628:
710:
694:, carried out the deed himself. Kadłubek wrote his account nearly 100 years after Gallus Anonymus and a century and a half after the actual affair. His account as well as artistic tradition holds that this took place during the celebration of Mass. Though the bishop had privately and then publicly warned the king to repent of adultery and other vices, Bolesław chose a course of action more characteristic of his nickname, "the Bold". Kadłubek categorically condemns the murder of Stanislaus as savage and unjust; meanwhile, Gallus Anonymus passes negative judgement on both the bishop, on account of his treason, and on Bolesław, for his shameful conduct in administering the punishment.
345:
142:
491:
36:
555:
In 1071 Bolesław II attacked
Bohemia again. As he refused any attempt at arbitration by King Henry IV, the question was settled by an armistice between the two belligerents; however, Bolesław II, ignoring the treaty, renewed his attack in 1072 and refused to pay the tributes for Silesia to the Holy
701:, who also owed his crown to the deposed king. However, according to Gallus Anonymus, Bolesław II's atrocious conduct towards his Hungarian hosts caused his premature death in 1081 or 1082 at the hands of an assassin, probably by poisoning. He was about 40 years old.
618:
in 1077 included also the imperial recognition of Bolesław II's royal title. Bolesław's new authority, along with his pride, however, caused the Polish magnates to rebel, as they feared the monarchy had started to grow too powerful.
346:
401:. Bolesław II was also the first Polish monarch to produce his own coinage in quantity great enough to replace the foreign coins prevalent in the country during the reigns of the first Piast kings. He established royal mints in
659:. In 1079, however, the conflict with the Polish nobles culminated into open revolt and Bolesław was deposed and banished from the country. The circumstances that led to the King's banishment hinge on the person of Bishop
471:
in the west; he aimed to have Poland eventually bordering only allied countries. This is said to be the main reason behind his numerous foreign interventions: in 1060–1063 he intervened in
505:
In
Hungary, Bolesław II pursued the policy of cooperation with the anti-Imperial faction, which allowed him to gain political independence from the Empire but put him in conflict with the
409:
and reformed the coinage, which brought considerable revenue into the royal coffers. All these efforts had an enormous influence on the economic and cultural development of the country.
759:
in 1499). His burial place actually remains unknown. Another popular hypothesis about the fate of his remains claims that in 1086 they were transferred to the
Benedictine abbey of
467:
His father had left him a stabilised country; Bolesław II continued his foreign policy on surrounding his realm with allied kingdoms in order to prevail against the extensive
1280:
982:
627:
591:
soon thereafter); the Polish king seized the occasion to launch an invasion against Henry IV's vassal, Vratislaus II of
Bohemia, alongside an ally from Grand Prince
794:(in 1895), refuted the Kievan origin and name of Bolesław II's wife and expounded the theory that his wife was the queen named Agnes whose obituary is recorded in
563:
Due to his involvement in
Hungarian, Bohemian and Kievan affairs, Bolesław II neglected Poland's interests on the Baltic coast. Therefore, in either 1060 or 1066,
506:
678:
From historical records it appears that Bishop
Stanislaus was involved with the barons' opposition movement, plotting to remove the King and to place his brother
464:
became
Governors of the remaining provinces. However Mieszko died relatively early, in 1065, at which point his lands came under the authority of Bolesław II.
1187:
949:
1415:
1410:
709:
1079:
420:("the Generous" in English, "Szczodry" in Polish) as he founded many churches and monasteries throughout Poland. The nickname "the Bold" (
878:
100:
17:
529:
and was forced to retreat. In the end, relations with
Vratislaus II were settled to a certain extent when the latter married Princess
72:
53:
79:
664:
738:
938:
805:
Bolesław's reluctance to marry, being still single at 25, has led his critics to accuse him of homosexuality, most notably by
752:, the tomb was opened and indeed revealed male bones and the remains of a Polish knight's armor dating from the 11th century.
690:" meaning traitor. On 11 April 1079 Bolesław either ordered the death and dismemberment of the bishop or, according to Master
1649:
845:
472:
378:
249:
1664:
86:
1385:
382:
68:
541:
237:
119:
1405:
749:
607:
1579:
1320:
1072:
1390:
1096:
1501:
1604:
57:
557:
530:
1506:
755:
The legend, however, dates from centuries after the king's death (it was first mentioned by the chronicler
748:("Bolesław, King of Poland, murderer of Saint Stanislaus, Bishop of Kraków"). In 1960, at the direction of
588:
1455:
499:
428:, although it was considered by historiography of the 19th and 20th centuries as a contemporary nickname.
