way to extricate Britain from the situation. To this end, the Eden ministry resolved to temper demands for

5174: 4381: 3023: 3019: 2412: 2157: 1771: 1645: 1611: 681:". Preparations for conflict were not entirely absent from Turkish Cypriots either, with right wing elements still believing 564:

to publicly express their support for Turkish-Cypriot cause, which they estimated would ensure the issue would not reach the

4799: 1517: 3516: 3170: 3086: 2716: 2652: 2647: 2563: 2549: 1140: 934: 744: 509: 285: 921:

During the first Turkish invasion, Turkish troops invaded Cyprus territory on 20 July 1974, invoking its rights under the

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However, in January 1957, Grivas changed his policy as his forces in the mountains became increasingly pressured by the

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By 1958, signs of dissatisfaction with the British increased on both sides, with a group of Turkish Cypriots forming

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Contemporary newspapers also reported on the forceful exodus of the Turkish Cypriots from their homes. According to

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overthrew the democratically elected government of Greece, and began applying pressure on Makarios to achieve

78: 4975: 4616: 4408: 4168: 3854: 3292: 2887: 341:, union with Greece, led to armed resistance, organised by the National Organization of Cypriot Struggle, or 315:

played a prominent political role among the Greek Cypriot community, a privilege that it acquired during the

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In the morning after the shooting, crowds gathered in protest in Northern Nicosia, likely encouraged by the

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had not completely disappeared with independence. Makarios described independence as "a step on the road to

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United Nations called for the international recognition of independence for the Republic of Cyprus in the

5322: 5185: 4765: 4553: 4431: 4415: 4093: 3942: 3649: 3564: 3523: 2962: 2952: 2947: 2942: 2937: 2927: 2917: 2907: 2851: 2846: 2795: 2790: 2746: 2499: 408:, spotted the roots of intercommunal violence to different visions among the two communities of Cyprus ( 5090: 5055: 4891: 4886: 4864: 4759: 4639: 4611: 4558: 4255: 4100: 4061: 3779: 3538: 3528: 3269: 2957: 2932: 2866: 2836: 2826: 2765: 2621: 1979: 951: 922: 911: 596: 289: 84: 929:

collapsed on July 23, 1974, and peace talks commenced in which a democratic government was installed.

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An armed conflict was triggered after December 21, 1963, a period remembered by Turkish Cypriots as

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has continued, with various attempts to solve it diplomatically having been generally unsuccessful.

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Lindley, Dan (2007). "Historical, Tactical, and Strategic Lessons from the Partition of Cyprus".

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Turkey and the European Union: Domestic Politics, Economic Integration and International Dynamics

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Apeyitou, Elena (2010). "Turkish-Cypriot nationalism: its history and development (1571–1960)".

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As Turkish Cypriots began to look to Turkey for protection, Greek Cypriots soon understood that

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in the late nineteenth-century and the first half of the twentieth-century. Christian Orthodox

4324: 1930: 1831: 1635: 1255: 1077: 4970: 4783: 4522: 4386: 4022: 4007: 3952: 3859: 3774: 3511: 3175: 2678: 2460: 1858: 1707: 1601: 1207: 670: 669:, written in the height of the constitutional dispute by the Greek Cypriot interior minister 612: 604: 405: 5231: 5045: 5018: 4923: 4901: 4859: 4543: 4141: 3915: 3794: 3614: 3498: 3349: 3320: 2306: 926: 608: 467:. The Turkish Cypriot response to this plan was a series of anti-British demonstrations in 1227: 8: 5225: 5085: 4990: 4918: 4737: 4727: 4645: 4633: 4623: 4517: 4240: 4083: 4078: 4042: 3981: 3937: 3849: 3827: 3644: 3466: 622:

became fully independent as the Republic of Cyprus. The new republic remained within the

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Ioannou, G., n.d. The Normalisation of Cyprus' Partition Among Greek Cypriots. p.27.

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The Property Rights of Refugees and Internally Displaced Persons: Beyond Restitution

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Detailed information on Cyprus, covering the various phases of the Cyprus conflict.

2431: 2365: 2318: 2238: 2077: 1098: 521: 513: 479: 426: 312: 277: 269: 2453:"Ethnic Conflict in Cyprus and the Contact Hypothesis: An Empirical Investigation" 1370:

The Making of Informal States: Statebuilding in Northern Cyprus and Transdniestria

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Hatay, Bryant, M, B (2015). "Turkish Perceptions of Cyprus: 1948 to the Present".

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Turkish colonel, but lacking the equipment and organisation of the Greek forces.

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and thousands of Turkish Cypriot houses were ransacked or completely destroyed.

517: 241: 5245: 4826: 4809: 4804: 4674: 4273: 4201: 3920: 3789: 3738: 3728: 3297: 3203: 3126: 3003: 2603: 833: 619: 561: 316: 308: 293: 265: 30: 2242: 1409: 1318:"T'NİN KURULUŞ TARİHİ HAKKINDA KKTC'DE YANLIŞ OLUŞAN KAMUSAL/TOPLUMSAL HAFIZA" 959:

acknowledge the partition of the island would direct the coming negotiations.

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wrote that "25,000 Turks have already been forced to leave their homes". The

731: 553: 363:. As such, they preferred the continuation of British colonial rule and then 346: 320: 229: 2167: 1495: 665:

The intention behind the amendments has long been called into question. The

4595: 4497: 4156: 3669: 3366: 2132: 1802:"REPORT BY THE SECRETARY-GENERAL ON THE UNITED NATIONS OPERATION IN CYPRUS" 1257:

Fighting EOKA: The British Counter-Insurgency Campaign on Cyprus, 1955-1959

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in 1954 had already proposed Cyprus be divided in two at the 35° parallel.

360: 355:(partition). EOKA's mission and activities caused a "Cretan syndrome" (see 2181: 2114:

The road to Bellapais : the Turkish Cypriot exodus to northern Cyprus

860:, and on November 15 engaged in heavy fighting with the Turkish Cypriots. 642: 5259: 4717: 4669: 4664: 4393: 4375: 4223: 2147: 1690: 1468:

Arif Hasan Tahsin. "He Anodos Tou _Denktas Sten Koryphe". January, 2001.

