Yongle Emperor - Knowledge

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Liaoyang, using twenty-five guards (each guard consisted of roughly 5,600 soldiers) to control Southern Manchuria. In 1409, six years after the Yongle Emperor ascended the throne, he launched three campaigns to shore up Ming influence in the lower Amur River valley. The upshot was the establishment of the Nuerkan Regional Military Commission with several battalions (1,120 soldiers theoretically made up a battalion) deployed along the Songari, Ussuri, Khor, Urmi, Muling and Nen Rivers. The Nuerkan Commission, which parallelled that of the Liaodong Commission, was a special frontier administrations; therefore the Ming government permitted its commanding officers to transmit their offices to their sons and grandsons without any dimunition in rank. In the meantime, The Ming court periodically sent special envoys and inspectors to the region, making sure that the chiefs of various tribes remained loyal to the Ming emperor. But the one enboy who was most active and played the most significant role in the region was the eunuch Yishiha.

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knocks of court politics and serving imperial concubines of Manchurian origin, as the Yongle Emperor kept Jurchen women in his harem. At any rate, in the spring of 1411, the Yongle Emperor commissioned Yishiha to vie for the heart and soul of the peoples in Northern Manchuria and Eastern Siberia. Yishiha led a party of more than 1,000 officers and soldiers who boarded twenty-five ships and sailed along the Amur River for several days before reaching the Nuerkan Command post. Nuerkan was located on the east bank of the Amur River, approximately 300 li from the river's entrance and 250 li form the present-day Russian town of Nikolayevka. Yishiha's immediate assignment was to confer titles on tribal chiefs, giving them seals and uniforms. He also actively sought new recruits to fill out the official ranks for the Regional Commission

1150:, China's countryside was devastated. The fragile new economy had to deal with low production and depopulation. The Yongle Emperor laid out a long and extensive plan to strengthen and stabilise the new economy, but first he had to silence dissension. He created an elaborate system of censors to remove corrupt officials from office that spread such rumors. The emperor dispatched some of his most trusted officers to reveal or destroy secret societies, bandits, and loyalists to his other relatives. To strengthen the economy, he fought population decline, using the most he could from the existing labour force, and maximising textile and agricultural production. 1437:

Mongolia to cripple their offensive power. He attempted to compel Mongolia to become a Chinese tributary, with all the tribes submitting and proclaiming themselves vassals of the Ming Empire, and wanted to contain and isolate the Mongols. Through fighting, the Yongle Emperor learned to appreciate the importance of cavalry in battle and eventually began spending much of his resources to keep horses in good supply. The emperor spent his entire life fighting the Mongols. Failures and successes came and went, but after the emperor's second personal campaign against the Mongols, the Ming Empire was at peace for over seven years.

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was now posthumously demoted; Zhu Biao's surviving two sons were demoted to commoners and placed under house arrest; and the Jianwen Emperor's surviving younger son was imprisoned and hidden for the next 55 years. After a brief show of humility where he repeatedly refused offers to take the throne, Zhu Di accepted and proclaimed that the next year would be the first year of the Yongle era. On 17 July 1402, after a brief visit to his father's tomb, Zhu Di was crowned emperor of the Ming dynasty at the age of 42. He would spend most of his early years suppressing rumours and outlaws.

406: 1456: 882:, Prince of Dai was reduced to a commoner; Zhu Bai, Prince of Xiang committed suicide under duress; Zhu Fu, Prince of Qi and Zhu Pian, Prince of Min were demoted all within the later half of 1398 and the first half of 1399. Faced with certain hostility, Zhu Di pretended to fall ill and then "went mad" for a number of months before achieving his aim of freeing his sons from captivity to visit him in the north in June 1399. On 5 August, Zhu Di declared that the Jianwen Emperor had fallen victim to "evil counselors" ( 1533: 920:. The betrayal of Chen Xuan gave him the imperial army's Yangtze River fleet; the betrayal of Li Jinglong and the prince's half-brother Zhu Hui, Prince of Gu opened the gates of Nanjing on 13 July. Amid the disorder, the imperial palace quickly caught fire: Zhu Di enabled his own succession by claiming three bodies – charred beyond recognition – as the Jianwen Emperor, his consort, and their son but rumours circulated for decades that the Jianwen Emperor had escaped in disguise as a Buddhist monk. 1010:, the former tutor to the Jianwen Emperor: threatened with execution of all nine degrees of his kinship, he fatuously replied "Never mind nine! Go with ten!" and – alone in Chinese history – he was sentenced to execution of 10 degrees of kinship: along with his entire family, every former student or peer of Fang Xiaoru that the Yongle Emperor's agents could find was also killed. It was said that as he died, cut in half at the waist, Fang used his own blood to write the character 1841: 1321: 1879: 1871: 1037: 970: 2751: 2723: 1782:

received tribute from the headmen Alingge, Tuolingha, Sanchiha and Zhaluha in 1437. The position of headman among Sakhalin indigenous peoples was inherited paternally from father to son and the sons came with their fathers to Wuliehe. Ming officials gave silk uniforms with the appropriate rank to the Sakhalin Ainu, Uilta and Nivkh after they gave tribute. The

1161:. During his reign, the Grand Canal was almost completely rebuilt and was eventually moving imported goods from all over the world. The Yongle Emperor's short-term goal was to revitalise northern urban centres, especially his new capital at Beijing. Before the Grand Canal was rebuilt, grain was transferred to Beijing in two ways; one route was simply via the 1894:, while patronizing Mongol and Tibetan cultures. He deeply admired and wished to save his father's accomplishments and spent a lot of time proving his claim to the throne. His reign was a mixed blessing for the Chinese populace. The Yongle Emperor's economic, educational, and military reforms provided unprecedented benefits for the people, but his 3665:’, Memoirs of the Research Department of Toyo Bunko, no. 10, 1938, pp. 40‒102, (Shina no kisai ni arawaretaru Kokuryuko karyuiki no dojin 支那の記載に現はれたる黒龍江下流域の土人( The natives on the lower reaches of the Amur river as represented in Chinese records), Tõagaku 5, vol. 1, Sept. 1939.) Wada, ‘Natives of the Lower Reaches of the Amur River’, p. 82. 1496:

the population. The Yongle Emperor issued an order to Ming soldiers in Annam to burn all books except Buddhist and Taoist texts. The Vietnamese were ordered through a Ming official to switch to Han Chinese clothing, and to start growing their hair long instead of cutting it short, within a month. The

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in Nanjing refusing to recognise the legitimacy of his claim to the throne, the Yongle Emperor began a thorough purge of them and their families, including women and children. Other supporters of the Jianwen Emperor's regime were extirpated throughout the country, while a reign of terror was seen due

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He is remembered very much for his cruelty, just like his father. He killed most of the Jianwen Emperor's palace servants, tortured many of his nephew's loyalists to death, killed or by other means badly treated their relatives. He ordered 2,800 concubines, servant girls and eunuchs who guarded them

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and appointed Ko-ch'a-lao (許柴佬; Xu Chailao) to that position in 1405. China also had vassals among the leaders in the archipelago. China attained ascendancy in trade with the area in the Yongle Emperor's reign. The local rulers on Luzon were "confirmed" by the governor or "high officer" appointed by

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stele, extolling the merits and virtues of the Hongwu Emperor. In fact, the Yongle Emperor's original idea for the memorial was to erect an unprecedented stele 73 metres tall. However, due to the impossibility of moving or erecting the giant parts of that monuments, they have been left unfinished in

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thanks to superior tactics and capable Mongol auxiliaries. He also issued numerous justifications for his rebellion, including questionable claims to have been the son of Empress Ma and bold-faced lies that his father had attempted to name him as the rightful heir, only to be thwarted by bureaucrats

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Deshin Shekpa convinced the Yongle Emperor that there were different religions for different people, which does not mean that one is better than the others. The Karmapa was very well received during his visit and a number of miraculous occurrences were reported. He also performed ceremonies for the

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Having captured the capital, Zhu Di now left aside his former arguments about rescuing his nephew from evil counsel and voided the Jianwen Emperor's entire reign, taking 1402 as the 35th year of the Hongwu era. His own brother Zhu Biao, whom the Jianwen Emperor had posthumously elevated to emperor,

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region had the Ming "system for subjugated peoples' implementers in it for the Sakhalin indigenous peoples. Sakhalin received iron tools from mainland Asia through this trade as Tungus groups joined in from 1456–1487. Local indigenous hierarchies had Ming Chinese given political offices integrated

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that had fled north after being defeated by the Hongwu Emperor. He repaired the northern defences and forged buffer alliances to keep the Mongols at bay in order to build an army. His strategy was to force the Mongols into economic dependence on the Chinese and to launch periodic initiatives into

