333:
Bunyashiri and
Arughtai's forces attacked Qiu Fu's force west of Onohu, which resulted in the defeat of Qiu Fu's force and the death of Qiu Fu in the battle. Qiu Fu only had the 1,000 cavalry when the Eastern Mongols engaged. He was detached from the other troops in his army and was in a vulnerable
582:
The Yung-lo emperor, trying to capitalize on the
Eastern Mongols' disarray, dispatched a general named Ch'iu Fu with, according to the Ming shih, 100,000 crack cavalry to crush the recalcitrant Mongols. The figure of 100,000 seems to be an exaggeration, as organizing and provisioning such a large
329:
On arrival at
Kherlen River, Qiu Fu's troops captured a Mongol who revealed that the enemy was disorganized and retreating chaotically. They acted on this information and pursued the Eastern Mongols into the steppe. Rossabi (1998) remarks that they did so without taking into account the tactic of
349:
The Yongle
Emperor blamed Qiu Fu for not waiting until the main body of the army arrived, posthumously stripped Qiu Fu and Qoryocin (who reluctantly went along with Qiu Fu) from their noble titles, and exiled Qiu Fu's family to
314:
led by Mahmud and were thus routed to the
Kherlen River, so the Yongle Emperor took the opportunity for a military expedition against the Eastern Mongols. The emperor sent an army led by Qiu Fu against the Eastern Mongols. The
307:
in 1408. The Ming court, who were appalled that the
Eastern Mongols refused to establish tributary relations and murdered their envoy, would use the Oyirad Mongols to offset the Eastern Mongols.
403:
The actual engagement between Ch'iu Fu and the
Eastern Mongols involved, as recounted in the Ming chronicles, only 1,000 Ming cavalry, a less impressive but perhaps, more credible number.
187:
646:. University of Washington Press. p. 167. "However, the overconfident Qiu Fu took only one thousand cavalry as he recklessly pursued the demoralized Tartars north of the river."
1097:
1080:
180:
1117:
1501:
844:
355:
230:
20:
173:
1324:
726:
1476:
1481:
976:
1129:
1275:
1182:
321:
records that the army comprised 100,000 cavalry, but
Rossabi (1998) states that this is an unrealistic and exaggerated figure.
1170:
1018:
779:
692:
627:
575:
538:
496:
459:
396:
1220:
1075:
890:
784:
1187:
583:
force, particularly in the grasslands, was scarcely possible in the limited time allotted for planning this expedition.
719:
1355:
910:
819:
215:
1496:
870:
252:
1402:
1124:
358:, which resulted in the defeat of both Bunyashiri and Arughtai's forces by the Ming army in the expedition.
1382:
1160:
1028:
998:
712:
1392:
1377:
1112:
744:
287:, which culminated in the killing of Guilichi in 1408. Arughtai, the victor of the conflict, installed
1486:
1203:
925:
824:
684:
619:
567:
530:
488:
451:
388:
961:
1372:
1208:
1134:
905:
895:
338:
292:
128:
1435:
1314:
1213:
900:
814:
1397:
1345:
1254:
920:
774:
337:
In the battle, Qiu Fu, the Duke of Qi, was killed along the four marquises Wang Cong, Qoryocin,
280:
1282:
1230:
1038:
930:
330:
feigned retreat. Qiu Fu only took a force of 1,000 cavalry in the pursuit north of the river.
291:
as the new khan. Afterwards, the Ming court sent the envoy Guo Ji to demand the dispatch of a
1491:
1387:
1365:
1350:
991:
971:
849:
809:
799:
669:
Chan, Hok-lam (1988). "The Chien-wen, Yung-lo, Hung-hsi, and Hsüan-te reigns, 1399–1435". In
288:
92:
1418:
986:
885:
764:
8:
1268:
1107:
1050:
1003:
935:
789:
839:
235:
880:
834:
794:
225:
1013:
1092:
769:
688:
670:
623:
611:
571:
559:
534:
522:
492:
480:
455:
443:
392:
380:
268:
1261:
1070:
1033:
1023:
1008:
981:
966:
804:
210:
141:
132:
120:
111:
102:
295:, but they killed the envoy instead. In contrast, the Mongol leader Mahmud of the
1452:
1304:
1247:
1165:
940:
915:
678:
674:
607:
555:
518:
476:
439:
376:
1428:
1423:
1299:
300:
198:
1470:
1309:
1102:
1045:
680:
The
Cambridge History of China, Volume 7: The Ming Dynasty, 1368–1644, Part 1
616:
The
Cambridge History of China, Volume 8: The Ming Dynasty, 1368–1644, Part 2
564:
The Cambridge History of China, Volume 8: The Ming Dynasty, 1368–1644, Part 2
527:
The Cambridge History of China, Volume 8: The Ming Dynasty, 1368–1644, Part 2
485:
The Cambridge History of China, Volume 8: The Ming Dynasty, 1368–1644, Part 2
448:
The Cambridge History of China, Volume 8: The Ming Dynasty, 1368–1644, Part 2
385:
The Cambridge History of China, Volume 8: The Ming Dynasty, 1368–1644, Part 2
264:
165:
51:
1085:
735:
304:
260:
80:
1144:
1340:
875:
1319:
1175:
704:
1360:
284:
96:
341:, and Li Yuan, who all assisted Qiu Fu in the military campaign.