1392:

Arif Hasan Tahsin. "He Anodos Tou _Denktas Sten Koryphe". January, 2001.

592: 2112: 3799: 2631: 2097: 2065: 1110: 963: 955: 804: 537: 368: 1459:

Anthony Eden, 2005. Memoirs, Full Circle, Cassell, London 1960, p.400.

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The EU and conflict resolution : promoting peace in the backyard

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David Hannay, 2005. Cyprus the search for a solution. I.B Tauris, p.3

1485:

David Hannay, 2005. Cyprus the search for a solution. I.B Tauris, p.2

735: 443: 2081: 1736:

The road to Bellapais: the Turkish Cypriot exodus to northern Cyprus

1102: 891: 747:". Fighting continued across the island for the next several weeks. 337:

The repeated rejections by the British of Greek Cypriot demands for

5072: 5012: 3702: 3609: 1426: 791:

Turkish Cypriots had by now established an important bridgehead at

785: 38: 3549: 3095: 1408:'Denktash admits Turks initiated Cyprus intercommunal violence': 1164:

Dr. Fazil Küçük, 1957. The Cyprus Question: A permanent solution.

857: 812: 792: 723: 491: 468: 388: 66: 5262:

and later conflicts (after 1914) of at least 100 fatalities each

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Civilian casualties and displacements during the Cyprus conflict

587:, now set independence for the island as his primary objective. 4354: 3818: 3756: 3580: 3434: 3198: 3193: 3147: 2741: 1304:

Kuzey Kıbrıs Türk Cumhuriyeti'nde Tören, Bayram ve Anma Günleri

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Peace Research Institute Oslo (PRIO), Friedrich Ebert Stiftung

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reported a massacre of Turks at Limassol on 16 February 1964.

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in Greece and Cyprus by encouraging the Turkish government of

382:, that Turkey should send educated Turks to settle in Cyprus. 292:. The region has been relatively peaceful since then, but the 4403: 2383:

Coufoudakis, Van. "Cyprus the Referendum and its Aftermath".

2287:

Coufoudakis, Van. "Cyprus the Referendum and its Aftermath".

2272:

Coufoudakis, Van. "Cyprus the Referendum and its Aftermath".

2205:

Coufoudakis, Van. "Cyprus the Referendum and its Aftermath".

1637:

New Trends in Turkish Foreign Affairs: Bridges and Boundaries

693:

towards enosis. The security situation deteriorated rapidly.

583:

was extremely unlikely. The Greek Cypriot leader, Archbishop

2698:

Membership of Northern Cyprus in international organizations

2307:"Public Attitudes Towards Peace: The Greek-Cypriot Position" 1785: 1783: 1089:

Camp, Glen D. (1980). "Greek-Turkish Conflict over Cyprus".

3439: 3429: 1669:"Her şey buradan başladı [Everything started here]" 1228:"Hostage to History: Cyprus from the Ottomans to Kissinger" 781: 549: 342: 323:, which gave the archbishop an unofficial ethnarch status. 127: 2488:

Report s/5950 (10 September 1964) by the Secretary-General

1908:. British-Northern Cyprus Parliamentary Group. p. 15. 435:

EOKA targeted colonial authorities, including police, but

1790:

Report S/5950 (10 September 1964), page 48, paragraph 180

1780: 898:

under the British colonial administration of the 1950s.

1281: 1279: 1277: 643:

Proposed constitutional amendments and the Akritas plan

3268: 1167: 1123:

Copeaux, Etienne, Aedelsa TUR. Taksim Chypre divisee.

5308:

Civil wars involving the states and peoples of Europe

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The Secretary-General of the United Nations in 1964,

2354:"Contested migration and settler politics in Cyprus" 1763:

United Nations Peacekeeping in the Post-Cold War Era

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Civil wars involving the states and peoples of Asia

