602:
100:
590:
355:
41:
112:
581:. His unit then evaded Viipuri and took the two nearest railway stations of the Petrograd railway. In the evening, von Coler defied his orders by attacking the city, but could not break through the Red defense on the eastern side of the Papula Bay. As the Sihvo's regiment blocked the city from the west, Viipuri was now encircled by the White Army and the only way out was by the sea.
609:
The Whites launched their decisive attack on 27 April at 12 noon. It was preceded by hours of artillery fire, which destroyed the
Patterinmäki Fort and the working-class neighbourhood of Kolikkoinmäki. The conscripts were now mostly replaced by White Guards who had been fighting at the Karelian Front
645:
fort on the western side of the city. Red Guard soldiers remained in the city and hid among the civilian population. The Red Guards joined the ranks of those celebrating the liberation of the city. However, their speech, behavior, and clothing often betrayed them. Many of those arrested were shot
597:
On the night of 23–24 April, the underground
Viipuri White Guard was activated. The Guard took the artillery fort in the Patterinmäki Hill, but in the morning they had to surrender, as the Whites could not hold the governmental buildings. The White Army made its first efforts to enter the city on
625:
The Whites finally took the city after heavy street fighting on the morning of 29 April. 1,000 Reds managed to break through the siege and headed west but they were soon captured. 500 of them were found shot dead. Some of the Reds were also evacuated to
Petrograd by sea.
485:
as his military advisor. On the days of the battle, there were more than 12,000 Reds and their families in
Viipuri. About 10,000 were refugees who had fled from the western parts of Finland. The combat units had up to 5,000 fighters, including forces retreating from the
614:. On the night of 27–28 April, a group of Reds entered the Viipuri Prison, where leading Whites had been kept for several weeks. After hours of heavy drinking, they shot more than 30 prisoners. Among the victims were two members of the Finnish Parliament,
545:
and were then transported to
Viipuri by train on the night of 24–25 April. At the same time, most of the Red Government fled to Petrograd by sea. Edvard Gylling was the only Red leader to stay in Viipuri. Gylling had negotiations with the German colonel
390:, it was one of the three major urban battles of the Finnish Civil War. The battle is also remembered because of its bloody aftermath, as the Whites executed up to 400 non-aligned military personnel and civilians of Russian and associated ethnicities.
640:
As the Whites took control of
Viipuri, they conducted mass executions of Red Guard soldiers. Some 1,200 people were shot, including up to 400 Russians. The largest mass executions were carried out in the
598:
25–26 April but the Reds managed to push them back. The Whites had great losses, as they used conscripted units without former combat experience. Some of the men even had sympathies for the Reds.
402:
was the largest
Finnish province with a population of 540,000. Viipuri was also the most multicultural city in Finland with a large minority of Russians and smaller minorities of Swedes, Germans,
487:
418:
made the city an important center of transport and trade. During the Civil War, Viipuri was under Red control from its beginning in late
January. Since 9 April, Viipuri had been the capital of
649:
On the next few days after the battle, more than 10,000 Reds were captured. During the next five months, more than 800 Reds died in the
Viipuri Prison Camp of executions, hunger and disease.
646:
immediately. The acts of revenge were further fueled by the discovery of dead bodies of White Guards and other bourgeois that had been killed prior to the fall of the city.
459:
435:
228:
523:
563:
856:
559:
443:
611:
688:
Westerlund, Lars (2004). "Me odotimme teitä vapauttajina ja te toitte kuolemaa – Viipurin valloituksen yhteydessä teloitetut venäläiset".
533:
In the evening of 23 April, the Red general staff in
Viipuri ordered all forces of the Karelian front to retreat to Viipuri. The Reds of
221:
503:
897:
558:, where they decided to defend the city. Red units were divided into three units; the Northern Battalion was commanded by the worker
775:
734:
398:
At the time of the Finnish Civil War, Viipuri was the fourth-largest city in Finland, with about 30,000 people. The surrounding
214:
116:
841:
816:
526:, was the last Red unit to escape and cross the border. On the same day, the Northern Regiment headed towards Viipuri from
551:
697:
17:
902:
423:
578:
498:
The offensive against Viipuri was launched on 19 April when colonel Ausfeld's unit marched to south from
922:
907:
574:
307:
912:
140:
337:
252:
322:
272:
342:
302:
917:
510:, 75 kilometres east of Viipuri. During the following evening, his troops took the villages of
371:
292:
104:
455:
450:. It was composed of three regiments; the Western Unit was commanded by Lieutenant-Colonel
375:
312:
282:
8:
447:
128:
601:
658:
482:
387:
317:
257:
169:
837:
812:
783:
693:
668:
383:
367:
297:
287:
267:
238:
32:
547:
411:
399:
277:
153:
144:
806:
663:
635:
567:
502:, in order to block the Reds' connection to Russia. On 23 April, Ausfeld cut the
466:
327:
165:
619:
615:
555:
519:
474:
403:
262:
161:
891:
871:
858:
478:
470:
149:
132:
542:
407:
589:
538:
451:
419:
354:
136:
40:
642:
465:
The defense of Viipuri was first led by the head of the Red Government
434:
The White Army formed a new unit for the offensive. The 18,300-strong
415:
206:
534:
511:
507:
379:
72:
68:
690:
Venäläissurmat Suomessa 1914–22: Osa 2.2. Sotatapahtumat 1918–22
527:
515:
499:
593:
Kolikkoinmäki neighbourhood was destroyed by artillery fire.
