3148:
602:"for his discovery of tumour-inducing viruses." As early as 1926, Karl Landsteiner had nominated him and subsequently received other 16 nominations up to 1951, but was selected 55 years after his initial discovery at the age of 87, and he is recorded as the oldest recipient of the Nobel Prize in Medicine or Physiology. His remains "the longest 'incubation period' in the 110 years history of the Nobel Prizes in Physiology or Medicine."
328:) developed in his armpit and was surgically removed. He was given leave from the medical school for recovery. His uncle got him a job as a cowboy at a cattle ranch in Texas, where he worked for a year. He was able to resume his medical course in 1904. Due to the disease, he considered himself as unfit to be a physician, or a "real doctor," for which he focused his interest in medical research. He obtained an M.D. degree in 1905.
396:
healthy chickens of the same breed only, so that genetic relatedness was important for the specific tumor. His first report in May 1910 on spontaneous chicken tumor established the first avian tumor that was transplantable to other individuals. Speculating the medical importance, he noted that "there is no reason to suspect on these points that the
340:
as an instructor of pathology. Alfred
Warthin, head of the pathology department, advised him to study German to pursue specialised pathological course in Germany. To earn extra salary, Warthin arranged for him temporary teaching position at the summer school. He published his first technical paper on
462:
and showed in 1935 that the virus was transmissible in healthy rabbits. Shope realized the similarity as a cancer agent with Rous's virus and requested Rous for further investigation. Rous obliged and soon reported on the details Shope papilloma virus. From his initial study, he knew that such tumor
395:
which had developed a "large irregularly globular mass" on its left breast two months earlier. He identified the tumor as a "spindle-celled sarcoma." After several experiments of attempting to see the effect of the tumor exudate on healthy chicken, he realized that he could induce the same tumour in
518:
Rous also made important contributions in the physiology of digestion focussing on the liver and gall bladder. With Louise D. Larimore, he described the conditions leading to liver damage and the effect on bile secretion. He and Philip D. McMaster worked out the main function of gall bladder as the
505:
He and Turner also successfully developed a technique for prolonged blood preservation initially by adding gelatine in the blood sample. In 1916, they replaced the additive with a citrate-glucose solution which extended blood storage from one week to two weeks. The use of citrate was the key to the
442:
He was even accused of using faulty technique and contaminating the tumor samples with cancer cells. However, he was convinced that the malignancy was as those of any other cancer cells, the only difference being that it could be produced by a cell-free filtrate of a tumor. Experiments he continued
378:
which published his papers, recognized his research interest and offered him to lead cancer research at the institute. In 1909, he joined the laboratories as a full-time researcher at
Rockefeller. In 1920, he was appointed Member of the Rockefeller Institute, and became Member Emeritus in 1945, the
408:
A transmissible sarcoma of the chicken has been under observation in this laboratory for the past fourteen months, and it has assumed of late a special interest because of its extreme malignancy and a tendency to wide-spread metastasis... small quantities of a cell-free filtrate have sufficed to
501:
had discovered blood types a decade earlier, the practical usage was not yet developed, as Rous described: "The fate of
Landsteiner's effort to call attention to the practical bearing of the group differences in human bloods provides an exquisite instance of knowledge marking time on technique.
446:
Rous continued to work on cancer up to 1915, after which he gave up due to failure to obtain other carcinogenic agents from chicken and mice, and general acceptance of his discovery. After 18 years, he returned to cancer research upon the request of a colleague
Richard Shope. In 1933, Shope had
496:
inspired Rous to turn his attention to blood transfusion, as he learned soldiers were dying at the war fronts due to blood loss. In 1915, he collaborated with Joseph R. Turner to work on the methods of blood transfusion. That year, they devised a method for testing blood compatibility to avoid
403:
He continued to maintain and transplant the tumor in different individuals. In 1911, he made a seminal observation that cell-free filtrate (using
Berkefeld filter that separate bacteria and large microbes) of chicken sarcoma could produce a malignant tumor when transferred to other chickens,
31:
443:
with James B. Murphy and published made conclusive evidences for the cancerous nature of the infection. An experiment they did with W.H. Tytler in 1912 gave the first clue of virus as the filterable agent, but failed to make an exact identification.
437:
who firmly believed what they said, rose the voice of a young
American who claimed to have transmitted by a cell-free filtrate a neoplasm—a chicken sarcoma. Of course this could not be true, and for years they did not even try to repeat his
519:
site of bile concentration. He showed that bile was concentrated by the gallbladder from water as it is released from the liver, and this also helped to the understanding of diseases associated with bile secretions, such as
2667:
506:
beginning of modern blood transfusion. At the time, blood transfusion was by direct person-to-person so that the preservation method allowed transfusion in the absence of a donor. An
English physician
362:
in northeastern
Upstate New York for recovery. After his return in 1908, Warthin informed him of a Rockefeller Scholarship for cancer research at the Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research (now
8704:
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can "undergo progressive changes in the direction of malignancy when they grow vigorously." His research during the next three decades helped to confirm that viral papilloma can lead to cancers.
421:), was widely discredited by most of the field's experts at that time as "utter nonsense" as it was a medically accepted fact that cancer was not an infection. As recorded by Charles Oberling:
2985:
Sulek, K. (1969). "Nobel prize for
Francis Peyton Rous in 1966 for the discovery of carcinogenic viruses and for Charles Huggins for the introduction of hormones for treatment of neoplasms".
309:
Wood. He had two younger sisters. His father, a grain broker, died when he was 11 years of age. He studied at the local public schools up to secondary education. He received a scholarship to
3175:
765:"Nobel prize for Francis Peyton Rous in 1966 for the discovery of carcinogenic viruses and for Charles Huggins for the introduction of hormones for treatment of neoplasms"
351:) in 1906. In 1907, he went to Germany for a training course on morbid anatomy at Friedrichstadt Municipal Hospital (Krankenhaus Dresden-Friedrichstadt) in Dresden under
8754:
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Tumor pathology was then completely under the spell of the German school of pathologic anatomy which, probably as an aftermath of the antagonism between
243:, he was discouraged from becoming a practicing physician due to severe tuberculosis. After three years of working as an instructor of pathology at the
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for his work in 1966, 55 years after his initial discovery and he remains the oldest recipient of the Nobel Prize in
Medicine or Physiology.
2894:
Cornwall, Claudia M. Catching cancer : the quest for its viral and bacterial causes. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 2013.
8729:
560:
2029:"Uninfected vertebrate cells contain a protein that is closely related to the product of the avian sarcoma virus transforming gene (src)"
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588:
480:
248:
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433:, was utterly opposed to any theory of an infectious origin of cancer. And suddenly, in opposition to all these dignified and bearded
8709:
2596:"Observations on some causes of gall stone formation: III. The Relation of the Reaction of the Bile to Experimental Cholelithiasis"
564:
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1708:
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1227:
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4826:
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805:
595:
267:
144:
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1579:
8749:
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1758:"Fluorescent antibody detection of the antigens of the Shope papilloma virus in papillomas of the wild and domestic rabbit"
2595:
572:
195:
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614:(Marni), Ellen and Phoebe. Marni (1917–2015) was a children's book editor, and the wife of another Nobel Prize winner,
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Rous married Marion Eckford de Kay in 1915 who survived him by fifteen years and died in 1985. He had three daughters,
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314:
7554:
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3829:
2400:"Relation of the portal blood to liver maintenance: a demonstration of liver atrophy conditional on compensation"
3741:
510:, serving in the US Army, brought the new technique to Belgium in 1917. It became the world's first blood bank.
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Rous started his Rockefeller research on the tumors in rodents, and turned to that of chicken (specifically, a
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568:
7884:
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2643:
576:
536:
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6422:
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5342:
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1081:"Some differential counts of the cells in the lymph of the dog: their bearing on problems in haematology"
120:
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5582:
4168:
3949:
6831:
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5265:
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3909:
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3477:
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1228:"An experimental comparison of transplanted tumor and a transplanted normal tissue capable of growth"
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Transfusion was still not done because (until at least 1915), the risk of clotting was too great."
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293:. This enabled the first practical storage of blood samples for transfusion and was introduced by
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at Hampstead in 1925. The carcinogenic property was widely accepted after the discovery of the
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On his way home from Germany, he showed symptoms of pulmonary tuberculosis and was sent to the
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Nobel Lectures, Physiology or Medicine 1963–1970, Elsevier Publishing Company, Amsterdam, 1972
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47:
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3147:
2294:"The preservation of living red blood cells in vitro: ii. The transfusion of kept cells"
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2237:"The preservation of living red blood cells in vitro : i. Methods of preservation"
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from where he obtained a B.A. degree in 1900. He immediately took up medicine at the
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2027:
Oppermann, H.; Levinson, A. D.; Varmus, H. E.; Levintow, L.; Bishop, J. M. (1979).
1993:
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1051:
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927:
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851:
682:
498:
202:
4568:
4328:
1032:"The effect of pilocarpine on the output of lymphocytes through the thoracic duct"
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5559:
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4180:
4140:
4040:
4005:
4001:
3969:
3821:
3785:
3590:
3441:
3284:
3917:
1629:"A filterable agent the cause of a second chicken-tumor, an osteochondrosarcoma"
1391:"A Sarcoma of the Fowl Transmissible by an Agent Separable from the Tumor Cells"
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Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
1815:"Serial Transmission of Virus of Infectious Papillomatosis in Domestic Rabbits"
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430:
3048:
Kreyberg, L. (1966). "Nobel prize in physiology and medicine 1966 (Rous FP)".
254:
His discovery in 1911 that a chicken tumor was caused by a virus (later named
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3610:
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3244:
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2317:
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1918:
1830:
1781:
1531:"The histological signs of resistance to a transmissible sarcoma of the fowl"
1460:
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780:
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611:
371:
107:
66:
7360:
2707:
1356:
1130:"An inquiry into some mechanical factors in the production of lymphocytosis"
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This finding, that cancer could be transmitted by a virus (now known as the
324:
through his injured finger while performing an autopsy. A tuberculous bone (
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Rous was born in Baltimore, Maryland, to Charles Rous and Frances Anderson
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2415:
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1869:
1854:"The progression to carcinoma of virus-induced rabbit papillomas (Shope)"
1724:
1709:"Infectious papillomatosis of rabbits, with a note on the histopathology"
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1243:
1194:
1179:"Parabiosis as a test for circulating anti-bodies in cancer: First paper"
1145:
1096:
1047:
855:
493:
426:
367:
282:
274:
220:
2513:
2464:
1926:
1902:
1675:
1660:"On the causation by filterable agents of three distinct chicken tumors"
8381:
8020:
7681:
7457:
7352:
7309:
6924:
6887:
6110:
5911:
5859:
5370:
4371:
3630:
3578:
3525:
2090:"The Rockefeller University Hospital Centennial – The First Blood Bank"
1129:
1031:
418:
286:
297:
at the front line in Belgium in 1917 as the world's first blood bank.
7444:
7214:
5564:
4952:
4572:
4124:
1997:
524:
448:
236:
228:
88:
7252:
1482:"The behavior of chicken sarcoma implanted in the developing embryo"
993:"The effects of struggle on the content of white cells in the lymph"
30:
4956:
4367:
3006:
Datta, R. K.; Datta, B. (1967). "Nobel prize winners in medicine".
2594:
Drury, Douglas R.; McMaster, Philip D.; Rous, Peyton (1924-03-01).
520:
475:
397:
165:
3097:"Citation and presentation of the Academy Medal to F. Peyton Rous"
388:
290:
8705:
Recipients of the Albert Lasker Award for Basic Medical Research
478:
in 1960, the exact gene of which was identified in the 1970s as
343:
Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine
320:
While in the second year at the medical school, Rous contracted
2026:
263:
2498:"Physiological causes for the varied character of stasis bile"
1580:"Variations in a chicken sarcoma caused by a filterable agent"
1280:"A transmissible avian neoplasm.(Sarcoma of the common fowl.)"