2220: 2218: 2216: 1753: 1693:, US Library of Congress, retrieved on 25 May 2012. 1007: 630:allocated 30% of the public sector jobs and 40% of 399: 2450: 2295: 1343:Solomou, Emilios; Faustmann, Hubert, eds. (2010). 1185: 962:Over the course of two years a concrete plan, the 894:), drawing comparisons with the EOKA struggle for 486:paramilitary organisation, was formed to patrol a 5040:Islamic insurgency in Saudi Arabia (2000–present) 3445:Turkish Resistance Legion for the Movement Legion 2404:Keeping the Peace in the Cyprus Crisis of 1963–64 2000:"Gen. George Grivas Dies; Led Cyprus Underground" 1920:BBC On This Day. 1964: Guns fall silent in Cyprus 1019: 852:began patrolling the Turkish Cypriot enclaves of 5274: 2213: 1705: 1701: 1699: 1633: 1342: 5193:Islamic State insurgency in Iraq (2017–present) 1901: 1048:," Microsoft Encarta Online Encyclopedia 2007. 1712:. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 55–57. 784:allies Greece and Turkey at the height of the 4503:Intercommunal conflict in Mandatory Palestine 4340: 3565: 3111: 2724: 2527: 2451:Yildizian, Arax-Marie; Ehteshami, A. (2004). 2430:(2). Oxford University Press (OUP): 224–241. 1696: 1197: 16:Violence between ethnic communities in Cyprus 3488:Toumazou et al. v. Republic of Turkey et al. 2305:Georgiades, Savvas Daniel (September 2007). 1760:John Terence O'Neill; Nicholas Rees (2005). 1599: 1249: 1247: 1212:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 815:, reported the damage during the conflicts: 4356:List of modern conflicts in the Middle East 1895: 1726: 1410:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y1tUGnWqw2M 1260:. Oxford University Press. pp. 258–9. 774:United Nations Peacekeeping Force in Cyprus 345:. EOKA, led by the Greek-Cypriot commander 264:involving the two main ethnic communities, 4347: 4333: 3572: 3558: 3118: 3104: 2731: 2717: 2534: 2520: 2304: 1739:. Social Science Monographs. p. 120. 37: 2976: 1367: 1244: 696: 552:campaign against British rule began, the 5239:Israel–Hezbollah conflict (2023–present) 4753: 2506:Library of Congress Cyprus Country Study 2351: 2224: 2110: 1732: 1347:. Nicosia: University of Nicosia Press. 1334: 4912:Consolidation of the Iranian Revolution 2421: 2382: 2286: 2271: 2204: 1683: 1515: 1173: 832:The situation worsened in 1967, when a 685:(partition) the best safeguard against 660:thirteen amendments to the constitution 5275: 3308:Maratha, Santalaris and Aloda massacre 2352:Loizides, Neophytos (September 2011). 2117:. Boulder: Social Science Monographs. 1829: 1253: 1031: 780:, anxious to avoid a conflict between 649:13 Amendments proposed by Makarios III 637: 420: 4328: 3553: 3099: 2712: 2515: 2400: 2145: 1634:Salomon Ruysdael (1 September 2002). 1441:The Outbreak of Communal Strife, 1958 1025: 1013: 871: 543: 2550:Foreign relations of Northern Cyprus 2066:"Greek-Turkish Conflict over Cyprus" 2063: 1856: 1766:. Taylor & Francis. p. 81. 1606:. Taylor & Francis. p. 67. 1088: 326: 3579: 3392:Turkish settlers in Northern Cyprus 3153:Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus 3061:Cyprus and the Non-Aligned Movement 1807:. United Nations. 10 September 1964 1518:"Cyprus: Two Nations in One Island" 1301: 905: 13: 5149:Insurgency in Egypt (2013–present) 4574:1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine 4048:2012–2013 Cypriot financial crisis 3125: 3087:Cyprus Ministry of Foreign Affairs 2481: 2424:International Studies Perspectives 2225:Moulakis, Athanasios (July 2007). 1982:: Cyprus - Intercommunal Violence 1295: 14: 5349: 4986:1987 Sharjawi coup d'état attempt 4212:Greek Cypriots in Northern Cyprus 2594:Relations with the European Union 2493: 827: 284:division of the island along the 5024:Terror campaign in Egypt (1990s) 3817: 3382:History of nationality in Cyprus 3216: 2774: 2740: 2577: 2543: 2436:10.1111/j.1528-3585.2007.00282.x 2401:James, Alan (28 November 2001). 917:Turkish invasion and peace talks 400:Causes of intercommunal violence 246: 235: 223: 212: 192: 156: 142: 121: 104: 5206:Yemeni civil war (2014–present) 5175:Syrian War spillover in Lebanon 4929:1979–1980 Shia uprising in Iraq 3450:Turkish Resistance Organisation 3404:Embargo against Northern Cyprus 2376: 2345: 2280: 2265: 2198: 2174: 2139: 2104: 2057: 2033: 2024: 1992: 1973: 1948: 1923: 1912: 1886: 1877: 1850: 1823: 1794: 1661: 1627: 1593: 1584: 1562: 1539: 1509: 1488: 1479: 1462: 1453: 1434: 1414: 1402: 1386: 1361: 1328: 1310: 1220: 1191: 991:Turkish Resistance Organisation 940:Security Council Resolution 367 566:United Nations Security Council 503:Turkish Resistance Organisation 357:Turkish Resistance Organisation 5313:Civil wars of the 20th century 3238:Cypriot intercommunal violence 2689:List of diplomatic missions of 1186:Yildizian & Ehteshami 2004 1158: 1133: 1117: 1082: 1071: 1055: 734:entered the Nicosia suburb of 520:, admitted on British channel 262:Cypriot intercommunal violence 24:Cypriot intercommunal violence 1: 4976:1986 Egyptian conscripts riot 4617:Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran 3293:Battle of Pentemili beachhead 1600:Ali Carkoglu (1 April 2003). 