Belemnitida - Knowledge

760: 707:, the most well-studied among belemnite embryos, had a protoconch, a developing guard, and a solid guard. The developing guard tightly surrounded the protoconch. The embryonic shell consisted of an ovoid protoconch and several chambers. The protoconch had two layers, and several compartments - called "protoconch pockets" - formed between the layers, which may have stored gas or liquid in life to stay buoyant. The protoconch and guard were probably made of chitin, a protective material that may have allowed the embryo to survive at greater depths and colder temperatures, develop into adults faster, and allow juveniles and adults to venture into deeper waters. Further, the protoconch would have allowed them to form limbs before reaching the phragmocone stage, and thus inhabit the open ocean earlier. These may have allowed belemnites to colonize a range of habitats across the world. 714:, the number and successive size of the chambers of the phragmocone are used to analyze the growth of an individual over their life. Successive belemnite chambers tend to increase in size exponentially. Unlike other cephalopods, there is no decreasing trend of chamber size in the earliest stages. The decreasing trend generally coincides with hatching, meaning embryonic belemnites had no or few chambers and hatched only with a protoconch. The phragmocone, thus, developed after hatching. Ammonites are thought to have done the same, implying a similar reproductive strategy, and, considering both reached 616:, large hooks were common near the mouth, and were either used for surrounding small prey or ramming into large prey; however, these large hooks were not present in a small specimen, indicating it was either a juvenile—and the development of different hooks coincided with a difference in prey selection - or the specimen was a female and the hooks were used by males for male-on-male combat or during copulation. In modern hook-bearing squid species, only matured males have hooks, indicating a reproductive purpose. It is possible the hooks, being analogous to suckers, could move. 349: 466:. This would have allowed the animal to move horizontally through the water. The guard may have also served to cut through waves while swimming at the surface, though modern cephalopods generally stay completely submerged. Though unlikely, it is possible fossilization increased the perceived density of the guard, and it may have been up to 20% more porous in life. Fins may have been attached to the guard, or the guard may have lent support for large fins. Including arms, guards could have accounted for one-fifth to one-third of the total length of a belemnite. 491: 653: 143: 983: 3000: 480: 2968: 119: 2885: 1113: 2823: 856: 640:- long, modified arms used in copulation or combat with other males. Instead of several hooks, the hectocotyli feature a pair of enlarged hooks—mega-onychites—to latch onto the female at a safe distance to prevent getting stuck with one of her hooks. Like squid, the positioning of the mega-onychites could have been either at the tip or origin of the arm depending on the species. Copulation probably involved the male depositing 620: 584: 5276: 2860:. Belemnites with slender guards may have been better swimmers than those with more massive guards, with the former having dived into deeper waters and hunted in the open ocean; and the latter restricted to the nearshore and fed from the seafloor. Broadly speaking, they may have preferred temperatures of 12–25 °C (54–77 °F), and, like modern squid, warmer waters may have heightened their 2296:, is also proposed, whose members have an aragonitic guard in contrast to the calcitic guards of other belemnites. Aragonitic guards are usually only seen in the ancestral Aulacocerida belemnoids, and Belemnotheutina may represent a transitional stage between the two orders, though some believe Belemnitida derived from Phragmoteuthida which derived from Aulacocerida. 335:, though the higher classification of cephalopods is volatile and there is no clear consensus on how belemnites are related to modern coleoids. Guards can give information on the climate, habitat, and carbon cycle of the ancient waters they inhabited. Guards have been found since antiquity and have become part of folklore. 597:

extremities of the arm increased the risk of losing the arm. Having two rows of hooks covering the entire breadth of the arm, a belemnite could have had between 100 and 800 hooks in total. Some hooks have a spur just above the base, but this may be a distortion from fossilization or preparation of the material. The

3022:. Belemnites declined through the Late Cretaceous, and their range became more restricted to the polar regions; the southern populations became extinct in the early Maastrichtian, and the last belemnites—of the family Belemnitellidae—inhabited what is now northern Europe. They finally became extinct in the 700:

Like other cephalopods, belemnites may have laid floating egg masses, and a single female may have laid between 100 and 1,000 eggs. Hatchlings were either miniature forms of adults or went through a larval stage. According to the latter model, the egg was formed by the protoconch and a single-layered

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Belemnites had 10 hooked arms of, more or less, equal length with suckers. The hooks were rarely larger than 5 mm (0.20 in), and increased in size toward the midsection of the arm, possibly because the midsection is where maximum power could be exerted when grabbing, or bigger hooks on the

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Belemnoidea, as a group, seemed to feature a reduction of the projection of the otherwise conical phragmocone into the pro-ostracum. That of the most ancient order Aulacocerida is orthoconic (none projects), Phragmoteuthida three-quarters projects, Belemnitida a quarter, and the most developed

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Belemnite guards have sometimes been found with fractures with signs of healing. It has been interpreted in the past that these are evidence of digging, with belemnites using their guard to dig up prey on the seafloor; however, belemnites are now generally interpreted to have been open ocean

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Different hook shapes were probably specialized for certain tasks, for example, a strongly hooked uncinus was designed to stab prey at a constant angle. It would force and sink in deeper if the prey tried to move away from the belemnite. Hook shapes and forms vary from species to species. In

2983:, much like modern coleoids which migrate from the ocean to the shelf area. In battlefields comprising both adults and juveniles—as the former model would consist entirely of adults—large groups of belemnites may have been killed by volcanism, changes in salinity or temperature, 3106:

has been described, among others, as two fossil belemnites. Before belemnites were identified as fossils, it was believed the guards were some gemstones, namely lyngurium and amber. After a thunderstorm, guards would sometimes be left exposed in the soil, explained as

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guard specimens exhibit a double-pointed tip, probably stemming from some traumatic event. One belemnite guard also presents a double-pointed tip, with one of the points projecting higher than the other, probably a sign of an infection or settlement of a parasite. A

571:, age, or distortion during fossilization. These specimens appeared to have had similar adaptations to modern squid for speed and may have been able to reach similar maximum speeds of 1.1 to 1.8 km/h (0.68 to 1.12 mph) like modern migrating 2292:, though a third possible suborder may exist with Sinobelemnitidae. The Belemnopseina guards have a groove on their alveolus, whereas the Belemnitina have a groove at their apex. The grooves probably corresponded to blood vessels. Another suborder, 557:. Though the hyponome was well-developed in belemnites, the phragmocone was large, implying a small mantle cavity and thus less jet propulsion efficiency. Like some modern squid, belemnites may have mainly used large fins to coast along 957:

Guard shapes in the early Jurassic ranged from conical to spearheaded but spearheaded became more prevalent as the Jurassic progressed. This was probably due to pressure to become more streamlined and increase swimming efficiency,

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According to the "belemnoid root-stock theory", belemnoids gave rise to modern coleoids sometime in the Mesozoic, with octopuses deriving from Phragmoteuthida and squid from Diplobelida, making Belemnoidea paraphyletic. The

2991:), or mass stranding. Another popular theory is that the guards were simply moved or redeposited by ocean currents into large aggregations. Some battlefields may be regurgitated indigestible matter from a predator. 2851:

zones. To hunt, they may have quickly or stealthily grabbed prey, maintaining a grip with the hooks, and then dove down to eat. It is traditionally thought they resided on the shelf their entire life, and preyed on

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of the ear – were large, much like in modern fast-moving squid. Like other cephalopods, the skin was likely thin and slippery. The eyeballs were likely thicker, stronger, and more convex than in other cephalopods.

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hooks are subdivided into three sections: The base - which can be either flat or concave - the shaft - which projects either upward at an incline either straight or bent - and the uncinus - which can be hook- or

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Belemnites were an important food source for many Mesozoic marine creatures, both the adults and the planktonic juveniles and they likely played an important role in restructuring marine ecosystems after the

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The guard—also known as the rostrum, scabbard, gaine, and sheath—is the part of the animal most likely to be fossilized. Guards are difficult to distinguish at the species level, and, consequently,

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Wani, R.; Tajiki, A.; Ikuno, K.; Iwasaki, T. (2017). "Ontogenetic trajectories of septal spacing in Early Jurassic belemnites from Germany and France, and their palaeobiological implications".

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Stevens, K.; Mutterlose, J.; Schweigert, G. (2014). "Belemnite ecology and the environment of the Nusplingen Plattenkalk (Late Jurassic, southern Germany): Evidence from stable isotope data".

2276:, consisting of a common ancestor and all of its descendants, and is characterized by the possession of ten hooked appendages, a multilayered outer wall of the phragmocone, and a 4306:

Donovan, S. K.; Jagt, J. W. M.; Deckers, M. J. M.; Laffineur, J. (2018). "Preservation of a heavily bored belemnite rostrum from the upper Maastrichtian of north-east Belgium".

384:; and the spear-shaped guard at the very tip. The guard is attached to the phragmocone in a socket called the alveolus. The cone, in life, would have been encased in muscle and 3846:

Hart, M. B.; Hughes, Z.; Page, K. N.; Price, G. D.; Smart, C. W. (2018). "Arm hooks of coleoid cephalopods from the Jurassic succession of the Wessex Basin, Southern England".

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Belemnites were likely an abundant and important food source to many sea-going creatures of the Mesozoic. Belemnite hook remains have been found in the stomach contents of

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specimens with preserved soft anatomy elements had a pair of rhomboid fins near the top of their guards; however, the specimens had different-sized fins, possibly owing to

3026:, around 66 mya, where, like in ammonites, it is thought the protoconch of embryos could not survive the ensuing acidification of the oceans. However, the dubious genus 298:

hooks were usually no bigger than 5 mm (0.20 in), though a belemnite could have had between 100 and 800 hooks in total, using them to stab and hold onto prey.