317:
279:
A conflict erupted between two Eastern Mongol leaders, the khan
354:
island. After this battle, the emperor would personally lead a
351:
311:
296:
1225:
1139:
334:
position when the Eastern Mongols launched their attack.
310:
The Eastern Mongols were attacked north of Ningxia by the
606:
Rossabi, Morris (1998). "The Ming and Inner Asia". In
554:
Rossabi, Morris (1998). "The Ming and Inner Asia". In
517:
Rossabi, Morris (1998). "The Ming and Inner Asia". In
475:
Rossabi, Morris (1998). "The Ming and Inner Asia". In
438:
Rossabi, Morris (1998). "The Ming and Inner Asia". In
375:
Rossabi, Morris (1998). "The Ming and Inner Asia". In
16:
1409 battle between Northern Yuan and Ming dynasties
1468:
299:(Western Mongols) sent a tribute mission to the
356:punitive expedition against the Eastern Mongols
659:. University of Washington Press. pp. 167–168.
195:
21:Yongle Emperor's campaigns against the Mongols
1325:Imperial Tombs of the Ming and Qing Dynasties
720:
259:) took place between the Eastern Mongols and
181:
657:Perpetual Happiness: The Ming Emperor Yongle
644:Perpetual Happiness: The Ming Emperor Yongle
419:Perpetual Happiness: The Ming Emperor Yongle
19:For other battles at Kerulen (Kherlen), see
727:
713:
413:
411:
188:
174:
601:
599:
597:
595:
593:
591:
512:
510:
508:
433:
431:
429:
427:
421:. University of Washington Press. p. 167.
1502:Wars involving the Northern Yuan dynasty
734:
605:
553:
516:
474:
437:
408:
374:
1469:
1276:Collected Statutes of the Ming Dynasty
588:
505:
424:
708:
169:
668:
1477:Battles involving the Mongol Empire
13:
1482:Battles involving the Ming dynasty
14:
1513:
911:Japanese missions to Ming China
662:
785:Campaign against the Uriankhai
655:Tsai, Shih-Shan Henry (2001).
649:
642:Tsai, Shih-Shan Henry (2001).
636:
547:
468:
417:Tsai, Shih-Shan Henry (2001).
368:
256:
1:
845:Campaigns against the Mongols
361:
274:
1383:Covered jar with carp design
999:Transition from Ming to Qing
344:
7:
1378:Ming presentation porcelain
977:Japanese invasions of Korea
283:and his principal retainer
10:
1518:
1240:Compilations and Documents
871:Luchuan–Pingmian campaigns
685:Cambridge University Press
620:Cambridge University Press
568:Cambridge University Press
531:Cambridge University Press
489:Cambridge University Press
452:Cambridge University Press
389:Cambridge University Press
18:
1444:
1411:
1373:Chinese lacquerware table
1333:
1292:
1239:
1196:
1153:
1135:Embroidered Uniform Guard
1063:
949:
896:Prince of Anhua rebellion
858:
752:
743:
324:
206:
151:
86:
71:
33:
28:
1436:Great Ming Treasure Note
1315:Ming Ancestors Mausoleum
1098:Administrative divisions
901:Prince of Ning rebellion
1255:The Hundred-word Eulogy
921:Great Rites Controversy
775:Ming conquest of Yunnan
1293:Palaces and Mausoleums
1283:Ming Veritable Records
931:Luso-Chinese agreement
271:on 23 September 1409.