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Due to the stress and overwhelming amount of thinking involved in running a post-rebellion empire, the Yongle Emperor searched for scholars to serve in his government. He had many of the best scholars chosen as candidates and took great care in choosing them, even creating terms by which he hired

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Yishiha belonged to the Haixi tribe of the Jurchen race. The Ming shi provides no background information on this Manchurian castrato except that Yishiha worked under two powerful early Ming eunuchs, Wang Zhen, and Cao Jixiang. It is also likely that Yishiha gained prominence by enduring the hard

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pelt fur tribute from the assistant commander Alige in 1431 from Sakhalin after the Ming assigned titles like weizhenfu (official charged with subjugation), zhihui qianshi (assistance commander), zhihui tongzhi (vice commander) and Zhihuishi (commander) from Sakhalin indigenous headmen. The Ming

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The Yongle Emperor ambitiously planned to move his capital to Beijing. According to a popular legend, the capital was moved when the emperor's advisers brought the emperor to the hills surrounding Nanjing and pointed out the emperor's palace showing the vulnerability of the palace to artillery

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Eager to establish his own legitimacy, Zhu Di voided the Jianwen Emperor's reign and established a wide-ranging effort to destroy or falsify records concerning his childhood and rebellion. This included a massive purge of the Confucian scholars in Nanjing and grants of extraordinary extralegal

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While Hai Tong and Hou Xian were busy courting the Mongols and Tibetans, a Ming eunuch of Manchurian stock, Yishiha, also quietly carried the guidon in the exploration of Northern Manchuria and Eastern Siberia. In 1375, the Ming dynasty established the Liaodong Regional Military Commission at

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scheming to empower Zhu Biao's son. Whether because of this propaganda or for personal motives, Zhu Di began to receive a steady stream of turncoat eunuchs and generals who provided him with invaluable intelligence allowing a hit-and-run campaign against the imperial supply depots along the

1006:, children, nephews and nieces, grandchildren, and all cohabitants of whatever family, although children were sometimes spared and women were sometimes permitted to choose slavery instead. Four of the purged scholars became known as the Four Martyrs, the most famous of whom was 853:. These instructions made it clear that the rule would pass only to children from the emperor's primary consort, excluding the Prince of Yan in favour of Zhu Yunwen, Zhu Biao's son. When the Hongwu Emperor died on 24 June 1398, Zhu Yunwen succeeded his grandfather as the 1645:

castrated some of their own children to become eunuchs to serve in the Ming imperial palace. The emperor said that the boys who were castrated were innocent and did not deserve castration, and he returned the boys to Ryukyu and instructed them not to send eunuchs again.

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were looted and destroyed. On 2 December 1407, the Yongle Emperor gave orders to Zhang Fu that innocent Vietnamese were not to be harmed, ordering family members of rebels to be spared such as young males if they themselves were not involved in rebellion. In early 1418,

1856:. Frustrated at his inability to catch up with his swift opponents, the Yongle Emperor fell into a deep depression and then into illness, possibly owing to a series of minor strokes. On 12 August 1424, the Yongle Emperor died. He was entombed in Changling ( 1023:

and Buddhist festivals to help calm civil unrest. He stopped the warring between the various Chinese tribes and reorganised the provinces to best provide peace within the Ming Empire. The Yongle Emperor was said to be an "ardent Buddhist" by Ernst Faber.

1126:, Prince of Han. Zhu Gaoxu had an athletic-warrior personality which contrasted sharply with his elder brother's intellectual and humanitarian nature. Despite much counsel from his advisers, the Yongle Emperor chose his older son, Zhu Gaozhi (the future 4277:

The Travels of Marco Polo: The Complete Yule-Cordier Edition : Including the Unabridged Third Edition (1903) of Henry Yule's Annotated Translation, as Revised by Henri Cordier, Together with Cordier's Later Volume of Notes and Addenda

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Emperors, felt that the costly expeditions were harmful to the Ming Empire. The Hongxi Emperor ended further expeditions and the descendants of the Xuande Emperor suppressed much of the information about Zheng He's treasure voyages.

1761:. Boluohe, Nanghar and Wuliehe were Yuan posts set up to receive tribute from the Ainu after their war with the Yuan ended in 1308. Ming Chinese outposts in Sakhalin and the Amur river area received animal skin tribute from 804:

The official Ming histories portray a Zhu Di who impressed his father with his energy, daring, and leadership amid numerous successes; nonetheless, the Ming dynasty suffered numerous reverses during his tenure and the great

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Zhu Di grew up as a prince in a loving, caring environment. His father supplied nothing but the best education and, trusting them alone, reestablished the old feudal principalities for his many sons. Zhu Di was created

1570:, and many locations in Southeast Asia before and after the Yongle Emperor's reign, Zheng He's expeditions were China's only major sea-going explorations of the world (although the Chinese may have been sailing to 675:, but when Zhu Yunwen ascended the throne as the Jianwen Emperor and began executing and demoting his powerful uncles, Zhu Di found pretext for rising in rebellion against his nephew. Assisted in large part by 1088:

imperial family. The emperor presented him with 700 measures of silver objects and bestowed the title of 'Precious Religious King, Great Loving One of the West, Mighty Buddha of Peace'. A khatvanga in the

1730:, the "Chinese god", Chinese motifs like the dragon, spirals, scrolls, and material goods like agriculture, husbandry, heating, iron cooking pots, silk, and cotton spread among the Amur natives like the 1212:

The emperor planned to build a massive network of structures in Beijing in which government offices, officials, and the imperial family resided. After a painfully long construction time (1407–1420), the

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into the South Pacific and Indian Oceans. The difficulties in Nanjing also led the Yongle Emperor to re-establish Beiping (present-day Beijing) as the new imperial capital. He repaired and reopened the

941: 1514:, started a major rebellion against Ming rule. By the time the Yongle Emperor died in 1424, the Vietnamese rebels under Lê Lợi's leadership had captured nearly the entire province. By 1427, the 857:. In direct violation of the dynastic instructions, the Prince of Yan attempted to mourn his father in Nanjing, bringing a large armed guard with him. The imperial army was able to block him at 3353:

Duyvendak, J.J.L. (1939), "The True Dates of the Chinese Maritime Expeditions in the Early Fifteenth Century The True Dates of the Chinese Maritime Expeditions in the Early Fifteenth Century",

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Princess Urduja, Queen of the Orient Seas: Before and After Her Time in the Political Orbit of the Shri-vi-ja-ya and Madjapahit Maritime Empire : a Pre-Hispanic History of the Philippines

1477:, however on arrival to Vietnam, both the pretender and the accompanying Chinese ambassador were ambushed and killed. In response to this insult, the Yongle Emperor sent two armies led by 1103:. He apparently offered to send armies to unify Tibet under the Karmapa but Deshin Shekpa demurred, as parts of Tibet were still firmly controlled by partisans of the former Yuan dynasty. 1244:

experts, the Yongle Emperor chose a site north of Beijing, where he and his successors were to be buried. Over the next two centuries, thirteen emperors in total were laid to rest in the

5049:. Contributors Philippine Academy of Social Sciences, Manila, University of the Philippines. College of Liberal Arts. College of Liberal Arts, University of the Philippines. 1959 5631: 4245: 4519:

Chinese Elements in the Tagalog Language: With Some Indication of Chinese Influence on Other Philippine Languages and Cultures, and an Excursion Into Austronesian Linguistics

1696:'s state in Persia and Transoxania state considerably improved, and the states exchanged large official delegations on a number of occasions. Both the Ming Empire's envoy to 1681:

or Tungusic chiefs were granted ranks in the imperial administration. Yishiha's expeditions returned to the lower Amur several more times during the reigns of the Yongle and

1902:. Despite these negatives, the Yongle Emperor is considered an architect and keeper of Chinese culture, history, and statecraft and an influential ruler in Chinese history. 1492:, Vietnam was integrated as a province of China, just as it had been up until 939. With the Hồ dynasty defeated in 1407, the Chinese began a serious and sustained effort to 745:

The Yongle Emperor died while personally leading a military campaign against the Mongols. He was buried in the Changling Mausoleum, the central and largest mausoleum of the

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Wade, Geoff (1 July 2007). "Ryukyu in the Ming Reign Annals 1380s–1580s". Working Paper Series (93). Asia Research Institute National University of Singapore: 75.