2116:"A rapid and simple method of testing donors for transfusion"
497:
complications in transfusion. Although an Austrian physician
259:
208:
1901:
Gye, William Ewart; Gordon, M. H.; McCartney, J. E. (1925).
1627:
Rous, Peyton; Murphy, Jemes B.; Tytler, W. H. (1912-11-16).
258:) led to more discoveries and understanding of the role of
673:
Andrewes, C. H. (1971). "Francis Peyton Rous. 1879-1970".
374:, director of the Rockefeller Institute and editor of the
2696:
American Journal of Public Health and the Nation's Health
1332:"The early history of tumor virology: Rous, RIF, and RAV"
2937:
Biographical Memoirs of the National Academy of Sciences
726:"Nobel Prize laureates. Francis Peyton Rous (1879-1970)"
273:
He and Joseph R. Turner studied methods to make use of
219:; October 5, 1879 – February 16, 1970) was an American
2547:"The biliary obstruction required to produce jaundice"
575:
in Paris. He also received the Kovalenko Medal of the
545:
Foreign Member of the Royal Society (ForMemRS) in 1940
400:
will differ from the better-known tumors of mammals."
2190:"On the preservation in vitro of living erythrocytes"
211:
806:"Facts on the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine"
675:
Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society
205:
2348:
618:. Phoebe married Thomas J. Wilson, director of the
1900:
1707:Shope, Richard E.; Hurst, E. Weston (1933-11-01).
466:The virus nature of the Rous sarcoma was shown by
370:on which he published a series of papers in 1908.
4968:
2752:National Science and Technology Medals Foundation
2593:
1903:"Discussion On Filter-Passing Viruses And Cancer"
8681:
7253:Mathematical, statistical, and computer sciences
2856:Obituary Notices of Fellows of the Royal Society
2772:"The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1966"
2545:McMaster, Philip D.; Rous, Peyton (1921-06-01).
2496:Rous, Peyton; McMaster, Philip D. (1921-07-01).
2449:"The concentrating activity of the gall bladder"
2447:Rous, Peyton; McMaster, Philip D. (1921-07-01).
2154:Obituary Notices of Fellows of the Royal Society
1945:Obituary Notices of Fellows of the Royal Society
1626:
336:After completing an internship, Rous joined the
1336:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
535:Rous was elected a member of the United States
4726:
2349:Hedley-Whyte, John; Milamed, Debra R. (2010).
906:Kumar, Prasanna; Murphy, Frederick A. (2013).
838:Weiss, Robin A.; Vogt, Peter K. (2011-11-21).
549:Albert Lasker Award for Basic Medical Research
455:was due to a filterable virus, later known as
127:Albert Lasker Award for Basic Medical Research
8755:Members of the American Philosophical Society
4938:
4712:
3169:
1658:Rous, Peyton; Murphy, James B. (1914-01-01).
1578:Rous, Peyton; Murphy, James B. (1913-02-01).
1480:Murphy, James B.; Rous, Peyton (1912-02-01).
637:Rous died in 1970 of abdominal cancer at the
3101:Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine
2935:Dulbecco, R. (1976). "Francis Peyton Rous".
2898:Raju, T. N. (1999). "The Nobel Chronicles".
2544:
2495:
2446:
2397:
1755:
561:Royal Danish Academy of Sciences and Letters
366:) in New York. Using the grants, he studied
2956:"Francis Peyton Rous, M.D. Johns Hopkins".
2120:Journal of the American Medical Association
1756:Noyes, W. F.; Mellors, R. C. (1957-10-01).
1633:Journal of the American Medical Association
905:
391:) in the early 1910. A woman brought him a
300:
4945:
4931:
4719:
4705:
3176:
3162:
3146:
3027:Graffi, A. (1966). "Francis Peyton Rous".
3005:
2398:Rous, Peyton; Larimore, Louise D. (1920).
2291:
2234:
2187:
2113:
1706:
1657:
1577:
1528:
1479:
668:
666:
664:
662:
660:
658:
656:
654:
625:In his later life he wrote biographies of
589:Paul Ehrlich and Ludwig Darmstaedter Prize
567:. He was appointed honorary fellow of the
409:transmit the growth to susceptible fowls.
249:Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research
180:Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research
139:Paul Ehrlich and Ludwig Darmstaedter Prize
8695:Nobel laureates in Physiology or Medicine
3112:
3085:
3008:Journal of the Indian Medical Association
2723:
2619:
2570:
2521:
2472:
2423:
2374:
2325:
2268:
2062:
2052:
1956:
1877:
1852:Rous, Peyton; Beard, J. W. (1935-10-01).
1851:
1789:
1732:
1683:
1603:
1554:
1505:
1414:
1365:
1355:
1303:
1251:
1202:
1153:
1104:
1055:
931:
871:
837:
579:, the Distinguished Service Award of the
6662:
3047:
2934:
672:
565:Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters
247:, he became dedicated researcher at the
5232:
4954:United States National Medal of Science
3050:Tidsskrift for den Norske Laegeforening
2822:
2151:(1947). "Karl Landsteiner. 1868-1943".
1449:"Dr. Peyton Rous, Nobel Laureate, Dies"
651:
472:National Institute for Medical Research
262:in the development of certain types of
8682:
3094:
3026:
2188:Rous, P.; Turner, J. R. (1915-03-01).
1986:Nature Reviews. Molecular Cell Biology
1979:
1529:Rous, P.; Murphy, J. B. (1912-03-01).
908:"Who is this man? Francis Peyton Rous"
639:Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center
591:from the Federal Republic of Germany.
331:
7782:
7781:
7251:
6661:
6175:
5231:
4967:
4926:
4700:
3189:Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
3157:
2984:
2825:"Marni Hodgkin obituary | Books"
2818:
2816:
2143:
2141:
2084:
2082:
1812:
1446:
1442:
1440:
1438:
1436:
1434:
1329:
1325:
1323:
1273:
1271:
762:
596:Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
379:position he occupied till his death.
268:Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
145:Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
8735:Foreign members of the Royal Society
2897:
2853:(1949). "Simon Flexner. 1863-1946".
2849:
2292:Rous, Peyton; Turner, J. R. (1916).
2235:Rous, Peyton; Turner, J. R. (1916).
2147:
2114:Rous, Peyton; Turner, J. R. (1915).
1762:The Journal of Experimental Medicine
1535:The Journal of Experimental Medicine
1388:
1277:
1225:
1183:The Journal of Experimental Medicine
1176:
1127:
1085:The Journal of Experimental Medicine
1078:
1029:
990:
961:
959:
957:
955:
953:
951:
901:
899:
897:
895:
893:
891:
833:
831:
829:
827:
825:
800:
798:
723:
641:in New York. His wife died in 1985.
530:
487:
8730:National Medal of Science laureates
3029:Deutsche Medizinische Wochenschrift
2692:"The Albert Lasker Awards for 1958"
587:Prize for Cancer Research, and the
555:in 1965. He was also member of the
13:
2887:
2813:
2796:"Nomination archive – Peyton Rous"
2138:
2096:. The Rockefeller University. 2010
2079:
1431:
1320:
1268:
326:axillary tuberculous lymphadenitis
14:
8766:
3136:
2194:Experimental Biology and Medicine
1819:Experimental Biology and Medicine
997:Experimental Biology and Medicine
948:
888:
840:"100 years of Rous sarcoma virus"
822:
795:
571:and foreign correspondent of the
376:Experimental Biology and Medicine
348:Experimental Biology and Medicine
341:white blood cell analysis in the
285:, they developed a technique for
2600:Journal of Experimental Medicine
2551:Journal of Experimental Medicine
2502:Journal of Experimental Medicine
2453:Journal of Experimental Medicine
2404:Journal of Experimental Medicine
2298:Journal of Experimental Medicine
2241:Journal of Experimental Medicine
2132:10.1001/jama.1915.02570500028011
1858:Journal of Experimental Medicine
1713:Journal of Experimental Medicine
1664:Journal of Experimental Medicine
1645:10.1001/jama.1912.04270110207011
1584:Journal of Experimental Medicine
1486:Journal of Experimental Medicine
1395:Journal of Experimental Medicine
1284:Journal of Experimental Medicine
1232:Journal of Experimental Medicine
1134:Journal of Experimental Medicine
1036:Journal of Experimental Medicine
844:Journal of Experimental Medicine
605:
315:Johns Hopkins School of Medicine
201:
29:
8710:Johns Hopkins University alumni
2843:
2788:
2764:
2740:
2684:
2660:
2636:
2587:
2538:
2489:
2440:
2391:
2342:
2285:
2228:
2181:
2107:
2020:
1973:
1933:
1894:
1845:
1806:
1749:
1700:
1651:
1620:
1571:
1522:
1473:
1382:
1219:
1170:
1121:
1072:
1941:"William Ewart Gye, 1884-1952"
1030:Rous, F. Peyton (1908-05-01).
1023:
984:
756:
717:
573:Académie Nationale de Médecine
541:American Philosophical Society
447:discovered that a skin tumor (
239:. A medical graduate from the
16:American scientist (1879–1970)
1:
8740:Rockefeller University people
6176:
4969:Behavioral and social science
2970:10.1016/s0140-6736(70)90876-7
2912:10.1016/S0140-6736(05)75563-X
1447:Brody, Jane E. (1970-02-17).
644:
569:Weizmann Institute of Science
513:
912:Emerging Infectious Diseases
577:National Academy of Sciences
539:in 1927 and a member of the
537:National Academy of Sciences
251:for the rest of his career.
7:
8750:American cancer researchers
8745:Infectious causes of cancer
4281:Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard
1907:The British Medical Journal
1813:Shope, R. E. (1935-03-01).
1278:Rous, Peyton (1910-09-01).
1226:Rous, Peyton (1910-05-01).
106:Three daughters, including
10:
8771:
7857:Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar
2355:The Ulster Medical Journal
543:in 1939. He was elected a
8725:Scientists from Baltimore
8619:
8468:
8317:
8138:
7944:
7792:
7788:
7777:
7711:
7613:
7502:
7413:
7334:
7262:
7258:
7247:
7204:
7113:
7005:
6896:
6832:William Hayward Pickering
6777:
6672:
6668:
6657:
6583:
6475:
6329:
6205:
6186:
6182:
6171:
6082:
5891:
5705:
5523:
5379:
5242:
5238:
5227:
5184:
5125:
5037:
4997:
4978:
4974:
4963:
4850:
4825:
4806:
4785:
4755:
4736:
4354:
4019:
3680:
3478:Charles Scott Sherrington
3454:Frederick Gowland Hopkins
3416:
3195:
967:"Peyton Rous – Biography"
557:Royal Society of Medicine
553:National Medal of Science
382:
185:
171:
161:
154:
133:National Medal of Science
113:
102:
94:
84:
74:
55:
40:
28:
21:
8700:American Nobel laureates
8281:Norman Foster Ramsey Jr.
7727:S. R. Srinivasa Varadhan
5358:Burrhus Frederic Skinner
4468:Françoise Barré-Sinoussi
1982:"The hunting of the Src"
1831:10.3181/00379727-32-7875
1128:Rous, F. Peyton (1908).
991:Rous, F. Peyton (1906).
763:Sulek, K. (1969-06-15).
632:
620:Harvard University Press
311:Johns Hopkins University
301:Early life and education
241:Johns Hopkins University
79:Johns Hopkins University
7592:Cathleen Synge Morawetz
5510:George Ledyard Stebbins
5431:James Augustine Shannon
4841:Charles Brenton Huggins
2708:10.2105/ajph.48.12.1664
2702:(12): 1664–1667. 1958.
1357:10.1073/pnas.1108655108
1177:Rous, P. (1909-11-01).
600:Charles Brenton Huggins
581:American Cancer Society
353:Christian Georg Schmorl
287:preserving blood sample
237:physiology of digestion
227:known for his works in
8049:Joseph O. Hirschfelder
8036:Kenneth Sanborn Pitzer
6992:Harry George Drickamer
6938:Hans Wolfgang Liepmann
6612:M. Frederick Hawthorne
6486:John D. Baldeschwieler
5726:Daniel E. Koshland Jr.
5408:Earl W. Sutherland Jr.