1430:(in Turkish). 9 January 1995. 1001: 299: 5180:Iraqi insurgency (2011–2013) 5167:Turkish involvement in Syria 5051:al-Qaeda insurgency in Yemen 4882:Political violence in Turkey 4816:Israeli–Palestinian conflict 4723:Yemeni–Adenese clan violence 4602:Italian bombing of Palestine 4564:1935–1936 Iraqi Shia revolts 4513:Arab separatism in Khuzestan 3056:Cyprus in the European Union 2674:London and Zurich Agreements 2370:10.1016/j.polgeo.2011.08.004 1931:"Κύπρος: Η τουρκική εισβολή" 1640:. iUniverse. pp. 299–. 1498:. Ccha-ahdr.info. 2012-08-06 803:, and UN-appointed mediator 490:, the Tahtakale district of 260:Several distinct periods of 7: 4432:Turkish War of Independence 4416:Unification of Saudi Arabia 3158:Declaration of Independence 2747:Foreign relations of Cyprus 2070:Political Science Quarterly 1671:. Havadis. 21 December 2014 1091:Political Science Quarterly 979: 726:. A force of Greek Cypriot 319:with the employment of the 10: 5354: 5318:Ethnicity-based civil wars 5097:Iran–Israel proxy conflict 5091:Houthi insurgency in Yemen 5080:Balochi insurgency in Iran 5056:1999 Shia uprising in Iraq 4892:1977 Shia uprising in Iraq 4887:Islamist uprising in Syria 4865:Turkish invasion of Cyprus 4754:Cyprus crisis of 1963–1964 4640:Kurdish separatism in Iran 4559:Goharshad Mosque rebellion 3840:Cities, towns and villages 3171:United Nations Buffer Zone 2394: 1422:"Denktaş'tan şok açıklama" 1345:Colonial Cyprus: 1878–1960 952:Turkish Republic of Cyprus 912:Turkish invasion of Cyprus 909: 875: 700: 646: 424: 290:Turkish invasion of Cyprus 272:, marked mid-20th century 85:Turkish invasion of Cyprus 5255: 5218: 5123: 5064: 5004: 4937: 4855:Black September in Jordan 4847: 4746: 4690: 4587: 4531: 4485: 4362: 4286: 4254: 4192: 4132: 4069: 4060: 4003: 3994: 3901: 3892: 3835: 3826: 3815: 3721: 3683: 3655:Achaemenid Persian Empire 3635: 3600: 3591: 3497: 3458: 3412: 3341: 3225: 3214: 3184: 3140: 3133: 3084: 3048: 3032: 3012: 2996: 2880: 2809: 2783: 2772: 2753: 2666: 2640: 2602: 2586: 2575: 2556: 2407:. Palgrave Macmillan UK. 2311:Journal of Peace Research 2243:10.1080/00263200701348854 2111:Oberling, Pierre (1982). 1863:. Routledge. p. 51. 1830:Risini, Isabella (2018). 1733:Oberling, Pierre (1982). 1709:Cyprus: A Troubled Island 1706:Borowiec, Andrew (2000). 1516:Stephen, Michael (1987). 1446:January 11, 2016, at the 1368:Isachenko, Daria (2012). 452:in Cyprus and in Turkey. 205: 96: 45: 36: 28: 23: 4957:Kurdish–Turkish conflict 4952:1980 Turkish coup d'état 4771:Second Iraqi–Kurdish War 4703:1953 Iranian coup d'état 4698:1952 Egyptian revolution 4426:1919 Egyptian revolution 4409:Mount Lebanon starvation 3512:Annan reunification Plan 3372:List of UNSC resolutions 3260:1974 Cypriot coup d'état 3165:Turkish Cypriot enclaves 2684:Turkish Cypriot diaspora 2323:10.1177/0022343307080856 2146:Tocci, Nathalie (2007). 1902:Michael Stephen (1997). 1892:Daily Express 28.12.1963 986:Modern history of Cyprus 878:1974 Cypriot coup d'état 457:Sir Hugh Mackintosh Foot 79:1974 Cypriot coup d'état 5186:War in Iraq (2013–2017) 5034:Iraqi Kurdish Civil War 5029:Yemeni Civil War (1994) 4839:1966 Syrian coup d'état 4766:First Iraqi–Kurdish War 4607:Allied invasion of Iraq 4554:Saudi–Yemeni War (1934) 4477:Mahmud Barzanji revolts 4074:Cypriot nationality law 3397:Enclaved Greek Cypriots 3331:2018 Cyprus gas dispute 3270:Turkish invasion (1974) 3243:Bloody Christmas (1963) 1986:8 November 2004 at the 1302:Emircan, Mehmet Salih. 801:U.S. Secretary of State 703:Bloody Christmas (1963) 624:Commonwealth of Nations 618:On 15 August 1960, the 488:Turkish Cypriot enclave 5131:2011 Bahraini uprising 5115:South Yemen insurgency 4996:Abu Nidal's executions 4981:1986 Damascus bombings 4760:Iraqi–Kurdish conflict 4612:Syria–Lebanon campaign 4382:Middle Eastern theatre 3770:Intercommunal violence 3620:Cypro-Minoan syllabary 3020:Diplomatic missions of 2617:1974 Greek coup d'état 2612:Intercommunal violence 2587:Multilateral relations 2468:Cite journal requires 2231:Middle Eastern Studies 2064:Camp, Glen D. (1980). 