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Even though the Hongwu Emperor may have meant for his descendants to be buried near his own Xiaoling Mausoleum (this was how the Hongwu Emperor's heir apparent,

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Francisco Balagtas and the roots of Filipino nationalism: life and times of the great Filipino poet and his legacy of literary excellence and political activism

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The Yongle Emperor followed traditional rituals closely and held many popular beliefs. He did not overindulge in the luxuries of palace life, but still used

1272:. During his reign, many Buddhist and Taoist temples were built. The Yongle Emperor sought to eradicate old Yuan influence from China; the use of popular 1960: 5081:. Contributor University of the Philippines. Institute of Public Administration. Institute of Public Administration, University of the Philippines. 1957 3662: 3658: 5168: 1429: 1423: 1240:

was buried), the Yongle Emperor's relocation of the capital to Beijing necessitated the creation of a new imperial burial ground. On the advice of

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Aside from the religious matter, the Yongle Emperor wished to establish an alliance with the Karmapa similar to the one the 13th- and 14th-century

769:, the first emperor of the Ming dynasty. According to surviving Ming historical records, Zhu Di's mother was the Hongwu Emperor's primary consort, 5595: 5293: 128: 5110:

Proceedings [of The] Second Biennial Conference, Held at Taiwan Provincial Museum, Taipei, Taiwan. Republic of China, October 6–9, 1962

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The Yongle Emperor is generally regarded to have had a lifelong pursuit of glory, power, and wealth. He respected and worked hard to preserve

1817:), Sumatra, and Brunei all established diplomatic relations with the Ming Empire and exchanged envoys and sent tribute to the Yongle Emperor. 1469:

was a significant source of difficulties during the Yongle Emperor's reign. In 1406, the emperor responded to several formal petitions from a

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L. Carrington Godrich, Chaoying Fang (editors), "Dictionary of Ming Biography, 1368–1644". Volume I (A–L). Columbia University Press, 1976.

1303:, a compilation of Chinese civilization. It was completed in 1408 and was the world's largest general encyclopedia until being surpassed by 1205:

who sent a memorandum to the Yongle Emperor protesting the current method of grain shipment, a request that the emperor ultimately granted.

5627: 3606: 2085: 261: 3334:. Translated by Geoff Wade. Singapore: Asia Research Institute and the Singapore E-Press, National University of Singapore. p. 1014 1518:

gave up the effort started by his grandfather and formally acknowledged Vietnam's independence on condition they accept vassal status.

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Mongol invaders were still causing many problems for the Ming Empire. The Yongle Emperor prepared to eliminate this threat. He mounted

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was set up along with the Nurkan (Nurgan) outposts by the Yongle emperor in 1409. The Ming also held the post at Wuliehe and received

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in 1856. As part of his continuing attempt to control the Confucian scholar-bureaucrats, the Yongle Emperor also greatly expanded the

4763:. Vol. 9 of EncyclopÆdia Britannica: A New Survey of Universal Knowledge. Contributor Walter Yust. EncyclopÆdia Britannica. 1954 1558:

As part of his desire to expand Chinese influence throughout the known world, the Yongle Emperor sponsored the massive and long term

4834:. Contributor National Economic Council (Philippines) (revised ed.). Republic of the Philippines, Department of Foreign Affairs 3830: 1110:

where he had his monastery rebuilt following severe damage from an earthquake. After the Karmapa's visit, Yongle styled himself a

5366: 1908: 3091: 5665: 3937:. Vol. 2 of Southeast Asia in the Age of Commerce, 1450–1680 (illustrated ed.). Yale University Press. p. 206. 1173:); the other was a far more laborious process of transferring the grain from large to small shallow barges (after passing the 5660: 5611: 4729: 1385: 1114:. A large amount of Tibetan Buddhist art was created in imperial workshops to demonstrate his authority and right to govern. 3633: 1134:. As a result, Zhu Gaoxu became infuriated and refused to give up jockeying for his father's favour and refusing to move to 663:). Zhu Di was a capable commander against the Mongols. He initially accepted his father's appointment of his eldest brother 5583: 5579: 5375: 5322: 3709: 3697: 1450: 1357: 637: 85: 1054: 888:) and that the Hongwu Emperor's dynastic instructions obliged him to rise in arms to remove them, a conflict known as the 5571: 2764: 1758: 1670: 4175:

Antonio, Eleanor D.; Dallo, Evangeline M.; Imperial, Consuelo M.; Samson, Maria Carmelita B.; Soriano, Celia D. (2007).

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Administrative divisions of the Ming dynasty during the Yongle Emperor (as of 1409); note that the exact nature of the

847:, Crown Prince Yiwen. He worried about his succession and issued a series of dynastic instructions for his family, the 1364: 5233: 5214: 4285: 4268: 4254: 3578: 3506: 3469: 3192: 3142: 1629:

The Chinese expeditions were a remarkable technical and logistical achievement. The Yongle Emperor's successors, the

1404: 1138:, where his princedom was located. He even went so far as to undermine Xie Jin's counsel and eventually killed him. 5575: 5567: 4935:. Contributors Manila (Philippines) University, University of Manila (revised ed.). University of Manila. 1959 1591: 3677:"Indigenous Diplomacy: Sakhalin Ainu (Enchiw) in the Shaping of Modern East Asia (Part 1: Traders and Travellers)" 1084:

on 10 April 1407 riding on an elephant towards the imperial palace, where tens of thousands of monks greeted him.

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Bronze statue of the Yongle Emperor. This is a replica of the original stone statue that was destroyed during the

813:. Similarly, when the Hongwu Emperor sent large forces to the north, they were not placed under Zhu Di's command. 5685: 5670: 3966: 3932: 3864: 1338: 797:

of Yuan, he found a city that had been devastated by famine and disease, but he worked with his father's general

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in place of his father's use of personal recommendation and appointment. These scholars completed the monumental

3898: 3017: 1602:, etc.). Seven expeditions were launched between 1405 and 1433, reaching major trade centres of Asia (as far as 1501:

was also forbidden, to make Vietnese culture conform more with that in the north. Various ancient sites such as

1371: 5690: 5680: 4139: 4111: 3976: 3942: 3908: 3840: 3806: 3772: 3643: 3616: 3280: 1991: 1342: 416: 3745: 3733: 3721: 1829: 773:, the view Zhu Di himself maintained. It is rumoured that Zhu Di's mother was one of his father's concubines. 5607: 3796: 1981: 1502: 1489: 552: 430: 256: 247: 861:

and, given that three of his sons were serving as hostages in the capital, the prince withdrew in disgrace.

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This article is about the Ming dynasty emperor. For other emperors who used an era name called Yongle, see

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put to death as the Yongle Emperor tried to suppress palace scandals according to disputed anecdotes in

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married Han Chinese Ming officials when the Ming took tribute from Sakhalin and the Amur river region.

874:"Weakening the Marcher Lords") made accommodation much more difficult, however: Zhu Di's full brother, 725: 4065: 3248: 4676:

Sperling, Elliot. "The 5th Karma-pa and some aspects of the relationship between Tibet and the early

4240: 4077: 2226: 1930: 1825: 1754: 1746: 1705: 207: 4915: 3762: 3451: 5559: 5426: 5416: 5280: 4717: 1470: 1260:, retained traditional ritual ceremonies, and respected the classical culture, overhauled numerous 1041: 3157: 5695: 5551: 3216: 1811: 1709: 1331: 38: 1122:

When it was time for him to choose an heir, the Yongle Emperor wished to choose his second son,

932: 908:. By 1402, he knew enough to be able to avoid the main hosts of the imperial army while sacking 5623: 5619: 5615: 5603: 5599: 5591: 5555: 5352: 3638:. Nippon Foundation (illustrated ed.). University of California Press. pp. 133, 134. 2220: 2045: 1287:; both survive. Repairs to mosques were encouraged and conversion to other uses was forbidden. 1201:) to the north each year, both processes became incredibly inefficient. It was a magistrate of 73: 3568: 3496: 3429: 3019:

Chronological handbook of the history of China: a manuscript left by the late Rev. Ernst Faber

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princess, which resulted in many of the eunuchs serving him being of Jurchen origin, notably

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in Nanjing by erecting a monumental "Square Pavilion" (Sifangcheng) with an eight-metre-tall

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in the region, headquartered at the place the Chinese called Telin (特林; now the village of

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as well as the death of their grandparents, parents, uncles and aunts, siblings by birth or

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Legitimating Usurpation: Historical Revisions under the Ming Yongle Emperor (r. 1402–1424)

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The Yongle Emperor was born Zhu Di on 2 May 1360, the fourth son of the new leader of the

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The Philippines since pre-Spanish times. v. 2. The Philippines since the British invasion

