481:
20:
727:
684:
738:(also called "StRBC" or "pRBC"), by far the most commonly transfused blood product, and involves refrigeration but usually not freezing. There has been increasing controversy about whether a given product unit's age is a factor in transfusion efficacy, specifically on whether "older" blood directly or indirectly increases risks of complications. Studies have not been consistent on answering this question, with some showing that older blood is indeed less effective but with others showing no such difference; nevertheless, as storage time remains the only available way to estimate quality status or loss, a
2081:
614:
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196:(then The Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research) wanted to solve the problems of blood transfusion. With a colleague, Joseph R. Turner, he made two critical discoveries: blood typing was necessary to avoid blood clumping (coagulation) and blood samples could be preserved using chemical treatment. Their report in March 1915 to identify possible blood preservative was of a failure. The experiments with gelatine, agar, blood serum extracts, starch and beef albumin proved useless.
622:
111:
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325:
422:, Duran established a blood bank for the use of wounded soldiers and civilians. The 300–400 ml of extracted blood was mixed with 10% citrate solution in a modified Duran Erlenmeyer flask. The blood was stored in a sterile glass enclosed under pressure at 2 °C. During 30 months of work, the Transfusion Service of Barcelona registered almost 30,000 donors, and processed 9,000 liters of blood.
767:—a set of biochemical and biomechanical changes which occur during storage. With red cells, this can decrease viability and ability for tissue oxygenation. Although some of the biochemical changes are reversible after the blood is transfused, the biomechanical changes are less so, and rejuvenation products are not yet able to adequately reverse this phenomenon.
2452:
215:
indicates that the plasma of the prospective donor agglutinates the cells of the prospective recipient. The risk from transfusing is much less under such circumstances, but it may be doubted whether the blood is as useful as one which does not and is not agglutinated. A blood of the latter kind should always be chosen if possible.
239:
that the preserved bloods were just like fresh bloods and that they "function excellently when reintroduced into the body." The use of sodium citrate with sugar, sometimes known as Rous-Turner solution, was the main discovery that paved the way for the development of various blood preservation methods and blood bank.
267:
822:
More recently, novel approaches are being explored to complement or replace FIFO. One is to balance the desire to reduce average product age (at transfusion) with the need to maintain sufficient availability of non-outdated product, leading to a strategic blend of FIFO with last in, first out (LIFO).
800:
Many physicians have adopted a so-called "restrictive protocol"—whereby transfusion is held to a minimum—due in part to the noted uncertainties surrounding storage lesion, in addition to the very high direct and indirect costs of transfusions, along with the increasing view that many transfusions are
675:
for transfusion. Platelets are typically pooled before transfusion and have a shelf life of 5 to 7 days, or 3 days once the facility that collected them has completed their tests. Platelets are stored at room temperature (72 °F or 22 °C) and must be rocked/agitated. Since they are stored
818:
Although as noted the primary inventory-management approach is first in, first out (FIFO) to minimize product expiration, there are some deviations from this policy—both in current practice as well as under research. For example, exchange transfusion of RBC in neonates calls for use of blood product
390:
Surgeons at
Kharkiv in September. Also in 1930, Yudin organized the world's first blood bank at the Nikolay Sklifosovsky Institute, which set an example for the establishment of further blood banks in different regions of the Soviet Union and in other countries. By the mid-1930s the Soviet Union had
779:
is done on a sample of healthy volunteers, and then compliance is presumed for all RBC units based on universal (GMP) processing standards. RBC survival does not guarantee efficacy, but it is a necessary prerequisite for cell function, and hence serves as a regulatory proxy. Opinions vary as to the
467:
and in control of four large blood depots around the country. British policy through the war was to supply military personnel with blood from centralized depots, in contrast to the approach taken by the
Americans and Germans where troops at the front were bled to provide required blood. The British
238:
citrate solution (3.8 per cent sodium citrate in water), and 5 parts of isotonic dextrose solution (5.4 per cent dextrose in water), the cells remain intact for about 4 weeks." A separate report indicates the use of citrate-saccharose (sucrose) could maintain blood cells for two weeks. They noticed
223:
had discovered blood types a decade earlier, but the practical usage was not yet developed, as he described: "The fate of
Landsteiner's effort to call attention to the practical bearing of the group differences in human bloods provides an exquisite instance of knowledge marking time on technique.
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214:
clumping is present in the 9:1 mixture and to a less degree or not at all in the 1:1 mixture, it is certain that the blood of the patient agglutinates that of the donor and may perhaps hemolyze it. Transfusion in such cases is dangerous. Clumping in the 1:1 mixture with little or none in the 9:1
717:
of patients and to identify compatible blood products, along with a battery of tests (e.g. disease) and treatments (e.g. leukocyte filtration) to ensure or enhance quality. The increasingly recognized problem of inadequate efficacy of transfusion is also raising the profile of RBC viability and
633:
In the U.S., certain standards are set for the collection and processing of each blood product. "Whole blood" (WB) is the proper name for one defined product, specifically unseparated venous blood with an approved preservative added. Most blood for transfusion is collected as whole blood.
298:
officer, worked with Rous at the
Rockefeller between 1915 and 1917, and learned the blood matching and preservation methods. He was attached to the RAMC in 1917, where he was instrumental in establishing the first blood banks, with soldiers as donors, in preparation for the anticipated
205:
that agglutination could be avoided if the blood samples of the donor and recipient were tested before. They developed a rapid and simple method for testing blood compatibility in which coagulation and the suitability of the blood for transfusion could be easily determined. They used
646:) of 35 and 42 days respectively. RBC units can also be frozen when buffered with glycerol, but this is an expensive and time-consuming process, and is rarely done. Frozen red cells are given an expiration date of up to ten years and are stored at −85 °F (−65 °C).
2216:
Hod, Eldad A.; Zhang, Ning; Sokol, Set A.; Wojczyk, Boguslaw S.; Francis, Richard O.; Ansaldi, Daniel; Francis, Kevin P.; Della-Latta, Phyllis; Whittier, Susan; Sheth, Sujit; Hendrickson, Jeanne E.; Zimring, James C.; Brittenham, Gary M.; Spitalnik, Steven L. (27 May 2010).
254:
for the wounded. In
October 1915, Robertson performed his first wartime transfusion with a syringe to a patient who had multiple shrapnel wounds. He followed this up with four subsequent transfusions in the following months, and his success was reported to Sir
809:
Platelet storage lesion is a very different phenomenon from RBC storage lesion, due largely to the different functions of the products and purposes of the respective transfusions, along with different processing issues and inventory management considerations.
754:
are comparatively far less numerous, but they present unique storage/management issues. Platelets may only be stored for 7 days, due largely to their greater potential for contamination, which is in turn due largely to a higher storage temperature.
653:
is made into a variety of frozen components, and is labeled differently based on when it was frozen and what the intended use of the product is. If the plasma is frozen promptly and is intended for transfusion, it is typically labeled as
770:
Current regulatory measures are in place to minimize RBC storage lesion—including a maximum shelf life (currently 42 days), a maximum auto-hemolysis threshold (currently 1% in the US), and a minimum level of post-transfusion RBC survival
666:
can be made from other plasma components. These components must be stored at 0 °F (−18 °C) or colder, but are typically stored at −22 °F (−30 °C). The layer between the red cells and the plasma is referred to as the
351:
was free of charge and expanded rapidly. By 1925, it was providing services for almost 500 patients and it was incorporated into the structure of the
British Red Cross in 1926. Similar systems were established in other cities including
819:
that is five days old or less, to "ensure" optimal cell function. Also, some hospital blood banks will attempt to accommodate physicians' requests to provide low-aged RBC product for certain kinds of patients (e.g. cardiac surgery).