1295:
1065:
355:
660:
632:
1594:
93:
1541:
1437:
552:, Bolesław's aunt, were overthrown. A Polish military campaign re-established them in power in Kiev.
1350:
1244:
1659:
1654:
1432:
1105:
580:
536:
Meanwhile, in 1063, King Béla I of
Hungary died. Bolesław II could not defend the cause of his son
514:
480:
367:
316:
1355:
1300:
1270:
928:
Chronica seu originale regum et principum
Poloniae by Wincenty Kadlubek (between 1190 and 1208 CE)
744:
At the walls of Ossiach, there exists a tomb bearing the depiction of a horse and the inscription
556:
Roman Empire. Henry IV prepared for a campaign against Poland, but was hit by the outbreak of the
1470:
1260:
1088:
1049:
599:
457:
386:
359:
184:
46:
1228:
784:
284:
1599:
1589:
1569:
1250:
1028:
698:
648:
363:
306:
174:
835:
579:
in 1073, Bolesław II saw in him a natural ally; he started to apply the Pope's reforms in the
526:
1644:
1639:
1531:
1460:
1330:
1325:
1305:
1177:
872:
783:
by his first wife Kilikia, possibly a member of the House of Dithmarschen. They had one son,
780:
737:, where he was received and did all kind of hard work until he finally was reconciled in the
679:
461:
436:
Following the death of his father Casimir in 1058, Bolesław II, as the eldest son, inherited
984:
Tych królów podejrzewano, że wolą mężczyzn. Mogli się oddawać rozkoszom pod jednym warunkiem
834:
André Vauchez; Richard Barrie Dobson; Michael Lapidge, eds. (2000). "Boleslas II the Bold".
772:
272:
1574:
1511:
1493:
939:
http://www.catholicherald.co.uk/news/2011/04/07/the-bishop-hacked-to-death-by-his-own-king/
592:
494:
Bolesław II (on the right) punishing the wives of his knights and nobles for their alleged
1425:
799:
691:
537:
510:
476:
8:
1549:
1526:
1521:
1360:
1335:
1310:
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in Kiev. In 1078, while returning from the latter campaign, the Polish troops conquered
564:
1564:
1478:
1345:
1289:
1265:
1238:
734:
652:
583:
and commenced negotiations to obtain the royal crown. He spurred the ongoing revolt in
549:
545:
221:
1559:
1400:
587:, which had forced Henry IV to retreat from that region (he crushed the revolt at the
1584:
1483:
1340:
841:
756:
611:
518:
468:
279:
211:
1365:
1315:
576:
640:
1395:
1380:
833:
683:
615:
584:
413:
328:
682:
on the throne. Bolesław II unilaterally declared Stanislaus guilty of treason –
1554:
1133:
1035:
814:
668:
487:. As a result, Béla, in 1061, with the support of Polish troops, gained power.
437:
296:
191:
156:
1370:
806:
776:
1633:
1516:
1447:
1215:
867:
791:
730:
714:
603:
441:
374:
260:
614:
in the presence of a papal legate. King Henry's IV act of contrition at the
656:
602:
in the Holy Roman Empire, Bolesław II gained the royal crown of Poland: on
1205:
1172:
647:
In 1077 Bolesław II's troops helped two pretenders to assume the throne:
968:
Grzech sodomski Bolesława Szczodrego w świetle "Roczników" Jana Długosza
1154:
882:. Vol. 4 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 159.
795:
787:(1069 – 1089), who was brought up in the Hungarian court by Ladislaus.
672:
636:
406:
398:
373:
Bolesław II is considered to have been one of the most capable of the
141:
1223:
1147:
1119:
1057:
490:
449:
871:
402:
35:
1195:
1161:
1140:
817:
but it cannot be ruled out that Bolesław might have been bisexual.