2611: 2070: 1936: 1587: 1485: 1446: 1299: 1158: 1154: 974: 905: 806: 770: 738: 717: 374: 31: 2961: 1488:. As the last remnants of the Trần royal family were all executed by the Ming including 5184: 5094: 5062: 5030: 4998: 4948: 4903: 4776: 4683: 3416: 3362: 3022:. Pub. by the General Evangelical Protestant missionary society of Germany. p. 196 1603: 1294: 1131: 986: 962: 680: 536: 528: 27: 405: 5700: 5472: 5229: 5210: 4725: 4637: 4453: 4425: 4397: 4281: 4264: 4250: 4182: 4135: 4107: 4004: 3972: 3938: 3904: 3870: 3836: 3802: 3768: 3639: 3612: 3574: 3540: 3502: 3465: 3424: 3420: 3276: 3188: 3138: 2853: 2151: 1107: 849: 729: 683:, Zhu Di survived the initial attacks on his princedom and drove south to launch the 498: 490: 230: 4812:

The Pageant of Philippine History: Political, Economic, and Socio-cultural, Volume 1

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The Yongle Emperor also worked to reclaim production rich regions such as the Lower

5462: 5452: 5432: 5326: 4692: 3611:(illustrated, reprint, revised ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 214. 3408: 2728: 1887: 1803: 1727: 1611: 1559: 1527: 1474: 1455: 1202: 1070: 889: 879: 822: 810: 801:– who was also his own father-in-law – to continue the pacification of the region. 712: 696: 691:. In 1402, he successfully overthrew his nephew and occupied the imperial capital, 684: 598: 575: 453: 4827: 5447: 5442: 5437: 5421: 5396: 5315: 5218: 5162: 5144: 5126: 5108: 5076: 5044: 5012: 4985:. Contributors University of Pangasinan, Dagupan Colleges. Dagupan Colleges. 1970 4980: 4962: 4930: 4885: 4867: 4848: 4829: 4810: 4791: 4758: 4740: 4700: 4659: 4631: 4612: 4593: 4574: 4555: 4536: 4517: 4500: 4494: 4475: 4447: 4419: 4391: 4372: 4353: 4334: 4315: 4296: 4223: 4204: 4176: 4157: 4129: 4101: 3534: 1774: 1532: 1291: 1273: 1230: 1225: 1147: 895:

In the first year, Zhu Di survived the initial assaults by superior forces under

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Southeast Asia in the Age of Commerce, 1450–1680: Expansion and crisis, Volume 2

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Due to Ming rule in Manchuria, Chinese cultural and religious influence such as

1016:("usurper") on the floor and that 872 other people were executed in the ordeal. 410:"Yongle Emperor" in traditional (top) and simplified (bottom) Chinese characters 152: 5467: 5411: 5406: 5391: 5344: 5336: 3676: 3635:

The Conquest of Ainu Lands: Ecology and Culture in Japanese Expansion,1590–1800

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The Chinese in the Philippines, 1898–1935: A Study of Their National Awakening

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The Natives of the Lower reaches of the Amur as Represented in Chinese Records

1217:

was finally completed and became the imperial capital for the next 500 years.

679:

mistreated by the Hongwu and Jianwen Emperors, who both favored the Confucian

5644: 5529: 5502: 5489: 5457: 5226:

When China Ruled the Seas: The Treasure Fleet of the Dragon Throne, 1405–1433

1899: 1814: 1731: 1626:

used were apparently the largest sail-powered wooden ships in human history.

1595: 1261: 1221: 1058: 991: 786: 778: 762: 656: 178: 2893:

When China Ruled The Seas: The Treasure Fleet of the Dragon Throne 1405–1433

1511: 1507: 5383: 5258: 4688: 4677: 2882:, 2d Series, Vol. 49, Livr. 3 (1961), pp. 115–148. Accessed 9 October 2012. 2742: 1788: 1750: 1739: 1678: 1583: 1433: 1269: 1265: 1257: 1182: 1111: 1096: 1028:

people. He was also concerned about the degeneration of Buddhism in China.

999: 990:

records insubordinate officers being threatened with it as far back as the

896: 782: 728:, considered one of the wonders of the world before its destruction by the 648: 605: 545: 460: 384: 354: 342: 156: 5017:. Contributor University of the Philippines. College of Liberal Arts. 1959 3801:(illustrated ed.). University of the Philippines Press. p. 476. 3608:

A History of the Peoples of Siberia: Russia's North Asian Colony 1581–1990

1594:). The expeditions were under the command of Zheng He and his associates ( 1073:, to visit the imperial capital – apparently after having a vision of the 5524: 5497: 4846: 3903:(illustrated, reprint ed.). University of Hawaii Press. p. 26. 3412: 2232: 1849: 1770: 1762: 1735: 1674: 1607: 1575: 1186: 1074: 1007: 900: 307: 5046:

Philippine Social Sciences and Humanities Reviews, Volume 24, Issues 1–2

4261:

The Dance of 17 Lives: The Incredible True Story of Tibet's 17th Karmapa

2962:

Examination of China's Death Penalty: Torture from the Time of the Ming"

1586:

or earlier). The first expedition was launched in 1405 (18 years before

1220:

The Yongle Emperor finalised the architectural ensemble of his father's

5508: 5243: 3366: 3275:

Maspero, G., 2002, The Champa Kingdom, Bangkok: White Lotus Co., Ltd.,

2875: 1987: 1848:

On 1 April 1424, the Yongle Emperor launched a large campaign into the

1666: 1650: 1245: 1174: 1166: 864:

The Jianwen Emperor's harsh campaign against his weaker uncles (dubbed

858: 746: 252: 193: 4742:

Encyclopædia Britannica: a new survey of universal knowledge, Volume 9

1840: 1692:, who intended to invade China, relations between the Ming Empire and 5535: 5519: 5513: 4477:

Moro Archives: A History of Armed Conflicts in Mindanao and East Asia

3900:

Sojourners and Settlers: Histories of Southeast China and the Chinese

1977: 1895: 1712:, recorded detailed accounts of their visits to each other's states. 1697: 1304: 1123: 794: 652: 507: 243: 4850:

The Annals of Philippine Chinese Historical Association, Volumes 5-8

1320: 998:

had fully restored the practice, punishing rebels and traitors with

4301:. Institute of Public Administration, University of the Philippines 1799: 1792: 1599: 1563: 1521: 1493: 1482: 1478: 1284: 1241: 1237: 1178: 1106:

Deshin Shekpa left Nanjing on 17 May 1408. In 1410, he returned to

1092:

was one of the objects given to the Karmapa by the Yongle Emperor.

1020: 917: 844: 708: 664: 514: 659:

in May 1370, with the capital of his princedom at Beiping (modern

4225:

Origin of Far Eastern Civilizations: A Brief Handbook, Issues 1–7

4023: 3137:, 南京大学出版社 (Nanjing University Press), pp. 595–599, 616–617, 2284: 1878: 1870: 1787:

with them. The Ming system on Sakhalin was imitated by the Qing.

1720: 1662: 1654: 1641:

On 30 January 1406, the Yongle Emperor expressed horror when the

1619: 1541: 1537: 1466: 1459: 1280: 1100: 1081: 1036: 969: 835:

that the Yongle Emperor ordered to be made for his father in 1405

790: 692: 688: 660: 349: 337: 160: 781:, a location important for being both the former capital of the 5014:

Philippine Social Sciences and Humanities Review, Volumes 24–25

1853: 1778: 1571: 1567: 1545: 1170: 1135: 966:

to eunuchs settling scores with the two prior administrations.

913: 909: 875: 700: 676: 77: 4932:

University of Manila Journal of East Asiatic Studies, Volume 7

4695:, pp. 283–284. (1979). Vikas Publishing house, New Delhi. 4396:(illustrated ed.). Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. 4246:

The Confusions of Pleasure: Commerce and Culture in Ming China

4228:. Contributor Smithsonian Institution. Smithsonian Institution 4209:. Contributor Smithsonian Institution. Smithsonian Institution 4159:

Political and Cultural History of the Philippines, Volumes 1–2

3798:

Southeast Asian Archaeology: Wilhelm G. Solheim II Festschrift

1963:(1379 – 22 April 1444), personal name Yuegui, second daughter 1798:

The Yongle Emperor instituted a Ming governor on Luzon during

789:, a successor state to the Yuan dynasty. When Zhu Di moved to 4573:

Panganiban, José Villa; Panganiban, Consuelo Torres- (1962).

2850:

The Legitimation of New Orders: Case Studies in World History

1766: 1701: 1689: 1579: 1550: 1256:

The Yongle Emperor was a Chinese traditionalist. He promoted

1198: 1141: 1066: 798: 720:

and, between 1406 and 1420, directed the construction of the

672: 557: 4554:

Panganiban, José Villa; Panganiban, Consuelo Torres (1965).

3332:"Southeast Asia in the Ming Shi-lu: an open access resource" 3296:. Beijing: Emperor Gaozong of the Qing dynasty. p. 695. 1185:

before finally reaching Beijing. With the necessary tribute

632:(2 May 1360 – 12 August 1424), personal name 4828:

Philippines (Republic). Office of Cultural Affairs (1965).