441:. In creating a hospital laboratory that preserved, refrigerated and stored donor blood, Fantus originated the term "blood bank". Within a few years, hospital and community blood banks were established across the United States.
788:
tests to assess quality deterioration or preservation for specific units of RBC blood product prior to their transfusion, though there is exploration of potentially relevant tests based on RBC membrane properties such as
746:
in storage results for different donors, which combined with limited available quality testing, poses challenges to clinicians and regulators seeking reliable indicators of quality for blood products and storage systems.
307:
as the anticoagulant, and the blood was extracted from punctures in the vein, and was stored in bottles at
British and American Casualty Clearing Stations along the Front. He also experimented with preserving separated
775:(currently 75% after 24 hours). However, all of these criteria are applied in a universal manner that does not account for differences among units of product; for example, testing for the post-transfusion RBC survival
54:
is performed. However, it sometimes refers to a collection center, and some hospitals also perform collection. Blood banking includes tasks related to blood collection, processing, testing, separation, and storage.
604:
Further extending the shelf life of stored blood up to 42 days was an anticoagulant preservative, CPDA-1, introduced in 1979, which increased the blood supply and facilitated resource-sharing among blood banks.
2358:
Raval, JS; Waters, JH; Seltsam, A; Scharberg, EA; Richter, E; Daly, AR; Kameneva, MV; Yazer, MH (November 2010). "The use of the mechanical fragility test in evaluating sublethal RBC injury during storage".
210:
to dilute the blood samples, and after mixing the recipient's and donor's blood in 9:1 and 1:1 parts, blood would either clump or remain watery after 15 minutes. Their result with a medical advice was clear:
90:
is transfused to those with low platelet count. Platelets can be stored at room temperature for up to 5–7 days. Single donor platelets, which have a more platelet count but it is bit expensive than regular.
84:
Red blood cells or packed cells is transfused to patients with anemia/iron deficiency. It also helps to improve the oxygen saturation in blood. It can be stored at 2.0 °C-6.0 °C for 35–45 days.
718:
quality. Notably, U.S. hospitals spend more on dealing with the consequences of transfusion-related complications than on the combined costs of buying, testing/treating, and transfusing their blood.
2402:
703:, but red blood cells and platelets can be collected by similar methods. These products generally have the same shelf life and storage conditions as their conventionally-produced counterparts.
843:("antifreeze") within the cells. The units are then placed in special sterile containers in a freezer at very low temperatures. The exact temperature depends on the glycerol concentration.
642:(RBC) in solution being the most commonly used product. Units of WB and RBC are both kept refrigerated at 33.8 to 42.8 °F (1.0 to 6.0 °C), with maximum permitted storage periods (
284:)—was able to persuade the British authorities of the merits of blood transfusion. Robertson went on to establish the first blood transfusion apparatus at a Casualty Clearing Station on the
480:
601:
bottles with durable plastic bags allowed for the evolution of a collection system capable of safe and easy preparation of multiple blood components from a single unit of whole blood.
418:
at the start of the conflict, but the hospital was soon overwhelmed by the demand for blood and the paucity of available donors. With support from the
Department of Health of the
2315:
Burns JM, Yang X, Forouzan O, Sosa JM, Shevkoplyas SS (May 2012). "Artificial microvascular network: a new tool for measuring rheologic properties of stored red blood cells".
1939:
188:
acted as a catalyst for the rapid development of blood banks and transfusion techniques. Inspired by the need to give blood to wounded soldiers in the absence of a donor,
2094:
Heaton, A.; Keegan, T.; Holme, S. (1989). "In vivo regeneration of red cell 2,3-diphosphoglycerate following transfusion of DPG-depleted AS-1, AS-3 and CPDA-1 red cells".
559:
to reconstitute the dried plasma contained within the other bottle. In about three minutes, the plasma would be ready to use and could stay fresh for around four hours.
468:
method proved to be more successful at adequately meeting all requirements and over 700,000 donors were bled over the course of the war. This system evolved into the
3495:
391:
set up a system of at least 65 large blood centers and more than 500 subsidiary ones, all storing "canned" blood and shipping it to all corners of the country.
364:, and the service's work began to attract international attention. Similar services were established in France, Germany, Austria, Belgium, Australia and Japan.
3540:
2629:
638:
donations are sometimes transfused without further modification, however whole blood is typically separated (via centrifugation) into its components, with
63:
1972:
Hess, J. R.; Biomedical
Excellence for Safer Transfusion (BEST) Collaborative (2012). "Scientific problems in the regulation of red blood cell products".
523:
The use of blood plasma as a substitute for whole blood and for transfusion purposes was proposed as early as 1918, in the correspondence columns of the
2413:
2025:
1874:
1352:"Blood transfusion in World War I: the roles of Lawrence Bruce Robertson and Oswald Hope Robertson in the "most important medical advance of the war""
1851:
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from recently deceased donors. Yudin performed such a transfusion successfully for the first time on March 23, 1930, and reported his first seven
3139:
590:(ACD) solution, which reduced the volume of anticoagulant, permitted transfusions of greater volumes of blood and allowed longer-term storage.
1625:
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Transfusion was still not done because (until at least 1915), the risk of clotting was too great." In
February 1916, they reported in the
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2548:
2438:
1807:
Shander A, Hofmann A, Gombotz H, Theusinger OM, Spahn DR (2007). "Estimating the cost of blood: past, present, and future directions".
2573:"A novel allocation strategy for blood transfusions: Investigating the tradeoff between the age and availability of transfused blood"
260:
1401:
97:
can be stored at a very low temperature of -30 °C for up to 12 months. The separation of plasma from a donor's blood is called
1947:
1761:
Marik PE, Corwin HL (2008). "Efficacy of red blood cell transfusion in the critically ill: a systematic review of the literature".
541:. A dried plasma package was developed, which reduced breakage and made the transportation, packaging, and storage much simpler.
19:
3403:
316:, a British surgeon, developed a portable machine that could store blood to enable transfusions to be carried out more easily.
1148:
1091:
3372:
2219:"Transfusion of red blood cells after prolonged storage produces harmful effects that are mediated by iron and inflammation"
533:, liquid plasma was used in Britain. A large project, known as 'Blood for Britain' began in August 1940 to collect blood in
3398:
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the key method for blood preservation. They replaced the additive, gelatine, with a mixture sodium citrate and glucose (
3132:
3026:
1475:
937:
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2187:"Improvement of hemodynamic function and mechanical properties of stored red blood cells by "rejuvenation" treatment"
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1430:
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The resulting dried plasma package came in two tin cans containing 400 cc bottles. One bottle contained enough
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226:
2186:
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2572:
59:
763:
Insufficient transfusion efficacy can result from red blood cell (RBC) blood product units damaged by so-called
658:. If it is intended to be made into other products, it is typically labeled as recovered plasma or plasma for
141:
the blood it was possible to store it for some days, thus opening the way for the development of blood banks.
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3200:
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146:
3450:
3304:
2020:
2015:
1866:
831:"Long-term" storage for all blood products is relatively uncommon, compared to routine/short-term storage.