4856:Nobel Prize recipients
4827:Physiology or Medicine
3249:Santiago Ramón y Cajal
3095:Rhoads, C. P. (1959).
3087:10.1136/bmj.2.5520.964
2869:10.1098/rsbm.1949.0006
2206:10.3181/00379727-12-74
2167:10.1098/rsbm.1947.0002
2094:centennial.rucares.org
2054:10.1073/pnas.76.4.1804
1980:Martin, G. S. (2001).
1958:10.1098/rsbm.1953.0008
924:10.3201/eid1904.130049
730:Casopis Lekaru Ceskych
687:10.1098/rsbm.1971.0025
629:and Karl Landsteiner.
440:
411:
364:Rockefeller University
338:University of Michigan
245:University of Michigan
225:Rockefeller University
176:University of Michigan
8640:Sylvester James Gates
8026:William Alfred Fowler
8008:Robert Rathbun Wilson
7821:Robert Burns Woodward
6633:Geraldine L. Richmond
6381:Howard E. Simmons Jr.
5664:Rosalyn Sussman Yalow
5593:Vernon B. Mountcastle
5449:Sterling B. Hendricks
5266:Marshall W. Nirenberg
5261:Theodosius Dobzhansky
5109:William Julius Wilson
3750:Dickinson W. Richards
3434:Julius Wagner-Jauregg
1951:(22): 418–430. 1953.
1774:10.1084/jem.106.4.555
1389:Rous, Peyton (1911).
1330:Rubin, Harry (2011).
1009:10.3181/00379727-4-91
457:Shope papilloma virus
423:
406:
98:Marion Eckford de Kay
8690:American virologists
8611:Warren M. Washington
8575:Fay Ajzenberg-Selove
8484:Jeremiah P. Ostriker
8429:Martin Schwarzschild
8210:Solomon J. Buchsbaum
8202:J. Robert Schrieffer
8172:E. Margaret Burbidge
8016:Nicolaas Bloembergen
7993:Arie Jan Haagen-Smit
7872:Vladimir K. Zworykin
7624:John Griggs Thompson
7547:Martin David Kruskal
7387:Kurt Otto Friedrichs
6860:Erwin Wilhelm Müller
6814:Ralph Brazelton Peck
6769:Jack St. Clair Kilby
6696:John Robinson Pierce
6663:Engineering sciences
6594:Jacqueline K. Barton
6449:George M. Whitesides
6368:Dudley R. Herschbach
6306:Richard B. Bernstein
6275:Walter H. Stockmayer
5823:Elizabeth F. Neufeld
5754:G. Evelyn Hutchinson
5644:Stanley Norman Cohen
5631:Rita Levi-Montalcini
5467:Keith Roberts Porter
5330:Alfred H. Sturtevant
5325:Michael Heidelberger
5297:Fritz Albert Lipmann
4173:Rita Levi-Montalcini
3534:Albert Szent-Györgyi
2987:Wiadomosci Lekarskie
2672:search.amphilsoc.org
2668:"APS Member History"
2612:10.1084/jem.39.3.403
2563:10.1084/jem.33.6.731
2416:10.1084/jem.31.5.609
2310:10.1084/jem.23.2.239
2253:10.1084/jem.23.2.219
1870:10.1084/jem.62.4.523
1725:10.1084/jem.58.5.607
1596:10.1084/jem.17.2.219
1547:10.1084/jem.15.3.270
1498:10.1084/jem.15.2.119
1407:10.1084/jem.13.4.397
1296:10.1084/jem.12.5.696
1244:10.1084/jem.12.3.344
1195:10.1084/jem.11.6.810
1146:10.1084/jem.10.2.238
1097:10.1084/jem.10.4.537
1079:Rous, F. P. (1908).
1048:10.1084/jem.10.3.329
856:10.1084/jem.20112160
769:Wiadomosci Lekarskie
724:Cech, Pavel (2010).
360:Adirondack Mountains
8661:Shirley Ann Jackson
8580:Charles P. Slichter
8424:Marshall Rosenbluth
8416:Wallace S. Broecker
8369:Eugene M. Shoemaker
8130:Victor F. Weisskopf
8077:Herbert S. Gutowsky
8059:Edgar Bright Wilson
7900:George Kistiakowsky
7518:Stephen Cole Kleene
7029:George H. Heilmeier
7016:Mildred Dresselhaus
6907:Edward H. Heinemann
6837:Frederick E. Terman
6801:Richard T. Whitcomb
6722:Clarence L. Johnson
6683:Theodore von Kármán
6570:Stephen J. Benkovic
6549:Mostafa A. El-Sayed
6536:Marvin H. Caruthers
6491:Ralph F. Hirschmann
6431:Darleane C. Hoffman
6321:Harden M. McConnell
6262:Frank H. Westheimer
6074:Stanley B. Prusiner
6038:Robert J. Lefkowitz
5797:Howard Martin Temin
5654:Maurice R. Hilleman
5649:Joseph L. Goldstein
5588:Donald A. Henderson
5505:Earl Reece Stadtman
5490:Elizabeth C. Crosby
5454:Orville Alvin Vogel
5284:Donald D. Van Slyke
5233:Biological sciences
4835:Francis Peyton Rous
4565:William C. Campbell
4476:Elizabeth Blackburn
4313:Robert F. Furchgott
4305:Stanley B. Prusiner
4297:Rolf M. Zinkernagel
4197:George H. Hitchings
4161:Joseph L. Goldstein
4121:Bengt I. Samuelsson
3950:Earl Sutherland Jr.
3080:(5520): 964. 1966.
2964:(7644): 477. 1970.
2514:10.1084/jem.34.1.75
2465:10.1084/jem.34.1.47
2045:1979PNAS...76.1804O
1676:10.1084/jem.19.1.52
1348:2011PNAS..10814389R
1342:(35): 14389–14396.
508:Oswald H. Robertson
332:Career and research
295:Oswald H. Robertson
266:. He was awarded a
192:Francis Peyton Rous
48:Baltimore, Maryland
35:Francis Peyton Rous
23:Francis Peyton Rous
8533:G. Brent Dalrymple
8351:Arthur L. Schawlow
8258:James A. Van Allen
8149:Philip W. Anderson
8105:Richard P. Feynman
8031:Linus Carl Pauling
7666:Dennis P. Sullivan
7223:John B. Goodenough
7156:Edwin N. Lightfoot
7124:Yuan-Cheng B. Fung
7105:Kenneth N. Stevens
6873:Raymond D. Mindlin
6796:Harold E. Edgerton
6641:A. Paul Alivisatos
6520:Stephen J. Lippard
6499:Ernest R. Davidson
6436:Harold S. Johnston
6270:William S. Johnson
6234:George C. Pimentel
6069:Susan L. Lindquist
6051:Francis S. Collins
5945:Victor A. McKusick
5920:Francisco J. Ayala
5902:Nancy C. Andreasen
5852:Robert A. Weinberg
5626:Har Gobind Khorana
5611:Michael E. DeBakey
5598:George Emil Palade
5570:Wendell L. Roelofs
5560:Howard L. Bachrach
5390:Barbara McClintock
5292:Edward F. Knipling
4770:Shmuel Yosef Agnon
4746:Robert S. Mulliken
4625:William Kaelin Jr.
4621:Peter J. Ratcliffe
4364:Leland H. Hartwell
4253:Richard J. Roberts
4133:Barbara McClintock
4077:Godfrey Hounsfield
3978:Nikolaas Tinbergen
3910:Marshall Nirenberg
3878:Charles B. Huggins
3667:Tadeusz Reichstein
3655:António Egas Moniz
3450:Christiaan Eijkman
3145:on Nobelprize.org
1453:The New York Times
616:Alan Lloyd Hodgkin
547:. He received the
453:cottontail rabbits
435:Herren Professoren
415:Rous sarcoma virus
289:by using an acid,
256:Rous sarcoma virus
8677:
8676:
8673:
8672:
8669:
8668:
8606:Esther M. Conwell
8546:Robert N. Clayton
8538:Riccardo Giacconi
8502:Raymond Davis Jr.
8390:Albert Overhauser
8333:Edwin M. McMillan
8294:Arnold O. Beckman
8271:Paul Ching-Wu Chu
8248:Paul C. Lauterbur
8225:Robert Hofstadter
8177:Maurice Goldhaber
8164:Charles H. Townes
8115:Edward M. Purcell
8082:Frederick Rossini
7936:Wolfgang Panofsky
7867:John H. Van Vleck
7783:Physical sciences
7773:
7772:
7769:
7768:
7735:Solomon W. Golomb
7695:Andrew J. Viterbi
7690:Leonard Kleinrock
7637:Calyampudi R. Rao
7605:Ronald R. Coifman
7513:George F. Carrier
7494:Donald C. Spencer
7489:Saunders Mac Lane
7424:Marshall H. Stone
7374:Shiing-Shen Chern
7281:Solomon Lefschetz
7243:
7242:
7239:
7238:
7180:David J. Wineland
7148:John M. Prausnitz
7089:C. Kumar N. Patel
7084:James L. Flanagan
7052:John Roy Whinnery
7039:H. Guyford Stever
7021:Nick Holonyak Jr.
6984:George W. Housner
6979:Willis M. Hawkins
6974:Daniel C. Drucker
6956:Robert Byron Bird
6948:Bernard M. Oliver
6855:Peter C. Goldmark
6842:Wernher von Braun
6788:George E. Mueller
6761:Nathan M. Newmark
6756:J. Presper Eckert
6735:Claude E. Shannon
6704:Charles S. Draper
6653:
6652:
6649:
6648:
6620:Judith P. Klinman
6504:Gábor A. Somorjai
6415:Isabella L. Karle
6402:George S. Hammond
6363:Gertrude B. Elion
6316:Rudolph A. Marcus
6167:
6166:
6163:
6162:
6093:Ralph L. Brinster
6012:Torsten N. Wiesel
5989:Norman E. Borlaug
5976:Solomon H. Snyder
5971:J. Michael Bishop
5930:Mario R. Capecchi
5810:Salome G. Waelsch
5741:E. Donnall Thomas
5616:Theodor O. Diener
5515:Paul Alfred Weiss
5343:Bernard B. Brodie
5279:George G. Simpson
5223:
5222:
5219:
5218:
5168:Michael I. Posner
5069:Eleanor J. Gibson
5021:George J. Stigler
4989:Neal Elgar Miller
4920:
4919:
4694:
4693:
4659:Ardem Patapoutian
4508:Ralph M. Steinman
4504:Jules A. Hoffmann
4492:Robert G. Edwards
4460:Harald zur Hausen
4384:H. Robert Horvitz
4285:Eric F. Wieschaus
4221:E. Donnall Thomas
4205:J. Michael Bishop
4193:Gertrude B. Elion
4065:Hamilton O. Smith
3990:Christian de Duve
3726:Frederick Robbins
3603:Alexander Fleming
3542:Corneille Heymans
3388:Frederick Banting
3293:Allvar Gullstrand
3035:(51): 2309–2310.
2993:(12): 1161–1162.
2906:(9177): 520–527.
2748:"Francis P. Rous"
2648:www.nasonline.org
2126:(24): 1980–1982.
1913:(3370): 189–196.
1639:(20): 1793–1794.
850:(12): 2351–2355.
775:(12): 1161–1162.