3379: 3184:

Muslim Chinese: ethnic nationalism in the People's Republic

2064: 1615: 733: 4263:, p. 34. Bloomsbury Publishing, New York and London. 4174: 3300: 4522:. Contributor Henry Otley Beyer. Filipiniana Publications 1685:

Emperors, the last one visiting the region in the 1430s.

533: 519: 3897:

Reid, Anthony; Alilunas-Rodgers, Kristine, eds. (1996).

707:

authority to the eunuch secret police. One favorite was

695:, after which he was proclaimed emperor and adopted the 4496:

Chinese participation in Philippine culture and economy

4003:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 23, 51–53, 203. 3866:

The Pilgrim Art: Cultures of Porcelain in World History

3265:. Vol. 18 (15th ed.). 2007. pp. 257–286. 3092:"Rubin Museum's Faith and Empire: Tibetan Buddhist Art" 1749:, Ainu and Nivkh of Sakhalin became tributaries to the 2157:

Consort Kangjingzhuanghehui, of the Korean Choi clan (

1181:), then transferred back to large river barges on the 1080:. After a very long journey, Deshin Shekpa arrived in 4332: 3971:. Vol. 3 of Al-Hind Series. Brill. p. 238. 3312: 2088:(18 January 1392 – January/February 1392), fourth son 1566:. While Chinese ships continued travelling to Japan, 878:, Prince of Zhou, was arrested and exiled to Yunnan; 610: 495: 479: 465: 4661:

Seven Thousand Islands: The Story of the Philippines

4572: 4553: 3896: 3756: 3754: 3566: 3494: 2793:

This temple name was conferred by the Hongxi Emperor

2718: 1462:(northern Vietnam) when it was under Ming occupation 809:

was won not by Zhu Di but by his brother's partisan

4393:

Connecting and Distancing: Southeast Asia and China

4001:

Ming China and its Allies: Imperial Rule in Eurasia

3795:Paz, Victor; Solheim, II, Wilhelm G., eds. (2004). 3536:

Chinese eunuchs: the structure of intimate politics

3159:

China archaeology and art digest, Volume 3, Issue 4

2802:

This temple name was changed by the Jiajing Emperor

1948:) in 1395, and had issue (one son, three daughters) 1345:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 5228:, Oxford University Press, 1997, trade paperback, 5169:International Institute of Differing Civilizations 4847:Philippine Chinese Historical Association (1975). 4100:Agoncillo, Teodoro A.; Guerrero, Milagros (1975). 1939:(1377–1417), personal name Yuying, first daughter 1933:, of the Xu clan (1362–1407), personal name Yihua 1130:), as his heir apparent mainly due to advice from 950:Portraits of Emperor Yongle and Empress Renxiaowen 4890:. Contributor Philippine Information Agency. 1955 4421:In Our Image: America's Empire in the Philippines 4099: 3751: 3746:"Philippine Almanac & Handbook of Facts" 1977 3573:(illustrated ed.). SUNY Press. p. 129. 3501:(illustrated ed.). SUNY Press. p. 129. 1430:five military expeditions into the Mongol steppes 1276:, habits, language, and clothing were forbidden. 765:, who led these rebels to success and became the 5642: 5374: 5167:. Contributor International Colonial Institute. 3767:. Central Bank of the Philippines. p. 107. 3532: 1522:Diplomatic missions and exploration of the world 26:"Zhu Di" redirects here. For the scientist, see 4865: 4629: 4538:Islands of Pleasure: A Guide to the Philippines 3214: 3051:"Use this image 20263001 | British Museum" 2023:; 1385 – 27 July 1440), personal name Zhiming ( 1984:(30 December 1380 – 6 October 1426), second son 1544:, being presented to the Yongle Emperor by the 1157:and called for a massive reconstruction of the 3835:(illustrated ed.). ABC-CLIO. p. 16. 3794: 3180: 3135:南京明清建筑 (Ming and Qing architecture of Nanjing) 3133:Yang, Xinhua (杨新华); Lu, Haiming (卢海鸣) (2001), 3110: 3108: 2870: 2868: 2866: 2111:Consort Gongherongshunxian, of the Wang clan ( 2102:Consort Duanjinggonghuishu, of the Yang clan ( 1820:The Yongle Emperor exchanged ambassadors with 1424:Yongle Emperor's campaigns against the Mongols 1279:The Yongle Emperor sponsored a mosque each in 5360: 4614:The Philippines: A Young Republic on the Move 3674: 3382:The Shorter Science and Civilisation in China 3378:Based on descriptions of the coast from 860. 3001: 2995: 2983: 2965: 2943: 2933: 2915: 2905: 2895:, p. 59. Oxford Univ. Press (New York), 1994. 2278: 2269: 2257: 2248: 2239: 2212: 2203: 2194: 2185: 2176: 2167: 2158: 2139: 2138:Consort Huimuzhaojingshun, of the Qian clan ( 2130: 2129:Consort Zhaohuigongyishun, of the Wang clan ( 2121: 2120:Consort Zhaosujinghuixian, of the Wang clan ( 2112: 2103: 2094: 2077: 2052: 2033: 2024: 2018: 2007: 1998: 1994:(19 January 1383 – 5 October 1431), third son 1967: 1943: 1857: 1548:ruler in 1414, and taken to be an auspicious 1011: 883: 865: 711:, who employed his authority to launch major 580: 435: 421: 323: 315: 297: 281: 52: 5207:Perpetual Happiness: The Ming Emperor Yongle 4249:. Berkeley: University of California Press. 2093:Consort Gongshunrongmuli, of the Chen clan ( 2003:; 1384 – 16 September 1443), third daughter 1146:After the Yongle Emperor's overthrow of the 843:was long-lived and outlived his first heir, 4630:Sevilla, Fred; Balagtas, Francisco (1997). 4576:A Survey of the Literature of the Filipinos 4274: 4181:(unabridged ed.). Rex Bookstore, Inc. 3764:Kayamanan: The Philippine Jewelry Tradition 3306: 3105: 3015: 2863: 2038:; d. 1449) in 1403, and had issue (one son) 1715:One of the Yongle Emperor's consorts was a 1417: 5367: 5353: 5146:Philippine Almanac & Handbook of Facts 4887:The Philippines: A Handbook of Information 4831:The Philippines: a Handbook of Information 4370: 4275:Cordier, Henri; Yule, Henry, eds. (1993). 3832:The Philippines: A Global Studies Handbook 3241:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 2287:, on 20 June 1403, and had issue (one son) 1828:to Samarkand and Herat, and Shahrukh sent 1251: 1142:National economy and construction projects 404: 62: 5078:Studies in Public Administration, Issue 4 4610: 4557:The literature of the Pilipinos: a survey 4424:(unabridged ed.). Random House LLC. 4127: 3968:Indo-Islamic society: 14th–15th centuries 3675:Morris-Suzuki, Tessa (15 November 2020). 3428: 3352: 3187:. Harvard Univ Asia Center. p. 269. 2202:Consort Zhenjingshun, of the Zhang clan ( 2076:Consort Kangmuyigonghui, of the Wu clan ( 2051:Noble Consort Zhaoyi, of the Zhang clan ( 1957:(16 August 1378 – 29 May 1425), first son 1942:Married Yuan Rong, Marquis of Guangping ( 1405:Learn how and when to remove this message 1055:sent messages, gifts, and envoys to Tibet 302:): 23 January 1403 – 19 January 1425 5209:, University of Washington Press, 2002. 4869:Biennial Conference Proceedings, Issue 1 4534: 4313: 3998: 3760: 1877: 1869: 1839: 1769:and Nivkh in the 15th century after the 1531: 1454: 1035: 968: 826: 4657: 4591: 4445: 4351: 4333:Del Castillo y Tuazon, Antonio (1988). 3604: 3269: 3217:"Yongle dadian (Chinese encyclopaedia)" 2840: 2838: 2836: 2834: 2832: 2830: 2828: 2826: 2824: 2274:; 1387 – 5 April 1408), fifth daughter 1909:Veritable Records of the Joseon Dynasty 1048: 956: 222: 1376; died 1407) 5643: 4716: 4515: 4473: 4417: 4294: 4221: 4202: 3862: 3631: 3380:Ronan, Colin; Needham, Joseph (1986), 3318: 3132: 2519: 2515: 2505: 2410: 2309: 2305: 2032:Married Song Ying, Marquis of Xining ( 1440: 703:", which means "perpetual happiness". 535: 497: 5348: 4808: 4789: 3828: 3681:Japan Focus: The Asia-Pacific Journal 3162:. Art Text (HK) Ltd. 2000. p. 29 2671: 2668: 2658: 2646: 2636: 2632: 2628: 2616: 2610: 2600: 2588: 2578: 2574: 2562: 2559: 2549: 2537: 2527: 2523: 2502: 2492: 2480: 2470: 2466: 2454: 2451: 2441: 2428: 2418: 2414: 2398: 2392: 2382: 2369: 2359: 2355: 2343: 2340: 2330: 2317: 2313: 2211:Consort Shun, of the Korean Im clan ( 2175:Consort Zhaoshunde, of the Liu clan ( 2166:Consort Anshunhui, of the Long clan ( 1924: 1310: 980:Chinese law had long allowed for the 177:Yumuchuan, Ming dynasty (present-day 4738: 4492: 4371:Fitzgerald, Charles Patrick (1966). 4155: 3964: 3930: 3479: 3406: 2821: 2235:, of the Korean Yeo clan (1393–1413) 2223:, of the Korean Hwang clan (d. 1421) 2193:Consort Huimushun, of the Guo clan ( 2184:Consort Kangyishun, of the Li clan ( 2006:Married Song Hu, Marquis of Xining ( 1966:Married Li Rang, Marquis of Fuyang ( 1862:), a location northwest of Beijing. 1451:Fourth Chinese domination of Vietnam 1343:adding citations to reliable sources 1314: 1117: 785:and the frontline of battle against 4872:. Philippine Historical Association 4698: 4516:Manuel, Esperidion Arsenio (1948). 4449:Peoples of the Philippines, Issue 4 4355:Mask of Asia: The Philippines Today 4162:(revised ed.). Alip & Sons 3458: 3346: 2912:A Short History of the Ming Dynasty 2765:Chinese emperors family tree (late) 2277:Married Mu Xin, Marquis of Xiping ( 2238:Beauty Gongrong, of the Wang clan ( 2229:, of the Korean Yi clan (1392–1421) 1890:by designing monuments such as the 1759:Nurgan Regional Military Commission 1671:Nurgan Regional Military Commission 1649:In 1411, a smaller fleet, built in 13: 5199: 4389: 4298:The bureaucracy in the Philippines 3291: 3261:"Encyclopedias and Dictionaries". 3208: 2852:. Chinese University Press, 2007. 2012:) in 1402, and had issue (one son) 1972:) in 1395, and had issue (one son) 1882:The Yongle Bell, cast in the 1420s 724:. He was also responsible for the 14: 5717: 4982:The Researcher, Volume 2, Issue 2 4967:. University of Santo Tomás. 1957 4760:Encyclopædia Britannica, Volume 9 4705:. R. P. Garcia Publishing Company 4595:Philippine Cartography, 1320–1899 4493:Liao, Shubert S. C., ed. (1964). 4446:Krieger, Herbert William (1942). 4320:(2 ed.). National Book Store 4134:. Inang Wika Publishing Company. 