1022:, in the first century CE, did not believe in lyngurium and called the gemstone a belemnite for the first time—though not recognizing it as a fossil. The name is from 1132:

are common and inflate the group's apparent diversity. Preserved hooks can be used to distinguish belemnite species as each species has unique hook shapes. However,

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with increasingly faster predators and competitors. Their early evolution and apparent abundance were likely important in reconstructing marine ecosystems after the

286:. Unlike squid, belemnites had an internal skeleton that made up the cone. The parts are, from the arms-most to the tip: the tongue-shaped pro-ostracum, the conical 4881:

Fuchs, D.; Iba, Y.; Tischlinger, H.; Keupp, H.; Klug, C. (2015). "The locomotion system of Mesozoic Coleoidea (Cephalopoda) and its phylogenetic significance".

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Hoffman, R.; Ansorge, J.; Wesendonk, H.; Stevens, K. (2018). "A Late Cretaceous pathological belemnite rostrum with evidence of infection by an endoparasite".

950:, reported from Southern China. By the Early Jurassic, belemnites were probably quite common, having spread out into the western Laurasian coasts as well as 947: 5460: 2677: 2692: 2394: 727:

are the largest among belemnites, measuring 60 to 70 cm (24 to 28 in) in length and up to 50 mm (2.0 in) in diameter. The Cretaceous

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thrown from the sky. This belief persists in parts of rural Britain. In Germanic folklore, belemnites are known by at least 27 different names, such as

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Large accumulations of guards are commonly found and have been nicknamed "belemnite battlefields". The most quoted explanation is that belemnites were

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with 11 species. This classification was confirmed when the first impressions of belemnite soft body anatomy were described by English paleontologist

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Kröger, B.; Vinther, J.; Fuchs, D. (2011). "Cephalopod origin and evolution: A congruent picture emerging from fossils, development and molecules".

2596: 2581: 2372: 2078: 1406: 718:, a rather efficient one. Belemnite hatchling protoconches are estimated to have been generally around 1.5 to 3 mm (0.059 to 0.118 in). 5391: 4265: 3952:"Embryonic shell structure of Early–Middle Jurassic belemnites, and its significance for belemnite expansion and diversification in the Jurassic" 3317: 2713: 2647: 2633: 2525: 2451: 2314: 2289: 1102: 790: 740: 236: 2030:

between belemnoids and squid. However, molecular evidence suggests that the squid and octopus lineage diverged from Belemnoidea in the Permian.

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classified belemnites as cephalopods, comparing the newly discovered phragmocone remains to that of a nautilus, and concluding a resemblance to

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digestive system – similar to open ocean predatory cephalopods. The radula had rows of seven teeth, consistent with modern predatory squid. The

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marine crocodile, meaning they were eaten whole. It may be that they were to regurgitate the indigestible matter later, similar to the modern

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guard is the most common belemnite remain. Belemnites, in life, are thought to have had 10 hooked arms and a pair of fins on the guard. The

2460: 2424: 2385: 2022: 806: 549:, and other organs; also, water is siphoned into and expelled out of the mantle cavity via a tube opening near the arms of the animal, the 3898:"The old and the new plankton: ecological replacement of associations of mollusc plankton and giant filter feeders after the Cretaceous?" 380:

The belemnite cone is composed of three parts. Going from arms to tip, these are the tongue-shaped pro-ostracum; the conical, chambered

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Iba, Y.; Sano, S. I.; Goto, M. (2015). "Large Belemnites were Already Common in the Early Jurassic—New Evidence from Central Japan".

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Dera, G.; Toumoulin, A.; de Baets, K. (2016). "Diversity and morphological evolution of Jurassic belemnites from South Germany".

1421:—it does not contain a common ancestor and all its descendants—and, thus, invalid. According to some authors, belemnites were a 5455: 3066: 2921:

crustaceans. Some animals may have only eaten the heads, leaving the phragmocone and guards, however, the guards of around 250

963: 303: 739:, four major annual growth stages were preserved in the guard, giving belemnites a lifespan of about three to four years. The 4857: 4402: 3425: 3187:

Iba, Y.; Sano, S. -I.; Mutterlose, J.; Kondo, Y. (2012). "Belemnites originated in the Triassic—A new look at an old group".

5018:"Molecular clocks indicate turnover and diversification of modern coleoid cephalopods during the Mesozoic Marine Revolution" 1401:

However, the higher classification of cephalopods is volatile with no clear consensus. Coleoidea is sometimes divided into

2864:, increasing birth and growth rates, but also decreasing lifespan. It has been suggested that most belemnite species were 4480:

Chen, T.; Sen, Z. (1982). "Discovery of Permian belemnoids in South China with comments on the origin of the Coleoidea".

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pro-ostraca and phragmocones, though a few belemnites also had aragonite guards, and the alveolar side of the guards of

5465: 5450: 4759:"New evidence of functional suckers in belemnoid coleoids (Cephalopoda) weakens support for the 'Neocoleoidea' concept" 4601: 1139:

fossils have been mistaken for belemnite hooks and vice versa. Preserved fossil guards are used to measure the ancient

306:. They may have laid between 100 and 1,000 eggs. Some species may have been adapted to speed and swam in the turbulent 3102:

Belemnite guards have been known since antiquity, and much folklore has evolved since. The symbol of the Egyptian god

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may have also been of aragonite. The pro-ostracum probably supported the soft parts of the belemnite, similar to the

5181: 4124:"Oxygen isotope studies on Jurassic and Cretaceous belemnites from New Zealand and their biogeographic significance" 3127:, ground up to cure sore eyes (which only aggravated the problem), and, in Western Scotland, put into water to cure 2944:

The abundant planktonic belemnite larvae, along with planktonic ammonite larvae, likely formed the base of Mesozoic

3445: 3801:"Belemnoid arm hooks from the Middle-Upper Albian boundary interval: Taxonomy and palaeoecological significance" 701:

shell wall. During the larval stage, the protoconch became internal and the guard began to form. The embryo of

4027:"A belemnite fauna from the Aalenian-Bajocian boundary beds of the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg (NE Paris Basin)" 4674: 1087: 215: 5244: 4547: 4173:"Life span and growth rate of Middle Jurassic mesohibolitid belemnites deduced from rostrum microincrements" 747:, the guard was demonstrated to have fully developed after one or two years, and growth spurts followed the 5280: 4938:"Belemnite extinction and the origin of modern cephalopods 35 m.y. prior to the Cretaceous−Paleogene event" 4834: 4088: 5115:

Reitner, J.; Engeser, T. (1982). "Phylogenetic trends in phragmocone-bearing coleoids (Belemnomorpha)".

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Coleoidea. In 1994, American geologist Peter Doyle defined Coleoidea as composed of three superorders:

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is one of the smallest known with a guard length of around 3 cm (1.2 in). In the New Zealand

4343:"Classical and new bioerosion trace fossils in Cretaceous belemnite guards characterised via micro-CT" 554: 348: 4093: 3011: 1143:

of the waters the individual inhabited in life, which gives information on the climate, habitat, and

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meaning dart for the guard's shape. Subsequent authors either considered it to be lyngurium or

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The calcitic guards were desirable habitats for boring parasites indicated by the diversity of

3986:"Cephalopod embryonic shells as a tool to reconstruct reproductive strategies in extinct taxa" 5417: 5409: 5330: 4259: 3413: 3222:

Klug, C.; Schweigert, G.; Hoffmann, R.; Fuchs, D.; Pohle, A.; Weis, R.; De Baets, K. (2024).

1041:, and subsequent authors gave several hypotheses to its nature in life, including them being 723: 316: 5396: 4678: 427:, having the chambers of the phragmocone flooded and slowly releasing more seawater via the 5352: 5081: 4990: 4952: 4709: 4689:] (in German). München, Leipzig, Druck, and Verlag von R. Oldenbourg. pp. 470–478. 4566: 4515: 4434: 4354: 4237: 4135: 3812: 3762: 3716: 3569: 3461: 3367: 3282: 3196: 3082: 2027: 401: 4226:"Non-invasive diagnostics fossils – Magnetic Resonance Imaging of pathological belemnites" 423:

for stability purposes. Concerning buoyancy, belemnites may have behaved much like modern

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guard features a large growth on the side likely stemming from a parasitic infection. A

5162: 5097: 5042: 5017: 5002: 4863: 4815: 4653: 4457: 4422: 4323: 4153: 4070: 3924: 3897: 3873: 3828: 3778: 3674: 3625: 3528: 3503: 3383: 3298: 3108: 2827: 2654: 2363: 2273: 1160: 1129: 1078: 1061: 931: 923: 606:-like. Overall, they were fish-hook shaped, and probably only the uncinus was exposed. 416: 137: 20: 5404: 5339: 5128: 5101: 5047: 4853: 4807: 4657: 4462: 4398: 4390: 4327: 4198: 4157: 4026: 4007: 3929: 3877: 3832: 3800: 3678: 3582: 3557: 3533: 3474: 3421: 3387: 3355: 3302: 2848: 1038: 568: 534: 455: 385: 5222: 5166: 5069: 4867: 4739: 4074: 3782: 3629: 1034:. The first mention of a belemnite representing a fossil was made in 1546 by German 907:

stage 190 mya. However, the 2012 discovery of early Asian forms classified into the

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Gen. Nov., a new Cretaceous coleoid genus linking Belemnoidea and early Debrachia"

891:. Belemnites were traditionally thought to have evolved in northern Europe in the 4527: 4447: 4319: 3859: 3729: 3700: 3162: 3044: 2698: 2400: 2269: 2146: 1566: 1314: 1184: 1019: 939: 935: 881: 800:

guard shows a large ovoid bubble near the base, likely deriving from a parasitic

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between the pro-ostracum and the phragmocone. Belemnitida is separated into two

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Iba, Y.; Mutterlose, J.; Tanabe, K.; Sano, S.; Misaki, A.; Terabe, K. (2011).