1937:(in Greek). 2022-07-20 1836:. BRILL. p. 117. 1372:. Palgrave Macmillan. 1254:French, David (2015). 1232:The SHAFR Guide Online 697:Intercommunal violence 603:allowed for two small 510:British Prime Minister 501:(later renamed to the 206:Commanders and leaders 4971:South Yemen civil war 4870:Shatt al-Arab clashes 4795:Mar. 1963 Syrian coup 4784:North Yemen civil war 4733:1958 Iraqi revolution 4660:1948 Arab–Israeli War 4654:Arab–Israeli conflict 4523:Sheikh Said rebellion 4387:Battle of Robat Karim 3775:Akrotiri and Dhekelia 3326:Maritime-zone dispute 3176:Akrotiri and Dhekelia 2679:Turkish Cypriot State 2622:1974 Turkish invasion 2152:. London: Routledge. 1857:Smit, Anneke (2012). 1450:The Guardian, London. 1141:"cyprus-conflict.net" 671:Polycarpos Georkadjis 613:Akrotiri and Dhekelia 406:Notre Dame University 276:. These included the 5110:Fatah–Hamas conflict 5046:Operation Desert Fox 5019:1991 Iraqi uprisings 5013:Gulf War (1990–1991) 4924:Grand Mosque seizure 4902:Yemenite War of 1979 4860:Yemenite War of 1972 4800:Nov. 1963 Iraqi coup 4790:Feb. 1963 Iraqi coup 4544:Ahmed Barzani revolt 4455:Turkish–Armenian War 4234:Settlers from Turkey 4184:World Heritage Sites 3795:Cypriot S-300 crisis 2872:United Arab Emirates 1883:The Times 04.01.1964 1078:David French, p. 255 927:Greek military Junta 412:for Greek Cypriots, 5258:This list includes 5226:2021 Beirut clashes 5086:2004 Qamishli riots 4963:Turkey–PKK conflict 4919:1979 Qatif Uprising 4738:1959 Mosul uprising 4728:1958 Lebanon crisis 4675:1973 Yom Kippur War 4646:Iran crisis of 1946 4634:Al-Wathbah uprising 4624:1943 Barzani revolt 4518:Great Syrian Revolt 4498:Iraqi Revolt (1920) 4421:Simko Shikak revolt 3645:Neo-Assyrian Empire 3467:Apostolides v Orams 3278:Military operations 3253:Civilian casualties 2557:Bilateral relations 2500:Cyprus-Conflict.net 2358:Political Geography 1905:The Cyprus Question 1569:The Cyprus Conflict 1546:The Cyprus Conflict 923:Treaty of Guarantee 638:Crisis of 1963–1964 632:security force jobs 597:Treaty of Guarantee 455:On 22 October 1957 421:Crisis of 1955–1959 5323:Sectarian violence 4907:Iranian Revolution 4876:Lebanese Civil War 4822:1948 Palestine war 4569:1935 Yazidi revolt 4460:Franco-Turkish War 4028:Telecommunications 3751:Post-1878 overview 3524:Two-state solution 3481:Loizidou v. Turkey 3377:Demographic issues 3248:Battle of Tillyria 3148:Republic of Cyprus 3071:Politics of Cyprus 2693:in Northern Cyprus 2658:Peacekeeping force 2004:The New York Times 1574:2008-07-24 at the 1557:The Main Narrative 1551:2007-02-17 at the 1044:2009-10-28 at the 931:The Resolution 353 872:Greek Cypriot coup 707:Battle of Tillyria 601:Treaty of Alliance 544:Republic of Cyprus 533:Royal Horse Guards 508:In June 1958, the 404:Lindley Dan, from 380:Governor of Cyprus 5270: 5269: 4493:Franco-Syrian War 4450:Greco-Turkish War 4438:Anglo-Turkish War 4404:Assyrian genocide 4399:Armenian genocide 4370:Italo-Turkish War 4322: 4321: 4282: 4281: 4246:Maronite Cypriots 4241:Armenian Cypriots 4094:COVID-19 pandemic 4056: 4055: 3990: 3989: 3977:Political parties 3943:Foreign relations 3888: 3887: 3813: 3812: 3734:Cyprus Convention 3665:Ptolemaic dynasty 3650:Ten city-kingdoms 3625:Cypriot syllabary 3547: 3546: 3420:9 September Front 3362:Enosis referendum 3316: 3315: 3212: 3211: 3093: 3092: 2992: 2991: 2706: 2705: 2414:978-1-4039-0089-0 2385:The Cyprus Review 2289:The Cyprus Review 2274:The Cyprus Review 2207:The Cyprus Review 2159:978-0-415-41394-7 1956:"The 1967 crisis" 1773:978-0-7146-8489-5 1647:978-0-595-24494-2 1613:978-0-7146-8335-5 1337:The Cyprus Review 778:Lyndon B. Johnson 574:Foreign Secretary 258: 257: 178:9 September Front 92: 91: 5345: 5232:Israel–Hamas war 5159:Syrian civil war 5142:Sinai insurgency 5103:2006 Lebanon War 4778:Dhofar Rebellion 4713:Cyprus Emergency 4708:Jebel Akhdar War 4680:1982 Lebanon War 4670:1967 Six-Day War 4579:Dersim rebellion 4539:Ararat rebellion 4443:Al-Jazeera Front 4349: 4342: 4335: 4326: 4325: 4302: 4295: 4219:Turkish Cypriots 4067: 4066: 4001: 4000: 3899: 3898: 3833: 3832: 3821: 3780:Turkish invasion 3693:Byzantine Cyprus 3598: 3597: 3574: 3567: 3560: 3551: 3550: 3517:2004 referendums 3474:Cyprus v. 