2991:An Exploration of Comparative Law 1233:, where they remain to this day. 1177:and having to cross southwestern 643:Zhu Di was the fourth son of the 4579:(4 ed.). Limbagang Pilipino 4560:(5 ed.). Limbagang Pilipino 2876:Eunuch Power in the Ming Dynasty 2749: 2735: 2721: 2283:; 1386–1453), the fourth son of 2247:Beauty Jinghui, of the Lu clan ( 1653:and commanded by another eunuch 1432:and crushed the remnants of the 1319: 940: 931: 816: 4474:Lucman, Norodin Alonto (2000). 4314:Demetrio, Francisco R. (1981). 4070: 4059: 4046: 4033: 4017: 3992: 3958: 3924: 3890: 3856: 3822: 3788: 3739: 3727: 3715: 3703: 3691: 3668: 3652: 3625: 3598: 3570:The eunuchs in the Ming dynasty 3560: 3526: 3498:The eunuchs in the Ming dynasty 3488: 3400: 3388: 3372: 3324: 3285: 3254: 3174: 3150: 3126: 3117: 3084: 3075: 3066: 3057: 3043: 3034: 3009: 1916:, freed most of the survivors. 1669:. The expedition established a 1473:claiming to be a member of the 1330:needs additional citations for 1099:khans had established with the 687:against the Jianwen Emperor in 558: 534: 520: 219: 16:3rd emperor of the Ming dynasty 4815:. Philippine Education Company 4724:. Cambridge University Press. 4374:A concise history of East Asia 4317:Myths and Symbols: Philippines 4128:Agoncillo, Teodoro A. (1962). 4106:(4th ed.). R. P. Garcia. 4103:History of the Filipino People 3539:. C.E. Tuttle Co. p. 54. 3221:Encyclopædia Britannica Online 2976: 2967:《中国死刑观察 – 明初酷刑》 2954: 2926: 2898: 2885: 2796: 2787: 1755:Manchuria came under Ming rule 1262:Taoist temples and monasteries 640:, reigning from 1402 to 1424. 611: 581: 496: 480: 466: 436: 422: 1: 5666:15th-century Chinese monarchs 5596:5 Dynasties & 10 Kingdoms 5244:Veritable Records of the Ming 4964:Unitas, Volume 30, Issues 1–2 4682:Tibetan Studies in Honour of 4535:Ostelius, Hans Arvid (1963). 4222:Bishop, Carl Whiting (1942). 4203:Bishop, Carl Whiting (1942). 3567:Shih-shan Henry Tsai (1996). 3495:Shih-shan Henry Tsai (1996). 2809: 2071:Consort Zhongjingzhaoshunxian 1898:style of government set up a 1810:States in Luzon, Sulu (under 95:17 July 1402 – 12 August 1424 5661:Emperors of the Ming dynasty 5376:Emperors of the Ming dynasty 4390:Ho, Khai Leong, ed. (2009). 4156:Alip, Eufronio Melo (1954). 4078:"Forbidden scandal in China" 3249:Encyclopædia Britannica Inc. 2940:Major Events in Ming History 2814: 2048:, of the Wang clan (d. 1420) 1852:to chase an army of fleeing 1053:In 1403, the Yongle Emperor 7: 5323:Emperor of the Ming dynasty 4809:Zaide, Gregorio F. (1979). 4790:Zaide, Gregorio F. (1957). 4722:A History of the Vietnamese 4339:. A. del. Castillo y Tuazon 3761:Villegas, Ramón N. (1983). 3000:). China Legal Publishing ( 2860:. Accessed 12 October 2012. 2714: 2295: 1618:) and northeastern Africa ( 984:along with principals: The 734:imperial examination system 638:emperor of the Ming dynasty 86:Emperor of the Ming dynasty 10: 5722: 4739:Yust, Walter, ed. (1949). 4658:Spencer, Cornelia (1951). 4611:Ravenholt, Albert (1962). 4295:Corpuz, Onofre D. (1957). 4092: 3384:, vol. 3, p. 133 2770:Ming dynasty in Inner Asia 2517: 2503:Yongle Emperor (1360–1424) 2404: 2307: 2148:Consort Kanghuizhuangshuli 2073:, of the Yu clan (d. 1421) 1892:Porcelain Tower of Nanjing 1525: 1444: 1421: 820: 749:located north of Beijing. 726:Porcelain Tower of Nanjing 36: 30:. For the footballer, see 25: 18: 5676:Chinese Buddhist monarchs 5545: 5488: 5479: 5382: 5333: 5320: 5312: 5307: 5291: 5286: 5279: 5252: 4745:. Encyclopædia Britannica 4499:. Bookman. Archived from 4178:Turning Points I' 2007 Ed 3632:Walker, Brett L. (2001). 3533:Taisuke Mitamura (1970). 3485:Tsai (2002), pp. 158–159. 3002: 2996: 2984: 2966: 2944: 2934: 2916: 2906: 2652: 2634: 2630: 2622: 2594: 2576: 2568: 2543: 2525: 2521: 2486: 2468: 2460: 2435: 2416: 2412: 2376: 2357: 2349: 2324: 2311: 2279: 2270: 2258: 2249: 2240: 2233:Lady of Handsome Fairness 2227:Lady of Bright Deportment 2213: 2204: 2195: 2186: 2177: 2168: 2159: 2140: 2131: 2122: 2113: 2104: 2095: 2078: 2053: 2034: 2025: 2019: 2008: 1999: 1968: 1944: 1919: 1865: 1858: 1747:Manchuria under Yuan rule 1012: 884: 866: 831:The abandoned base for a 622: 604: 597: 592: 588: 574: 569: 551: 544: 527: 513: 506: 489: 473: 459: 452: 447: 443: 429: 415: 403: 399: 394: 380: 370: 360: 348: 336: 324: 316: 313: 306: 298: 295: 290: 282: 279: 274: 270: 229: 201: 185: 167: 146: 142: 138:2 May 1370 – 17 July 1402 134: 127: 117: 107: 99: 91: 84: 61: 53: 48: 4866:IAHA Conference (1962). 4699:Tan, Antonio S. (1972). 4592:Quirino, Carlos (1963). 4418:Karnow, Stanley (2010). 4352:Farwell, George (1967). 3999:Robinson, David (2020). 3829:Woods, Damon L. (2006). 3215:Kathleen Kuiper (2006). 2780: 2452:Empress Chun (1286–1344) 2152:Korean Cheongju Han clan 1835: 1418:Wars against the Mongols 1031: 1000:death by a thousand cuts 752: 667:and then Zhu Biao's son 417:Traditional Chinese 181:, Inner Mongolia, China) 19:Not to be confused with 5205:Tsai, Shih-Shan Henry, 4636:. Trademark Pub. Corp. 4598:(2 ed.). N. Israel 4280:. Courier Corporation. 4066:建文帝出亡宁德之谜揭秘八：建文帝出亡闽东金邶寺 3863:Finlay, Robert (2010). 3605:Forsyth, James (1994). 3307:Cordier & Yule 1993 3263:Encyclopædia Britannica 3181:Dru C. Gladney (1996). 2341:Zhu Shizhen (1281–1344) 1708:, and his counterpart, 1252:Religion and philosophy 431:Simplified Chinese 291:Era name and dates 39:Yongle (disambiguation) 5686:Chinese encyclopedists 5671:Ming dynasty Buddhists 5302:Merged into the Crown 5189:: CS1 maint: others ( 5099:: CS1 maint: others ( 5067:: CS1 maint: others ( 5035:: CS1 maint: others ( 5003:: CS1 maint: others ( 4953:: CS1 maint: others ( 4781:: CS1 maint: others ( 4541:. G. Allen & Unwin 4206:War Background Studies 3931:Reid, Anthony (1993). 3446:Cite journal requires 2046:Noble Consort Zhaoxian 1883: 1875: 1845: 1830:Ghiyāth al-dīn Naqqāsh 1555: 1463: 1045: 977: 836: 713:voyages of exploration 74:National Palace Museum 5691:Generals from Jiangsu 5681:Ming dynasty generals 4259:Brown, Mick. (2004). 2874:Crawford, Robert B. " 2429:Lord Chen (1235–1334) 1912:. His successor, the 1881: 1873: 1843: 1535: 1458: 1039: 982:execution of families 972: 830: 647:, the founder of the 192:Changling Mausoleum, 68:Palace portrait on a 3965:Wink, André (2004). 3413:10.2139/ssrn.1317152 3016:Ernst Faber (1902). 2268:Princess Changning ( 2061:Consort Gongxianxian 1807:the Yongle Emperor. 1710:Ghiyasu'd-Din Naqqah 1592:voyages of discovery 1339:improve this article 1049:Relations with Tibet 1042:Ming–Tibet relations 957:Becoming the emperor 807:victory at Buir Lake 759:Red Turban Rebellion 651:. He was originally 5706:People from Nanjing 4921:CS1 maint: others ( 3395:National Geographic 3223:. Chicago, Illinois 2960:Chinamonitor.org. " 2154:(d. 12 August 1424) 2029:), fourth daughter 2017:Princess Xianning ( 1992:Prince Jian of Zhao 1874:The Porcelain Tower 1688:After the death of 1588:Henry the Navigator 1441:Conquest of Vietnam 1300:Yongle Encyclopedia 1165:, from the port of 1112:Buddhist sage ruler 975:Cultural Revolution 963:scholar-bureaucrats 739:Yongle Encyclopedia 681:scholar-bureaucrats 257:Prince Jian of Zhao 153:Yingtian Prefecture 32:Zhu Di (footballer) 4853:(revised ed.) 4503:on 9 November 2006 4131:Philippine History 4084:. 22 October 2012. 3063:Sperling, 283–284. 2891:Levathes, Louise. 2256:Beauty Zhuanghui ( 1997:Princess Ancheng ( 1931:Empress Renxiaowen 1925:Consorts and issue 1884: 1876: 1846: 1661:, sailed down the 1556: 1540:, originally from 1510:, who founded the 1486:to conquer Vietnam 1464: 1311:Military campaigns 1222:Xiaoling Mausoleum 1046: 987:Classic of History 978: 837: 742:during his reign. 328:) (commonly known) 208:Empress Renxiaowen 28:Zhu Di (scientist) 5638: 5637: 5343: 5342: 5334:Succeeded by 5224:Louise Levathes, 4731:978-0-521-87586-8 3357:, Second Series, 3237:cite encyclopedia 2711: 2710: 2612:Empress Xiaocigao 1961:Princess Yongping 1784:Maritime Province 1624:Some of the ships 1590:began Portugal's 1415: 1414: 1407: 1389: 1118:Selecting an heir 873: 850:Huang Ming Zu Xun 626: 625: 618: 617: 599:Standard Mandarin 565: 564: 454:Standard Mandarin 390: 389: 375:Empress Xiaocigao 332: 331: 5713: 5514:Prince of Lu (魯) 5503:Prince of Lu (潞) 5483: 5369: 5362: 5355: 5346: 5345: 5327:Emperor of China 5313:Preceded by 5275: 5268: 5250: 5249: 5221:on Google Books. 