577:
railway station 10 kilometres north of Viipuri, cutting the
550:, but von Coler did not promise to treat the Reds by the
16:"Battle of Vyborg" redirects here. For other uses, see
739:
Svinhufvud – Suomen itsenäisyyden tekijät ja vaiheet
808:
The Finnish Civil War 1918: History, Memory, Legacy
605:
White victims of Red terror at Viipuri county jail.
530:, which is located 30 kilometres north of Viipuri.
490:and some members of the Viipuri Women's Red Guard.
573:On 24 April, a company led by von Coler took the
889:
522:. Terijoki Red Guard, commanded by the infamous
562:, Eastern by the Lappeenranta Red Guard leader
426:and the Red Guard general staff left Helsinki.
735:"Punainen hallinto kesti Viipurissa pisimpään"
729:
222:
727:
725:
723:
721:
719:
717:
715:
713:
711:
709:
831:
776:"Valkoisten voitto varmistui lopullisesti"
759:
493:
229:
215:
825:
770:
768:
706:
804:
600:
588:
353:
370:battle, fought 24–29 April between the
890:
765:
692:. Prime Minister's Office of Finland.
458:and the Eastern by the German Colonel
442:) was under the command of the former
584:
554:. The Reds then had a meeting at the
236:
210:
358:Patterinmäki Fort after the battle.
13:
782:(in Finnish). 1998. Archived from
14:
934:
610:and White Army soldiers from the
18:Battle of Vyborg (disambiguation)
898:Battles of the Finnish Civil War
473:on 25 April, he was followed by
454:, the Northern by General Major
110:
98:
39:
687:
811:. Leiden: Brill. p. 108.
798:
753:
681:
1:
674:
566:and the Western by the actor
393:
629:
429:
7:
652:
481:, with the Russian colonel
477:. The Red Guard leader was
469:. After Manner fled to the
10:
939:
832:Keskisarja, Teemu (2013).
633:
15:
414:near the Russian capital
248:
197:ca. 500 killed in action
188:
175:
122:
91:
49:
45:Captured Reds in Viipuri.
38:
30:
25:
579:Viipuri–Joensuu railroad
872:60.706967°N 28.748952°E
805:Roselius, Aapo (2014).
494:Encirclement of Viipuri
903:Battles of World War I
606:
594:
410:. Its location at the
359:
123:Commanders and leaders
836:. Helsinki: Siltala.
780:University of Tampere
604:
592:
446:leader general major
357:
189:Casualties and losses
184:5,000 in combat units
877:60.706967; 28.748952
456:Karl Fredrik Wilkman
382:. Together with the
868: /
762:, pp. 290–301
741:(in Finnish). 2016
659:Battle of Helsinki
607:
595:
585:Battle in the city
504:Petrograd railroad
483:Mikhail Svechnikov
388:Battle of Helsinki
360:
170:Mikhail Svechnikov
923:April 1918 events
908:History of Vyborg
843:978-952-23418-7-7
818:978-900-42436-6-8
669:Battle of Tampere
541:first marched to
384:Battle of Tampere
368:Finnish Civil War
364:Battle of Viipuri
351:
350:
240:Finnish Civil War
205:
204:
199:ca. 800 executed
87:
86:
33:Finnish Civil War
26:Battle of Viipuri
930:
883:
882:
880:
879:
878:
873:
869:
866:
865:
864:
861:
848:
847:
829:
823:
822:
802:
796:
795:
793:
791:
772:
763:
757:
751:
750:
748:
746:
731:
704:
703:
685:
552:Hague Convention
548:Ulrich von Coler
412:Karelian Isthmus
400:Viipuri Province
243:
241:
231:
224:
217:
208:
207:
158:
145:Ulrich von Coler
115:
114:
113:
103:
102:
101:
57:24–29 April 1918
51:
50:
43:
23:
22:
938:
937:
933:
932:
931:
929:
928:
927:
913:1918 in Finland
888:
887:
876:
874:
870:
867:
862:
859:
857:
855:
854:
852:
851:
844:
830:
826:
819:
803:
799:
789:
787:
774:
773:
766:
760:Keskisarja 2013
758:
754:
744:
742:
733:
732:
707:
700:
686:
682:
677:
664:Battle of Lahti
655:
638:
636:Vyborg massacre
632:
587:
568:Jalmari Parikka
524:Heikki Kaljunen
496:
467:Kullervo Manner
432:
396:
352:
347:
244:
239:
237:
235:
201:11,350 captured
200:
198:
168:
166:Kullervo Manner