688:
1843:
881:
Gordon, Murray B. (1940). "Effect of External Temperature on Sedimentation Rate of Red Blood Corpuscles".
742:
inventory management approach is standard presently. It is also important to consider that there is large
3320:
376:
285:
51:
2644:
2139:"Decreased erythrocyte deformability after transfusion and the effects of erythrocyte storage duration"
1313:"Taking Credit: The Canadian Army Medical Corps and the British Conversion to Blood Transfusion in WWI"
2137:
Frank, SM; Abazyan, B; Ono, M; Hogue, CW; Cohen, DB; Berkowitz, DE; Ness, PM; Barodka, VM (May 2013).
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Plasma transfusion is indicated to patients with liver failure, severe infections or serious burns.
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Whole blood is often separated, using a centrifuge, into components for storage and transportation.
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at Hammersmith Hospital to create a system of national blood banks in London. With the outbreak of
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247:
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of red blood cells is done to store rare units for up to ten years. The cells are incubated in a
713:
Most collection facilities as well as hospital blood banks also perform testing to determine the
525:
419:
300:
276:
2561:
Handbook of Pediatric Transfusion Medicine, edited by Ronald Strauss, Naomi Luban; Ch. 2, p. 12.
331:
established a scientific institute to research the effects of blood transfusion in Moscow, 1925.
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in 1916, and—with the help of a few like minded individuals (including the eminent physician
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at room temperature in nutritive solutions, they are at relatively high risk for growing
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501:
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145:
was the first to experiment with chemical methods to prevent the coagulation of blood at
94:
1149:"The preservation of living red blood cells in vitro: ii. The transfusion of kept cells"
43:. The term "blood bank" typically refers to a department of a hospital usually within a
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1997:
1916:
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1092:"The preservation of living red blood cells in vitro : i. Methods of preservation"
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328:
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173:
142:
44:
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is collected from volunteers while plasma for other purposes may be from paid donors.
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335:
The world's first blood donor service was established in 1921 by the secretary of the
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1495:. Vol. 1 (Home Library ed.). New York: H. S. Stuttman Co. p. 220.
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The first non-direct transfusion was performed on March 27, 1914, by the
3659:
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1888:
Aubron, Cécile; Nichol, Alistair; Cooper, D. Jamie; Bellomo, Rinaldo (2013).
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343:. Volunteers were subjected to a series of physical tests to establish their
161:
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134:
2676:
Banking on the Body: The Market in Blood, Milk, and Sperm in Modern America.
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110:
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121:) overseeing one of the first safe and effective blood transfusions in 1914
2115:
1906:
1294:
551:
oversaw the production of blood plasma for shipping to Britain during WW2.
544:
234:) solution and found: "in a mixture of 3 parts of human blood, 2 parts of
172:
used a much less diluted solution in November of the same year. Both used
3505:
3332:
3168:
3064:
2930:
2811:
2806:
2782:
2630:"Circular of Information for the use of Human Blood and Blood Components"
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1107:
594:
344:
185:
78:
2571:
Atkinson, M. P.; Fontaine, M. J.; Goodnough, L. T.; Wein, L. M. (2012).
50:
where the storage of blood product occurs and where pre-transfusion and
3433:
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2935:
2911:
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2821:
2599:
1467:
Blood Banking and Transfusion Medicine: Basic Principles & Practice
1422:
The Great Ormond Street Hospital Manual of Children's Nursing Practices
912:"The Rockefeller University Hospital Centennial – The First Blood Bank"
714:
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169:
114:
47:
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353:
270:
World War II Russian syringe for direct inter-human blood transfusion
165:
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2901:
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2847:
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1890:"Age of red blood cells and transfusion in critically ill patients"
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was appointed medical supervisor, and he was able to transform the
472:
established in 1946, the first national service to be implemented.
231:
2482:
Devine, D. V.; Serrano, K. (2010). "The Platelet Storage Lesion".
3624:
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2924:
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434:
387:
361:
157:
1704:
Simon, Ernest R.; Chapman, Robert G.; Finch, Clement A. (1962).
1508:
The blood bank and the technique and therapeutics of transfusion
463:
created the Army Blood Supply Depot (ABSD) in Bristol headed by
3535:
1806:
496:
A blood collection program was initiated in the US in 1940 and
489:
380:
324:
3147:
813:
734:
Routine blood storage is 42 days or 6 weeks for stored packed
706:
Donors are sometimes paid; in the U.S. and Europe, most blood
574:, Alex Wiener, Philip Levine, and R.E. Stetson discovered the
3614:
3600:
3580:
2570:
1649:"The Mechanism of Action of Adenine in Red Cell Preservation"
1018:"A rapid and simple method of testing donors for transfusion"
598:
567:
methods into the first successful mass production technique.
399:
32:
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3609:
3480:
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2357:
437:, established one of the first hospital blood banks in the
199:
In June 1915, they made the first important report in the
1887:
780:
best way to determine transfusion efficacy in a patient
582:
up to that time. Three years later, the introduction by
617:
Woman receiving blood donation, Sydney, Australia, 1940
2453:"Easy does it – showing caution with RBC transfusions"
2268:"Clinical evidence of blood transfusion effectiveness"
1463:
1317:
Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences
691:
scientist prepares blood donation samples for testing.
58:
For blood donation agencies in various countries, see
2314:
1490:
1261:"Cold blood and clinical research during World War I"
971:"On the preservation in vitro of living erythrocytes"
578:, which was found to be the cause of the majority of
414:
in 1936. Duran joined the Transfusion Service at the
2215:
2136:
699:. The most common component collected is plasma via
570:
Another important breakthrough came in 1939–40 when
250:(RAMC) to adopt the use of blood transfusion at the
64:
list of blood donation agencies in the United States
2265:
1493:
The New Illustrated Medical and Health Encyclopedia
1414:
406:One of the earliest blood banks was established by
164:, though this was a diluted solution of blood. The
2266:Pape A, Stein P, Horn O, Habler O (October 2009).
1491:Morris Fishbein, M.D., ed. (1976). "Blood Banks".
597:for blood collection in 1950. Replacing breakable
2093:
1703:
1510:. St. Louis: The C.V. Mosby Co. pp. 196–197.
504:. He worked out the techniques for isolating the
129:were made directly from donor to receiver before
3657:
3383:Transfusion-associated graft versus host disease
1053:Obituary Notices of Fellows of the Royal Society
149:, in the late 19th century. His attempts, using
2678:Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2014.
1967:
1965:
1940:"Blood's Shelf Life May Be as Short as 3 Weeks"
1523:Blood: An Epic History of Medicine and Commerce
1505:
593:Carl Walter and W.P. Murphy Jr. introduced the
386:with cadaveric blood at the Fourth Congress of
81:, which is blood transfused without separation.
3133:
2709:
2481:
1802:
1800:
1525:. Little, Brown and company. pp. 84–87.
1349:
1206:"An update on solutions for red cell storage"
1962:
608:
398:British poster encouraging people to donate
219:Rous was well aware that Austrian physician
69:
3378:Transfusion associated circulatory overload
1760:
1646:
1258:
1022:Journal of the American Medical Association
883:Journal of the American Medical Association
814:Alternative inventory and release practices
202:Journal of the American Medical Association
3388:Febrile non-hemolytic transfusion reaction
3261:International Society of Blood Transfusion
3140:
3126:
2716:
2702:
2048:"Clinical impact of blood storage lesions"
1797:
1647:Sugita, Yoshiki; Simon, Ernest R. (1965).