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4076: 4070: 4064: 4058: 4057: 4054: 4053: 4051: 4050: 4045: 4040: 4035: 4030: 4025: 4023:Stock Exchange 4020: 4015: 4010: 4004: 3998: 3992: 3991: 3988: 3987: 3985: 3984: 3979: 3974: 3969: 3968: 3967: 3957: 3956: 3955: 3945: 3940: 3935: 3934: 3933: 3931:UN resolutions 3928: 3921:Cyprus dispute 3918: 3913: 3908: 3902: 3896: 3890: 3889: 3886: 3885: 3883: 3882: 3877: 3872: 3867: 3862: 3857: 3852: 3847: 3842: 3836: 3830: 3824: 3823: 3816: 3814: 3811: 3810: 3808: 3807: 3802: 3797: 3792: 3790:Cyprus dispute 3787: 3782: 3777: 3772: 3767: 3760: 3753: 3748: 3747: 3746: 3739:British Cyprus 3736: 3731: 3725: 3723: 3719: 3718: 3716: 3715: 3710: 3705: 3700: 3695: 3689: 3687: 3681: 3680: 3678: 3677: 3672: 3667: 3662: 3657: 3652: 3647: 3641: 3639: 3633: 3632: 3630: 3629: 3628: 3627: 3622: 3612: 3606: 3604: 3595: 3589: 3588: 3577: 3576: 3569: 3562: 3554: 3545: 3544: 3542: 3541: 3536: 3531: 3526: 3521: 3520: 3519: 3509: 3503: 3501: 3495: 3494: 3492: 3491: 3484: 3477: 3470: 3462: 3460: 3456: 3455: 3453: 3452: 3447: 3442: 3437: 3432: 3427: 3422: 3416: 3414: 3410: 3409: 3407: 3406: 3401: 3400: 3399: 3394: 3389: 3384: 3374: 3369: 3364: 3359: 3345: 3343: 3339: 3338: 3336: 3335: 3334: 3333: 3323: 3317: 3314: 3313: 3311: 3310: 3305: 3300: 3298:Operation Niki 3295: 3290: 3285: 3280: 3274: 3272: 3263: 3262: 3257: 3256: 3255: 3250: 3245: 3235: 3229: 3227: 3223: 3222: 3215: 3213: 3210: 3209: 3207: 3206: 3204:United Kingdom 3201: 3196: 3190: 3188: 3182: 3181: 3179: 3178: 3173: 3168: 3162: 3161: 3160: 3150: 3144: 3142: 3135: 3131: 3130: 3127:Cyprus problem 3123: 3122: 3115: 3108: 3100: 3091: 3090: 3085: 3082: 3081: 3079: 3078: 3073: 3068: 3058: 3052: 3050: 3049:Related topics 3046: 3045: 3043: 3042: 3036: 3034: 3030: 3029: 3027: 3026: 3016: 3014: 3010: 3009: 3007: 3006: 3004:Cyprus dispute 3000: 2998: 2994: 2993: 2990: 2989: 2987: 2986: 2980: 2978: 2971: 2970: 2968:United Kingdom 2965: 2960: 2955: 2950: 2945: 2940: 2935: 2930: 2925: 2920: 2915: 2910: 2905: 2900: 2898:Czech Republic 2895: 2890: 2884: 2882: 2878: 2877: 2875: 2874: 2869: 2864: 2859: 2854: 2849: 2844: 2839: 2834: 2829: 2824: 2819: 2813: 2811: 2807: 2806: 2804: 2803: 2798: 2793: 2787: 2785: 2781: 2780: 2773: 2771: 2769: 2768: 2763: 2757: 2755: 2751: 2750: 2736: 2735: 2728: 2721: 2713: 2704: 2703: 2701: 2700: 2695: 2686: 2681: 2676: 2670: 2668: 2664: 2663: 2661: 2660: 2655: 2650: 2644: 2642: 2641:United Nations 2638: 2637: 2635: 2634: 2629: 2624: 2619: 2614: 2608: 2606: 2604:Cyprus dispute 2600: 2599: 2597: 2596: 2590: 2588: 2584: 2583: 2576: 2574: 2572: 2571: 2566: 2560: 2558: 2554: 2553: 2539: 2538: 2531: 2524: 2516: 2510: 2509: 2503: 2495: 2494:External links 2492: 2491: 2490: 2483: 2480: 2479: 2478: 2470:|journal= 2448: 2419: 2413: 2396: 2393: 2391: 2390: 2375: 2364:(7): 391–401. 2344: 2317:(5): 573–586. 2294: 2279: 2264: 2237:(4): 531–556. 2212: 2197: 2173: 2158: 2138: 2123: 2103: 2056: 2045:www.kypros.org 2032: 2023: 2006:. 1974-01-28. 1991: 1972: 1947: 1922: 1911: 1894: 1885: 1876: 1869: 1849: 1842: 1822: 1793: 1779: 1772: 1752: 1746:978-0880330008 1745: 1725: 1718: 1695: 1689:Eric Solsten, 1682: 1660: 1646: 1626: 1612: 1592: 1583: 1561: 1538: 1527:on 3 July 2007 1508: 1487: 1478: 1461: 1452: 1433: 1413: 1401: 1385: 1378: 1360: 1353: 1327: 1309: 1294: 1273: 1266: 1243: 1219: 1190: 1178: 1176:, p. 239. 1166: 1157: 1132: 1116: 1081: 1070: 1054: 1030: 1018: 1005: 1003: 1000: 999: 998: 993: 988: 981: 978: 910:Main article: 907: 904: 876:Main article: 873: 870: 846:National Guard 834:military junta 829: 828:Crisis of 1967 826: 825: 824: 698: 695: 644: 641: 639: 636: 562:Adnan Menderes 545: 542: 425:Main article: 422: 419: 401: 398: 334: 325: 317:Ottoman Empire 301: 298: 294:Cyprus dispute 288:following the 266:Greek Cypriots 256: 255: 232: 208: 207: 203: 202: 186: 185: 180: 175: 152: 136: 135: 130: 99: 98: 94: 93: 90: 89: 88: 87: 75: 71: 70: 61: 59: 55: 54: 51: 43: 42: 34: 33: 31:Cyprus problem 26: 25: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5350: 5339: 5336: 5334: 5331: 5329: 5326: 5324: 5321: 5319: 5316: 5314: 5311: 5309: 5306: 5304: 5301: 5299: 5296: 5294: 5291: 5289: 5286: 5284: 5281: 5280: 5278: 5263: 5261: 5254: 5248: 5247: 5243: 5241: 5240: 5236: 5234: 5233: 5229: 5227: 5224: 5223: 5221: 5217: 5209: 5208: 5207: 5202: 5201: 5200: 5199:Yemeni crisis 5197: 5195: 5194: 5190: 5188: 5187: 5183: 5181: 5178: 5176: 5173: 5169: 5168: 5164: 5163: 5162: 5161: 5160: 5155: 5151: 5150: 5146: 5144: 5143: 5139: 5138: 5137: 5134: 5132: 5129: 5128: 5126: 5122: 5116: 5113: 5111: 5108: 5104: 5101: 5100: 5099: 5098: 5094: 5092: 5089: 5087: 5084: 5082: 5081: 5077: 5075: 5074: 5070: 5069: 5067: 5063: 5057: 5054: 5052: 5049: 5047: 5044: 5042: 5041: 5037: 5035: 5032: 5030: 5027: 5025: 5022: 5020: 5017: 5015: 5014: 5010: 5009: 5007: 5003: 4997: 4994: 4992: 4989: 4987: 4984: 4982: 4979: 4977: 4974: 4972: 4969: 4965: 4964: 4960: 4959: 4958: 4955: 4953: 4950: 4948: 4947: 4946:Iran–Iraq War 4943: 4942: 