725:
to beg forgiveness from Pope Gregory, who imposed on him to wander
495:
147:
517:
by refusing to pay the annual homage for Silesia and spurring the
1233:
1126:
988:
729:
as a mute repentant. On a summer evening in 1082, he reached the
522:
521:
to revolt. In 1063, Bolesław II unsuccessfully besieged the then-
509:, an Imperial ally. Moreover, he escalated the conflict with the
453:
445:
390:
291:
779:(and supported by some sources), was a daughter of Grand Prince
424:) was only given to Bolesław II for the first time in the later
1200:
1167:
1112:
810:
760:
746:
Rex Boleslaus Polonie occisor sancti Stanislai Epi Cracoviensis
575:
When Hildebrand of Sovana, an enemy of the German king, became
394:
722:
954:
Agnes regina. W poszukiwaniu żony Bolesława Szczodrego
544:
Solomon on the Hungarian throne. In 1069 Grand Prince
965:
598:
Thanks to his support of the papal cause during the
567:(Pomerelia) severed its ties to the Polish Kingdom.
970:. Vol. 61. Studia Historyczne. pp. 21–36.
813:"; this was motivated more likely by politics as a
775:(d. aft. 1089), who, according to the Chronicle of
540:against the German troops of Henry IV, who finally
335:; c. 1042 – 2/3 April 1081 or 1082), also known as
60:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
980:
721:A popular legend holds that Bolesław proceeded to
27:Duke of Poland (1058–76); King of Poland (1076–79)
362:from 1076 to 1079. He was the eldest son of Duke
1631:
956:, "Roczniki Historyczne" LXXII, 2006, s. 95–104.
915:Cronicae et gesta ducum sive principum Polonorum
766:
1073:
937:"The Bishop Hacked to Death by His own King"
891:
889:
483:, who was backed by his brother-in-law King
479:in the inheritance conflict with his nephew
1620:indicates monarch of questioned historicity
1080:
1066:
140:
886:
120:Learn how and when to remove this message
866:
708:
626:
489:
622:
14:
1632:
1087:
697:Bolesław found refuge at the court of
381:(consecrated in 1064) and founded the
377:rulers. In 1075 he re-established the
1061:
924:
922:
909:
907:
905:
58:adding citations to reliable sources
29:
981:Olga Steliga-Dykas (26 June 2022),
651:, another son of Béla I, and again
24:
895:Poczet Krolow i Książat Polskich,
150:coin with Bolesław's effigy (left)
25:
1676:
919:
902:
713:Putative tomb of Bolesław at the
704:
570:
431:
416:, during his reign he was called
771:Before 1069 Bolesław II married
34:
837:Encyclopedia of the Middle Ages
798:. She may have belonged to the
45:needs additional citations for
974:
966:B. Bielaszka−Podgórny (2018).
959:
943:
931:
860:
827:
750:Countess Karolina Lanckorońska
13:
1:
820:
767:Marriage, issue and sexuality
426:Chronicle of the Polish kings
1650:11th-century Polish monarchs
1605:Stanisław August Poniatowski
731:Benedictine Abbey at Ossiach
456:lands. His younger brothers
412:According to the chronicler
7:
1665:People of Byzantine descent
1580:Michał Korybut Wiśniowiecki
1321:Władysław III Spindleshanks
10:
1681:
790:Modern historians, led by
1613:
1540:
1492:
1469:
1445:
1424:
1411:Dukes of Gdańsk Pomerania
1290:Senior or Supreme Princes
1279:
1214:
1186:
1095:
1046:
1033:
1025:
1000:
715:Ossiach Benedictine Abbey
500:National Museum of Kraków
312:
302:
290:
278:
268:
255:
243:
231:
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217:
205:
197:
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170:
162:
155:
139:
134:
1406:Dukes of Sieradz-Łęczyca
581:Archbishopric of Gniezno
533:, Bolesław II's sister.
368:Maria Dobroniega of Kiev
317:Maria Dobroniega of Kiev
18:Bolesław II the Generous
1386:Dukes of Greater Poland
879:Encyclopædia Britannica
600:investiture controversy
1590:Augustus II the Strong
1507:Władysław III of Varna
1391:Dukes of Little Poland
1296:Władysław II the Exile
1251:Casimir I the Restorer
1245:Bolesław the Forgotten
1029:Casimir I the Restorer
718:
649:Ladislaus I of Hungary
644:
502:
475:to aid his uncle King
379:Archdiocese of Gniezno
364:Casimir I the Restorer
358:from 1058 to 1076 and
332:
307:Casimir I the Restorer
247:2 or 3 April 1081/1082
175:Casimir I the Restorer
69:"Bolesław II the Bold"
1532:Sigismund II Augustus
1502:Władysław II Jagiełło
1479:Louis I the Hungarian
1461:Casimir III the Great
1356:Bolesław V the Chaste
1331:Mieszko IV Tanglefoot
1301:Bolesław IV the Curly
1271:Bolesław III Wrymouth
1178:Piast the Wheelwright
1002:Bolesław II the Bold
899:, Bielsko-Biała, 2005
873:"Boleslaus II."