1545:
1350:Stansbury, Lynn G.; Hess, John R. (2009).
1146:
1089:
1015:
968:
804:
695:Some blood banks also collect products by
74:Several types of blood transfusion exist:
2291:
2242:
2162:
2063:
1915:
1905:
1737:
1680:
1563:
1310:
1276:
1180:
1123:
801:inappropriate or use too many RBC units.
721:
512:, which is essential for maintaining the
447:fled to Britain in 1938, and worked with
39:is stored and preserved for later use in
16:Place where blood donations are collected
1306:
1304:
725:
682:
620:
612:
543:
479:
393:
323:
274:Robertson published his findings in the
265:
109:
18:
1841:
1050:(1947). "Karl Landsteiner. 1868–1943".
938:"Dr. Peyton Rous, Nobel Laureate, Dies"
3658:
2547:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
2437:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
2045:
969:Rous, P.; Turner, J. R. (1915-03-01).
880:
537:hospitals for the export of plasma to
3373:Transfusion related acute lung injury
3121:
2697:
1598:from the original on 18 December 2016
1520:
1449:. Red Gold: The Eipc Story of Blood.
1425:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 75.
1301:
935:
758:
529:, by Gordon R. Ward. At the onset of
2016:"Storage of Platelets out to 7 days"
1864:
1259:Hanigan, W. C.; King, S. C. (1996).
1203:
1147:Rous, Peyton; Turner, J. R. (1916).
1090:Rous, Peyton; Turner, J. R. (1916).
1085:
1083:
1046:
1016:Rous, Peyton; Turner, J. R. (1915).
906:
904:
826:
784:. In general, there are not yet any
1415:Macqueen, Susan; Bruce, Elizabeth;
1398:"Red Gold: the Epic Story of Blood"
475:
246:was instrumental in persuading the
133:, it was discovered that by adding
13:
3027:Fluorescence in situ hybridization
2668:
2108:10.1111/j.1365-2141.1989.tb06286.x
1706:"Adenine in Red Cell Preservation"
1548:"The History of Blood Ttansfusion"
918:. The Rockefeller University. 2010
470:National Blood Transfusion Service
429:, director of therapeutics at the
179:
14:
3687:
3416:Transfusion transmitted infection
2682:
1867:"What's the Shelf Life of Blood?"
1710:Journal of Clinical Investigation
1653:Journal of Clinical Investigation
1080:
1040:
975:Experimental Biology and Medicine
929:
901:
671:and is sometimes removed to make
453:Royal Postgraduate Medical School
2995:Oral and maxillofacial pathology
2592:10.1111/j.1537-2995.2011.03239.x
2457:College of American Pathologists
2373:10.1111/j.1423-0410.2010.01365.x
2329:10.1111/j.1537-2995.2011.03418.x
2079:
1986:10.1111/j.1537-2995.2011.03511.x
1877:from the original on 2017-07-09.
1854:from the original on 2013-03-17.
1842:Bakalar, Nicholas (2013-03-11).
1809:Best Pract Res Clin Anaesthesiol
1628:from the original on 9 June 2017
1565:10.1046/j.1365-2141.2000.02139.x
1453:from the original on 2015-04-16.
1404:from the original on 2015-05-10.
1222:10.1111/j.1423-0410.2006.00778.x
1153:Journal of Experimental Medicine
1096:Journal of Experimental Medicine
1034:10.1001/jama.1915.02570500028011
895:10.1001/jama.1940.02810160078030
349:London Blood Transfusion Service
227:Journal of Experimental Medicine
2622:
2564:
2555:
2510:
2475:
2445:
2395:
2351:
2308:
2259:
2209:
2179:
2130:
2087:
2039:
2028:from the original on 2013-02-21
2008:
1932:
1881:
1865:Wang, Shirley S. (2009-12-01).
1858:
1844:"The Shelf Life of Donor Blood"
1835:
1754:
1697:
1640:
1610:
1580:
1539:
1514:
1499:
1484:
1464:Christopher D. Hillyer (2007).
1457:
1439:
1408:
1390:
1343:
1252:
60:list of blood donation agencies
2689:Animated Venipuncture tutorial
2484:Clinics in Laboratory Medicine
2096:British Journal of Haematology
2052:American Journal of Hematology
1552:British Journal of Haematology
1506:Kilduffe R, DeBakey M (1942).
1197:
1140:
1009:
962:
874:
459:looking imminent in 1938, the
377:transfusion of cadaveric blood
153:, however, were unsuccessful.
1:
2723:
936:Brody, Jane E. (1970-02-17).
868:
520:, preventing their collapse.
3305:Intraoperative blood salvage
2647:. p. 16. Archived from
2235:10.1182/blood-2009-10-245001
2155:10.1213/ANE.0b013e31828843e6
2046:Zubair, AC (February 2010).
2021:Food and Drug Administration
1775:10.1097/ccm.0b013e3181844677
1470:. Elsevier Health Sciences.
1356:Transfusion Medicine Reviews
689:Food and Drug Administration
319:
7:
3321:Blood compatibility testing
2410:www.patientsafetysummit.org
1618:"Office of Medical History"
1588:"Office of Medical History"
846:
586:and Patrick L. Mollison of
294:, a medical researcher and
52:blood compatibility testing
10:
3692:
1944:www.healthleadersmedia.com
1546:Giangrande, P. L. (2001).
1368:10.1016/j.tmrv.2009.03.007
261:Medical Research Committee
252:Casualty Clearing Stations
147:St Mary's Hospital, London
105:
3424:
3368:Transfusion hemosiderosis
3356:
3313:
3274:
3238:
3159:
3035:
2960:
2731:
2496:10.1016/j.cll.2010.02.002
1821:10.1016/j.bpa.2007.01.002
839:solution which acts as a
791:erythrocyte deformability
609:Collection and processing
500:pioneered the process of
484:Wounded soldier is given
70:Types of blood transfused
3348:Monocyte monolayer assay
2143:Anesthesia and Analgesia
1894:Annals of Intensive Care
1278:10.1093/milmed/161.7.392
627:Royal Melbourne Hospital
282:Edward William Archibald
248:Royal Army Medical Corps
244:Lawrence Bruce Robertson
35:gathered as a result of
3223:Granulocyte transfusion
3102:Microbiological culture
2732:Principles of pathology
2645:America's Blood Centers
1871:The Wall Street Journal
805:Platelet storage lesion
526:British Medical Journal
420:Spanish Republican Army
288:in the spring of 1917.
277:British Medical Journal
1622:history.amedd.army.mil
1592:history.amedd.army.mil
1329:10.1093/jhmas/56.3.238
1066:10.1098/rsbm.1947.0002
987:10.3181/00379727-12-74
916:centennial.rucares.org
731:
722:Storage and management
692:
630:
625:Blood donation at the
618:
552:
493:
403:
332:
271:
257:Walter Morley Fletcher
217:
194:Rockefeller University
122:
24:
3358:Transfusion reactions
3065:Diagnostic immunology
2890:Programmed cell death
2858:Liquefactive necrosis
1907:10.1186/2110-5820-3-2
795:erythrocyte fragility
729:
686:
624:
616:
588:acid-citrate-dextrose
580:transfusion reactions
576:Rh blood group system
547:
483:
397:
327:
301:Third Battle of Ypres
292:Oswald Hope Robertson
269:
212:
176:as an anticoagulant.