531:Awards and honors
488:Blood transfusion
468:William Ewart Gye
393:Plymouth Rock hen
279:blood transfusion
233:blood transfusion
189:
188:
156:Scientific career
59:February 16, 1970
8762:
8489:Gilbert F. White
8434:George Wetherill
8328:Allan M. Cormack
8286:Jack Steinberger
8266:D. Allan Bromley
8215:H. Richard Crane
8192:Frederick Reines
8182:Helmut Landsberg
8097:George Uhlenbeck
7998:Vladimir Haensel
7960:Allan R. Sandage
7931:Herbert C. Brown
7913:Herbert Friedman
7839:Leon M. Lederman
7811:Julian Schwinger
7790:
7789:
7779:
7778:
7748:Alexandre Chorin
7722:Richard A. Tapia
7703:David B. Mumford
7531:Alberto Calderón
7476:Joseph B. Keller
7463:Michael Freedman
7432:Herman Goldstine
7286:H. Marston Morse
7260:
7259:
7249:
7248:
7188:Rudolf E. Kálmán
7172:Robert S. Langer
7164:Jan D. Achenbach
6997:Herbert E. Grier
6748:Igor I. Sikorsky
6709:Othmar H. Ammann
6670:
6669:
6659:
6658:
6625:Jerrold Meinwald
6394:Norman Hackerman
6373:Glenn T. Seaborg
6288:William O. Baker
6216:F. Albert Cotton
6184:
6183:
6173:
6172:
6150:Mary-Claire King
6043:Bert W. O'Malley
5999:Thomas E. Starzl
5994:Phillip A. Sharp
5981:Charles Yanofsky
5963:Evelyn M. Witkin
5958:James E. Darnell
5784:Paul C. Zamecnik
5749:Mary Ellen Avery
5721:Herbert W. Boyer
5716:Baruj Benacerraf
5687:Joshua Lederberg
5677:Viktor Hamburger
5639:Michael S. Brown
5485:Robert H. Burris
5240:
5239:
5229:
5228:
5176:Mortimer Mishkin
5101:William K. Estes
5085:Roger N. Shepard
5077:Robert K. Merton
5061:George A. Miller
5008:Herbert A. Simon
4976:
4975:
4965:
4964:
4947:
4940:
4933:
4924:
4923:
4858:
4721:
4714:
4707:
4698:
4697:
4687:
4672:
4661:
4646:
4640:Michael Houghton
4627:
4617:Gregg L. Semenza
4611:
4605:James P. Allison
4599:
4597:Michael W. Young
4583:
4581:Yoshinori Ohsumi
4575:
4559:
4543:
4541:Thomas C. Südhof
4527:
4515:
4494:
4486:
4480:Carol W. Greider
4470:
4454:
4438:
4426:
4414:
4402:
4390:
4374:
4347:
4331:
4323:
4307:
4299:
4293:Peter C. Doherty
4287:
4271:
4265:Alfred G. Gilman
4259:
4247:
4235:
4223:
4211:
4209:Harold E. Varmus
4199:
4183:
4175:
4163:
4151:
4135:
4127:
4111:
4095:
4085:Baruj Benacerraf
4079:
4067:
4051:
4035:
4012:
3996:
3980:
3964:
3952:
3944:
3928:
3912:
3902:Robert W. Holley
3896:
3880:
3868:
3852:
3840:
3824:
3808:
3806:Georg von Békésy
3800:
3788:
3776:
3774:Joshua Lederberg
3760:
3752:
3746:Werner Forssmann
3736:
3728:
3712:
3700:
3692:
3673:
3657:
3645:
3637:
3635:Bernardo Houssay
3621:
3613:
3597:
3585:
3573:
3572:
3566:
3565:
3559:
3558:
3552:
3544:
3536:
3528:
3516:
3508:
3492:
3484:
3472:
3464:
3462:Karl Landsteiner
3456:
3444:
3436:
3428:
3426:Johannes Fibiger
3409:
3408:
3402:
3400:Willem Einthoven
3394:
3382:
3370:
3369:
3363:
3355:
3347:
3346:
3340:
3339:
3333:
3332:
3326:
3325:
3319:
3311:
3303:
3295:
3287:
3279:
3271:
3265:Élie Metchnikoff
3259:
3257:Alphonse Laveran
3251:
3239:
3231:
3223:
3215:
3207:
3178:
3171:
3164:
3155:
3154:
3150:
3126:
3116:
3091:
3089:
3065:
3044:
3023:
3002:
2981:
2952:
2931:
2881:
2880:
2847:
2841:
2840:
2838:
2837:
2820:
2811:
2810:
2808:
2807:
2792:
2786:
2785:
2783:
2782:
2768:
2762:
2761:
2759:
2758:
2744:
2738:
2737:
2727:
2688:
2682:
2681:
2679:
2678:
2664:
2658:
2657:
2655:
2654:
2640:
2634:
2633:
2623:
2591:
2585:
2584:
2574:
2542:
2536:
2535:
2525:
2493:
2487:
2486:
2476:
2444:
2438:
2437:
2427:
2395:
2389:
2388:
2378:
2346:
2340:
2339:
2329:
2289:
2283:
2282:
2272:
2232:
2226:
2225:
2185:
2179:
2178:
2145:
2136:
2135:
2111:
2105:
2104:
2102:
2101:
2086:
2077:
2076:
2066:
2056:
2039:(4): 1804–1808.
2024:
2018:
2017:
1998:10.1038/35073094
1977:
1971:
1970:
1960:
1937:
1931:
1930:
1898:
1892:
1891:
1881:
1849:
1843:
1842:
1810:
1804:
1803:
1793:
1753:
1747:
1746:
1736:
1704:
1698:
1697:
1687:
1655:
1649:
1648:
1624:
1618:
1617:
1607:
1575:
1569:
1568:
1558:
1526:
1520:
1519:
1509:
1477:
1471:
1470:
1468:
1467:
1444:
1429:
1428:
1418:
1386:
1380:
1379:
1369:
1359:
1327:
1318:
1317:
1307:
1275:
1266:
1265:
1255:
1223:
1217:
1216:
1206:
1174:
1168:
1167:
1157:
1125:
1119:
1118:
1108:
1076:
1070:
1069:
1059:
1027:
1021:
1020:
988:
982:
981:
979:
977:
963:
946:
945:
935:
903:
886:
885:
875:
835:
820:
819:
817:
816:
802:
793:
792:
760:
754:
753:
721:
715:
714:
670:
594:Rous shared the
551:in 1958 and the
499:Karl Landsteiner
492:The outbreak of
218:
217:
214:
213:
210:
207:
198:
62:
33:
19:
18:
8770:
8769:
8765:
8764:
8763:
8761:
8760:
8759:
8680:
8679:
8678:
8665:
8653:Sean C. Solomon
8615:
8567:Daniel Kleppner
8559:Lonnie Thompson
8554:Ralph A. Alpher
8520:W. Jason Morgan
8507:Charles Keeling
8497:Marvin L. Cohen
8464:
8447:John N. Bahcall
8442:Don L. Anderson
8408:Peter Goldreich
8361:Steven Weinberg
8313:
8243:Walter Elsasser
8220:Herman Feshbach
8134:
8072:Samuel Goudsmit
8064:Chien-Shiung Wu
8003:Frederick Seitz
7970:John A. Wheeler
7955:Robert H. Dicke
7940:
7803:Luis W. Alvarez
7784:
7765:
7753:David Blackwell
7707:
7658:Carl R. de Boor
7629:Karen Uhlenbeck
7609:
7563:Louis Nirenberg
7498:
7471:Ralph E. Gomory
7409:
7405:Donald E. Knuth
7392:Hassler Whitney
7330:
7254:
7235:
7200:
7132:Andreas Acrivos
7109:
7097:Eli Ruckenstein
7076:Hermann A. Haus
7047:Calvin F. Quate
7034:Luna B. Leopold
7001:
6892:
6878:Robert N. Noyce
6868:Emmett N. Leith
6827:Manson Benedict
6809:Rudolf Kompfner
6773:
6727:Warren K. Lewis
6664:
6645:
6579:
6541:Peter B. Dervan
6512:John I. Brauman
6471:
6423:Norman Davidson
6350:John D. Roberts
6325:
6293:Konrad E. Bloch
6239:Richard N. Zare
6201:
6178:
6159:
6116:Sallie Chisholm
6098:Rudolf Jaenisch
6078:
6061:J. Craig Venter
6020:Rita R. Colwell
5887:
5873:David Baltimore
5764:Robert W. Kates
5736:David G. Nathan
5731:Edward B. Lewis
5701:
5697:Harland G. Wood
5692:Roger W. Sperry
5547:Glenn W. Burton
5519:
5495:Arthur Kornberg
5462:Roger Guillemin
5439:Hallowell Davis
5403:Daniel I. Arnon
5395:Albert B. Sabin
5375:
5348:Detlev W. Bronk
5320:Harry F. Harlow
5315:Kenneth S. Cole
5302:William C. Rose
5274:Francis P. Rous
5234:
5215:
5180:
5160:Gordon H. Bower
5121:
5117:Robert M. Solow
5033:
5029:Milton Friedman
4993:
4970:
4959:
4951:
4921:
4916:
4854:
4846:
4843:(United States)
4837:(United States)
4821:
4802:
4781:
4751:
4748:(United States)
4732:
4725:
4695:
4690:
4675:
4664:
4649:
4644:Charles M. Rice
4636:Harvey J. Alter
4630:
4614:
4602:
4593:Michael Rosbash
4589:Jeffrey C. Hall
4586:
4578:
4562:
4553:May-Britt Moser
4546:
4530:
4525:Shinya Yamanaka
4518:
4497:
4489:
4484:Jack W. Szostak
4473:
4457:
4452:Oliver Smithies
4441:
4429:
4417:
4405:
4400:Peter Mansfield
4393:
4388:John E. Sulston
4377:
4361:
4350:
4334:
4326:
4310:
4302:
4290:
4277:Edward B. Lewis
4274:
4262:
4250:
4238:
4226:
4214:
4202:
4186:
4181:Susumu Tonegawa
4178:
4166:
4154:
4138:
4130:
4114:
4098:
4082:
4070:
4054:
4041:Roger Guillemin
4038:
4033:Daniel Gajdusek
4029:Baruch Blumberg
4026:
4015:
4006:Renato Dulbecco
4002:David Baltimore
3999:
3983:
3970:Karl von Frisch
3967:
3955:
3947:
3931:
3915:
3899:
3890:Haldan Hartline
3883:
3871:
3855:
3843:
3827:
3822:Maurice Wilkins
3811:
3803:
3791:
3786:Arthur Kornberg
3779:
3763:
3755:
3739:
3731:
3715:
3703:
3695:
3687:
3676:
3660:
3648:
3640:
3624:
3616:
3600:
3591:Joseph Erlanger
3588:
3576:
3570:
3569:
3563:
3562:
3556:
3555:
3547:
3539:
3531:
3519:
3511:
3495:
3487:
3475:
3467:
3459:
3447:
3442:Charles Nicolle
3439:
3431:
3423:
3412:
3406:
3405:
3397:
3385:
3373:
3367:
3366:
3358:
3350:
3344:
3343:
3337:
3336:
3330:
3329:
3323:
3322:
3314:
3306:
3298:
3290:
3285:Albrecht Kossel
3282:
3274:
3262:
3254:
3242:
3234:
3226:
3218:
3210:
3202:
3191:
3182:
3139:
3134:
3068:
2955:
2890:
2888:Further reading
2885:
2884:
2863:(18): 408–426.
2848:
2844:
2835:
2833:
2821:
2814:
2805:
2803:
2794:
2793:
2789:
2780:
2778:
2770:
2769:
2765:
2756:
2754:
2746:
2745:
2741:
2690:
2689:
2685:
2676:
2674:
2666:
2665:
2661:
2652:
2650:
2642:
2641:
2637:
2592:
2588:
2543:
2539:
2494:
2490:
2445:
2441:
2396:
2392:
2351:"Blood and war"
2347:
2343:
2290:
2286:
2233:
2229:
2186:
2182:
2161:(15): 294–324.
2146:
2139:
2112:
2108:
2099:
2097:
2088:
2087:
2080:
2025:
2021:
1978:
1974:
1939:
1938:
1934:
1899:
1895:
1850:
1846:
1811:
1807:
1754:
1750:
1705:
1701:
1656:
1652:
1625:
1621:
1576:
1572:
1527:
1523:
1478:
1474:
1465:
1463:
1445:
1432:
1387:
1383:
1328:
1321:
1276:
1269:
1224:
1220:
1175:
1171:
1126:
1122:
1077:
1073:
1028:
1024:
989:
985:
975:
973:
965:
964:
949:
904:
889:
836:
823:
814:
812:
804:
803:
796:
761:
757:
736:(12): 619–620.