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tube as the animal increases in size and weight over its lifetime to maintain

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Tanner, A. R.; Fuchs, D.; Winkelmann, I. E.; Thomas, M.; Gilbert, P. (2017).

4649: 3446:"The capsule: an organic skeletal structure in the Late Cretaceous belemnite 3123:("ghostly candle"). In Southern England, the pointy guards were used to cure 3028: 3015: 2988: 2953: 2949: 2941:. To defend themselves, belemnites likely were able to eject a cloud of ink. 2844: 2833: 2776: 2727: 1066: 1023: 982: 919: 904: 860: 641: 558: 320:, would have measured up to 3.11 metres (10.2 ft) in total body length. 311: 279: 76: 39: 4775: 4758: 2999: 998:

The first mention of belemnites in writing comes from the Greek philosopher

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Macleod, N.; Rawson, P.; Forey, P. L.; Banner, F. T.; et al. (1997).

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Dunca, E.; Doguzhaeva, L.; Schöne, B. R.; van de Schootbrugge, B. (2006).

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Following the extinction of the belemnites at the end of the Cretaceous,

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Mémoire sur les bélemnites, considérées zoologiquement et géologiquement

4196: 3774: 3504:"Adaptations to squid-style high-speed swimming in Jurassic belemnitids" 3502:

Klug, C.; Schweigert, G.; Fuchs, D.; Kruta, I.; Tischlinger, H. (2016).

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Journal of Association of Arab Universities for Tourism and Hospitality

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guard has several blister-like formations, thought to have come from a

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belemnites, using the same methods, had a lifespan of about a year. In

693: 681: 657: 436: 307: 275: 184: 96: 61: 5383: 4894: 4721: 4066: 4002: 3985: 3970: 3294: 3047:, replaced planktonic belemnite larvae at the base of the food chain. 435:. At the tip of the phragmocone beneath the guard is a tiny, cup-like 4964: 3409: 3208: 3103: 2914: 2320: 2048: 2036: 1784: 1683: 1668: 1623: 1491: 1213: 1201: 1175:(octopuses), and Belemnoidea; with Belemnoidea containing the orders 1117: 1042: 1011: 878: 871: 838: 689: 677: 669: 573: 530: 526: 463: 428: 393: 324: 154: 101: 45: 5286: 4633: 855: 5309: 5223:"Fossil medicines from 'snake egg' to 'Saint's bones'; an overview" 4423:"The early evolutionary history of belemnites: new data from Japan" 3751:"Grasping the shape of belemnoid arm hooks—a quantitative approach" 3004: 2980: 2945: 2837: 2466: 2281: 2018: 1889: 1638: 986: 951: 927: 875: 814: 711: 550: 412: 314:(nearshore) and fed off the seafloor. The largest belemnite known, 174: 91: 86: 71: 66: 56: 4612:

Memorandum on belemnites, considered zoologically and geologically

3318:"Belemnites in Mythology: From Thunderstorms to Fertility Symbols" 3271:"Fossils explained 82: Belemnites: Anatomy, ecology, applications" 2006:

Top: Belemnitida outside Decapodiformes. Bottom: Belemnitida as a

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Doyle, P.; MacDonald, D. I. M. (1993). "Belemnite battlefields".

3705:(cephalopod hooks) and new records from the New Zealand Jurassic" 2929: 2890: 2857: 2430: 1653: 966:, providing an ample food source for marine reptiles and sharks. 943: 915: 867: 826: 661: 619: 538: 389: 328: 291: 264: 106: 81: 35: 5357: 2927:

were found in the stomach of a 1.6 m (5 ft 3 in)

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Doguzhaeva, L. A.; Weis, R.; Delsate, D.; Mariotti, N. (2013).

3033: 2948:, serving a greater ecological function than the adults. Giant 783:

was likely the result of a failed predation attempt. Two other

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The mantle cavity of cephalopods serves to contain the gills,

518: 440: 295: 164: 4278: 3949: 1091: 1074: 1031: 603: 546: 271: 4756: 4199:"Growth patterns in rostra of the Middle Jurassic belemnite 5117:

Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie, Abhandlungen

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Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie, Abhandlungen

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of modern cephalopods. However, this grouping is probably

922:. Belemnites probably originated in the Asian part of the 4340: 3798: 3659:

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London

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Skeletal parts from extinct belemnite cephalopods of the

2868:, inhabiting only a narrow range of temperatures, though 1003: 763: 636:

The males, like in modern squid, probably had one or two

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Wisshak, M.; Titschack, J.; Kahl, W.; Girod, P. (2017).

3701:"Palaeobiological and morphological aspects of Jurassic 3501: 2876:, a period of dramatic increase in global temperatures. 5220: 5022:

Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences

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Fuchs, D.; Ifrim, C.; Nishimura, T.; Keupp, H. (2013).

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EGU Blog: Stratigraphy, Sedimentology and Palaeontology

1159:. Having no outer shells, they are classified into the 903:(mya) and later spread to the rest of the world by the 4224:

Mietchen, D.; Keupp3, H.; Manz, B.; Volke, F. (2005).

3607: 3186: 926:

around the eastern coasts of the ancient continent of

411:

into chambers, much like the shells of cuttlefish and

4757:

Fuchs, D.; von Boletzky, S.; Tischlinger, H. (2010).

4505: 3748: 404:

of squid, and completely surrounded the phragmocone.

3749:

Hoffmann, R.; Weinkauf, M. F. G.; Fuchs, D. (2017).

1395:

Classification of Coleoidea according to Doyle 1994

3984:Laptikhovsky, V.; Nikolaeva, S.; Rogov, M. (2017). 3845: 4789: 4744:University of Kansas Paleontological Contributions 4395:McGraw Hill Encyclopedia of Science and Technology 3799:Lehmann, J.; Solarczyk, A.; Friedrich, O. (2011). 3443: 3036:, though this is often excluded from Belemnitida. 499:Preserved soft body elements of the Late Jurassic 4840:. In Gopalakrishnakone, P.; Malhotra, A. (eds.). 4737: 4508:Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 4420: 3945: 3943: 3558:"The Jurassic belemnite suborder Belemnotheutina" 3353: 454:near the arms on the opposite end of the animal, 5437: 5221:van der Geer, A. A.; Dermitzakis, M. D. (2008). 4638:Transactions of the Geological Society of London 4031:Bollettino della Società Paleontologica Italiana 3895: 1191:to Belemnoidea, but Doyle considered it to be a 887:, which, in turn, is derived from the Devonian 19:"Belemnite" redirects here. For the genus, see 5114: 4980: 4842:Evolution of Venomous Animals and Their Toxins 4121: 4048: 4046: 4044: 3940: 3794: 3792: 3694: 3692: 3690: 3688: 777:predators. A deformed, zigzag-like guard of a 5145:Taylor, P. D. (2002). "Fossils in folklore". 4738:Doyle, P.; Donovan, D. T.; Nixon, M. (1994). 4600: 4596: 4594: 4592: 4590: 4128:New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics 3891: 3889: 3887: 3709:New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics 3555: 3354:Monks, N.; Hardwick, D.; Gale, A. S. (1996). 3010:Squid and octopuses diversified and began to 415:. The chambered phragmocone was probably the 4740:"Phylogeny and systematics of the Coleoidea" 4733: 4731: 4687:Main features of paleontology (paleozoology) 4541: 4539: 4537: 4384: 4382: 4380: 4378: 4024: 3977: 3439: 3437: 1018:urine which had been buried and solidified. 331:, and are often grouped into the superorder 5461:Taxa named by Karl Alfred Ritter von Zittel 5074:Journal of the Geological Society of London 5070:"The Cretaceous-Tertiary biotic transition" 4683:Grundzüge der Paläontologie (Paläozoologie) 4264:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 4170: 4052: 4041: 3789: 3685: 3551: 3549: 3547: 3407: 2872:had a cosmopolitan distribution during the 644:into the female's internal mantle chamber. 419:, and so was positioned directly above the 5063: 5061: 4931: 4929: 4673: 4587: 4421:Iba, Y.; Sano, S.; Mutterlose, J. (2014). 4308:Proceedings of the Geologists' Association 4117: 4115: 4113: 4111: 3884: 3848:Proceedings of the Geologists' Association 3744: 3742: 3740: 824:left on some guards, including the sponge 117: 5140: 5138: 5041: 4774: 4728: 4669: 4667: 4627: 4625: 4578: 4534: 4456: 4446: 4375: 4366: 4249: 4147: 4001: 3923: 3913: 3896:Tajika, A.; Nützel, A.; Klug, C. (2018). 3867: 3728: 3581: 3527: 3473: 3434: 3253: 3243: 3182: 3180: 3178: 2896:State Museum of Natural History Stuttgart 2843:Belemnite remains are found in what were 1123:State Museum of Natural History Stuttgart 914:—now moves this to around 234 mya in the 710:Much like in cuttlefish, nautiluses, and 16:Extinct, squid-like, Mesozoic cephalopods 4976: 4974: 4207:Acta Universitatis Carolinae - Geologica 3544: 3444:Doguzhaeva, L. A.; Bengston, S. (2011). 3403: 3401: 3399: 3397: 2998: 2966: 2917:remains of ichthyosaurs and the extinct 2883: 2821: 1405:(containing all modern cephalopods) and 1111: 1086:in 1844. In 1895, German paleontologist 981: 854: 758: 651: 618: 582: 347: 5245:"Delaware state fossil - the belemnite" 5058: 4926: 4832: 4501: 4499: 4497: 4495: 4479: 4416: 4414: 4122:Stevens, G. R.; Clayton, R. N. (1971). 4108: 3737: 3698: 3645: 3643: 3641: 3639: 3603: 3601: 3599: 3597: 3595: 3593: 3349: 3347: 3345: 3343: 3341: 3339: 3337: 2971:A large aggregation of belemnite guards 2952:fish are thought to have been the main 1002:, who lived in the 4th and 3rd century 310:, whereas others resided in the calmer 5438: 5179: 5173: 5144: 5135: 4664: 4631: 4622: 3497: 3495: 3493: 3491: 3489: 3487: 3485: 3315: 3268: 3175: 2894:with belemnite guards in its stomach, 1195:to Decapodiformes and Octopodiformes. 5291: 5290: 4971: 4614:]. Paris F.G. Levrault. pp. 4388: 3394: 3356:"The function of the belemnite guard" 3024:Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event 587:Reconstruction of a typical belemnite 5159:10.1046/j.1365-2451.1998.014004142.x 4492: 4411: 3649: 3636: 3590: 3334: 450:the weight of the soft parts in the 5180:Ragueh, Cherine (1 December 2014). 4913:Worldwide Mollusc Species Data Base 4844:. Springer Science. pp. 1–16. 3556:Doyle, P.; Shakides, E. V. (2004). 3482: 3420:. John Wiley and Sons. p. 73. 1183:, and Belemnitida. Also, the order 1008:De Animalibus Quæ Dicuntur Invidere 977: 696:. IC indicates the initial chamber. 446:The dense guard probably served to 13: 5003:10.1111/j.1502-3931.1993.tb01513.x 964:Triassic–Jurassic extinction event 591: 327:, a group that includes squid and 304:Triassic–Jurassic extinction event 14: 5477: 5268: 1121:from the early Cretaceous at the 5274: 3583:10.1111/j.0031-0239.2004.00395.x 3475:10.1111/j.1475-4983.2010.01027.x 2956:of the time, occupying the same 656:Cephalopod embryonic shells. A) 489: 478: 141: 49: 5237: 5214: 5108: 5009: 4901: 4874: 4826: 4783: 4750: 4693: 4473: 4334: 4299: 4272: 4217: 4190: 4164: 4081: 4025:Weis, R.; Mariotti, N. (2007). 4018: 3839: 2812: 994:guard from the Early Cretaceous 521:– the "tongue" embedded in the 505:(above) and the Early Jurassic 469: 407:The phragmocone was divided by 5182:"'Min' Guardian of the Desert" 4397:(11th ed.). McGraw Hill. 4149:10.1080/00288306.1971.10426336 3309: 3262: 3232:Swiss Journal of Palaeontology 3215: 2262:"Belemnoid root-stock theory" 1187:is sometimes believed to be a 942:. However, there is a dubious 766:of a deformed Late Cretaceous 647: 338: 1: 5456:Prehistoric cephalopod orders 4945:Geological Society of America 4850:10.1007/978-94-007-6727-0_8-1 3168: 3050: 2994: 1088:Karl Alfred Ritter von Zittel 934:, alongside the octopus-like 4909:"Taxon Tree at Family Level" 4835:"Systematics of Cephalopods" 4763:Journal of Molluscan Studies 4634:"Observations on Belemnites" 4528:10.1016/j.palaeo.2016.05.029 4448:10.1371/journal.pone.0095632 4320:10.1016/j.pgeola.2018.10.007 3860:10.1016/j.pgeola.2018.02.008 3805:Paläontologische Zeitschrift 3730:10.1080/00288306.2010.526548 3360:Paläontologische Zeitschrift 3143:of Delaware on 2 July 1996. 2933:shark, and a fragment in an 2879: 1413:), so belemnites would be a 1150: 1060:In 1823, English naturalist 850: 754: 290:, and the pointy guard. The 7: 4482:Acta Palaeontologica Sinica 3146: 845: 537:and function much like the 10: 5482: 5250:Delaware Geological Survey 5201:10.21608/jaauth.2014.57113 5129:10.1127/njgpa/164/1982/156 4203:: Controlled by the moon?" 3245:10.1186/s13358-024-00320-x 3058: 2874:Cretaceous Thermal Maximum 2817: 1097:and included the families 1057:, or some internal shell. 716:cosmopolitan distributions 18: 5466:Carnian first appearances 5451:Maastrichtian extinctions 5299: 4094:British Geological Survey 3825:10.1007/s12542-010-0092-7 3079:The symbol of the god Min 2207: 2191: 2184: 2168: 2143: 2128: 2121: 2114: 2098: 2091: 2075: 2059: 2052: 1969: 1944: 1920: 1887: 1872: 1865: 1841: 1826: 1819: 1812: 1805: 1798: 1788: 1770: 1763: 1681: 1666: 1651: 1636: 1621: 1614: 1595: 1579: 1563: 1548: 1541: 1525: 1518: 1502: 1495: 1476: 1469: 1454: 1447: 1349: 1334: 1327: 1311: 1304: 1270: 1254: 1247: 1231: 1224: 1217: 228: 223: 138:Scientific classification 136: 125: 116: 30: 5094:10.1144/gsjgs.154.2.0265 4650:10.1144/transgslb.2.1.45 4171:Wierzbowski, H. (2013). 