4940: 4936: 4930: 4927: 4925: 4922: 4920: 4917: 4913: 4910: 4909: 4908: 4905: 4903: 4900: 4898: 4897:NDF Rebellion 4895: 4893: 4890: 4888: 4885: 4883: 4880: 4878: 4877: 4873: 4871: 4868: 4866: 4863: 4861: 4858: 4856: 4853: 4852: 4850: 4846: 4840: 4837: 4833: 4830: 4828: 4825: 4823: 4820: 4819: 4818: 4817: 4813: 4811: 4808: 4806: 4803: 4801: 4798: 4796: 4793: 4791: 4788: 4786: 4785: 4781: 4779: 4776: 4772: 4769: 4767: 4764: 4763: 4762: 4761: 4757: 4755: 4752: 4751: 4749: 4745: 4739: 4736: 4734: 4731: 4729: 4726: 4724: 4721: 4719: 4716: 4714: 4711: 4709: 4706: 4704: 4701: 4699: 4696: 4695: 4693: 4689: 4681: 4678: 4676: 4673: 4671: 4668: 4666: 4663: 4661: 4658: 4657: 4656: 4655: 4651: 4647: 4644: 4643: 4642: 4641: 4637: 4635: 4632: 4630: 4629:Alwaziri coup 4627: 4625: 4622: 4618: 4615: 4613: 4610: 4608: 4605: 4603: 4600: 4599: 4598: 4597: 4593: 4592: 4590: 4586: 4580: 4577: 4575: 4572: 4570: 4567: 4565: 4562: 4560: 4557: 4555: 4552: 4550: 4547: 4545: 4542: 4540: 4537: 4536: 4534: 4530: 4524: 4521: 4519: 4516: 4514: 4511: 4509: 4506: 4504: 4501: 4499: 4496: 4494: 4491: 4490: 4488: 4484: 4478: 4475: 4471: 4470:United States 4468: 4466: 4463: 4461: 4458: 4456: 4453: 4451: 4448: 4444: 4441: 4440: 4439: 4436: 4435: 4434: 4433: 4429: 4427: 4424: 4422: 4419: 4417: 4414: 4410: 4407: 4405: 4402: 4400: 4397: 4395: 4392: 4388: 4385: 4384: 4383: 4380: 4379: 4378: 4377: 4373: 4371: 4368: 4367: 4365: 4361: 4357: 4350: 4345: 4343: 4338: 4336: 4331: 4330: 4327: 4315: 4312: 4310: 4307: 4306: 4301: 4297: 4294: 4290: 4289: 4285: 4275: 4272: 4270: 4267: 4265: 4262: 4261: 4259: 4257: 4253: 4247: 4244: 4242: 4239: 4235: 4232: 4230: 4227: 4225: 4222: 4221: 4220: 4217: 4213: 4210: 4208: 4205: 4204: 4203: 4200: 4199: 4197: 4195: 4191: 4185: 4182: 4180: 4177: 4175: 4172: 4170: 4167: 4165: 4162: 4158: 4155: 4154: 4153: 4150: 4148: 4145: 4143: 4140: 4139: 4137: 4135: 4131: 4125: 4122: 4120: 4117: 4115: 4112: 4110: 4107: 4102: 4099: 4095: 4092: 4091: 4090: 4087: 4085: 4082: 4080: 4077: 4075: 4072: 4071: 4068: 4065: 4063: 4059: 4049: 4046: 4044: 4041: 4039: 4036: 4034: 4031: 4029: 4026: 4024: 4021: 4019: 4016: 4014: 4011: 4009: 4006: 4005: 4002: 3999: 3997: 3993: 3983: 3980: 3978: 3975: 3973: 3970: 3966: 3963: 3962: 3961: 3958: 3954: 3951: 3950: 3949: 3946: 3944: 3941: 3939: 3936: 3932: 3929: 3927: 3924: 3923: 3922: 3919: 3917: 3914: 3912: 3909: 3907: 3906:Chief Justice 3904: 3903: 3900: 3897: 3895: 3891: 3881: 3878: 3876: 3873: 3871: 3868: 3866: 3863: 3861: 3858: 3856: 3853: 3851: 3848: 3846: 3843: 3841: 3838: 3837: 3834: 3831: 3829: 3825: 3820: 3806: 3803: 3801: 3798: 3796: 3793: 3791: 3788: 3786: 3783: 3781: 3778: 3776: 3773: 3771: 3768: 3766: 3765: 3761: 3759: 3758: 3754: 3752: 3749: 3745: 3742: 3741: 3740: 3737: 3735: 3732: 3730: 3727: 3726: 3724: 3720: 3714: 3713:Venetian rule 3711: 3709: 3706: 3704: 3701: 3699: 3696: 3694: 3691: 3690: 3688: 3686: 3682: 3676: 3673: 3671: 3668: 3666: 3663: 3661: 3660:Ionian Revolt 3658: 3656: 3653: 3651: 3648: 3646: 3643: 3642: 3640: 3638: 3634: 3626: 3623: 3621: 3618: 3617: 3616: 3613: 3611: 3608: 3607: 3605: 3603: 3599: 3596: 3594: 3590: 3586: 3582: 3575: 3570: 3568: 3563: 3561: 3556: 3555: 3552: 3540: 3537: 3535: 3532: 3530: 3527: 3525: 3522: 3518: 3515: 3514: 3513: 3510: 3508: 3505: 3504: 3502: 3500: 3499:Peace process 3496: 3490: 3489: 3485: 3483: 3482: 3478: 3476: 3475: 3471: 3469: 3468: 3464: 3463: 3461: 3457: 3451: 3448: 3446: 3443: 3441: 3438: 3436: 3433: 3431: 3428: 3426: 3423: 3421: 3418: 3417: 3415: 3413:Organisations 3411: 3405: 3402: 3398: 3395: 3393: 3390: 3388: 3385: 3383: 3380: 3379: 3378: 3375: 3373: 3370: 3368: 3365: 3363: 3360: 3358: 3357: 3352: 3351: 3347: 3346: 3344: 3340: 3332: 3329: 3328: 3327: 3324: 3322: 3319: 3318: 3309: 3306: 3304: 3301: 3299: 3296: 3294: 3291: 3289: 3286: 3284: 3281: 3279: 3276: 3275: 3273: 3271: 3267: 3261: 3258: 3254: 3251: 3249: 3246: 3244: 3241: 3240: 3239: 3236: 3234: 3231: 3230: 3228: 3224: 3219: 3205: 3202: 3200: 3197: 3195: 3192: 3191: 3189: 3187: 3183: 3177: 3174: 3172: 3169: 3166: 3163: 3159: 3156: 3155: 3154: 3151: 3149: 3146: 3145: 3143: 3139: 3136: 3132: 3128: 3121: 3116: 3114: 3109: 3107: 3102: 3101: 3098: 3088: 3083: 3077: 3074: 3072: 3069: 3066: 3062: 3059: 3057: 3054: 3053: 3051: 3047: 3041: 3038: 3037: 3035: 3031: 3025: 3021: 3018: 3017: 3015: 3011: 3005: 3002: 3001: 2999: 2995: 2985: 2982: 2981: 2979: 2975: 2969: 2966: 2964: 2961: 2959: 2956: 2954: 2951: 2949: 2946: 2944: 2941: 2939: 2936: 2934: 2931: 2929: 2926: 2924: 2921: 2919: 2916: 2914: 2911: 2909: 2906: 2904: 2901: 2899: 2896: 2894: 2891: 2889: 2886: 2885: 2883: 2879: 