781:Sviatoslav II of Kiev
712:
630:
589:Battle of Langensalza
493:
1575:John II Casimir Vasa
1494:Jagiellonian dynasty
1456:Władysław I Łokietek
1256:Bolesław II the Bold
1229:Bolesław I the Brave
739:Sacrament of Penance
643:, in southern Poland
623:Deposition and death
593:Vladimir II Monomakh
325:Bolesław II the Bold
135:Bolesław II the Bold
54:improve this article
1527:Sigismund I the Old
1471:Capet-Anjou dynasty
1361:Leszek II the Black
1351:Bolesław the Horned
1311:Casimir II the Just
1306:Mieszko III the Old
610:crowned him in the
606:of 1076 Archbishop
527:Hradec nad Moravicí
485:Henry IV of Germany
1565:Sigismund III Vasa
1416:Dukes of Pomerania
1346:Henry II the Pious
1261:Władysław I Herman
1239:Mieszko II Lambert
1089:Monarchs of Poland
1050:Władysław I Herman
719:
645:
546:Iziaslav I of Kiev
503:
333:Bolesław II Śmiały
273:Wyszesława of Kiev
250:Kingdom of Hungary
222:Mieszko II Lambert
185:Władysław I Herman
1627:
1626:
1585:John III Sobieski
1570:Władysław IV Vasa
1542:Elective monarchy
1426:Přemyslid dynasty
1341:Henry the Bearded
1056:
1055:
1047:Succeeded by
1041:
1020:2 or 3 April 1081
847:978-1-57958-282-1
800:Přemyslid dynasty
757:Maciej Miechowita
692:Wincenty Kadłubek
671:the king for his
633:Bishop Stanislaus
612:Gniezno Cathedral
519:Bohemian nobility
469:Holy Roman Empire
385:. He established
322:
321:
238:Kingdom of Poland
212:Gniezno Cathedral
209:26 December 1076
130:
129:
122:
104:
16:(Redirected from
1672:
1401:Dukes of Kuyavia
1396:Dukes of Masovia
1381:Dukes of Silesia
1366:Henryk IV Probus
1326:Władysław Odonic
1316:Leszek the White
1082:
1075:
1068:
1059:
1058:
1039:
1026:Preceded by
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978:
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913:Gallus Anonymus
911:
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864:
858:
857:
855:
854:
831:
809:for the "sin of
680:Władysław Herman
577:Pope Gregory VII
565:Gdańsk Pomerania
507:Duchy of Bohemia
458:Władysław Herman
383:Diocese of Płock
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38:
30:
21:
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1660:Dukes of Poland
1655:Kings of Poland
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1560:Stephen Báthory
1550:Henry of Valois
1536:
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903:
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887:
865:
861:
852:
850:
848:
832:
828:
823:
769:
707:
686:uses the word "
684:Gallus Anonymus
625:
616:Walk to Canossa
573:
558:Saxon rebellion
444:as well as the
434:
414:Gallus Anonymus
389:monasteries in
347:
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51:
39:
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1555:Anna Jagiellon
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1473:
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1458:
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1442:
1440:
1438:Wenceslaus III
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1218:
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1208:
1203:
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1188:Proto-historic
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1101:
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1093:
1092:
1085:
1084:
1077:
1070:
1062:
1054:
1053:
1048:
1045:
1040:King from 1076
1036:Duke of Poland
1032:
1027:
1023:
1022:
1004:
1001:
994:
993:
973:
958:
942:
930:
918:
901:
885:
870:, ed. (1911).