4055:Paleontological Research 3450:from north-west Germany" 3228:, the largest belemnite" 3119:("Devil's finger"), and 859:Map of the world in the 533:– which give a sense of 343: 129:Passaloteuthis bisulcata 5227:Calicut Medical Journal 4833:Allcock, A. L. (2015). 4602:de Blainville, H. M. D. 4293:10.1127/njgpa/2018/0720 3699:Stevens, G. R. (2010). 3610:The Depositional Record 3316:Wilkin, J.T.R. (2021). 3269:Wilkin, J.T.R. (2022). 2979:and died shortly after 5034:10.1098/rspb.2016.2818 4804:10.1002/bies.201100001 4632:Miller, J. S. (1826). 4368:10.5194/fr-20-173-2017 3671:10.1098/rstl.1844.0006 3520:10.1098/rsbl.2015.0877 3007: 2972: 2898: 2840: 1125: 1073:. He also erected the 995: 863: 773: 697: 633: 588: 525:, the first part of a 377: 278:that existed from the 5418:Paleobiology Database 4776:10.1093/mollus/eyq032 4251:10.5194/bg-2-133-2005 4201:Megateuthis giganteus 3224:"Anatomy and size of 3032:is reported from the 3002: 2970: 2887: 2825: 1115: 985: 954:waters to the south. 858: 762: 724:Megateuthis elliptica 655: 622: 586: 439:, the remains of the 351: 317:Megateuthis elliptica 132:showing soft anatomy 5283:at Wikimedia Commons 2985:harmful algal blooms 2847:(nearshore) and mid- 2831:with Early Jurassic 2028:transitional species 1010:who described it as 5086:1997JGSoc.154..265M 4995:1993Letha..26...65D 4957:2011Geo....39..483I 4714:2014Letha..47..512S 4571:2013Palgy..56.1081F 4520:2016PPP...457...80D 4439:2014PLoSO...995632I 4359:2017FossR..20..173W 4242:2005BGeo....2..133M 4140:1971NZJGG..14..829S 3817:2011PalZ...85..287L 3775:10.1017/pab.2016.44 3767:2017Pbio...43..304H 3721:2010NZJGG..53..395S 3574:2004Palgy..47..983D 3466:2011Palgy..54..397D 3418:Fossils at a glance 3372:1996PalZ...70..425M 3287:2022GeolT..38..194W 3201:2012Geo....40..911I 3043:gastropods, namely 1425:of Decapodiformes: 948:Palaeobelemnopsidae 629:reconstructed with 126:The Early Jurassic 5028:(1850): 20162818. 4580:10.1111/pala.12036 4389:Doyle, P. (2011). 4180:Volumina Jurassica 3990:Biological Reviews 3915:10.7717/peerj.4219 3622:10.1111/pala.12327 3380:10.1007/BF02988082 3115:("finger stone"), 3014:belemnites by the 3008: 2973: 2899: 2841: 2678:Pseudodicoelitidae 2655:Parapassaloteuthis 2304:Belemnitida genera 2274:monophyletic taxon 2010:of Decapodiformes 1141:isotopic signature 1126: 1062:John Samuel Miller 996: 938:and the belemnoid 924:Panthalassic Ocean 870:, derive from the 866:Belemnites, being 864: 774: 698: 634: 589: 417:center of buoyancy 378: 372: 366: 360: 354: 21:Belemnites (genus) 5433: 5432: 5405:Open Tree of Life 5293:Taxon identifiers 5279:Media related to 4895:10.1111/let.12155 4859:978-94-007-6727-0 4722:10.1111/let.12076 4675:von Zittel, K. A. 4404:978-0-07-179273-8 4067:10.2517/2014pr025 4003:10.1111/brv.12341 3971:10.1111/let.12037 3427:978-1-4443-1123-5 3295:10.1111/gto.12409 3139:was declared the 3131:in their horses. 3100: 3099: 3074: 3073: 3070: 3069: 2809: 2808: 2693:Salpingoteuthidae 2395:Cylindroteuthidae 2272:Belemnitida is a 2266: 2265: 2256: 2255: 2247: 2246: 2238: 2237: 2229: 2228: 2220: 2219: 2157: 2156: 2014: 2013: 2000: 1999: 1991: 1990: 1982: 1981: 1958: 1957: 1933: 1932: 1909: 1908: 1900: 1899: 1854: 1853: 1748: 1747: 1739: 1738: 1730: 1729: 1721: 1720: 1712: 1711: 1703: 1702: 1694: 1693: 1399: 1398: 1389: 1388: 1380: 1379: 1371: 1370: 1362: 1361: 1293: 1292: 1284: 1283: 1039:Georgius Agricola 901:million years ago 569:sexual dimorphism 517:Belemnites had a 386:connective tissue 254: 253: 219: 5473: 5426: 5425: 5413: 5412: 5400: 5399: 5387: 5386: 5374: 5373: 5361: 5360: 5348: 5347: 5335: 5334: 5333: 5320: 5319: 5318: 5288: 5287: 5278: 5262: 5261: 5259: 5257: 5241: 5235: 5234: 5218: 5212: 5211: 5209: 5207: 5186: 5177: 5171: 5170: 5142: 5133: 5132: 5112: 5106: 5105: 5065: 5056: 5055: 5045: 5013: 5007: 5006: 4978: 4969: 4968: 4965:10.1130/G31724.1 4942: 4933: 4924: 4923: 4921: 4919: 4905: 4899: 4898: 4878: 4872: 4871: 4839: 4830: 4824: 4823: 4787: 4781: 4780: 4778: 4754: 4748: 4747: 4735: 4726: 4725: 4697: 4691: 4690: 4671: 4662: 4661: 4629: 4620: 4619: 4598: 4585: 4584: 4582: 4565:(3): 1081–1106. 4556: 4543: 4532: 4531: 4503: 4490: 4489: 4477: 4471: 4470: 4460: 4450: 4418: 4409: 4408: 4386: 4373: 4372: 4370: 4338: 4332: 4331: 4303: 4297: 4296: 4276: 4270: 4269: 4263: 4255: 4253: 4221: 4215: 4214: 4194: 4188: 4187: 4177: 4168: 4162: 4161: 4151: 4119: 4106: 4105: 4103: 4101: 4085: 4079: 4078: 4050: 4039: 4038: 4022: 4016: 4015: 4005: 3981: 3975: 3974: 3956: 3947: 3938: 3937: 3927: 3917: 3893: 3882: 3881: 3871: 3854:(3–4): 326–338. 3843: 3837: 3836: 3796: 3787: 3786: 3746: 3735: 3734: 3732: 3696: 3683: 3682: 3647: 3634: 3633: 3605: 3588: 3587: 3585: 3553: 3542: 3541: 3531: 3499: 3480: 3479: 3477: 3441: 3432: 3431: 3405: 3392: 3391: 3351: 3332: 3331: 3329: 3328: 3313: 3307: 3306: 3266: 3260: 3259: 3257: 3247: 3219: 3213: 3212: 3209:10.1130/G33402.1 3184: 3063: 3062: 3059: 3055: 3054: 3020:Early Cretaceous 2708:Sinobelemnitidae 2684:Pseudodicoelites 2621:Passaloteuthidae 2591:Nipponoteuthidae 2562:Mesohibolithidae 2300: 2299: 2187: 2186: 2124: 2123: 2117: 2116: 2094: 2093: 2055: 2054: 2045: 2044: 2033: 2032: 1868: 1867: 1822: 1821: 1815: 1814: 1808: 1807: 1801: 1800: 1791: 1790: 1766: 1765: 1756: 1755: 1617: 1616: 1544: 1543: 1521: 1520: 1498: 1497: 1472: 1471: 1450: 1449: 1440: 1439: 1428: 1427: 1330: 1329: 1307: 1306: 1250: 1249: 1227: 1226: 1220: 1219: 1210: 1209: 1198: 1197: 1155:Belemnites were 978:Research history 946:occurrence, the 930:in a cephalopod 912:Sinobelemnitidae 686:Pseudorthocerida 493: 482: 433:neutral buoyancy 425:ram's horn squid 323:Belemnites were 247:Sinobelemnitidae 214: 209: 196: 146: 145: 121: 111: 48: 34:Temporal range: 28: 27: 5481: 5480: 5476: 5475: 5474: 5472: 5471: 5470: 5436: 5435: 5434: 5429: 5421: 5416: 5408: 5403: 5395: 5390: 5382: 5377: 5369: 5364: 5356: 5351: 5343: 5338: 5329: 5328: 5323: 5314: 5313: 5308: 5295: 5271: 5266: 5265: 5255: 5253: 5243: 5242: 5238: 5219: 5215: 5205: 5203: 5184: 5178: 5174: 5143: 5136: 5113: 5109: 5066: 5059: 5014: 5010: 4979: 4972: 4940: 4934: 4927: 4917: 4915: 4907: 4906: 4902: 4879: 4875: 4860: 4837: 4831: 4827: 4788: 4784: 4755: 4751: 4736: 4729: 4698: 4694: 4672: 4665: 4630: 4623: 4599: 4588: 4554: 4544: 4535: 4504: 4493: 4478: 4474: 4419: 4412: 4405: 4387: 4376: 4339: 4335: 4304: 4300: 4277: 4273: 4257: 4256: 4222: 4218: 4195: 4191: 4175: 4169: 4165: 4120: 4109: 4099: 4097: 4087: 4086: 4082: 4051: 4042: 4023: 4019: 3982: 3978: 3954: 3948: 3941: 3894: 3885: 3844: 3840: 3797: 3790: 3747: 3738: 3697: 3686: 3648: 3637: 3606: 3591: 3554: 3545: 3514:(1): 20150877. 3508:Biology Letters 3500: 3483: 3442: 3435: 3428: 3406: 3395: 3352: 3335: 3326: 3324: 3314: 3310: 3267: 3263: 3220: 3216: 3195:(10): 911–914. 