113:
22:
3671:Transfusion medicine
3338:Kleihauer–Betke test
3300:Exchange transfusion
3179:Platelet transfusion
3153:transfusion medicine
3060:Medical microbiology
3055:Transfusion medicine
3012:Immunohistochemistry
2962:Anatomical pathology
2853:Coagulative necrosis
2284:10.2450/2008.0072-08
2191:www.isb-isch2012.org
1204:Hess, J. R. (2006).
1165:10.1084/jem.23.2.239
1108:10.1084/jem.23.2.219
853:Medical technologist
445:Frederic Durán-Jordà
431:Cook County Hospital
408:Frederic Durán-Jordà
367:Vladimir Shamov and
242:Canadian Lieutenant
88:Platelet transfusion
23:Blood bank in France
3426:Blood group systems
3361:and adverse effects
3196:Fresh frozen plasma
3017:Electron microscopy
2985:Molecular pathology
2863:Gangrenous necrosis
2795:Cellular adaptation
656:fresh frozen plasma
502:blood fractionation
190:Francis Peyton Rous
95:Fresh frozen plasma
3045:Clinical chemistry
3037:Clinical pathology
3022:Immunofluorescence
2990:Forensic pathology
2970:Surgical pathology
2878:Fibrinoid necrosis
2654:on October 7, 2009
1848:The New York Times
1311:Kim Pelis (2001).
942:The New York Times
759:RBC storage lesion
740:first-in-first-out
732:
693:
631:
619:
553:
494:
416:Barcelona Hospital
404:
402:for the war effort
333:
329:Alexander Bogdanov
272:
259:, director of the
143:John Braxton Hicks
127:blood transfusions
123:
45:clinical pathology
31:is a center where
25:
3653:
3652:
3230:Blood substitutes
3218:White blood cells
3149:Blood transfusion
3115:
3114:
3082:Mass spectrometry
2674:Kara W. Swanson,
2419:on 5 October 2018
2065:10.1002/ajh.21599
1722:10.1172/JCI104489
1665:10.1172/JCI105176
1521:Starr, D (1998).
1265:Military Medicine
1028:(24): 1980–1982.
863:Blood transfusion
827:Long-term storage
412:Spanish Civil War
341:Percy Lane Oliver
337:British Red Cross
312:in iced bottles.
151:phosphate of soda
119:second from right
41:blood transfusion
3683:
3343:Antibody elution
3290:plateletpheresis
3256:Blood management
3239:General concepts
3142:
3135:
3128:
3119:
3118:
3002:Gross processing
2868:Caseous necrosis
2718:
2711:
2704:
2695:
2694:
2663:
2662:
2660:
2659:
2653:
2634:
2626:
2620:
2619:
2577:
2568:
2562:
2559:
2553:
2552:
2546:
2538:
2536:
2535:
2529:
2523:. Archived from
2522:
2514:
2508:
2507:
2479:
2473:
2472:
2470:
2468:
2459:. Archived from
2449:
2443:
2442:
2436:
2428:
2426:
2424:
2418:
2412:. Archived from
2407:
2399:
2393:
2392:
2355:
2349:
2348:
2312:
2306:
2305:
2295:
2263:
2257:
2256:
2246:
2213:
2207:
2206:
2204:
2202:
2197:on 15 April 2013
2193:. Archived from
2183:
2177:
2176:
2166:
2134:
2128:
2127:
2091:
2085:
2084:
2083:
2077:
2067:
2043:
2037:
2036:
2034:
2033:
2012:
2006:
2005:
1969:
1960:
1959:
1957:
1955:
1946:. Archived from
1936:
1930:
1929:
1919:
1909:
1885:
1879:
1878:
1862:
1856:
1855:
1839:
1833:
1832:
1804:
1795:
1794:
1758:
1752:
1751:
1741:
1701:
1695:
1694:
1684:
1644:
1638:
1637:
1635:
1633:
1614:
1608:
1607:
1605:
1603:
1584:
1578:
1577:
1567:
1543:
1537:
1536:
1518:
1512:
1511:
1503:
1497:
1496:
1488:
1482:
1481:
1461:
1455:
1454:
1443:
1437:
1436:
1412:
1406:
1405:
1394:
1388:
1387:
1347:
1341:
1340:
1308:
1299:
1298:
1280:
1256:
1250:
1249:
1201:
1195:
1194:
1184:
1144:
1138:
1137:
1127:
1087:
1078:
1077:
1044:
1038:
1037:
1013:
1007:
1006:
966:
960:
959:
957:
956:
933:
927:
926:
924:
923:
908:
899:
898:
878:
833:Cryopreservation
750:Transfusions of
629:during the 1940s
572:Karl Landsteiner
514:osmotic pressure
476:Medical advances
297:
221:Karl Landsteiner
125:While the first
3691:
3690:
3686:
3685:
3684:
3682:
3681:
3680:
3656:
3655:
3654:
3649:
3444:Secretor status
3420:
3360:
3352:
3309:
3270:
3234:
3211:Cryosupernatant
3206:Cryoprecipitate
3186:Red blood cells
3155:
3146:
3116:
3111:
3070:Immunopathology
3050:Hematopathology
3031:
2956:
2727:
2722:
2685:
2671:
2669:Further reading
2666:
2657:
2655:
2651:
2632:
2628:
2627:
2623:
2575:
2569:
2565:
2560:
2556:
2540:
2539:
2533:
2531:
2527:
2520:
2518:"Archived copy"
2516:
2515:
2511:
2480:
2476:
2466:
2464:
2451:
2450:
2446:
2430:
2429:
2422:
2420:
2416:
2405:
2403:"Archived copy"
2401:
2400:
2396:
2356:
2352:
2313:
2309:
2264:
2260:
2229:(21): 4284–92.
2214:
2210:
2200:
2198:
2185:
2184:
2180:
2135:
2131:
2092:
2088:
2078:
2044:
2040:
2031:
2029:
2014:
2013:
2009:
1970:
1963:
1953:
1951:
1938:
1937:
1933:
1886:
1882:
1863:
1859:
1840:
1836:
1805:
1798:
1759:
1755:
1702:
1698:
1645:
1641:
1631:
1629:
1616:
1615:
1611:
1601:
1599:
1586:
1585:
1581:
1544:
1540:
1533:
1519:
1515:
1504:
1500:
1489:
1485:
1478:
1462:
1458:
1445:
1444:
1440:
1433:
1413:
1409:
1396:
1395:
1391:
1348:
1344:
1309:
1302:
1257:
1253:
1202:
1198:
1145:
1141:
1088:
1081:
1060:(15): 294–324.