868:Chisholm, Hugh
859:
846:
825:
824:
822:
819:
815:smear campaign
768:
765:
706:
705:Ossiach legend
703:
699:King Ladislaus
669:excommunicated
624:
621:
572:
571:King of Poland
569:
433:
432:Duke of Poland
430:
360:King of Poland
354:) was Duke of
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40:
33:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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1517:John I Albert
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1457:
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1453:
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1449:
1448:Piast dynasty
1444:
1439:
1436:
1434:
1433:Wenceslaus II
1431:
1429:
1427:
1423:
1417:
1414:
1412:
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1402:
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1357:
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1352:
1349:
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1344:
1342:
1339:
1337:
1334:
1332:
1329:
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1281:Fragmentation
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1216:Piast dynasty
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1199:
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1006:Piast Dynasty
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840:. Routledge.
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808:
803:
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797:
793:
792:Oswald Balzer
788:
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763:near Kraków.
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641:Bielsko-Biała
638:
635:, a medieval
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631:Martyrdom of
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604:Christmas Day
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548:and his wife
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515:Vratislaus II
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442:Lesser Poland
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110:December 2015
102:
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74:
71: –
70:
66:
65:Find sources:
59:
55:
49:
48:
43:This article
41:
37:
32:
31:
19:
1645:1080s deaths
1640:1040s births
1617:
1600:Augustus III
1377:
1288:
1255:
1243:
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1010:
1005:
983:
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961:
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945:
933:
914:
896:
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862:
851:. Retrieved
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696:
687:
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657:Red Ruthenia
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562:
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466:
435:
425:
421:
417:
411:
372:
340:
337:the Generous
336:
324:
323:
116:
107:
97:
90:
83:
76:
64:
52:Please help
47:verification
44:
1595:Stanisław I
1371:Przemysł II
807:Jan Długosz
777:Jan Długosz
531:Świętosława
387:Benedictine
218:Predecessor
171:Predecessor
1634:Categories
1512:Casimir IV
1155:Leszko III
1044:1058–1079
853:2010-03-25
821:References
796:Zwiefalten
773:Wyszesława
741:and died.
717:in Austria
673:infidelity
667:, who had
661:Stanislaus
637:polychrome
450:Pomerelian
263:(disputed)
206:Coronation
80:newspapers
1522:Alexander
1446:Restored
1378:See also:
1224:Mieszko I
1206:Siemomysł
1173:Chościsko
1168:Popiel II
1148:Leszko II
1120:Krakus II
1097:Legendary
735:Carinthia
727:incognito
595:of Kiev.
560:in 1073.
542:installed
511:Přemyslid
201:1076–1079
181:Successor
166:1058–1076
1336:Konrad I
1266:Zbigniew
1196:Siemowit
1162:Popiel I
1141:Leszko I
1113:Krakus I
1013:ca. 1043
950:T. Jurek
688:traditor
653:Iziaslav
550:Gertruda
525:town of
523:Moravian
498:, 1504,
496:adultery
454:Silesian
446:Mazovian
341:Szczodry
1618:Italics
1484:Jadwiga
1234:Bezprym
1127:Lech II
989:onet.pl
785:Mieszko
608:Bogumił
481:Solomon
473:Hungary
462:Mieszko
438:Greater
407:Wrocław
399:Wrocław
391:Mogilno
292:Dynasty
285:Mieszko
235:c. 1042
94:scholar
1283:period
1201:Lestek
1106:Lech I
1016:
844:
811:sodomy
761:Tyniec
665:Kraków
585:Saxony
538:Géza I
477:Béla I
452:, and
422:Śmiały
418:largus
403:Kraków
356:Poland
348:Polish
329:Polish
313:Mother
303:Father
269:Spouse
256:Burial
96:
89:
82:
75:
67:
1134:Wanda
1018:Died:
1011:Born:
639:from
513:duke
395:Lubin
375:Piast
297:Piast
280:Issue
198:Reign
163:Reign
148:denar
101:JSTOR
87:books
897:Park
842:ISBN
723:Rome
460:and
440:and
405:and
397:and
366:and
244:Died
232:Born
73:news
733:in
663:of
56:by
1636::
987:,
952:,
921:^
904:^
888:^
876:.
802:.
675:.
448:,
393:,
370:.
331::
146:A
1081:e
1074:t
1067:v
856:.
339:(
327:(
123:)
117:(
112:)
108:(
98:·
91:·
84:·
77:·
50:.
20:)
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