722:
718:
671:
652:
647:
635:
608:
533:
516:
490:
385:
334:
303:
204:
200:
194:
150:
75:Alma mater
70:
64:
60:
51:
45:
44:October 5, 1879
36:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
8768:
8758:
8757:
8752:
8747:
8742:
8737:
8732:
8727:
8722:
8717:
8712:
8707:
8702:
8697:
8692:
8675:
8674:
8671:
8670:
8667:
8666:
8664:
8663:
8658:
8655:
8650:
8648:Burton Richter
8645:
8642:
8637:
8632:
8627:
8623:
8621:
8617:
8616:
8614:
8613:
8608:
8603:
8601:Yakir Aharonov
8598:
8595:
8590:
8585:
8582:
8577:
8572:
8569:
8564:
8561:
8556:
8551:
8548:
8543:
8540:
8535:
8530:
8527:
8522:
8517:
8515:Richard Garwin
8512:
8509:
8504:
8499:
8494:
8491:
8486:
8481:
8479:Willis E. Lamb
8476:
8472:
8470:
8466:
8465:
8463:
8462:
8457:
8452:
8449:
8444:
8439:
8436:
8431:
8426:
8421:
8418:
8413:
8410:
8405:
8400:
8397:
8392:
8387:
8384:
8379:
8374:
8371:
8366:
8363:
8358:
8353:
8348:
8345:
8340:
8335:
8330:
8325:
8321:
8319:
8315:
8314:
8312:
8311:
8306:
8301:
8296:
8291:
8288:
8283:
8278:
8273:
8268:
8263:
8260:
8255:
8250:
8245:
8240:
8238:Philip Abelson
8235:
8232:
8230:Chen-Ning Yang
8227:
8222:
8217:
8212:
8207:
8204:
8199:
8197:Bruno B. Rossi
8194:
8189:
8184:
8179:
8174:
8169:
8166:
8161:
8156:
8154:Yoichiro Nambu
8151:
8146:
8142:
8140:
8136:
8135:
8133:
8132:
8127:
8122:
8117:
8112:
8107:
8102:
8099:
8094:
8089:
8084:
8079:
8074:
8069:
8066:
8061:
8056:
8051:
8046:
8041:
8038:
8033:
8028:
8023:
8018:
8013:
8010:
8005:
8000:
7995:
7990:
7985:
7980:
7977:
7972:
7967:
7965:John C. Slater
7962:
7957:
7952:
7948:
7946:
7942:
7941:
7939:
7938:
7933:
7928:
7925:
7920:
7915:
7910:
7905:
7902:
7897:
7892:
7887:
7882:
7877:
7874:
7869:
7864:
7859:
7854:
7852:Jacob Bjerknes
7849:
7846:
7841:
7836:
7831:
7826:
7823:
7818:
7813:
7808:
7805:
7800:
7796:
7794:
7786:
7785:
7775:
7774:
7771:
7770:
7767:
7766:
7764:
7763:
7758:
7755:
7750:
7745:
7742:
7737:
7732:
7729:
7724:
7719:
7715:
7713:
7709:
7708:
7706:
7705:
7700:
7697:
7692:
7687:
7684:
7679:
7676:
7671:
7668:
7663:
7660:
7655:
7652:
7650:James G. Glimm
7647:
7644:
7642:Elias M. Stein
7639:
7634:
7631:
7626:
7621:
7617:
7615:
7611:
7610:
7608:
7607:
7602:
7597:
7594:
7589:
7586:
7584:Shing-Tung Yau
7581:
7578:
7573:
7568:
7565:
7560:
7557:
7552:
7549:
7544:
7541:
7536:
7533:
7528:
7525:
7520:
7515:
7510:
7506:
7504:
7500:
7499:
7497:
7496:
7491:
7486:
7481:
7478:
7473:
7468:
7465:
7460:
7455:
7452:
7450:Antoni Zygmund
7447:
7442:
7439:
7437:Isadore Singer
7434:
7429:
7426:
7421:
7417:
7415:
7411:
7410:
7408:
7407:
7402:
7400:Joseph L. Doob
7397:
7394:
7389:
7384:
7381:
7379:George Dantzig
7376:
7371:
7369:John W. Backus
7366:
7363:
7358:
7355:
7350:
7347:
7345:Richard Brauer
7342:
7338:
7336:
7332:
7331:
7329:
7328:
7326:William Feller
7323:
7320:
7315:
7312:
7307:
7304:
7299:
7296:
7291:
7288:
7283:
7278:
7275:
7273:Norbert Wiener
7270:
7266:
7264:
7256:
7255:
7245:
7244:
7241:
7240:
7237:
7236:
7234:
7233:
7231:Thomas Kailath
7228:
7225:
7220:
7217:
7212:
7208:
7206:
7202:
7201:
7199:
7198:
7193:
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7150:
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7137:
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7110:
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7026:
7023:
7018:
7013:
7009:
7007:
7003:
7002:
7000:
6999:
6994:
6989:
6986:
6981:
6976:
6971:
6968:
6963:
6961:H. Bolton Seed
6958:
6953:
6950:
6945:
6940:
6935:
6932:
6927:
6922:
6917:
6914:
6912:Donald L. Katz
6909:
6904:
6900:
6898:
6894:
6893:
6891:
6890:
6885:
6883:Earl R. Parker
6880:
6875:
6870:
6865:
6862:
6857:
6852:
6847:
6844:
6839:
6834:
6829:
6824:
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6806:
6803:
6798:
6793:
6790:
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6781:
6779:
6775:
6774:
6772:
6771:
6766:
6763:
6758:
6753:
6750:
6745:
6740:
6737:
6732:
6729:
6724:
6719:
6717:Hugh L. Dryden
6714:
6711:
6706:
6701:
6698:
6693:
6688:
6685:
6680:
6676:
6674:
6666:
6665:
6655:
6654:
6651:
6650:
6647:
6646:
6644:
6643:
6638:
6635:
6630:
6627:
6622:
6617:
6614:
6609:
6604:
6601:
6599:Peter J. Stang
6596:
6591:
6587:
6585:
6581:
6580:
6578:
6577:
6575:Marye Anne Fox
6572:
6567:
6564:
6559:
6554:
6551:
6546:
6543:
6538:
6533:
6530:
6528:Tobin J. Marks
6525:
6522:
6517:
6514:
6509:
6506:
6501:
6496:
6493:
6488:
6483:
6479:
6477:
6473:
6472:
6470:
6469:
6464:
6459:
6457:Stuart A. Rice
6454:
6451:
6446:
6441:
6438:
6433:
6428:
6425:
6420:
6417:
6412:
6407:
6404:
6399:
6396:
6391:
6389:Donald J. Cram
6386:
6383:
6378:
6375:
6370:
6365:
6360:
6358:Ronald Breslow
6355:
6352:
6347:
6342:
6337:
6333:
6331:
6327:
6326:
6324:
6323:
6318:
6313:
6308:
6303:
6300:
6298:Elias J. Corey
6295:
6290:
6285:
6282:
6277:
6272:
6267:
6264:
6259:
6257:Carl S. Marvel
6254:
6249:
6244:
6241:
6236:
6231:
6229:Roald Hoffmann
6226:
6223:
6218:
6213:
6209:
6207:
6203:
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6200:
6199:
6194:
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6188:
6180:
6179:
6169:
6168:
6165:
6164:
6161:
6160:
6158:
6157:
6152:
6147:
6145:Stanley Falkow
6142:
6139:
6137:Rakesh K. Jain
6134:
6131:
6126:
6121:
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6113:
6108:
6103:
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6017:
6014:
6009:
6004:
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5996:
5991:
5986:
5983:
5978:
5973:
5968:
5965:
5960:
5955:
5952:
5947:
5942:
5940:Gene E. Likens
5937:
5932:
5927:
5925:George F. Bass
5922:
5917:
5914:
5909:
5907:Peter H. Raven
5904:
5899:
5895:
5893:
5889:
5888:
5886:
5885:
5880:
5875:
5870:
5867:
5862:
5857:
5854:
5849:
5844:
5841:
5836:
5833:
5831:Alexander Rich
5828:
5825:
5820:
5815:
5812:
5807:
5805:Daniel Nathans
5802:
5799:
5794:
5789:
5786:
5781:
5779:Folke K. Skoog
5776:
5771:
5769:Salvador Luria
5766:
5761:
5759:Elvin A. Kabat
5756:
5751:
5746:
5743:
5738:
5733:
5728:
5723:
5718:
5713:
5709:
5707:
5703:
5702:
5700:
5699:
5694:
5689:
5684:
5679:
5674:
5672:Katherine Esau
5669:
5666:
5661:
5659:Eric R. Kandel
5656:
5651:
5646:
5641:
5636:
5633:
5628:
5623:
5618:
5613:
5608:
5605:
5603:Joan A. Steitz
5600:
5595:
5590:
5585:
5580:
5577:
5575:Berta Scharrer
5572:
5567:
5562:
5557:
5554:
5549:
5544:
5542:Seymour Benzer
5539:
5536:
5534:Philip Handler
5531:
5527:
5525:
5521:
5520:
5518:
5517:
5512:
5507:
5502:
5497:
5492:
5487:
5482:
5479:
5474:
5469:
5464:
5459:
5456:
5451:
5446:
5441:
5436:
5433:
5428:
5423:
5421:Erwin Chargaff
5418:
5416:Britton Chance
5413:
5410:
5405:
5400:
5397:
5392:
5387:
5383:
5381:
5377:
5376:
5374:
5373:
5368:
5366:Robert Huebner
5363:
5360:
5355:
5350:
5345:
5340:
5335:
5332:
5327:
5322:
5317:
5312:
5309:
5304:
5299:
5294:
5289:
5286:
5281:
5276:
5271:
5268:
5263:
5258:
5255:
5253:C. B. van Niel
5250:
5246:
5244:
5236:
5235:
5225:
5224:
5221:
5220:
5217:
5216:
5214:
5213:
5211:Albert Bandura
5208:
5205:
5203:Robert Axelrod
5200:
5197:
5192:
5188:
5186:
5182:
5181:
5179:
5178:
5173:
5170:
5165:
5162:
5157:
5154:
5149:
5146:
5144:R. Duncan Luce
5141:
5138:
5133:
5129:
5127:
5123:
5122:
5120:
5119:
5114:
5111:
5106:
5103:
5098:
5095:
5093:Paul Samuelson
5090:
5087:
5082:
5079:
5074:
5071:
5066:
5063:
5058:
5055:
5053:Patrick Suppes
5050:
5048:Leonid Hurwicz
5045:
5041:
5039:
5035:
5034:
5032:
5031:
5026:
5023:
5018:
5013:
5010:
5005:
5001:
4999:
4995:
4994:
4992:
4991:
4986:
4982:
4980:
4972:
4971:
4961:
4960:
4950:
4949:
4942:
4935:
4927:
4918:
4917:
4915:
4914:
4909:
4904:
4899:
4894:
4889:
4884:
4879:
4874:
4869:
4864:
4859:
4851:
4848:
4847:
4845:
4844:
4838:
4831:
4829:
4823:
4822:
4820:
4819:
4816:Alfred Kastler
4812:
4810:
4804:
4803:
4801:
4800:
4796:
4794:
4783:
4782:
4780:
4779:
4773:
4766:
4764:
4753:
4752:
4750:
4749:
4742:
4740:
4734:
4733:
4724:
4723:
4716:
4709:
4701:
4692:
4691:
4689:
4688:
4681:Katalin Karikó
4673:
4662:
4647:
4628:
4612:
4600:
4584:
4576:
4560:
4544:
4537:Randy Schekman
4528:
4516:
4495:
4487:
4471:
4464:Luc Montagnier
4455:
4444:Mario Capecchi
4439:
4427:
4420:Barry Marshall
4415:
4403:
4396:Paul Lauterbur
4391:
4380:Sydney Brenner
4375:
4358:
4356:
4352:
4351:
4349:
4348:
4341:Paul Greengard
4337:Arvid Carlsson
4332:
4324:
4308:
4300:
4288:
4272:
4269:Martin Rodbell
4260:
4248:
4245:Edwin G. Krebs
4241:Edmond Fischer
4236:
4224:
4212:
4200:
4189:James W. Black
4184:
4176:
4164:
4152:
4149:César Milstein
4145:Georges Köhler
4136:
4128:
4117:Sune Bergström
4112:
4109:Torsten Wiesel
4105:David H. Hubel
4096:
4080:
4068:
4061:Daniel Nathans
4052:
4045:Andrew Schally
4036:
4023:
4021:
4017:
4016:
4014:
4013:
3997:
3981:
3965:
3958:Gerald Edelman
3953:
3945:
3942:Julius Axelrod
3929:
3926:Salvador Luria
3922:Alfred Hershey
3913:
3897:
3881:
3869:
3858:François Jacob
3853:
3841:
3825:
3809:
3801:
3789:
3777:
3761:
3753:
3742:André Cournand
3737:
3729:
3713:
3701:
3698:Selman Waksman
3693:
3684:
3682:
3678:
3677:
3675:
3674:
3663:Edward Kendall
3658:
3646:
3638:
3622:
3619:Hermann Muller
3614:
3598:
3595:Herbert Gasser
3586:
3574:
3567:
3560:
3553:
3550:Gerhard Domagk
3545:
3537:
3529:
3517:
3509:
3506:William Murphy
3498:George Whipple
3493:
3485:
3473:
3465:
3457:
3445:
3437:
3429:
3420:
3418:
3414:
3413:
3411:
3410:
3403:
3395:
3383:
3376:Archibald Hill
3371:
3364:
3356:
3348:
3341:
3334:
3327:
3320:
3312:
3309:Charles Richet
3304:
3296:
3288:
3280:
3272:
3260:
3252:
3240:
3232:
3224:
3216:
3208:
3199:
3197:
3193:
3192:
3181:
3180:
3173:
3166:
3158:
3152:
3151:
3138:
3137:External links
3135:
3133:
3132:
3127:
3107:(4): 216–219.