1045:
1041:
1014:
1010:
967:
963:
954:
952:
934:
930:
921:
919:
910:
909:
902:
879:
875:
871:
849:
829:
816:
807:
761:
736:red blood cells
724:
708:for transfusion
664:Cryoprecipitate
649:The less-dense
640:red blood cells
611:
561:Charles R. Drew
557:distilled water
549:Charles R. Drew
478:
322:
314:Geoffrey Keynes
310:red blood cells
295:
186:First World War
182:
180:First World War
108:
72:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3689:
3679:
3678:
3676:Blood donation
3673:
3668:
3651:
3650:
3648:
3647:
3642:
3637:
3632:
3627:
3622:
3617:
3612:
3603:
3598:
3593:
3588:
3583:
3578:
3573:
3568:
3563:
3558:
3553:
3543:
3538:
3533:
3528:
3523:
3518:
3513:
3508:
3503:
3498:
3493:
3488:
3483:
3478:
3473:
3468:
3463:
3458:
3453:
3448:
3447:
3446:
3436:
3430:
3428:
3422:
3421:
3419:
3418:
3413:
3411:Serum sickness
3408:
3407:
3406:
3401:
3390:
3385:
3380:
3375:
3370:
3364:
3362:
3354:
3353:
3351:
3350:
3345:
3340:
3335:
3330:
3329:
3328:
3326:Cross-matching
3317:
3315:
3311:
3310:
3308:
3307:
3302:
3297:
3286:plasmapheresis
3278:
3276:
3272:
3271:
3269:
3268:
3263:
3258:
3253:
3251:Blood donation
3248:
3242:
3240:
3236:
3235:
3233:
3232:
3227:
3226:
3225:
3215:
3214:
3213:
3208:
3203:
3198:
3188:
3183:
3182:
3181:
3171:
3165:
3163:
3161:Blood products
3157:
3156:
3145:
3144:
3137:
3130:
3122:
3113:
3112:
3110:
3109:
3104:
3099:
3094:
3092:Flow cytometry
3089:
3087:Chromatography
3084:
3079:
3073:
3072:
3067:
3062:
3057:
3052:
3047:
3041:
3039:
3033:
3032:
3030:
3029:
3024:
3019:
3014:
3009:
3007:Histopathology
3004:
2998:
2997:
2992:
2987:
2982:
2977:
2972:
2966:
2964:
2958:
2957:
2955:
2954:
2949:
2948:
2947:
2942:
2933:
2921:
2915:
2914:
2909:
2904:
2899:
2898:
2897:
2887:
2886:
2885:
2880:
2875:
2870:
2865:
2860:
2855:
2845:
2843:
2837:
2836:
2835:
2834:
2829:
2819:
2814:
2809:
2804:
2799:
2797:
2791:
2790:
2785:
2780:
2775:
2774:
2773:
2763:
2762:
2761:
2756:
2751:
2746:
2735:
2733:
2729:
2728:
2721:
2720:
2713:
2706:
2698:
2692:
2691:
2684:
2683:External links
2681:
2680:
2679:
2670:
2667:
2665:
2664:
2621:
2563:
2554:
2509:
2474:
2444:
2394:
2350:
2323:(5): 1010–23.
2307:
2272:Blood Transfus
2258:
2208:
2178:
2129:
2086:
2038:
2007:
1980:(8): 1827–35.
1961:
1931:
1880:
1857:
1834:
1796:
1769:(9): 2667–74.
1753:
1716:(2): 351–359.
1696:
1659:(4): 629–642.
1639:
1609:
1579:
1558:(4): 758–767.
1538:
1531:
1513:
1498:
1483:
1477:978-0443069819
1476:
1456:
1447:"Percy Oliver"
1438:
1431:
1407:
1389:
1362:(3): 232–236.
1342:
1323:(3): 238–277.
1300:
1271:(7): 392–400.
1251:
1196:
1159:(2): 239–248.
1139:
1102:(2): 219–237.
1079:
1039:
1008:
981:(6): 122–124.
961:
944:. p. 43.
928:
900:
872:
870:
867:
866:
865:
860:
855:
848:
845:
841:cryoprotectant
828:
825:
815:
812:
806:
803:
797:(mechanical).
765:storage lesion
760:
757:
723:
720:
701:plasmapheresis
610:
607:
477:
474:
427:Bernard Fantus
375:pioneered the
321:
318:
305:sodium citrate
208:sodium citrate
181:
178:
174:sodium citrate
107:
104:
103:
102:
99:plasmapheresis
91:
85:
82:
71:
68:
37:blood donation
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3688:
3677:
3674:
3672:
3669:
3667:
3664:
3663:
3661:
3646:
3643:
3641:
3638:
3636:
3633:
3631:
3628:
3626:
3623:
3621:
3618:
3616:
3613:
3611:
3607:
3604:
3602:
3599:
3597:
3594:
3592:
3589:
3587:
3584:
3582:
3579:
3577:
3574:
3572:
3569:
3567:
3564:
3562:
3559:
3557:
3554:
3551:
3547:
3544:
3542:
3539:
3537:
3534:
3532:
3529:
3527:
3524:
3522:
3519:
3517:
3514:
3512:
3509:
3507:
3504:
3502:
3499:
3497:
3494:
3492:
3489:
3487:
3484:
3482:
3479:
3477:
3474:
3472:
3469:
3467:
3464:
3462:
3461:Chido-Rodgers
3459:
3457:
3454:
3452:
3449:
3445:
3442:
3441:
3440:
3437:
3435:
3432:
3431:
3429:
3427:
3423:
3417:
3414:
3412:
3409:
3405:
3402:
3400:
3397:
3396:
3394:
3391:
3389:
3386:
3384:
3381:
3379:
3376:
3374:
3371:
3369:
3366:
3365:
3363:
3359:
3355:
3349:
3346:
3344:
3341:
3339:
3336:
3334:
3331:
3327:
3324:
3323:
3322:
3319:
3318:
3316:
3312:
3306:
3303:
3301:
3298:
3295:
3294:leukapheresis
3291:
3287:
3283:
3280:
3279:
3277:
3273:
3267:
3264:
3262:
3259:
3257:
3254:
3252:
3249:
3247:
3244:
3243:
3241:
3237:
3231:
3228:
3224:
3221:
3220:
3219:
3216:
3212:
3209:
3207:
3204:
3202:
3199:
3197:
3194:
3193:
3192:
3189:
3187:
3184:
3180:
3177:
3176:
3175:
3172:
3170:
3167:
3166:
3164:
3162:
3158:
3154:
3150:
3143:
3138:
3136:
3131:
3129:
3124:
3123:
3120:
3108:
3105:
3103:
3100:
3098:
3095:
3093:
3090:
3088:
3085:
3083:
3080:
3078:
3075:
3074:
3071:
3068:
3066:
3063:
3061:
3058:
3056:
3053:
3051:
3048:
3046:
3043:
3042:
3040:
3038:
3034:
3028:
3025:
3023:
3020:
3018:
3015:
3013:
3010:
3008:
3005:
3003:
3000:
2999:
2996:
2993:
2991:
2988:
2986:
2983:
2981:
2978:
2976:
2975:Cytopathology
2973:
2971:
2968:
2967:
2965:
2963:
2959:
2953:
2950:
2946:
2943:
2941:
2937:
2934:
2932:
2929:
2928:
2927:
2926:
2922:
2920:
2919:Accumulations
2917:
2916:
2913:
2910:
2908:
2905:
2903:
2900:
2896:
2893:
2892:
2891:
2888:
2884:
2881:
2879:
2876:
2874:
2871:
2869:
2866:
2864:
2861:
2859:
2856:
2854:
2851:
2850:
2849:
2846:
2844:
2842:
2839:
2838:
2833:
2830:
2828:
2825:
2824:
2823:
2820:
2818:
2815:
2813:
2810:
2808:
2805:
2803:
2800:
2798:
2796:
2793:
2792:
2789:
2788:Wound healing
2786:
2784:
2781:
2779:
2776:
2772:
2769:
2768:
2767:
2764:
2760:
2757:
2755:
2752:
2750:
2747:
2745:
2742:
2741:
2740:
2737:
2736:
2734:
2730:
2726:
2719:
2714:
2712:
2707:
2705:
2700:
2699:
2696:
2690:
2687:
2686:
2677:
2673:
2672:
2650:
2646:
2642:
2638:
2631:
2625:
2617:
2613:
2609:
2605:
2601:
2597:
2593:
2589:
2586:(1): 108–17.