87:Commanders and leaders
63:Eastern Mongol victory
1497:15th century in China
1388:Yongning Temple Stele
1125:Imperial Commissioner
850:Reign of Ren and Xuan
810:Ming treasure voyages
800:Dao Ganmeng rebellion
987:Sino-Dutch conflicts
886:Rebellion of Cao Qin
815:Ming–Turpan conflict
765:Red Turban Rebellion
1334:Society and Culture
1269:Yongle Encyclopedia
1108:Imperial Clan Court
1051:Kingdom of Tungning
1004:Jurchen unification
936:Jiajing wokou raids
825:Battle of Palembang
790:Battle of Buir Lake
491:. p. 227–228.
1183:Military conquests
1029:Peasant rebellions
906:Capture of Malacca
881:Defense of Beijing
795:Lin Kuan rebellion
671:Mote, Frederick W.
612:Mote, Frederick W.
560:Mote, Frederick W.
523:Mote, Frederick W.
481:Mote, Frederick W.
444:Mote, Frederick W.
381:Mote, Frederick W.
1487:Conflicts in 1409
1462:
1461:
1171:Gunpowder weapons
1130:Grand coordinator
1093:Grand Secretariat
1059:
1058:
953:(1572–1683)
862:(1435–1572)
830:Battle of Kherlen
780:Ming–Mong Mao War
770:Wu Mian rebellion
756:(1368–1435)
694:978-0-521-24332-2
629:978-0-521-24333-9
608:Twitchett, Dennis
577:978-0-521-24333-9
556:Twitchett, Dennis
540:978-0-521-24333-9
519:Twitchett, Dennis
498:978-0-521-24333-9
477:Twitchett, Dennis
461:978-0-521-24333-9
440:Twitchett, Dennis
398:978-0-521-24333-9
377:Twitchett, Dennis
269:Mongolian Plateau
267:(Kerulen) in the
249:Battle of Kherlen
244:
243:
164:
163:
67:
66:
41:23 September 1409
29:Battle of Kherlen
1509:
1262:Huang-Ming Zuxun
1034:Jiashen Incident
1024:She-An Rebellion
1009:Seven Grievances
982:Donglin movement
967:Bozhou rebellion
954:
863:
840:Lam Sơn uprising
820:Ming–Đại Ngu War
805:Jingnan campaign
757:
750:
749:
729:
722:
715:
706:
705:
699:
698:
675:Twitchett, Denis
666:
660:
653:
647:
640:
634:
633:
603:
586:
585:
551:
545:
544:
514:
503:
502:
472:
466:
465:
435:
422:
415:
406:
405:
372:
263:at the banks of
258:
201:
190:
183:
176:
167:
166:
146:
137:
125:
116:
110:Wang Cong
107:
35:
34:
26:
25:
1517:
1516:
1512:
1511:
1510:
1508:
1507:
1506:
1467:
1466:
1463:
1458:
1453:History of Ming
1440:
1407:
1329:
1305:Chaotian Palace
1288:
1248:History of Yuan
1235:
1192:
1149:
1055:
955:
952:
945:
941:Single whip law
916:Ningbo incident
891:Miao rebellions
864:
861:
854:
758:
755:
739:
733:
703:
702:
695:
687:. p. 226.
667:
663:
654:
650:
641:
637:
630:
622:. p. 229.
604:
589:
578:
570:. p. 228.
552:
548:
541:
533:. p. 228.
515:
506:
499:
473:
469:
462:
454:. p. 227.
436:
425:
416:
409:
399:
391:. p. 228.