3092:
3066:
3045:
3024:
3003:
2982:
2953:
2932:
2895:
2891:
2889:
2886:
2883:
2882:
2842:
2812:
2800:NobelPrize.org
2787:
2776:NobelPrize.org
2763:
2739:
2683:
2659:
2644:"Francis Rous"
2635:
2606:(3): 403–423.
2586:
2557:(6): 731–750.
2537:
2488:
2439:
2410:(5): 609–632.
2390:
2361:(3): 125–134.
2341:
2304:(2): 239–248.
2284:
2247:(2): 219–237.
2227:
2200:(6): 122–124.
2180:
2137:
2106:
2078:
2019:
1992:(6): 467–475.
1972:
1932:
1893:
1864:(4): 523–548.
1844:
1825:(6): 830–832.
1805:
1768:(4): 555–562.
1748:
1719:(5): 607–624.
1699:
1650:
1619:
1590:(2): 219–231.
1570:
1541:(3): 270–286.
1521:
1492:(2): 119–132.
1472:
1455:. p. 43.
1430:
1401:(4): 397–411.
1381:
1319:
1290:(5): 696–705.
1267:
1238:(3): 344–366.
1218:
1189:(6): 810–814.
1169:
1140:(2): 238–270.
1120:
1091:(4): 537–547.
1071:
1042:(3): 329–342.
1022:
1003:(1): 129–130.
983:
971:Nobelprize.org
947:
918:(4): 661–663.
887:
821:
810:NobelPrize.org
794:
755:
716:
649:
648:
646:
643:
634:
631:
607:
604:
585:United Nations
532:
529:
515:
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486:
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381:
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85:Known for
82:
81:
76:
72:
71:
65:
63:(aged 90)
57:
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52:
46:
42:
38:
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34:
26:
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22:
15:
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6:
4:
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8602:
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8593:James E. Gunn
8591:
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8531:
8528:
8526:
8525:Edward Witten
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8359:
8357:
8354:
8352:
8349:
8346:
8344:
8343:Roger Revelle
8341:
8339:
8336:
8334:
8331:
8329:
8326:
8323:
8322:
8320:
8316:
8310:
8309:Henry Stommel
8307:
8305:
8302:
8300:
8299:Eugene Parker
8297:
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8160:
8159:Edward Teller
8157:
8155:
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8144:
8143:
8141:
8137:
8131:
8128:
8126:
8125:Lyman Spitzer
8123:
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8047:
8045:
8044:Hans A. Bethe
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8022:
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8014:
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7988:Maurice Ewing
7986:
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7983:Carl Djerassi
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7975:Saul Winstein
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7908:Paul Bartlett
7906:
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7896:
7895:Louis Hammett
7893:
7891:
7890:Gregory Breit
7888:
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7885:Francis Birch
7883:
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7873:
7870:
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7844:William Rubey
7842:
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7761:Michael Artin
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7674:Bradley Efron
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7600:Felix Browder
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7576:Stephen Smale
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7566:
7564:
7561:
7558:
7556:
7553:
7550:
7548:
7545:
7542:
7540:
7537:
7534:
7532:
7529:
7526:
7524:
7523:John McCarthy
7521:
7519:
7516:
7514:
7511:
7508:
7507:
7505:
7501:
7495:
7492:
7490:
7487:
7485:
7484:Samuel Karlin
7482:
7479:
7477:
7474:
7472:
7469:
7466:
7464:
7461:
7459:
7456:
7453:
7451:
7448:
7446:
7443:
7440:
7438:
7435:
7433:
7430:
7427:
7425:
7422:
7419:
7418:
7416:
7412:
7406:
7403:
7401:
7398:
7395:
7393:
7390:
7388:
7385:
7382:
7380:
7377:
7375:
7372:
7370:
7367:
7364:
7362:
7359:
7356:
7354:
7351:
7348:
7346:
7343:
7340:
7339:
7337:
7333:
7327:
7324:
7321:
7319:
7316:
7313:
7311:
7308:
7305:
7303:
7300:
7297:
7295:
7294:Oscar Zariski
7292:
7289:
7287:
7284:
7282:
7279:
7276:
7274:
7271:
7268:
7267:
7265:
7261:
7257:
7250:
7246:
7232:
7229:
7226:
7224:
7221:
7218:
7216:
7213:
7210:
7209:
7207:
7203:
7197:
7194:
7191:
7189:
7186:
7183:
7181:
7178:
7175:
7173:
7170:
7167:
7165:
7162:
7159:
7157:
7154:
7151:
7149:
7146:
7143:
7141:
7138:
7135:
7133:
7130:
7127:
7125:
7122:
7119:
7118:
7116:
7112:
7106:
7103:
7100:
7098:
7095:
7092:
7090:
7087:
7085:
7082:
7079:
7077:
7074:
7071:
7069:
7068:Ray W. Clough
7066:
7063:
7061:
7060:Alfred Y. Cho
7058:
7055:
7053:
7050:
7048:
7045:
7042:
7040:
7037:
7035:
7032:
7030:
7027:
7024:
7022:
7019:
7017:
7014:
7011:
7010:
7008:
7004:
6998:
6995:
6993:
6990:
6987:
6985:
6982:
6980:
6977:
6975:
6972:
6969:
6967:
6964:
6962:
6959:
6957:
6954:
6951:
6949:
6946:
6944:
6941:
6939:
6936:
6933:
6931:
6930:John G. Trump
6928:
6926:
6923:
6921:
6918:
6915:
6913:
6910:
6908:
6905:
6902:
6901:
6899:
6895:
6889:
6886:
6884:
6881:
6879:
6876:
6874:
6871:
6869:
6866:
6863:
6861:
6858:
6856:
6853:
6851:
6848:
6845:
6843:
6840:
6838:
6835:
6833:
6830:
6828:
6825:
6822:
6820:
6817:
6815:
6812:
6810:
6807:
6804:
6802:
6799:
6797:
6794:
6791:
6789:
6786:
6783:
6782:
6780:
6776:
6770:
6767:
6764:
6762:
6759:
6757:
6754:
6751:
6749:
6746:
6744:
6743:Edwin H. Land
6741:
6738:
6736:
6733:
6730:
6728:
6725:
6723:
6720:
6718:
6715:
6712:
6710:
6707:
6705:
6702:
6699:
6697:
6694:
6692:
6691:Vannevar Bush
6689:
6686:
6684:
6681:
6678:
6677:
6675:
6671:
6667:
6660:
6656:
6642:
6639:
6636:
6634:
6631:
6628:
6626:
6623:
6621:
6618:
6615:
6613:
6610:
6608:
6607:Allen J. Bard
6605:
6602:
6600:
6597:
6595:
6592:
6589:
6588:
6586:
6582:
6576:
6573:
6571:
6568:
6565:
6563:
6562:JoAnne Stubbe
6560:
6558:
6557:Joanna Fowler
6555:
6552:
6550:
6547:
6544:
6542:
6539:
6537:
6534:
6531:
6529:
6526:
6523:
6521:
6518:
6515:
6513:
6510:
6507:
6505:
6502:
6500:
6497:
6494:
6492:
6489:
6487:
6484:
6481:
6480:
6478:
6474:
6468:
6467:Susan Solomon
6465:
6463:
6460:
6458:
6455:
6452:
6450:
6447:
6445:
6442:
6439:
6437:
6434:
6432:
6429:
6426:
6424:
6421:
6418:
6416:
6413:
6411:
6408:
6405:
6403:
6400:
6397:
6395:
6392:
6390:
6387:
6384:
6382:
6379:
6376:
6374:
6371:
6369:
6366:
6364:
6361:
6359:
6356:
6353:
6351:
6348:
6346:
6343:
6341:
6338:
6335:
6334:
6332:
6328:
6322:
6319:
6317:
6314:
6312:
6311:Melvin Calvin
6309:
6307:
6304:
6301:
6299:
6296:
6294:
6291:
6289:
6286:
6283:
6281:
6278:
6276:
6273:
6271:
6268:
6265:
6263:
6260:
6258:
6255:
6253:
6252:Yuan Tseh Lee
6250:
6248:
6247:Harry B. Gray
6245:
6242:
6240:
6237:
6235:
6232:
6230:
6227:
6224:
6222:
6221:Gilbert Stork
6219:
6217:
6214:
6211:
6210:
6208:
6204:
6198:
6195:
6192:
6191:
6189:
6185:
6181:
6174:
6170:
6156:
6153:
6151:
6148:
6146:
6143:
6140:
6138:
6135:
6132:
6130:
6129:Bruce Alberts
6127:
6125:
6124:May Berenbaum
6122:
6119:
6117:
6114:
6112:
6109:
6107:
6104:
6101:
6099:
6096:
6094:
6091:
6088:
6087:
6085:
6081:
6075:
6072:
6070:
6067:
6064:
6062:
6059:
6057:
6054:
6052:
6049:
6046:
6044:
6041:
6039:
6036:
6033:
6031:
6030:Lubert Stryer
6028:
6026:
6025:Nina Fedoroff
6023:
6021:
6018:
6015:
6013:
6010:
6008:
6007:Anthony Fauci
6005:
6002:
6000:
5997:
5995:
5992:
5990:
5987:
5984:
5982:
5979:
5977:
5974:
5972:
5969:
5966:
5964:
5961:
5959:
5956:
5953:
5951:
5950:Harold Varmus
5948:
5946:
5943:
5941:
5938:
5936:
5933:
5931:
5928:
5926:
5923:
5921:
5918:
5915:
5913:
5910:
5908:
5905:
5903:
5900:
5897:
5896:
5894:
5890:
5884:
5883:Lynn Margulis
5881:
5879:
5878:Jared Diamond
5876:
5874:
5871:
5868:
5866:
5863:
5861:
5858:
5855:
5853:
5850:
5848:
5845:
5842:
5840:
5837:
5834:
5832:
5829:
5826:
5824:
5821:
5819:
5818:Thomas Eisner
5816:
5813:
5811:
5808:
5806:
5803:
5800:
5798:
5795:
5793:
5792:Maxine Singer
5790:
5787:
5785:
5782:
5780:
5777:
5775:
5774:Paul A. Marks
5772:
5770:
5767:
5765:
5762:
5760:
5757:
5755:
5752:
5750:
5747:
5744:
5742:
5739:
5737:
5734:
5732:
5729:
5727:
5724:
5722:
5719:
5717:
5714:
5711:
5710:
5708:
5704:
5698:
5695:
5693:
5690:
5688:
5685:
5683:
5680:
5678:
5675:
5673:
5670:
5667:
5665:
5662:
5660:
5657:
5655:
5652:
5650:
5647:
5645:
5642:
5640:
5637:
5634:
5632:
5629:
5627:
5624:
5622:
5619:
5617:
5614:
5612:
5609:
5606:
5604:
5601:
5599:
5596:
5594:
5591:
5589:
5586:
5584:
5583:Stanley Cohen
5581:
5578:
5576:
5573:
5571:
5568:
5566:
5563:
5561:
5558:
5555:
5553:
5550:
5548:
5545:
5543:
5540:
5537:
5535:
5532:
5529:
5528:
5526:
5522:
5516:
5513:
5511:
5508:
5506:
5503:
5501:
5498:
5496:
5493:
5491:
5488:
5486:
5483:
5480:
5478:
5475:
5473:
5472:Efraim Racker
5470:
5468:
5465:
5463:
5460:
5457:
5455:
5452:
5450:
5447:
5445:
5442:
5440:
5437:
5434:
5432:
5429:
5427:
5426:James V. Neel
5424:
5422:
5419:
5417:
5414:
5411:
5409:
5406:
5404:
5401:
5398:
5396:
5393:
5391:
5388:
5385:
5384:
5382:
5378:
5372:
5369:
5367:
5364:
5361:
5359:
5356:
5354:
5351:
5349:
5346:
5344:
5341:
5339:
5338:Horace Barker
5336:
5333:
5331:
5328:
5326:
5323:
5321:
5318:
5316:
5313:
5310:
5308:
5307:Sewall Wright
5305:
5303:
5300:
5298:
5295:
5293:
5290:
5287:
5285:
5282:
5280:
5277:
5275:
5272:
5269:
5267:
5264:
5262:
5259:
5256:
5254:
5251:
5248:
5247:
5245:
5241:
5237:
5230:
5226:
5212:
5209:
5206:
5204:
5201:
5198:
5196:
5195:Anne Treisman
5193:
5190:
5189:
5187:
5183:
5177:
5174:
5171:
5169:
5166:
5163:
5161:
5158:
5155:
5153:
5152:Kenneth Arrow
5150:
5147:
5145:
5142:
5139:
5137:
5134:
5131:
5130:
5128:
5124:
5118:
5115:
5112:
5110:
5107:
5104:
5102:
5099:
5096:
5094:
5091:
5088:
5086:
5083:
5080:
5078:
5075:
5072:
5070:
5067:
5064:
5062:
5059:
5056:
5054:
5051:
5049:
5046:
5043:
5042:
5040:
5036:
5030:
5027:
5024:
5022:
5019:
5017:
5016:Anne Anastasi
5014:
5011:
5009:
5006:
5003:
5002:
5000:
4996:
4990:
4987:
4984:
4983:
4981:
4977:
4973:
4966:
4962:
4958:
4955:
4948:
4943:
4941:
4936:
4934:
4929:
4928:
4925:
4913:
4910:
4908:
4905:
4903:
4900:
4898:
4895:
4893:
4890:
4888:
4885:
4883:
4880:
4878:
4875:
4873:
4870:
4868:
4865:
4863:
4860:
4857:
4853:
4852:
4849:
4842:
4839:
4836:
4833:
4832:
4830:
4828:
4824:
4817:
4814:
4813:
4811:
4809:
4805:
4798:
4797:
4795:
4792:
4788:
4784:
4777:
4774:
4771:
4768:
4767:
4765:
4762:
4758:
4754:
4747:
4744:
4743:
4741:
4739:
4735:
4730:
4722:
4717:
4715:
4710:
4708:
4703:
4702:
4699:
4686:
4685:Drew Weissman
4682:
4678:
4674:
4671:
4667:
4663:
4660:
4656:
4652:
4648:
4645:
4641:
4637:
4633:
4629:
4626:
4622:
4618:
4613:
4610:
4606:
4601:
4598:
4594:
4590:
4585:
4582:
4577:
4574:
4570:
4569:Satoshi Ōmura
4566:
4561:
4558:
4554:
4550:
4545:
4542:
4538:
4534:
4533:James Rothman
4529:
4526:
4522:
4517:
4513:
4509:
4505:
4501:
4500:Bruce Beutler
4496:
4493:
4488:
4485:
4481:
4477:
4472:
4469:
4465:
4461:
4456:
4453:
4449:
4445:
4440:
4437:
4433:
4428:
4425:
4421:
4416:
4413:
4412:Linda B. Buck
4409:
4404:
4401:
4397:
4392:
4389:
4385:
4381:
4376:
4373:
4369:
4365:
4360:
4359:
4357:
4353:
4346:
4342:
4338:
4333:
4330:
4329:Günter Blobel
4325:
4322:
4318:
4317:Louis Ignarro
4314:
4309:
4306:
4301:
4298:
4294:
4289:
4286:
4282:
4278:
4273:
4270:
4266:
4261:
4258:
4257:Phillip Sharp
4254:
4249:
4246:
4242:
4237:
4234:
4230:
4225:
4222:
4218:
4217:Joseph Murray
4213:
4210:
4206:
4201:
4198:
4194:
4190:
4185:
4182:
4177:
4174:
4170:
4169:Stanley Cohen
4165:
4162:
4158:
4157:Michael Brown
4153:
4150:
4146:
4142:
4137:
4134:
4129:
4126:
4122:
4118:
4113:
4110:
4106:
4102:
4097:
4094:
4090:
4086:
4081:
4078:
4074:
4073:Allan Cormack
4069:
4066:
4062:
4058:
4053:
4050:
4049:Rosalyn Yalow
4046:
4042:
4037:
4034:
4030:
4025:
4024:
4022:
4018:
4011:
4007:
4003:
3998:
3995:
3994:George Palade
3991:
3987:
3986:Albert Claude
3982:
3979:
3975:
3974:Konrad Lorenz
3971:
3966:
3963:
3962:Rodney Porter
3959:
3954:
3951:
3946:
3943:
3939:
3938:Ulf von Euler
3935:
3930:
3927:
3923:
3919:
3914:
3911:
3907:
3903:
3898:
3895:
3891:
3887:
3886:Ragnar Granit
3882:
3879:
3875:
3870:
3867:
3866:Jacques Monod
3863:
3859:
3854:
3851:
3847:
3842:
3839:
3838:Andrew Huxley
3835:
3831:
3826:
3823:
3819:
3815:
3814:Francis Crick
3810:
3807:
3802:
3799:
3798:Peter Medawar
3795:
3790:
3787:
3783:
3778:
3775:
3771:
3767:
3766:George Beadle
3762:
3759:
3754:
3751:
3747:
3743:
3738:
3735:
3734:Hugo Theorell
3730:
3727:
3723:
3722:Thomas Weller
3719:
3714:
3711:
3710:Fritz Lipmann
3707:
3702:
3699:
3694:
3691:
3686:
3685:
3683:
3679:
3672:
3668:
3664:
3659:
3656:
3652:
3647:
3644:
3639:
3636:
3632:
3628:
3623:
3620:
3615:
3612:
3611:Howard Florey
3608:
3604:
3599:
3596:
3592:
3587:
3584:
3580:
3575:
3568:
3561:
3554:
3551:
3546:
3543:
3538:
3535:
3530:
3527:
3523:
3518:
3515:
3510:
3507:
3503:
3499:
3494:
3491:
3490:Thomas Morgan
3486:
3483:
3479:
3474:
3471:
3466:
3463:
3458:
3455:
3451:
3446:
3443:
3438:
3435:
3430:
3427:
3422:
3421:
3419:
3415:
3404:
3401:
3396:
3393:
3389:
3384:
3381:
3380:Otto Meyerhof
3377:
3372:
3365:
3362:
3357:
3354:
3349:
3342:
3335:
3328:
3321:
3318:
3317:Róbert Bárány
3313:
3310:
3305:
3302:
3301:Alexis Carrel
3297:
3294:
3289:
3286:
3281:
3278:
3273:
3270:
3266:
3261:
3258:
3253:
3250:
3246:
3245:Camillo Golgi
3241:
3238:
3233:
3230:
3225:
3222:
3217:
3214:
3209:
3206:
3201:
3200:
3198:
3194:
3190:
3186:
3179:
3174:
3172:
3167:
3165:
3160:
3159:
3156:
3149:
3144:
3141:
3140:
3131:
3128:
3124:
3120:
3115:
3110:
3106:
3102:
3098:
3093:
3088:
3083:
3079:
3075:
3071:
3070:"Nobel Prize"
3067:
3063:
3059:
3055:
3051:
3046:
3042:
3038:
3034:
3030:
3025:
3021:
3017:
3013:
3009:
3004:
3000:
2996:
2992:
2988:
2983:
2979:
2975:
2971:
2967:
2963:
2959:
2954:
2950:
2946:
2942:
2938:
2933:
2929:
2925:
2921:
2917:
2913:
2909:
2905:
2901:
2896:
2893:
2892:
2878:
2874:
2870:
2866:
2862:
2858:
2857:
2852:
2846:
2832:
2831:
2826:
2823:Ann Thwaite.
2819:
2817:
2801:
2797:
2791:
2777:
2773:
2767:
2753:
2749:
2743:
2735:
2731:
2726:
2721:
2717:
2713:
2709:
2705:
2701:
2697:
2693:
2687:
2673:
2669:
2663:
2649:
2645:
2639:
2631:
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2110:
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2055:
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2046:
2042:
2038:
2034:
2030:
2023:
2015:
2011:
2007:
2003:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1987:
1983:
1976:
1968:
1964:
1959:
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1950:
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659:
657:
655:
650:
642:
640:
630:
628:
627:Simon Flexner
623:
621:
617:
613:
606:Personal life
603:
601:
598:in 1966 with
597:
592:
590:
586:
582:
578:
574:
570:
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558:
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380:
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373:
372:Simon Flexner
369:
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361:
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109:
105:
101:
97:
93:
90:
87:
83:
80:
77:
73:
68:
67:New York City
58:
54:
49:
43:
39:
32:
27:
20:
8635:Sandra Faber
8630:Sidney Drell
8460:Leo Kadanoff
8455:James Cronin
8403:Hans Dehmelt
8338:Robert Pound
8304:Robert Sharp
8120:John Sinfelt
8087:Verner Suomi
8054:Lewis Sarett
7918:Lars Onsager
7862:Henry Eyring
7829:John Bardeen
7571:Richard Karp
7539:Allen Newell
7318:Jerzy Neyman
6943:Tung-Yen Lin
6920:Bill Hewlett
6850:Morris Cohen
6444:John W. Cahn
6345:Karl Folkers
6106:Lucy Shapiro
6056:Elaine Fuchs
5935:Ann Graybiel
5865:Janet Rowley
5847:James Watson
5839:Ruth Patrick
5682:Philip Leder
5552:Mildred Cohn
5500:Severo Ochoa
5477:E. O. Wilson
5273:
4886:
4834:
4670:Svante Pääbo
4655:David Julius
4609:Tasuku Honjo
4557:Edvard Moser
4549:John O'Keefe
4512:posthumously
4511:
4448:Martin Evans
4424:Robin Warren
4408:Richard Axel
4355:2001–present
4233:Bert Sakmann
4101:Roger Sperry
4093:George Snell
4089:Jean Dausset
4057:Werner Arber
4010:Howard Temin
3934:Bernard Katz
3918:Max Delbrück
3874:Francis Rous
3873:
3850:Feodor Lynen
3846:Konrad Bloch
3834:Alan Hodgkin
3818:James Watson
3794:Frank Burnet
3782:Severo Ochoa
3770:Edward Tatum
3758:Daniel Bovet
3671:Philip Hench
3583:Edward Doisy
3514:Hans Spemann
3502:George Minot
3482:Edgar Adrian
3470:Otto Warburg
3392:John Macleod
3361:August Krogh
3353:Jules Bordet
3269:Paul Ehrlich
3221:Niels Finsen
3205:Emil Behring
3104:
3100:
3077:
3073:
3056:(22): 1565.