2585:
2581:
2574:
2567:
2558:
2550:
2544:
2530:on 2013-04-12
2526:
2519:
2513:
2505:
2501:
2497:
2493:
2490:(2): 475–87.
2489:
2485:
2478:
2463:on 2018-05-04
2462:
2458:
2454:
2448:
2440:
2434:
2415:
2411:
2404:
2398:
2390:
2386:
2382:
2378:
2374:
2370:
2367:(4): 325–31.
2366:
2362:
2361:Vox Sanguinis
2354:
2346:
2342:
2338:
2334:
2330:
2326:
2322:
2318:
2311:
2303:
2299:
2294:
2289:
2285:
2281:
2278:(4): 250–58.
2277:
2273:
2269:
2262:
2254:
2250:
2245:
2240:
2236:
2232:
2228:
2224:
2220:
2212:
2196:
2192:
2188:
2182:
2174:
2170:
2165:
2160:
2156:
2152:
2149:(5): 975–81.
2148:
2144:
2140:
2133:
2125:
2121:
2117:
2113:
2109:
2105:
2102:(1): 131–36.
2101:
2097:
2090:
2082:
2075:
2071:
2066:
2061:
2058:(2): 117–22.
2057:
2053:
2049:
2042:
2027:
2023:
2022:
2017:
2011:
2003:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1987:
1983:
1979:
1975:
1968:
1966:
1950:on 2014-12-05
1949:
1945:
1941:
1935:
1927:
1923:
1918:
1913:
1908:
1903:
1899:
1895:
1891:
1884:
1876:
1872:
1868:
1861:
1853:
1849:
1845:
1838:
1830:
1826:
1822:
1818:
1815:(2): 271–89.
1814:
1810:
1803:
1801:
1792:
1788:
1784:
1780:
1776:
1772:
1768:
1764:
1763:Crit Care Med
1757:
1749:
1745:
1740:
1735:
1731:
1727:
1723:
1719:
1715:
1711:
1707:
1700:
1692:
1688:
1683:
1678:
1674:
1670:
1666:
1662:
1658:
1654:
1650:
1643:
1627:
1623:
1619:
1613:
1597:
1593:
1589:
1583:
1575:
1571:
1566:
1561:
1557:
1553:
1549:
1542:
1534:
1532:0-316-91146-1
1528:
1524:
1517:
1509:
1502:
1494:
1487:
1479:
1473:
1469:
1468:
1460:
1452:
1448:
1442:
1434:
1432:9781118274224
1428:
1424:
1423:
1418:
1417:Gibson, Faith
1411:
1403:
1399:
1393:
1385:
1381:
1377:
1373:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1346:
1338:
1334:
1330:
1326:
1322:
1318:
1314:
1307:
1305:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1279:
1274:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1255:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1210:Vox Sanguinis
1207:
1200:
1192:
1188:
1183:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1143:
1135:
1131:
1126:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1086:
1084:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1054:
1049:
1043:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1012:
1004:
1000:
996:
992:
988:
984:
980:
976:
972:
965:
951:
947:
943:
939:
932:
917:
913:
907:
905:
896:
892:
888:
884:
877:
873:
864:
861:
859:
856:
854:
851:
850:
844:
842:
838:
834:
824:
820:
811:
802:
798:
796:
792:
787:
783:
778:
774:
768:
766:
756:
753:
748:
745:
741:
737:
728:
719:
716:
711:
709:
704:
702:
698:
690:
685:
681:
679:
674:
670:
665:
661:
660:fractionation
657:
652:
647:
645:
641:
637:
628:
623:
615:
606:
602:
600:
596:
591:
589:
585:
581:
577:
573:
568:
566:
562:
558:
550:
546:
542:
540:
536:
535:New York City
532:
528:
527:
521:
519:
518:blood vessels
515:
511:
507:
506:serum albumin
503:
499:
491:
487:
482:
473:
471:
466:
465:Lionel Whitby
462:
458:
454:
450:
449:Janet Vaughan
446:
442:
440:
439:United States
436:
432:
428:
423:
421:
417:
413:
409:
401:
396:
392:
389:
385:
382:
378:
374:
370:
365:
363:
359:
355:
350:
346:
342:
338:
330:
326:
317:
315:
311:
306:
302:
293:
289:
287:
286:Western Front
283:
279:
278:
268:
264:
262:
258:
253:
249:
245:
240:
237:
233:
229:
228:
222:
216:
211:
209:
204:
203:
197:
195:
191:
187:
177:
175:
171:
167:
163:
162:Albert Hustin
159:
154:
152:
148:
144:
140:
139:refrigerating
136:
135:anticoagulant
132:
128:
120:
116:
112:
100:
96:
92:
89:
86:
83:
80:
77:
76:
75:
67:
65:
61:
56:
53:
49:
46:
42:
38:
34:
30:
21:
3245:
3096:
3077:Enzyme assay
2923:
2918:
2907:Karyorrhexis
2883:Myocytolysis
2873:Fat necrosis
2778:Inflammation
2766:Hemodynamics
2759:Pathogenesis
2675:
2656:. Retrieved
2649:the original
2624:
2583:
2579:
2566:
2557:
2532:. Retrieved
2525:the original
2512:
2487:
2483:
2477:
2465:. Retrieved
2461:the original
2456:
2447:
2421:. Retrieved
2414:the original
2409:
2397:
2364:
2360:
2353:
2320:
2316:
2310:
2275:
2271:
2261:
2226:
2222:
2211:
2199:. Retrieved
2195:the original
2190:
2181:
2146:
2142:
2132:
2099:
2095:
2089:
2055:
2051:
2041:
2030:. Retrieved
2019:
2010:
1977:
1973:
1952:. Retrieved
1948:the original
1943:
1934:
1897:
1893:
1883:
1870:
1860:
1847:
1837:
1812:
1808:
1766:
1762:
1756:
1713:
1709:
1699:
1656:
1652:
1642:
1630:. Retrieved
1621:
1612:
1600:. Retrieved
1591:
1582:
1555:
1551:
1541:
1522:
1516:
1507:
1501:
1492:
1486:
1466:
1459:
1441:
1421:
1410:
1392:
1359:
1355:
1345:
1320:
1316:
1268:
1264:
1254:
1216:(1): 13–19.