3185: 3176: 3171: 3163:Orthoceratoidea 3149: 3121:Gespensterkerze 3109:lightning bolts 3080: 3053: 3045:sea butterflies 2997: 2987:(and, thereby, 2919:thylacocephalan 2882: 2820: 2815: 2810: 2805: 2798:Winkleriteuthis 2699:Salpingoteuthis 2568:Curtohibolithes 2517:Lissajousibelus 2401:Cylindroteuthis 2344:Belemnitellidae 2305: 2294:Belemnotheutina 2257: 2248: 2239: 2230: 2221: 2158: 2147:Phragmoteuthida 2001: 1992: 1983: 1959: 1934: 1910: 1901: 1855: 1749: 1740: 1731: 1722: 1713: 1704: 1695: 1567:Phragmoteuthida 1390: 1381: 1372: 1363: 1315:Phragmoteuthida 1294: 1285: 1185:Phragmoteuthida 1153: 1020:Pliny the Elder 980: 940:Phragmoteuthida 853: 848: 836:, and barnacle 757: 650: 594: 592:Limbs and hooks 515: 514: 513: 512: 496: 495: 494: 485: 484: 483: 472: 371: 365: 359: 353: 346: 341: 284:Late Cretaceous 242:Belemnotheutina 213: 207: 194: 140: 112: 110: 109: 104: 99: 94: 89: 84: 79: 74: 69: 64: 59: 54: 43: 42: 32: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 5479: 5469: 5468: 5463: 5458: 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3076: 3075: 3072: 3071: 3068: 3067: 3052: 3049: 3041:holoplanktonic 2996: 2993: 2954:filter feeders 2881: 2878: 2819: 2816: 2814: 2811: 2807: 2806: 2804: 2803: 2802: 2801: 2794: 2787: 2780: 2773: 2766: 2759: 2752: 2745: 2738: 2731: 2722:Incertae sedis 2719: 2718: 2717: 2704: 2703: 2702: 2689: 2688: 2687: 2674: 2673: 2672: 2669:Pseudohastites 2665: 2662:Passaloteuthis 2658: 2651: 2644: 2637: 2630: 2617: 2616: 2615: 2602: 2601: 2600: 2597:Nipponoteuthis 2587: 2586: 2585: 2582:Mesohibolithes 2578: 2571: 2558: 2557: 2556: 2549: 2546:Dactyloteuthis 2542: 2535: 2522: 2521: 2520: 2513: 2506: 2493: 2492: 2491: 2484: 2477: 2470: 2457: 2456: 2455: 2448: 2445:Rhopaloteuthis 2441: 2434: 2421: 2420: 2419: 2406: 2405: 2404: 2391: 2390: 2389: 2382: 2373:Belemnopseidae 2369: 2368: 2367: 2360: 2353: 2340: 2339: 2338: 2331: 2324: 2310: 2307: 2306: 2303: 2298: 2264: 2263: 2259: 2258: 2254: 2253: 2250: 2249: 2245: 2244: 2241: 2240: 2236: 2235: 2232: 2231: 2227: 2226: 2223: 2222: 2218: 2217: 2214: 2213: 2210:Decapodiformes 2206: 2203: 2202: 2199: 2198: 2190: 2185: 2183: 2180: 2179: 2176: 2175: 2167: 2164: 2163: 2160: 2159: 2155: 2154: 2151: 2150: 2142: 2139: 2138: 2135: 2134: 2131:Octopodiformes 2127: 2122: 2120: 2115: 2113: 2110: 2109: 2106: 2105: 2097: 2092: 2090: 2087: 2086: 2083: 2082: 2079:Donovaniconida 2074: 2071: 2070: 2067: 2066: 2058: 2053: 2051: 2043: 2040: 2039: 2012: 2011: 2003: 2002: 1998: 1997: 1994: 1993: 1989: 1988: 1985: 1984: 1980: 1979: 1976: 1975: 1972:Octopodiformes 1968: 1965: 1964: 1961: 1960: 1956: 1955: 1952: 1951: 1943: 1940: 1939: 1936: 1935: 1931: 1930: 1927: 1926: 1919: 1916: 1915: 1912: 1911: 1907: 1906: 1903: 1902: 1898: 1897: 1894: 1893: 1886: 1883: 1882: 1879: 1878: 1871: 1866: 1864: 1861: 1860: 1857: 1856: 1852: 1851: 1848: 1847: 1844:Ommastrephidae 1840: 1837: 1836: 1833: 1832: 1825: 1820: 1818: 1813: 1811: 1806: 1804: 1799: 1797: 1795:Decapodiformes 1789: 1787: 1781: 1780: 1777: 1776: 1769: 1764: 1762: 1754: 1751: 1750: 1746: 1745: 1742: 1741: 1737: 1736: 1733: 1732: 1728: 1727: 1724: 1723: 1719: 1718: 1715: 1714: 1710: 1709: 1706: 1705: 1701: 1700: 1697: 1696: 1692: 1691: 1688: 1687: 1680: 1677: 1676: 1673: 1672: 1665: 1662: 1661: 1658: 1657: 1650: 1647: 1646: 1643: 1642: 1635: 1632: 1631: 1628: 1627: 1620: 1615: 1613: 1611:Decapodiformes 1607: 1606: 1603: 1602: 1594: 1591: 1590: 1587: 1586: 1578: 1575: 1574: 1571: 1570: 1562: 1559: 1558: 1555: 1554: 1551:Octopodiformes 1547: 1542: 1540: 1537: 1536: 1533: 1532: 1524: 1519: 1517: 1514: 1513: 1510: 1509: 1501: 1496: 1494: 1488: 1487: 1484: 1483: 1475: 1470: 1468: 1465: 1464: 1461: 1460: 1453: 1448: 1446: 1438: 1435: 1434: 1407:Paleocoleoidea 1397: 1396: 1392: 1391: 1387: 1386: 1383: 1382: 1378: 1377: 1374: 1373: 1369: 1368: 1365: 1364: 1360: 1359: 1356: 1355: 1352:Decapodiformes 1348: 1345: 1344: 1341: 1340: 1337:Octopodiformes 1333: 1328: 1326: 1323: 1322: 1319: 1318: 1310: 1305: 1303: 1300: 1299: 1296: 1295: 1291: 1290: 1287: 1286: 1282: 1281: 1278: 1277: 1269: 1266: 1265: 1262: 1261: 1253: 1248: 1246: 1243: 1242: 1239: 1238: 1230: 1225: 1223: 1218: 1216: 1208: 1205: 1204: 1173:Octopodiformes 1165:Decapodiformes 1152: 1149: 1137:segmented worm 1090:organized the 1006:, in his book 979: 976: 897:Early Jurassic 852: 849: 847: 844: 756: 753: 721:The guards of 704:Passaloteuthis 649: 646: 642:spermatophores 613:Chondroteuthis 593: 590: 564:Acanthoteuthis 555:jet propulsion 508:Passaloteuthis 502:Acanthoteuthis 498: 497: 488: 487: 486: 477: 476: 475: 474: 473: 471: 468: 448:counterbalance 421:center of mass 398:belemnitellids 345: 342: 340: 337: 252: 251: 250: 249: 244: 239: 234: 226: 225: 221: 220: 205: 201: 200: 192: 188: 187: 182: 178: 177: 172: 168: 167: 162: 158: 157: 152: 148: 147: 134: 133: 123: 122: 114: 113: 105: 100: 95: 90: 85: 80: 75: 70: 65: 60: 55: 50: 33: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5478: 5467: 5464: 5462: 5459: 5457: 5454: 5452: 5449: 5447: 5444: 5443: 5441: 5424: 5419: 5415: 5411: 5406: 5402: 5398: 5393: 5389: 5385: 5380: 5376: 5372: 5367: 5363: 5359: 5354: 5350: 5346: 5341: 5337: 5332: 5326: 5322: 5317: 5311: 5307: 5306: 5304: 5302: 5298: 5294: 5289: 5282: 5277: 5273: 5272: 5252: 5251: 5246: 5240: 5232: 5228: 5224: 5217: 5202: 5198: 5194: 5190: 5183: 5176: 5168: 5164: 5160: 5156: 5152: 5148: 5147:Geology Today 5141: 5139: 5130: 5126: 5122: 5118: 5111: 5103: 5099: 5095: 5091: 5087: 5083: 5079: 5075: 5071: 5064: 5062: 5053: 5049: 5044: 5039: 5035: 5031: 5027: 5023: 5019: 5012: 5004: 5000: 4996: 4992: 4988: 4984: 4977: 4975: 4966: 4962: 4958: 4954: 4950: 4946: 4939: 4932: 4930: 4914: 4910: 4904: 4896: 4892: 4888: 4884: 4877: 4869: 4865: 4861: 4855: 4851: 4847: 4843: 4836: 4829: 4821: 4817: 4813: 4809: 4805: 4801: 4797: 4793: 4786: 4777: 4772: 4768: 4764: 4760: 4753: 4745: 4741: 4734: 4732: 4723: 4719: 4715: 4711: 4707: 4703: 4696: 4688: 4684: 4680: 4676: 4670: 4668: 4659: 4655: 4651: 4647: 4643: 4639: 4635: 4628: 4626: 4617: 4613: 4609: 4608: 4603: 4597: 4595: 4593: 4591: 4581: 4576: 4572: 4568: 4564: 4560: 4559:Palaeontology 4553: 4551: 4542: 4540: 4538: 4529: 4525: 4521: 4517: 4513: 4509: 4502: 4500: 4498: 4496: 4487: 4483: 4476: 4468: 4464: 4459: 4454: 4449: 4444: 4440: 4436: 4433:(5): e95632. 4432: 4428: 4424: 4417: 4415: 4406: 4400: 4396: 4392: 4391:"Belemnitida" 4385: 4383: 4381: 4379: 4369: 4364: 4360: 4356: 4352: 4348: 4347:Fossil Record 4344: 4337: 4329: 4325: 4321: 4317: 4313: 4309: 4302: 4294: 4290: 4286: 4282: 4275: 4267: 4261: 4252: 4247: 4243: 4239: 4235: 4231: 4227: 4220: 4213:(1): 107–117. 