3053:
3049:
3032:
3028:
3014:(1): 41–42.
3011:
3007:
2990:
2986:
2961:
2957:
2940:
2936:
2903:
2899:
2860:
2854:
2850:
2845:
2834:. Retrieved
2830:The Guardian
2828:
2804:. Retrieved
2802:. 2020-04-01
2799:
2790:
2779:. Retrieved
2775:
2766:
2755:. Retrieved
2751:
2742:
2699:
2695:
2686:
2675:. Retrieved
2671:
2662:
2651:. Retrieved
2647:
2638:
2603:
2599:
2589:
2554:
2550:
2540:
2508:(1): 75–95.
2505:
2501:
2491:
2459:(1): 47–73.
2456:
2452:
2442:
2407:
2403:
2393:
2358:
2354:
2344:
2301:
2297:
2287:
2244:
2240:
2230:
2197:
2193:
2183:
2158:
2152:
2148:
2123:
2119:
2109:
2098:. Retrieved
2093:
2036:
2032:
2022:
1989:
1985:
1975:
1948:
1944:
1935:
1910:
1906:
1896:
1861:
1857:
1847:
1822:
1818:
1808:
1765:
1761:
1751:
1716:
1712:
1702:
1670:(1): 52–68.
1667:
1663:
1653:
1636:
1632:
1622:
1587:
1583:
1573:
1538:
1534:
1524:
1489:
1485:
1475:
1464:. Retrieved
1452:
1398:
1394:
1384:
1339:
1335:
1287:
1283:
1235:
1231:
1221:
1186:
1182:
1172:
1137:
1133:
1123:
1088:
1084:
1074:
1039:
1035:
1025:
1000:
996:
986:
974:. Retrieved
970:
915:
911:
847:
843:
813:. Retrieved
809:
772:
768:
758:
733:
729:
719:
678:
674:
636:
624:
609:
593:
534:
517:
504:
491:
479:
465:
459:
445:
441:
438:experiments.
434:
424:
412:
407:
402:
386:
375:
357:
346:
342:
335:
322:tuberculosis
319:
306:
304:
272:
253:
191:
190:
172:Institutions
155:
61:(1970-02-16)
8720:1970 deaths
8715:1879 births
8588:Berni Alder
8395:Frank Press
8276:Walter Kohn
8253:George Pake
8187:Walter Munk
8110:Herman Mark
8092:Henry Taube
7880:Jesse Beams
7834:Peter Debye
7816:Harold Urey
7740:Barry Mazur
7302:John Milnor
7196:Amnon Yariv
7140:Leo Beranek
6966:Ernst Weber
6819:Abel Wolman
6410:Thomas Cech
6340:Elkan Blout
6280:Max Tishler
6197:Roger Adams
6155:Simon Levin
5621:Harry Eagle
5444:Paul Gyorgy
5136:Gary Becker
4776:Nelly Sachs
4729:Nobel Prize
4521:John Gurdon
4436:Craig Mello
4432:Andrew Fire
4345:Eric Kandel
4321:Ferid Murad
4229:Erwin Neher
4141:Niels Jerne
3906:Har Khorana
3894:George Wald
3862:André Lwoff
3830:John Eccles
3718:John Enders
3690:Max Theiler
3651:Walter Hess
3643:Paul Müller
3607:Ernst Chain
3277:Emil Kocher
3237:Robert Koch
3229:Ivan Pavlov
3213:Ronald Ross
3143:Peyton Rous
2943:: 275–306.
681:: 643–662.
527:formation.
494:World War I
427:Robert Koch
404:describing:
368:lymphocytes
283:World War I
275:blood types
229:oncoviruses
221:pathologist
89:Oncoviruses
8684:Categories
8382:Vera Rubin
8021:Paul Flory
7682:Hyman Bass
7555:John Cocke
7458:Raoul Bott
7361:Kurt Gödel
7353:John Tukey
7310:Paul Cohen
6925:George Low
6888:Simon Ramo
6111:Leroy Hood
5912:Carl Woese
5860:Bruce Ames
5371:Ernst Mayr
4757:Literature
4372:Paul Nurse
3706:Hans Krebs
3631:Gerty Cori
3579:Henrik Dam
3526:Otto Loewi
3522:Henry Dale
2900:The Lancet
2836:2016-03-11
2806:2022-03-18
2781:2022-03-18
2757:2022-03-18
2677:2023-05-12
2653:2023-05-12
2100:2022-03-18
1466:2022-03-18
815:2022-03-18
645:References
563:, and the
514:Physiology
419:retrovirus
8377:Val Fitch
7445:Peter Lax
7215:Shu Chien
6462:John Ross
6177:Chemistry
5565:Paul Berg
4957:laureates
4738:Chemistry
4731:laureates
4573:Tu Youyou
4125:John Vane
4020:1976–2000
3681:1951–1975
3627:Carl Cori
3417:1926–1950
3196:1901–1925
3185:Laureates
2877:159733258
2716:0002-9572
2367:2046-4207
2318:1540-9538
2261:1540-9538
2214:1535-3702
2175:161789667
2014:205016442
1967:162165139
1919:0007-1447
1782:0022-1007
1461:0362-4331
864:1540-9538
781:0043-5147
742:0008-7335
695:0080-4606
525:gallstone
449:papilloma
281:. During
8356:Ed Stone
5353:Jay Lush
4818:(France)
4778:(Sweden)
4772:(Israel)
4368:Tim Hunt
3123:13629203
2949:11615657
2928:53300407
2920:10465213
2851:Rous, P.
2734:18017705
2630:19868854
2581:19868532
2532:19868542
2483:19868541
2434:19868417
2385:22375087
2336:19867982
2279:19867981
2222:88016286
2149:Rous, P.
2006:11389470
1927:25445900
1888:19870432
1839:88440867
1800:13475613
1743:19870219
1694:19867749
1614:19867639
1565:19867522
1516:19867511
1425:19867421
1376:21813762
1314:19867354
1262:19867332
1213:19867287
1164:19867129
1115:19867147
1066:19867134
1017:87669878
942:23751005
882:22110182
750:21387589
711:32825036
703:11615431
521:jaundice
476:oncogene
398:neoplasm
196:ForMemRS
166:Virology
121:ForMemRS
103:Children
4808:Physics
3187:of the
3114:1806149
3062:4859882
3041:5333372
3020:5342283
2999:4896432
2978:4189793
2725:1551844
2621:2128469
2572:2128305
2523:2128064
2474:2128065
2425:2128242
2376:3284718
2327:2125395
2270:2125399
2041:Bibcode
1879:2133298
1791:2136805
1734:2132321
1685:2125138
1605:2125032
1556:2124916
1507:2124960
1416:2124874
1367:3167550
1344:Bibcode
1305:2124810
1253:2124799
1204:2124743
1155:2124515
1106:2124537
1057:2124525
933:3647430
873:3256973
789:4896432
470:of the
431:Virchow
389:sarcoma
291:citrate
260:viruses
223:at the
4615:2019:
4603:2018:
4587:2017:
4579:2016:
4563:2015:
4547:2014:
4531:2013:
4519:2012:
4498:2011:
4490:2010:
4474:2009:
4458:2008:
4442:2007:
4430:2006:
4418:2005:
4406:2004:
4394:2003:
4378:2002:
4362:2001:
4335:2000:
4327:1999:
4311:1998:
4303:1997:
4291:1996:
4275:1995:
4263:1994:
4251:1993:
4239:1992:
4227:1991:
4215:1990:
4203:1989:
4187:1988:
4179:1987:
4167:1986:
4155:1985:
4139:1984:
4131:1983:
4115:1982:
4099:1981:
4083:1980:
4071:1979:
4055:1978:
4039:1977:
4027:1976:
4000:1975:
3984:1974:
3968:1973:
3956:1972:
3948:1971:
3932:1970:
3916:1969:
3900:1968:
3884:1967:
3872:1966:
3856:1965:
3844:1964:
3828:1963:
3812:1962:
3804:1961:
3792:1960:
3780:1959:
3764:1958:
3756:1957:
3740:1956:
3732:1955:
3716:1954:
3704:1953:
3696:1952:
3688:1951:
3661:1950:
3649:1949:
3641:1948:
3625:1947:
3617:1946:
3601:1945:
3589:1944:
3577:1943:
3548:1939:
3540:1938:
3532:1937:
3520:1936:
3512:1935:
3496:1934:
3488:1933:
3476:1932:
3468:1931:
3460:1930:
3448:1929:
3440:1928:
3432:1927:
3424:1926:
3398:1924:
3386:1923:
3374:1922:
3359:1920:
3351:1919:
3315:1914:
3307:1913:
3299:1912:
3291:1911:
3283:1910:
3275:1909:
3263:1908:
3255:1907:
3243:1906:
3235:1905:
3227:1904:
3219:1903:
3211:1902:
3203:1901:
3121:
3111:
3060:
3039:
3018:
2997:
2976:
2958:Lancet
2947:
2926:
2918:
2875:
2732:
2722:
2714:
2628:
2618:
2579:
2569:
2530:
2520:
2481:
2471:
2432:
2422:
2383:
2373:
2365:
2334:
2324:
2316:
2277:
2267:
2259:
2220:
2212:
2173:
2073:221907
2071:
2064:383480
2061:
2012:
2004:
1965:
1925:
1917:
1886:
1876:
1837:
1798:
1788:
1780:
1741:
1731:
1692:
1682:
1612:
1602:
1563:
1553:
1514:
1504:
1459:
1423:
1413:
1374:
1364:
1312:
1302:
1260:
1250:
1211:
1201:
1162:
1152:
1113:
1103:
1064:
1054:
1015:
976:6 June
940:
930:
880:
870:
862:
787:
779:
748:
740:
709:
701:
693:
612:Marion
583:, the
559:, the
383:Cancer
264:cancer
162:Fields
147:(1966)
141:(1966)
135:(1965)
129:(1958)
123:(1940)
114:Awards
108:Marion
95:Spouse
69:, U.S.
50:, U.S.
8620:2010s
8469:2000s
8318:1990s
8139:1980s
7945:1970s
7793:1960s
7712:2010s
7614:2000s
7503:1990s
7414:1980s
7335:1970s
7263:1960s
7205:2010s
7114:2000s
7006:1990s
6897:1980s
6778:1970s
6673:1960s
6584:2010s
6476:2000s
6330:1990s
6206:1980s
6187:1960s
6083:2010s
5892:2000s
5706:1990s
5524:1980s
5380:1970s
5243:1960s
5185:2010s
5126:2000s
5038:1990s
4998:1980s
4979:1960s
4887:1966
4787:Peace
4727:1966
2924:S2CID
2873:S2CID
2218:S2CID
2171:S2CID
2010:S2CID
1963:S2CID
1923:JSTOR
1835:S2CID
1013:S2CID
707:S2CID
633:Death
451:) in
429:and
345:(now
8657:2014
8644:2012
8626:2011
8597:2009
8584:2008
8571:2007
8563:2006
8550:2005
8542:2004
8529:2003
8511:2002
8493:2001
8475:2000
8451:1999
8438:1998
8420:1997
8412:1996
8399:1995
8386:1994
8373:1993
8365:1992
8347:1991
8324:1990
8290:1989
8262:1988
8234:1987
8206:1986
8168:1983
8145:1982
8101:1979
8068:1976
8040:1975
8012:1974
7979:1973
7951:1970
7927:1969
7904:1968
7876:1967
7848:1966
7825:1965
7807:1964
7799:1963
7757:2013
7744:2012
7731:2011
7718:2010
7699:2009
7686:2007
7678:2006
7670:2005
7662:2004
7654:2003
7646:2002
7633:2001
7620:2000
7596:1999
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