2873: 2870: 2868: 2865: 2863: 2860: 2858: 2855: 2853: 2850: 2848: 2845: 2843: 2840: 2838: 2835: 2833: 2830: 2828: 2825: 2823: 2820: 2818: 2815: 2814: 2812: 2808: 2802: 2801:United States 2799: 2797: 2794: 2792: 2789: 2788: 2786: 2782: 2777: 2767: 2764: 2762: 2759: 2758: 2756: 2752: 2748: 2743: 2734: 2729: 2727: 2722: 2720: 2715: 2714: 2711: 2699: 2696: 2694: 2690: 2687: 2685: 2682: 2680: 2677: 2675: 2672: 2671: 2669: 2665: 2659: 2656: 2654: 2651: 2649: 2646: 2645: 2643: 2639: 2633: 2630: 2628: 2625: 2623: 2620: 2618: 2615: 2613: 2610: 2609: 2607: 2605: 2601: 2595: 2592: 2591: 2589: 2585: 2580: 2570: 2569:United States 2567: 2565: 2562: 2561: 2559: 2555: 2551: 2546: 2537: 2532: 2530: 2525: 2523: 2518: 2517: 2514: 2507: 2504: 2501: 2498: 2497: 2489: 2486: 2485: 2475: 2462: 2454: 2449: 2445: 2441: 2437: 2433: 2429: 2425: 2420: 2416: 2410: 2406: 2405: 2399: 2398: 2386: 2379: 2371: 2367: 2363: 2359: 2355: 2348: 2340: 2336: 2332: 2328: 2324: 2320: 2316: 2312: 2308: 2301: 2299: 2290: 2283: 2275: 2268: 2260: 2256: 2252: 2248: 2244: 2240: 2236: 2232: 2228: 2221: 2219: 2217: 2208: 2201: 2187: 2183: 2177: 2169: 2165: 2161: 2155: 2151: 2150: 2142: 2134: 2130: 2126: 2124:0-88033-000-7 2120: 2116: 2115: 2107: 2099: 2095: 2091: 2087: 2083: 2079: 2075: 2071: 2067: 2060: 2046: 2042: 2036: 2027: 2013: 2009: 2005: 2001: 1995: 1989: 1985: 1981: 1976: 1961: 1957: 1951: 1936: 1932: 1926: 1919: 1915: 1907: 1906: 1898: 1889: 1880: 1872: 1870:9781136331435 1866: 1862: 1861: 1853: 1845: 1843:9789004357266 1839: 1835: 1834: 1826: 1819: 1803: 1797: 1791: 1786: 1784: 1775: 1769: 1765: 1764: 1756: 1748: 1742: 1738: 1737: 1729: 1721: 1719:9780275965334 1715: 1711: 1710: 1702: 1700: 1692: 1686: 1670: 1664: 1649: 1643: 1639: 1638: 1630: 1615: 1609: 1605: 1604: 1596: 1587: 1581: 1577: 1573: 1570: 1565: 1558: 1554: 1550: 1547: 1542: 1523: 1519: 1512: 1497: 1491: 1482: 1475: 1474:9963-7738-6-9 1471: 1465: 1456: 1449: 1445: 1442: 1437: 1429: 1428: 1423: 1417: 1411: 1405: 1399: 1398:9963-7738-6-9 1395: 1389: 1381: 1379:9780230392069 1375: 1371: 1364: 1356: 1354:9789963634897 1350: 1346: 1338: 1331: 1323: 1319: 1313: 1306:. p. 80. 1305: 1298: 1292: 1291:0-04-940053-3 1288: 1282: 1280: 1278: 1269: 1267:9780191045592 1263: 1259: 1258: 1250: 1248: 1233: 1229: 1223: 1215: 1209: 1201: 1194: 1187: 1182: 1175: 1170: 1161: 1147:on 2007-02-04 1146: 1142: 1136: 1130: 1129:2-915033-07-2 1126: 1120: 1112: 1108: 1104: 1100: 1096: 1092: 1085: 1079: 1074: 1068: 1067:9780230392069 1064: 1058: 1051: 1047: 1043: 1040: 1034: 1028:, pp. 6. 1027: 1022: 1015: 1010: 1006: 997: 994: 992: 989: 987: 984: 983: 977: 973: 970: 965: 960: 957: 953: 948: 947: 943: 941: 936: 932: 928: 924: 919: 918: 913: 903: 899: 897: 893: 888: 886: 879: 869: 867: 861: 859: 855: 851: 850:Cyprus Police 847: 843: 839: 835: 822: 818: 817: 816: 814: 809: 806: 802: 798: 794: 789: 787: 783: 779: 775: 770: 768: 764: 763:Daily Express 760: 755: 753: 748: 746: 740: 737: 733: 732:Nikos Sampson 729: 725: 721: 716: 714: 708: 704: 694: 690: 688: 684: 680: 676: 672: 668: 663: 661: 654: 650: 635: 633: 627: 625: 621: 616: 614: 610: 606: 602: 598: 594: 588: 586: 582: 577: 575: 571: 567: 563: 559: 555: 554:Eden ministry 551: 541: 539: 534: 529: 527: 523: 519: 515: 511: 506: 504: 500: 495: 493: 489: 485: 481: 477: 472: 470: 466: 462: 458: 453: 450: 445: 444:British Crown 440: 438: 433: 428: 418: 415: 411: 407: 397: 395: 391: 390: 383: 381: 377: 374: 373:Field Marshal 370: 366: 362: 358: 354: 353: 348: 347:George Grivas 344: 340: 333: 329: 324: 322: 321:millet system 318: 314: 310: 306: 297: 295: 291: 287: 283: 279: 275: 271: 267: 263: 254: 249: 243: 238: 233: 231: 230:Nikos Sampson 220: 210: 209: 204: 201: 189: 188:Supported by: 184: 181: 179: 176: 174: 171: 170: 169: 168: 166: 159: 153: 151: 139: 138:Supported by: 134: 131: 129: 119: 118: 117: 116: 114: 107: 101: 100: 95: 86: 83: 82: 81: 80: 76: 73: 72: 68: 64: 60: 57: 56: 52: 49: 48: 44: 40: 35: 32: 27: 22: 19: 5257: 5244: 5237: 5230: 5204: 5203: 5191: 5184: 5165: 5157: 5156: 5147: 5140: 5095: 5078: 5071: 5039: 5011: 4961: 4944: 4874: 4814: 4782: 4758: 4652: 4638: 4596:World War II 4594: 4430: 4374: 4269:Coat of arms 4194:Demographics 4038:Trade unions 3948:Human rights 3911:Constitution 3805:EU accession 3769: 3762: 3755: 3729:Ottoman rule 3670:Roman Cyprus 3486: 3479: 3472: 3465: 3367:Akritas plan 3354: 3348: 3321:S-300 crisis 3237: 3134:Participants 3033:Multilateral 2667:Other topics 2611: 2461:cite journal 2427: 2423: 2403: 2384: 2378: 2361: 2357: 2347: 2314: 2310: 2288: 2282: 2273: 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