4212: 4208: 4204: 4202: 4193: 4185: 4181: 4174: 4167: 4159: 4155: 4150: 4145: 4141: 4137: 4133: 4129: 4125: 4118: 4116: 4114: 4112: 4096: 4095: 4090: 4084: 4076: 4072: 4068: 4064: 4060: 4056: 4049: 4047: 4045: 4036: 4032: 4028: 4021: 4013: 4009: 4004: 3999: 3995: 3991: 3987: 3980: 3972: 3968: 3964: 3960: 3953: 3946: 3944: 3935: 3931: 3926: 3921: 3916: 3911: 3907: 3903: 3899: 3892: 3890: 3888: 3879: 3875: 3870: 3869:10026.1/11642 3865: 3861: 3857: 3853: 3849: 3842: 3834: 3830: 3826: 3822: 3818: 3814: 3810: 3806: 3802: 3795: 3793: 3784: 3780: 3776: 3772: 3768: 3764: 3760: 3756: 3752: 3745: 3743: 3741: 3731: 3726: 3722: 3718: 3714: 3710: 3706: 3704: 3695: 3693: 3691: 3689: 3680: 3676: 3672: 3668: 3664: 3660: 3656: 3652: 3646: 3644: 3642: 3640: 3631: 3627: 3623: 3619: 3615: 3611: 3604: 3602: 3600: 3598: 3596: 3594: 3584: 3579: 3575: 3571: 3567: 3563: 3562:Palaeontology 3559: 3552: 3550: 3548: 3539: 3535: 3530: 3525: 3521: 3517: 3513: 3509: 3505: 3498: 3496: 3494: 3492: 3490: 3488: 3486: 3476: 3471: 3467: 3463: 3459: 3455: 3454:Palaeontology 3451: 3449: 3440: 3438: 3429: 3423: 3419: 3415: 3411: 3404: 3402: 3400: 3398: 3389: 3385: 3381: 3377: 3373: 3369: 3365: 3361: 3357: 3350: 3348: 3346: 3344: 3342: 3340: 3338: 3323: 3319: 3312: 3304: 3300: 3296: 3292: 3288: 3284: 3280: 3276: 3275:Geology Today 3272: 3265: 3256: 3251: 3246: 3241: 3237: 3233: 3229: 3227: 3218: 3210: 3206: 3202: 3198: 3194: 3190: 3183: 3181: 3179: 3174: 3164: 3161: 3159: 3156: 3154: 3151: 3150: 3144: 3142: 3138: 3137: 3132: 3130: 3126: 3122: 3118: 3117:Teufelsfinger 3114: 3110: 3105: 3096: 3095: 3092: 3091: 3088: 3087: 3084: 3078: 3077: 3065: 3064: 3061: 3060: 3057: 3056: 3048: 3046: 3042: 3037: 3035: 3031: 3030: 3029:Bayanoteuthis 3025: 3021: 3017: 3016:Late Jurassic 3013: 3006: 3001: 2992: 2990: 2986: 2982: 2978: 2969: 2965: 2963: 2962:baleen whales 2959: 2955: 2951: 2947: 2942: 2940: 2936: 2932: 2931: 2926: 2925: 2920: 2916: 2912: 2908: 2904: 2897: 2893: 2892: 2886: 2877: 2875: 2871: 2867: 2863: 2859: 2855: 2850: 2846: 2839: 2836: 2835: 2834:Dactylioceras 2830: 2829: 2824: 2800: 2799: 2795: 2793: 2792: 2788: 2786: 2785: 2781: 2779: 2778: 2777:Simpsonibelus 2774: 2772: 2771: 2767: 2765: 2764: 2760: 2758: 2757: 2753: 2751: 2750: 2746: 2744: 2743: 2739: 2737: 2736: 2732: 2730: 2729: 2728:Aulacoteuthis 2725: 2724: 2723: 2720: 2716: 2715: 2714:Sichuanobelus 2711: 2710: 2709: 2705: 2701: 2700: 2696: 2695: 2694: 2690: 2686: 2685: 2681: 2680: 2679: 2675: 2671: 2670: 2666: 2664: 2663: 2659: 2657: 2656: 2652: 2650: 2649: 2648:Clastoteuthis 2645: 2643: 2642: 2638: 2636: 2635: 2634:Angeloteuthis 2631: 2629: 2628: 2624: 2623: 2622: 2618: 2614: 2613: 2609: 2608: 2607: 2603: 2599: 2598: 2594: 2593: 2592: 2588: 2584: 2583: 2579: 2577: 2576: 2572: 2570: 2569: 2565: 2564: 2563: 2559: 2555: 2554: 2550: 2548: 2547: 2543: 2541: 2540: 2536: 2534: 2533: 2529: 2528: 2527: 2526:Megateuthidae 2523: 2519: 2518: 2514: 2512: 2511: 2507: 2505: 2504: 2500: 2499: 2498: 2494: 2490: 2489: 2485: 2483: 2482: 2478: 2476: 2475: 2471: 2469: 2468: 2464: 2463: 2462: 2458: 2454: 2453: 2452:Pseudoduvalia 2449: 2447: 2446: 2442: 2440: 2439: 2435: 2433: 2432: 2428: 2427: 2426: 2422: 2418: 2417: 2413: 2412: 2411: 2407: 2403: 2402: 2398: 2397: 2396: 2392: 2388: 2387: 2383: 2381: 2380: 2376: 2375: 2374: 2370: 2366: 2365: 2361: 2359: 2358: 2354: 2352: 2351: 2347: 2346: 2345: 2341: 2337: 2336: 2332: 2330: 2329: 2325: 2323: 2322: 2318: 2317: 2316: 2315:Dimitobelidae 2312: 2311: 2309: 2308: 2302: 2301: 2297: 2295: 2291: 2290:Belemnopseina 2287: 2283: 2279: 2275: 2271: 2261: 2260: 2252: 2251: 2243: 2242: 2234: 2233: 2225: 2224: 2216: 2215: 2212: 2211: 2205: 2204: 2201: 2200: 2197: 2196: 2189: 2188: 2182: 2181: 2178: 2177: 2174: 2173: 2166: 2165: 2162: 2161: 2153: 2152: 2149: 2148: 2141: 2140: 2137: 2136: 2133: 2132: 2126: 2125: 2119: 2118: 2112: 2111: 2108: 2107: 2104: 2103: 2096: 2095: 2089: 2088: 2085: 2084: 2081: 2080: 2073: 2072: 2069: 2068: 2065: 2064: 2057: 2056: 2050: 2047: 2046: 2042: 2041: 2038: 2035: 2034: 2031: 2029: 2025: 2024: 2020: 2009: 2005: 2004: 1996: 1995: 1987: 1986: 1978: 1977: 1974: 1973: 1967: 1966: 1963: 1962: 1954: 1953: 1950: 1949: 1942: 1941: 1938: 1937: 1929: 1928: 1925: 1924: 1918: 1917: 1914: 1913: 1905: 1904: 1896: 1895: 1892: 1891: 1885: 1884: 1881: 1880: 1877: 1876: 1870: 1869: 1863: 1862: 1859: 1858: 1850: 1849: 1846: 1845: 1839: 1838: 1835: 1834: 1831: 1830: 1824: 1823: 1817: 1816: 1810: 1809: 1803: 1802: 1796: 1793: 1792: 1786: 1783: 1782: 1779: 1778: 1775: 1774: 1768: 1767: 1761: 1758: 1757: 1753: 1752: 1744: 1743: 1735: 1734: 1726: 1725: 1717: 1716: 1708: 1707: 1699: 1698: 1690: 1689: 1686: 1685: 1679: 1678: 1675: 1674: 1671: 1670: 1664: 1663: 1660: 1659: 1656: 1655: 1649: 1648: 1645: 1644: 1641: 1640: 1634: 1633: 1630: 1629: 1626: 1625: 1619: 1618: 1612: 1609: 1608: 1605: 1604: 1601: 1600: 1593: 1592: 1589: 1588: 1585: 1584: 1577: 1576: 1573: 1572: 1569: 1568: 1561: 1560: 1557: 1556: 1553: 1552: 1546: 1545: 1539: 1538: 1535: 1534: 1531: 1530: 1523: 1522: 1516: 1515: 1512: 1511: 1508: 1507: 1500: 1499: 1493: 1490: 1489: 1486: 1485: 1482: 1481: 1474: 1473: 1467: 1466: 1463: 1462: 1459: 1458: 1452: 1451: 1445: 1442: 1441: 1437: 1436: 1433: 1430: 1429: 1426: 1424: 1420: 1416: 1412: 1408: 1404: 1394: 1393: 1385: 1384: 1376: 1375: 1367: 1366: 1358: 1357: 1354: 1353: 1347: 1346: 1343: 1342: 1339: 1338: 1332: 1331: 1325: 1324: 1321: 1320: 1317: 1316: 1309: 1308: 1302: 1301: 1298: 1297: 1289: 1288: 1280: 1279: 1276: 1275: 1268: 1267: 1264: 1263: 1260: 1259: 1252: 1251: 1245: 1244: 1241: 1240: 1237: 1236: 1229: 1228: 1222: 1221: 1215: 1212: 1211: 1207: 1206: 1203: 1200: 1199: 1196: 1194: 1190: 1186: 1182: 1178: 1174: 1170: 1166: 1162: 1158: 1148: 1146: 1142: 1138: 1135: 1131: 1124: 1120: 1119: 1114: 1110: 1108: 1104: 1103:Asteroconites 1100: 1096: 1093: 1089: 1085: 1081: 1080: 1076: 1072: 1069: 1068: 1063: 1058: 1056: 1052: 1051:sea cucumbers 1048: 1044: 1040: 1037: 1033: 1029: 1025: 1024:Ancient Greek 1021: 1017: 1013: 1009: 1005: 1001: 993: 992: 988: 984: 975: 973: 967: 965: 961: 955: 953: 949: 945: 941: 937: 936:Prototeuthina 933: 929: 925: 921: 920:Late Triassic 918:stage of the 917: 913: 910: 906: 905:Pliensbachian 902: 898: 895:stage of the 894: 890: 886: 883: 880: 877: 873: 869: 862: 861:Late Triassic 857: 843: 841: 840: 835: 834: 829: 828: 823: 822:trace fossils 818: 816: 813: 809: 808: 803: 799: 798: 793: 792: 791:Neoclavibelus 786: 782: 781: 771: 770: 765: 761: 752: 750: 746: 742: 741:mesohibolitid 738: 737: 732: 731: 726: 725: 719: 717: 713: 708: 706: 705: 695: 691: 687: 683: 679: 675: 671: 667: 663: 659: 654: 645: 643: 639: 632: 628: 627: 623:The Jurassic 621: 617: 615: 614: 607: 605: 600: 585: 581: 579: 576: 575: 570: 566: 565: 560: 556: 552: 548: 543: 540: 536: 532: 528: 524: 520: 510: 509: 504: 503: 492: 481: 467: 465: 461: 457: 453: 452:mantle cavity 449: 444: 442: 438: 434: 430: 426: 422: 418: 414: 410: 405: 403: 399: 395: 391: 387: 383: 375: 369: 363: 358:pro-ostracum, 357: 352:Cone diagram: 350: 336: 334: 330: 326: 321: 319: 318: 313: 312:littoral zone 309: 305: 299: 297: 293: 289: 285: 281: 280:Late Triassic 277: 273: 269: 266: 262: 258: 248: 245: 243: 240: 238: 237:Belemnopseina 235: 233: 230: 229: 227: 222: 217: 212: 206: 203: 202: 199: 193: 190: 189: 186: 183: 180: 179: 176: 173: 170: 169: 166: 163: 160: 159: 156: 153: 150: 149: 144: 139: 135: 131: 130: 124: 120: 115: 108: 103: 98: 93: 88: 83: 78: 73: 68: 63: 58: 53: 47: 41: 40:Maastrichtian 37: 29: 26: 22: 5300: 5254:. Retrieved 5248: 5239: 5230: 5226: 5216: 5206:23 September 5204:. Retrieved 5195:(2): 43–52. 5192: 5188: 5175: 5150: 5146: 5123:(1–2): 158. 5120: 5116: 5110: 5077: 5073: 5025: 5021: 5011: 4989:(1): 65–80. 4986: 4982: 4948: 4944: 4916:. Retrieved 4912: 4903: 4886: 4882: 4876: 4841: 4828: 4795: 4791: 4785: 4766: 4762: 4752: 4743: 4705: 4701: 4695: 4686: 4682: 4644:(1): 45–62. 4641: 4637: 4611: 4606: 4562: 4558: 4549: 4511: 4507: 4485: 4481: 4475: 4430: 4426: 4394: 4350: 4346: 4336: 4311: 4307: 4301: 4284: 4280: 4274: 4260:cite journal 4233: 4229: 4219: 4210: 4206: 4200: 4192: 4183: 4179: 4166: 4131: 4127: 4098:. Retrieved 4092: 4089:"Belemnites" 4083: 4061:(1): 21–25. 