373:
369:
364:
347:
327:
293:tribute embassy
277:
245:
240:
202:
196:
194:
142:
139:
133:
127:
121:
119:Qoryocin
118:
112:
109:
103:
95:
77:Eastern Mongols
55:
54:, west of Onohu
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1515:
1505:
1504:
1499:
1494:
1489:
1484:
1479:
1460:
1459:
1457:
1456:
1448:
1446:
1442:
1441:
1439:
1438:
1433:
1432:
1431:
1429:Yongle Tongbao
1426:
1424:Hongwu Tongbao
1415:
1413:
1409:
1408:
1406:
1405:
1400:
1395:
1390:
1385:
1380:
1375:
1370:
1369:
1368:
1363:
1358:
1348:
1343:
1337:
1335:
1331:
1330:
1328:
1327:
1322:
1317:
1312:
1307:
1302:
1300:Forbidden City
1296:
1294:
1290:
1289:
1287:
1286:
1279:
1272:
1265:
1258:
1251:
1243:
1241:
1237:
1236:
1234:
1233:
1228:
1223:
1218:
1217:
1216:
1211:
1200:
1198:
1194:
1193:
1191:
1190:
1188:Nine Garrisons
1185:
1180:
1179:
1178:
1168:
1163:
1157:
1155:
1151:
1150:
1148:
1147:
1142:
1137:
1132:
1127:
1122:
1121:
1120:
1110:
1105:
1100:
1095:
1090:
1089:
1088:
1083:
1078:
1067:
1065:
1061:
1060:
1057:
1056:
1054:
1053:
1048:
1043:
1042:
1041:
1036:
1031:
1026:
1021:
1016:
1011:
1006:
996:
995:
994:
984:
979:
974:
972:Ordos campaign
969:
964:
958:
956:
951:
947:
946:
944:
943:
938:
933:
928:
923:
918:
913:
908:
903:
898:
893:
888:
883:
878:
873:
867:
865:
860:
856:
855:
853:
852:
847:
842:
837:
835:Ming–Kotte War
832:
827:
822:
817:
812:
807:
802:
797:
792:
787:
782:
777:
772:
767:
761:
759:
754:
747:
741:
740:
732:
731:
724:
717:
709:
701:
700:
693:
661:
648:
635:
628:
587:
576:
546:
539:
504:
497:
467:
460:
423:
407:
397:
366:
365:
363:
360:
346:
343:
326:
323:
312:Oyirad Mongols
301:Yongle Emperor
297:Oyirad Mongols
276:
273:
242:
241:
239:
238:
233:
228:
223:
218:
213:
207:
204:
203:
199:Yongle Emperor
193:
192:
185:
178:
170:
162:
161:
160:1,000 cavalry
158:
154:
153:
149:
148:
140:Li Yuan
99:
89:
88:
84:
83:
78:
74:
73:
69:
68:
65:
64:
61:
57:
56:
49:
47:
43:
42:
39:
31:
30:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1514:
1503:
1500:
1498:
1495:
1493:
1490:
1488:
1485:
1483:
1480:
1478:
1475:
1474:
1472:
1465:
1455:
1454:
1450:
1449:
1447:
1443:
1437:
1434:
1430:
1427:
1425:
1422:
1421:
1420:
1417:
1416:
1414:
1410:
1404:
1401:
1399:
1396:
1394:
1391:
1389:
1386:
1384:
1381:
1379:
1376:
1374:
1371:
1367:
1364:
1362:
1359:
1357:
1354:
1353:
1352:
1349:
1347:
1344:
1342:
1339:
1338:
1336:
1332:
1326:
1323:
1321:
1318:
1316:
1313:
1311:
1310:Ming Xiaoling
1308:
1306:
1303:
1301:
1298:
1297:
1295:
1291:
1285:
1284:
1280:
1278:
1277:
1273:
1271:
1270:
1266:
1264:
1263:
1259:
1257:
1256:
1252:
1250:
1249:
1245:
1244:
1242:
1238:
1232:
1229:
1227:
1224:
1222:
1219:
1215:
1212:
1210:
1207:
1206:
1205:
1202:
1201:
1199:
1195:
1189:
1186:
1184:
1181:
1177:
1174:
1173:
1172:
1169:
1167:
1164:
1162:
1159:
1158:
1156:
1152:
1146:
1143:
1141:
1138:
1136:
1133:
1131:
1128:
1126:
1123:
1119:
1118:Vassal prince
1116:
1115:
1114:
1111:
1109:
1106:
1104:
1103:Eastern Depot
1101:
1099:
1096:
1094:
1091:
1087:
1084:
1082:
1079:
1077:
1074:
1073:
1072:
1069:
1068:
1066:
1062:
1052:
1049:
1047:
1046:Southern Ming
1044:
1040:
1037:
1035:
1032:
1030:
1027:
1025:
1022:
1020:
1017:
1015:
1012:
1010:
1007:
1005:
1002:
1001:
1000:
997:
993:
990:
989:
988:
985:
983:
980:
978:
975:
973:
970:
968:
965:
963:
960:
959:
957:
948:
942:
939:
937:
934:
932:
929:
927:
924:
922:
919:
917:
914:
912:
909:
907:
904:
902:
899:
897:
894:
892:
889:
887:
884:
882:
879:
877:
874:
872:
869:
868:
866:
857:
851:
848:
846:
843:
841:
838:
836:
833:
831:
828:
826:
823:
821:
818:
816:
813:
811:
808:
806:
803:
801:
798:
796:
793:
791:
788:
786:
783:
781:
778:
776:
773:
771:
768:
766:
763:
762:
760:
751:
748:
746:
742:
737:
730:
725:
723:
718:
716:
711:
710:
707:
696:
690:
686:
683:. Cambridge:
682:
681:
676:
672:
665:
658:
652:
645:
639:
631:
625:
621:
618:. Cambridge:
617:
613:
609:
602:
600:
598:
596:
594:
592:
584:
579:
573:
569:
566:. Cambridge:
565:
561:
557:
550:
542:
536:
532:
529:. Cambridge:
528:
524:
520:
513:
511:
509:
500:
494:
490:
487:. Cambridge:
486:
482:
478:
471:
463:
457:
453:
450:. Cambridge:
449:
445:
441:
434:
432:
430:
428:
420:
414:
412:
404:
400:
394:
390:
387:. Cambridge:
386:
382:
378:
371:
367:
359:
357:
353:
342:
340:
335:
331:
322:
320:
319:
313:
308:
306:
302:
298:
294:
290:
286:
282:
272:
270:
266:
265:Kherlen River
262:
254:
250:
237:
234:
232:
229:
227:
224:
222:
219:
217:
214:
212:
209:
208:
205:
200:
191:
186:
184:
179:
177:
172:
171:
168:
159:
156:
155:
150:
147:
145:
138:
136:
130:
126:
124:
117:
115:
108:
106:
101:Qiu Fu
100:
98:
94:
91:
90:
85:
82:
79:
76:
75:
70:
62:
59:
58:
53:
52:Kherlen River
48:
45:
44:
40:
37:
36:
32:
27:
22:
1492:1409 in Asia
1464:
1451:
1445:Other topics
1356:Four Masters
1281:
1274:
1267:
1260:
1253:
1246:
1086:House of Zhu
1039:Shanhai Pass
1019:Great Plague
962:Jianzhou war
829:
736:Ming dynasty
679:
664:
656:
651:
643:
638:
615:
581:
563:
549:
526:
484:
470:
447:
418:
402:
384:
370:
348:
336:
332:
328:
316:
309:
278:
248:
246:
220:
197:Wars of the
143:
134:
122:
113:
104:
72:Belligerents
1398:Tai history
1081:Family tree
992:Liaoluo Bay
926:Renyin plot
876:Tumu Crisis
1471:Categories
1366:Zhe School
1320:Ming tombs
1204:Inner Asia
1176:Shenjiying
1166:Great Wall
1064:Government
362:References
339:Wang Zhong
305:Ming China
289:Bunyashiri
275:Background
261:Ming China
129:Wang Zhong
93:Bunyashiri
81:Ming China
1361:Wu School
1346:Musicians
1209:Manchuria
1197:Frontiers
345:Aftermath
50:North of
1412:Currency
1351:Painting
1161:Military
1154:Military
677:(eds.).
614:(eds.).
562:(eds.).
525:(eds.).
483:(eds.).
446:(eds.).
383:(eds.).
285:Arughtai
281:Guilichi
152:Strength
97:Arughtai
46:Location
1419:Coinage
1393:Economy
1221:Vietnam
1113:Princes
1071:Emperor
859:Middle
745:History
318:Mingshi
253:Chinese
236:Lam Sơn
221:Kherlen
211:Jingnan
157:Unknown
144:†
135:†
123:†
114:†
105:†
1341:Poetry
1231:Yunnan
753:Early
738:topics
691:
626:
574:
537:
495:
458:
395:
352:Hainan
325:Battle
255::
231:Mongol
131:
60:Result
1403:Islam
1226:Wokou
1214:Tibet
1145:Fotou
1014:Sarhū
950:Late
257:臚朐河之戰
226:Kotte
216:Annam
1140:Tusi
1076:List
689:ISBN
624:ISBN
572:ISBN
535:ISBN
493:ISBN
456:ISBN
393:ISBN
247:The
38:Date
303:of
1473::
673:;
610:;
590:^
580:.
558:;
521:;
507:^
479:;
442:;
426:^
410:^
401:.
379:;
728:e
721:t
714:v
697:.
632:.
543:.
501:.
464:.
251:(
189:e
182:t
175:v
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.