164:
160:
154:
143:
139:
135:
131:
111:
109:
99:
97:
75:
58:
44:
21:
12:
11:
5:
936:
926:
925:
920:
915:
910:
905:
900:
850:
849:
842:
824:
817:
797:
764:
752:
705:
698:
679:
678:
676:
673:
672:
671:
666:
661:
654:
651:
634:Main article:
631:
628:
620:Matti Pietinen
616:Leander Ikonen
586:
583:
564:Viktor Ripatti
556:Viipuri Castle
520:Bay of Finland
495:
492:
488:Karelian Front
475:Edvard Gylling
460:Eduard Ausfeld
448:Ernst Löfström
431:
428:
424:Red Government
395:
392:
372:Finnish Whites
349:
348:
346:
345:
340:
335:
330:
325:
320:
315:
310:
305:
300:
295:
290:
285:
280:
275:
270:
265:
260:
255:
249:
246:
245:
234:
233:
226:
219:
211:
203:
202:
195:
194:ca. 400 killed
191:
190:
186:
185:
182:
178:
177:
173:
172:
162:Edvard Gylling
147:
141:Eduard Ausfeld
129:Ernst Löfström
125:
124:
120:
119:
107:
105:Finnish Whites
94:
93:
89:
88:
85:
84:
81:
77:
76:
67:
65:
61:
60:
55:
47:
46:
36:
35:
28:
27:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
935:
924:
921:
919:
918:Urban warfare
916:
914:
911:
909:
906:
904:
901:
899:
896:
895:
893:
886:
884:
881:
845:
839:
835:
828:
820:
814:
810:
809:
801:
786:on 2 May 2016
785:
781:
777:
771:
769:
761:
756:
740:
736:
730:
728:
726:
724:
722:
720:
718:
716:
714:
712:
710:
701:
699:952-5354-45-8
695:
691:
684:
680:
670:
667:
665:
662:
660:
657:
656:
650:
647:
644:
637:
627:
623:
621:
617:
613:
603:
599:
591:
582:
580:
576:
571:
569:
565:
561:
560:Otto Vuoristo
557:
553:
549:
544:
540:
537:, Antrea and
536:
531:
529:
525:
521:
517:
513:
509:
505:
501:
491:
489:
484:
480:
479:Oskar Rantala
476:
472:
471:Soviet Russia
468:
463:
461:
457:
453:
449:
445:
444:Savo Division
441:
437:
427:
425:
421:
417:
413:
409:
405:
401:
391:
389:
385:
381:
377:
373:
369:
365:
356:
344:
341:
339:
336:
334:
331:
329:
326:
324:
321:
319:
316:
314:
311:
309:
306:
304:
301:
299:
296:
294:
291:
289:
286:
284:
281:
279:
276:
274:
271:
269:
266:
264:
261:
259:
256:
254:
251:
250:
247:
242:
232:
227:
225:
220:
218:
213:
212:
209:
196:
193:
192:
187:
183:
180:
179:
174:
171:
167:
163:
159:
157:
151:
150:Oskar Rantala
148:
146:
142:
138:
134:
133:K. F. Wilkman
130:
127:
126:
121:
118:
108:
106:
96:
95:
90:
83:White victory
82:
79:
78:
74:
70:
66:
63:
62:
59:(5 days)
56:
53:
52:
48:
42:
37:
34:
29:
24:
19:
885:
853:
834:Viipuri 1918
833:
827:
807:
800:
788:. Retrieved
784:the original
779:
755:
743:. Retrieved
738:
689:
683:
648:
639:
624:
608:
596:
572:
543:Lappeenranta
532:
497:
464:
439:
436:Eastern Army
433:
397:
376:Finnish Reds
363:
361:
332:
155:
117:Finnish Reds
92:Belligerents
31:Part of the
875: /
790:11 November
745:11 November
539:Taipalsaari
452:Aarne Sihvo
420:Red Finland
366:was a 1918
338:Hämeenlinna
137:Aarne Sihvo
892:Categories
863:28°44′56″E
860:60°42′25″N
675:References
643:Annenkrone
612:Savo Front
440:Itäarmeija
394:Background
343:Syrjäntaka
313:Ahvenkoski
303:Länkipohja
630:Aftermath
430:The units
416:Petrograd
653:See also
535:Joutseno
516:Kuokkala
512:Terijoki
374:and the
323:Hyvinkää
318:Helsinki
308:Lempäälä
258:Vilppula
176:Strength
64:Location
518:by the
508:Raivola
422:as the
380:Viipuri
333:Viipuri
298:Tampere
288:Varkaus
268:Ruovesi
156:†
73:Finland
69:Viipuri
840:
815:
696:
528:Antrea
404:Tatars
278:Antrea
273:Tornio
253:Kämärä
181:18,500
152:
80:Result
500:Rautu
328:Lahti
293:Rautu
283:Ă…land
838:ISBN
813:ISBN
792:2016
747:2016
694:ISBN
618:and
575:Tali
514:and
408:Jews
406:and
386:and
362:The
263:Oulu
54:Date
506:in
378:in
894::
778:.
767:^
737:.
708:^
622:.
570:.
462:.
71:,
846:.
821:.
794:.
749:.
702:.
438:(
230:e
223:t
216:v
20:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