4058: 4054: 4034: 4030: 4020: 3993: 3989: 3979: 3965:(1): 49–65. 3962: 3958: 3905: 3901: 3851: 3847: 3841: 3808: 3804: 3758: 3755:Paleobiology 3754: 3712: 3708: 3702: 3662: 3658: 3616:(1): 77–88. 3613: 3609: 3565: 3561: 3511: 3507: 3457: 3453: 3448:Gonioteuthis 3447: 3417: 3408:Milsom, C.; 3363: 3359: 3325:. Retrieved 3321: 3311: 3278: 3274: 3264: 3235: 3231: 3225: 3217: 3192: 3188: 3141:state fossil 3136:Belemnitella 3134: 3133: 3120: 3116: 3112: 3101: 3038: 3027: 3009: 2974: 2943: 2928: 2924:Acrocoelites 2922: 2911:ichthyosaurs 2903:crocodilians 2900: 2889: 2870:Neohibolites 2869: 2866:stenothermic 2842: 2832: 2826: 2813:Paleoecology 2796: 2789: 2782: 2775: 2770:Pachyteuthis 2768: 2761: 2756:Gonioteuthis 2754: 2749:Eobelemnites 2747: 2742:Coeloteuthis 2740: 2733: 2726: 2721: 2712: 2697: 2682: 2667: 2660: 2653: 2646: 2639: 2632: 2625: 2610: 2606:Oxyteuthidae 2595: 2580: 2573: 2566: 2551: 2544: 2539:Cuspiteuthis 2537: 2532:Acrocoelites 2530: 2515: 2510:Calabribelus 2508: 2501: 2497:Halcobelidae 2486: 2479: 2472: 2465: 2450: 2443: 2436: 2429: 2414: 2410:Dicoelitidae 2399: 2384: 2377: 2362: 2357:Belemnitella 2355: 2348: 2335:Pumiliobelus 2333: 2326: 2319: 2267: 2208: 2192: 2171: 2169: 2144: 2129: 2102:Aulacocerida 2099: 2076: 2060: 2021: 2015: 1970: 1947: 1945: 1921: 1888: 1873: 1842: 1827: 1771: 1682: 1667: 1652: 1637: 1622: 1596: 1582: 1580: 1564: 1549: 1529:Aulacocerida 1526: 1503: 1477: 1455: 1419:paraphyletic 1415:sister group 1409:(containing 1403:Neocoleoidea 1400: 1350: 1335: 1312: 1273: 1271: 1255: 1235:Aulacocerida 1232: 1189:sister group 1177:Aulacocerida 1154: 1145:carbon cycle 1127: 1116: 1107:Xiphoteuthis 1099:Belemnitidae 1084:Richard Owen 1077: 1065: 1059: 1055:coral polyps 1036:mineralogist 1027: 1007: 1000:Theophrastus 997: 989: 968: 956: 885:Aulacocerida 865: 837: 831: 825: 819: 805: 795: 789: 785:Gonioteuthis 784: 780:Gonioteuthis 778: 775: 769:Gonioteuthis 767: 744: 734: 730:Neohibolites 728: 722: 720: 709: 702: 699: 635: 624: 611: 608: 595: 578:flying squid 572: 562: 544: 516: 506: 500: 470:Soft anatomy 445: 406: 392:guards, and 379: 373: 370:phragmocone, 367: 361: 355: 322: 315: 300: 260: 256: 255: 210: 191:Superorder: 127: 44:234–66 25: 5379:iNaturalist 5331:Belemnitida 5325:Wikispecies 5301:Belemnitida 5281:Belemnitida 5256:10 February 4100:10 February 4037:(2–3): 166. 3226:Megateuthis 3158:Belemnoidea 3113:Fingerstein 3083:hieroglyphs 2977:semelparous 2950:pachycormid 2939:sperm whale 2935:Oxford Clay 2907:plesiosaurs 2854:crustaceans 2791:Rhaphibelus 2784:Youngibelus 2627:Acroteuthis 2553:Megateuthis 2488:Bairstowius 2481:Rhabdobelus 2474:Pleurobelus 2438:Pseudobelus 2379:Belemnopsis 2350:Actinocamax 2328:Dimitobelus 2286:Belemnitina 2195:Diplobelida 2172:Belemnitida 2026:could be a 1948:Belemnitida 1829:Loliginidae 1760:Cephalopoda 1599:Diplobelida 1583:Belemnitida 1457:Nautiloidea 1444:Cephalopoda 1432:Cephalopoda 1411:Belemnoidea 1274:Belemnitida 1258:Diplobelida 1181:Diplobelida 1167:(squid and 1157:cephalopods 1134:scolecodont 1095:Belemnoidea 991:Peratobelus 974:an eighth. 972:Diplobelida 817:infection. 749:lunar cycle 745:Megateuthis 736:Belemnopsis 674:Orthocerida 666:Belemnoidea 648:Development 638:hectocotyli 631:hectocotyli 626:Youngibelus 523:buccal mass 388:. They had 382:phragmocone 339:Description 333:Belemnoidea 288:phragmocone 276:cephalopods 257:Belemnitida 232:Belemnitina 211:Belemnitida 198:Belemnoidea 185:Cephalopoda 5446:Belemnites 5440:Categories 4679:"Mollusca" 4550:Longibelus 4488:: 181–190. 3414:"Molluscs" 3327:2022-11-02 3169:References 3153:Ammonoidea 3125:rheumatism 3051:In culture 3012:outcompete 2995:Extinction 2960:as modern 2913:; and the 2888:The shark 2862:metabolism 2856:and other 2828:Belemnites 2763:Nannobelus 2735:Belemnella 2641:Brevibelus 2612:Oxyteuthis 2575:Hibolithes 2503:Holcobelus 2461:Hastitidae 2425:Duvaliidae 2416:Dicoelites 2386:Vaunagites 2364:Belemnites 2063:Hematitida 2023:Longibelus 2008:stem-group 1923:Sepiolidae 1875:Spirulidae 1773:Nautilidae 1506:Bactritida 1480:Ammonoidea 1423:stem-group 1193:stem-group 1169:cuttlefish 1079:Belemnites 1071:cuttlefish 1047:sea urchin 960:coevolving 899:201.6–197 893:Hettangian 889:Bactritida 874:(conical) 872:orthoconic 833:Trypanites 812:polychaete 807:Goniocamax 797:Hibolithes 694:Bactritida 682:Oncocerida 658:Ammonoidea 531:statocysts 464:nautiloids 437:protoconch 413:nautiluses 308:open ocean 261:belemnites 224:Suborders 31:Belemnites 5102:129654916 4792:BioEssays 4658:140623418 4514:: 80–97. 4328:133806985 4158:140647091 3908:: e4219. 3878:134157665 3833:140173410 3703:Onychites 3679:186210696 3665:: 65–85. 3410:Rigby, S. 3388:129722176 3303:252847710 3238:(1). 23. 3129:distemper 2946:food webs 2915:coprolite 2880:Mortality 2838:ammonites 2321:Conobelus 2282:suborders 2049:Coleoidea 2037:Coleoidea 1785:Coleoidea 1684:Spirulida 1669:Sepiolida 1624:Oegopsida 1492:Coleoidea 1214:Coleoidea 1202:Coleoidea 1151:Phylogeny 1118:Hibolites 1043:shellfish 1026:βέλεμνον 1012:lyngurium 952:Gondwanan 932:radiation 879:belemnoid 851:Evolution 839:Rogerella 755:Pathology 712:ammonites 690:Oegopsina 678:Nautilida 670:Spirulida 599:chitinous 574:Todarodes 527:gastropod 456:analogous 441:embryonic 429:siphuncle 394:aragonite 364:alveolus, 329:octopuses 296:chitinous 161:Kingdom: 155:Eukaryota 5310:Wikidata 5167:86706625 5052:28250188 4868:86869162 4812:21681989 4677:(1895). 4604:(1827). 4467:24788872 4427:PLOS ONE 4075:55001872 4012:28560755 3934:29333344 3783:89362515 3653:(1844). 3651:Owen, R. 3630:89877678 3538:26740564 3412:(2009). 3255:11139743 3147:See also 3005:Jurassic 2981:spawning 2858:mollusks 2845:littoral 2467:Hastites 2019:spirulid 1890:Sepiidae 1639:Myopsida 1161:subclass 1130:synonyms 1049:spines, 1028:bélemnon 987:Opalized 928:Laurasia 876:Devonian 868:coleoids 846:Taxonomy 815:flatworm 559:currents 551:hyponome 325:coleoids 292:calcitic 263:) is an 175:Mollusca 171:Phylum: 165:Animalia 151:Domain: 5410:5297515 5371:9341894 5358:4780317 5316:Q378085 5233:(1): 4. 5082:Bibcode 5043:5360930 4991:Bibcode 4983:Lethaia 4953:Bibcode 4918:12 June 4883:Lethaia 4820:2767810 4710:Bibcode 4702:Lethaia 4567:Bibcode 4516:Bibcode 4458:4008418 4435:Bibcode 4355:Bibcode 4238:Bibcode 4186:: 1–18. 4136:Bibcode 3959:Lethaia 3925:5765809 3813:Bibcode 3763:Bibcode 3717:Bibcode 3570:Bibcode 3529:4785926 3462:Bibcode 3368:Bibcode 3283:Bibcode 3197:Bibcode 3189:Geology 2930:Hybodus 2891:Hybodus 2818:Habitat 2706:Family 2691:Family 2676:Family 2619:Family 2604:Family 2589:Family 2560:Family 2524:Family 2495:Family 2459:Family 2431:Duvalia 2423:Family 2408:Family 2393:Family 2371:Family 2342:Family 2313:Family 1654:Sepiida 944:Permian 916:Carnian 830:, worm 827:Entobia 662:Sepiida 539:cochlea 535:balance 511:(below) 458:to the 443:shell. 402:gladius 390:calcite 265:extinct 204:Order: 181:Class: 36:Carnian 5384:480155 5165: 5100: 5050: 5040: 4866: 4856: 4818: 4810: 4656: 4465: 4455: 4401: 4326: 4156: 4073: 4010: 3932: 3922: 3876: 3831: 3781: 3677: 3628: 3536: 3526: 3424: 3386: 3301: 3252: 3034:Eocene 2989:anoxia 2909:, and 2278:septum 1105:, and 909:family 561:. 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