1213:
1209:
1199:
1156:
1152:
1142:
1099:
1095:
1057:
1051:
1042:
1025:
1021:
1011:
978:
974:
964:
953:. Retrieved
941:
931:
920:. Retrieved
915:
886:
882:
876:
858:Phlebotomist
830:
821:
817:
808:
799:
785:
781:
776:
772:
769:
764:
762:
751:
749:
743:
739:
735:
733:
712:
707:
705:
694:
651:blood plasma
648:
632:
603:
592:
569:
554:
531:World War II
524:
522:
510:blood plasma
508:fraction of
495:
486:blood plasma
443:
424:
405:
384:transfusions
373:Soviet Union
369:Sergei Yudin
366:
334:
290:
275:
273:
241:
225:
218:
213:
200:
198:
183:
155:
124:
118:
73:
57:
28:
26:
3666:Blood banks
3434:Blood types
3333:Coombs test
3169:Whole blood
2931:Hemosiderin
2812:Hyperplasia
2807:Hypertrophy
2783:Cell damage
2600:10945/48003
2580:Transfusion
2317:Transfusion
1974:Transfusion
744:variability
644:shelf lives
595:plastic bag
584:J.F. Loutit
410:during the
345:blood group
131:coagulation
79:Whole blood
3660:Categories
3246:Blood bank
3097:Blood bank
2940:Lipofuscin
2936:Lipochrome
2912:Karyolysis
2841:Cell death
2822:Metaplasia
2658:2010-10-18
2534:2013-04-03
2032:2013-04-01
955:2022-03-18
922:2022-03-18
869:References
715:blood type
669:buffy coat
636:Autologous
498:Edwin Cohn
461:War Office
358:Manchester
303:. He used
170:Luis Agote
115:Luis Agote
48:laboratory
29:blood bank
3451:Augustine
3395:reaction
3393:Hemolytic
3282:Apheresis
3174:Platelets
2952:Steatosis
2895:Apoptosis
2832:Glandular
2817:Dysplasia
2749:Neoplasia
2744:Infection
2725:Pathology
2345:205724851
1730:0021-9738
1673:0021-9738
1376:1532-9496
1287:0026-4075
1230:0042-9007
1173:1540-9538
1116:1540-9538
1074:161789667
995:1535-3702
950:0362-4331
752:platelets
697:apheresis
673:platelets
565:test tube
388:Ukrainian
354:Sheffield
320:Expansion
296:U.S. Army
166:Argentine
3576:Lutheran
3481:Dombrock
3266:ISBT 128
3107:Serology
2902:Pyknosis
2848:Necrosis
2827:Squamous
2771:Ischemia
2616:15257457
2608:21756261
2543:cite web
2504:20513565
2433:cite web
2389:41654664
2381:20673245
2337:22043858
2302:20011636
2253:20299509
2173:23449853
2124:43303207
2074:20052749
2026:Archived
2002:24689742
1994:22229278
1926:23316800
1900:(1): 2.
1875:Archived
1852:Archived
1829:17650777
1791:11938442
1783:18679112
1748:14039291
1691:14278179
1626:Archived
1596:Archived
1574:11054057
1451:Archived
1419:(2012).
1402:Archived
1384:19539877
1337:11552401
1246:35894834
1238:16756596
1191:19867982
1134:19867981
1048:Rous, P.
1003:88016286
847:See also
837:glycerol
786:in vitro
678:bacteria
425:In 1937
381:clinical
236:isotonic
232:dextrose
3615:Scianna
3501:Gerbich
3404:delayed
3275:Methods
2980:Autopsy
2945:Melanin
2925:pigment
2802:Atrophy
2739:Disease
2293:2782802
2244:2879099
2164:3744176
2116:2492818
1917:3575378
1400:. PBS.
1295:8754712
1182:2125395
1125:2125399
782:in vivo
777:in vivo
773:in vivo
539:Britain
516:in the
492:, 1943.
451:at the
435:Chicago
371:in the
362:Norwich
192:at the
168:doctor
160:doctor
158:Belgian
106:History
3526:Indian
3471:Cromer
3466:Colton
3191:Plasma
2614:
2606:
2502:
2423:22 May
2387:
2379:
2343:
2335:
2300:
2290:
2251:
2241:
2201:22 May
2171:
2161:
2122:
2114:
2072:
2000:
1992:
1924:
1914:
1827:
1789:
1781:
1746:
1739:289233
1736:
1728:
1689:
1682:292538
1679:
1671:
1572:
1529:
1474:
1429:
1382:
1374:
1335:
1293:
1285:
1244:
1236:
1228:
1189:
1179:
1171:
1132:
1122:
1114:
1072:
1001:
993:
948:
889:(16).
490:Sicily
347:. The
3645:Other
3571:Lewis
3561:Knops
3541:KANNO
3486:Duffy
3476:Diego
3399:acute
3314:Tests
2754:Cause
2652:(PDF)
2633:(PDF)
2612:S2CID
2576:(PDF)
2528:(PDF)
2521:(PDF)
2467:4 May
2417:(PDF)
2406:(PDF)
2385:S2CID
2341:S2CID
2223:Blood
2120:S2CID
1998:S2CID
1954:4 May
1787:S2CID
1632:4 May
1602:4 May
1242:S2CID
1070:S2CID
999:S2CID
599:glass
400:blood
33:blood
3625:T-Tn
3610:RHAG
3608:and
3601:Raph
3596:P1PK
3556:Kidd
3546:Kell
3511:GLOB
3496:FORS
3456:CD59
3201:PF24
3151:and
2637:AABB
2604:PMID
2549:link
2500:PMID
2469:2018
2439:link
2425:2022
2377:PMID
2333:PMID
2298:PMID
2249:PMID
2203:2022
2169:PMID
2112:PMID
2070:PMID
1990:PMID
1956:2018
1922:PMID
1825:PMID
1779:PMID
1744:PMID
1726:ISSN
1687:PMID
1669:ISSN
1634:2018
1604:2018
1570:PMID
1527:ISBN
1472:ISBN
1427:ISBN
1380:PMID
1372:ISSN
1333:PMID
1291:PMID
1283:ISSN
1234:PMID
1226:ISSN
1187:PMID
1169:ISSN
1130:PMID
1112:ISSN
1026:LXIV
991:ISSN
946:ISSN
793:and
360:and
184:The
137:and
62:and
3630:Vel
3620:Sid
3586:MNS
3566:Lan
3536:JMH
3506:GIL
3439:ABO
2641:ARC
2596:hdl
2588:doi
2492:doi
2369:doi
2325:doi
2288:PMC
2280:doi
2239:PMC
2231:doi
2227:115
2159:PMC
2151:doi
2147:116
2104:doi
2060:doi
1982:doi
1912:PMC
1902:doi
1817:doi
1771:doi
1734:PMC
1718:doi
1677:PMC
1661:doi
1560:doi
1556:110
1364:doi
1325:doi
1273:doi
1269:161
1218:doi
1177:PMC
1161:doi
1120:PMC
1104:doi
1062:doi
1030:doi
983:doi
891:doi
887:114
687:US
662:.
488:in
457:war
433:in
3662::
3640:Yt
3635:Xg
3606:Rh
3591:OK
3581:LW
3550:Xk
3531:JR
3521:Ii
3516:Hh
3491:Er
3292:,
3288:,
2643:,
2639:,
2635:.
2610:.
2602:.
2594:.
2584:52
2582:.
2578:.
2545:}}
2541:{{
2498:.
2488:30
2486:.
2455:.
2435:}}
2431:{{
2408:.
2383:.
2375:.
2365:99
2363:.
2339:.
2331:.
2321:52
2319:.
2296:.
2286:.
2274:.
2270:.
2247:.
2237:.
2225:.
2221:.
2189:.
2167:.
2157:.
2145:.
2141:.
2118:.
2110:.
2100:71
2098:.
2068:.
2056:85
2054:.
2050:.
2024:.
2018:.
1996:.
1988:.
1978:52
1976:.
1964:^
1942:.
1920:.
1910:.
1896:.
1892:.
1873:.
1869:.
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