5194: 5188: 5180: 5178: 5176: 5158: 5156: 5154: 5140: 5138: 5136: 5122: 5120: 5118: 5113:. Tʻai-pei. 1963 5104: 5098: 5090: 5088: 5086: 5072: 5066: 5058: 5056: 5054: 5040: 5034: 5026: 5024: 5022: 5008: 5002: 4994: 4992: 4990: 4976: 4974: 4972: 4958: 4952: 4944: 4942: 4940: 4926: 4919: 4913: 4909: 4907: 4899: 4897: 4895: 4881: 4879: 4877: 4862: 4860: 4858: 4843: 4841: 4839: 4824: 4822: 4820: 4805: 4803: 4801: 4786: 4780: 4772: 4770: 4768: 4754: 4752: 4750: 4735: 4714: 4712: 4710: 4693:Aung San Suu Kyi 4673: 4671: 4669: 4654: 4652: 4650: 4626: 4624: 4622: 4607: 4605: 4603: 4588: 4586: 4584: 4569: 4567: 4565: 4550: 4548: 4546: 4531: 4529: 4527: 4512: 4510: 4508: 4489: 4487: 4485: 4470: 4468: 4466: 4442: 4440: 4438: 4414: 4412: 4410: 4386: 4384: 4382: 4367: 4365: 4363: 4348: 4346: 4344: 4329: 4327: 4325: 4310: 4308: 4306: 4291: 4237: 4235: 4233: 4218: 4216: 4214: 4199: 4197: 4195: 4171: 4169: 4167: 4152: 4150: 4148: 4124: 4122: 4120: 4086: 4085: 4074: 4068: 4063: 4057: 4050: 4044: 4037: 4031: 4021: 4015: 4014: 3996: 3990: 3989: 3987: 3985: 3962: 3956: 3955: 3953: 3951: 3928: 3922: 3921: 3919: 3917: 3894: 3888: 3887: 3885: 3883: 3860: 3854: 3853: 3851: 3849: 3826: 3820: 3819: 3817: 3815: 3792: 3786: 3785: 3783: 3781: 3758: 3749: 3743: 3737: 3731: 3725: 3719: 3713: 3707: 3701: 3695: 3689: 3688: 3672: 3666: 3656: 3650: 3649: 3629: 3623: 3622: 3602: 3596: 3595: 3589: 3587: 3564: 3558: 3557: 3555: 3553: 3530: 3524: 3523: 3517: 3515: 3492: 3486: 3483: 3477: 3462: 3456: 3455: 3449: 3444: 3442: 3434: 3432: 3404: 3398: 3392: 3386: 3385: 3376: 3370: 3369: 3350: 3344: 3343: 3341: 3339: 3328: 3322: 3316: 3310: 3304: 3298: 3297: 3292:Ji, Yun (1781). 3289: 3283: 3273: 3267: 3266: 3258: 3252: 3246: 3240: 3232: 3230: 3228: 3212: 3206: 3205: 3203: 3201: 3178: 3172: 3171: 3169: 3167: 3154: 3148: 3147: 3130: 3124: 3121: 3115: 3112: 3103: 3102: 3100: 3098: 3088: 3082: 3079: 3073: 3070: 3064: 3061: 3055: 3054: 3047: 3041: 3038: 3032: 3031: 3029: 3027: 3013: 3007: 3005: 3004: 2999: 2998: 2987: 2986: 2980: 2974: 2973: 2969: 2968: 2958: 2952: 2951: 2947: 2946: 2937: 2936: 2930: 2924: 2923: 2919: 2918: 2909: 2908: 2902: 2896: 2889: 2883: 2872: 2861: 2842: 2803: 2800: 2794: 2791: 2759: 2754: 2753: 2752: 2745: 2740: 2739: 2738: 2731: 2729:Biography portal 2726: 2725: 2724: 2301: 2300: 2282: 2281: 2273: 2272: 2261: 2260: 2252: 2251: 2243: 2242: 2216: 2215: 2207: 2206: 2198: 2197: 2189: 2188: 2180: 2179: 2171: 2170: 2162: 2161: 2143: 2142: 2134: 2133: 2125: 2124: 2116: 2115: 2107: 2106: 2098: 2097: 2081: 2080: 2067:clan (1391–1410) 2063:, of the Korean 2056: 2055: 2037: 2036: 2028: 2027: 2022: 2021: 2011: 2010: 2002: 2001: 1971: 1970: 1953:Zhu Gaochi, the 1947: 1946: 1937:Princess Yong'an 1861: 1860: 1728:Chinese New Year 1560:treasure voyages 1528:Treasure voyages 1503:Báo Thiên Pagoda 1499:teeth blackening 1410: 1403: 1399: 1396: 1390: 1388: 1354:"Yongle Emperor" 1347: 1323: 1315: 1290:He commissioned 1203:Jining, Shandong 1189:of four million 1071:Tibetan Buddhism 1015: 1014: 944: 935: 890:Jingnan campaign 887: 886: 871: 869: 868: 823:Jingnan campaign 685:Jingnan campaign 636:, was the third 614: 613: 590: 589: 584: 583: 561: 560: 540: 539: 538: 523: 522: 502: 501: 500: 485: 484: 483: 469: 468: 445: 444: 439: 438: 425: 424: 408: 392: 391: 327: 326: 319: 318: 301: 300: 285: 284: 272: 271: 223: 221: 174: 66: 57: 56: 55: 46: 45: 5721: 5720: 5716: 5715: 5714: 5712: 5711: 5710: 5641: 5640: 5639: 5634: 5541: 5484: 5481: 5477: 5378: 5373: 5339: 5330: 5325: 5318: 5316:Jianwen Emperor 5297: 5281:Chinese royalty 5269: 5263: 5262: 5255: 5254:Yongle Emperor 5202: 5200:Further reading 5197: 5182: 5181: 5174: 5172: 5161: 5152: 5150: 5143: 5134: 5132: 5125: 5116: 5114: 5107: 5092: 5091: 5084: 5082: 5075: 5060: 5059: 5052: 5050: 5043: 5028: 5027: 5020: 5018: 5011: 4996: 4995: 4988: 4986: 4979: 4970: 4968: 4961: 4946: 4945: 4938: 4936: 4929: 4920: 4911: 4910: 4901: 4900: 4893: 4891: 4884: 4875: 4873: 4856: 4854: 4837: 4835: 4818: 4816: 4799: 4797: 4774: 4773: 4766: 4764: 4757: 4748: 4746: 4732: 4708: 4706: 4684:Hugh Richardson 4667: 4665: 4664:. Aladdin Books 4648: 4646: 4644: 4620: 4618: 4601: 4599: 4582: 4580: 4563: 4561: 4544: 4542: 4525: 4523: 4506: 4504: 4483: 4481: 4464: 4462: 4460: 4436: 4434: 4432: 4408: 4406: 4404: 4380: 4378: 4361: 4359: 4342: 4340: 4323: 4321: 4304: 4302: 4288: 4231: 4229: 4212: 4210: 4193: 4191: 4189: 4165: 4163: 4146: 4144: 4142: 4118: 4116: 4114: 4095: 4090: 4089: 4076: 4075: 4071: 4064: 4060: 4051: 4047: 4038: 4034: 4022: 4018: 4011: 3997: 3993: 3983: 3981: 3979: 3963: 3959: 3949: 3947: 3945: 3929: 3925: 3915: 3913: 3911: 3895: 3891: 3881: 3879: 3877: 3861: 3857: 3847: 3845: 3843: 3827: 3823: 3813: 3811: 3809: 3793: 3789: 3779: 3777: 3775: 3759: 3752: 3744: 3740: 3732: 3728: 3720: 3716: 3708: 3704: 3696: 3692: 3673: 3669: 3657: 3653: 3646: 3630: 3626: 3619: 3603: 3599: 3585: 3583: 3581: 3565: 3561: 3551: 3549: 3547: 3531: 3527: 3513: 3511: 3509: 3493: 3489: 3484: 3480: 3463: 3459: 3447: 3445: 3436: 3435: 3405: 3401: 3393: 3389: 3377: 3373: 3351: 3347: 3337: 3335: 3330: 3329: 3325: 3317: 3313: 3305: 3301: 3290: 3286: 3274: 3270: 3260: 3259: 3255: 3234: 3233: 3226: 3224: 3213: 3209: 3199: 3197: 3195: 3179: 3175: 3165: 3163: 3156: 3155: 3151: 3145: 3131: 3127: 3122: 3118: 3113: 3106: 3096: 3094: 3090: 3089: 3085: 3080: 3076: 3071: 3067: 3062: 3058: 3049: 3048: 3044: 3039: 3035: 3025: 3023: 3014: 3010: 2981: 2977: 2971: 2959: 2955: 2949: 2931: 2927: 2921: 2903: 2899: 2890: 2886: 2873: 2864: 2844:Chan Hok-lam. " 2843: 2822: 2817: 2812: 2807: 2806: 2801: 2797: 2792: 2788: 2783: 2755: 2750: 2748: 2741: 2736: 2734: 2727: 2722: 2720: 2717: 2712: 2298: 1927: 1922: 1888:Chinese culture 1868: 1838: 1775:Yongning Temple 1757:as part of the 1753:of China after 1562:led by admiral 1530: 1524: 1453: 1445:Main articles: 1443: 1426: 1420: 1411: 1400: 1394: 1391: 1348: 1346: 1336: 1324: 1313: 1292:Grand Secretary 1254: 1231:Yangshan Quarry 1187:grain shipments 1148:Jianwen Emperor 1144: 1136:Yunnan Province 1120: 1051: 1034: 959: 954: 953: 952: 951: 947: 946: 945: 937: 936: 855:Jianwen Emperor 825: 819: 755: 521:Wing5-lok6 dai3 481: 411: 321: 266: 225: 217: 213: 210: 197: 190: 176: 172: 151: 112:Jianwen Emperor 80: 51: 50: 42: 35: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 5719: 5709: 5708: 5703: 5698: 5696:Yongle Emperor 5693: 5688: 5683: 5678: 5673: 5668: 5663: 5658: 5653: 5636: 5635: 5546: 5543: 5542: 5540: 5539: 5533: 5527: 5522: 5517: 5511: 5506: 5500: 5494: 5492: 5486: 5485: 5480: 5478: 5476: 5475: 5470: 5465: 5460: 5455: 5450: 5445: 5440: 5435: 5430: 5424: 5419: 5414: 5409: 5404: 5399: 5394: 5388: 5386: 5380: 5379: 5372: 5371: 5364: 5357: 5349: 5341: 5340: 5337:Hongxi Emperor 5335: 5332: 5319: 5314: 5310: 5309: 5308:Regnal titles 5305: 5304: 5299: 5290: 5284: 5283: 5277: 5276: 5274:12 August 1424 5256: 5253: 5248: 5247: 5236: 5222: 5201: 5198: 5196: 5195: 5159: 5141: 5123: 5105: 5073: 5041: 5009: 4977: 4959: 4927: 4882: 4863: 4844: 4825: 4806: 4787: 4755: 4736: 4730: 4696: 4674: 4655: 4643:978-9719185802 4642: 4627: 4617:. Van Nostrand 4608: 4589: 4570: 4551: 4532: 4513: 4490: 4471: 4459:978-0598408662 4458: 4443: 4431:978-0307775436 4430: 4415: 4403:978-9812308566 4402: 4387: 4368: 4349: 4330: 4311: 4292: 4286: 4272: 4257: 4241:Brook, Timothy 4238: 4219: 4200: 4188:978-9712345388 4187: 4172: 4153: 4140: 4125: 4112: 4096: 4094: 4091: 4088: 4087: 4069: 4058: 4045: 4032: 4016: 4010:978-1108489225 4009: 3991: 3977: 3957: 3943: 3923: 3909: 3889: 3876:978-0520945388 3875: 3855: 3841: 3821: 3807: 3787: 3773: 3750: 3738: 3726: 3714: 3702: 3690: 3667: 3651: 3644: 3624: 3617: 3597: 3579: 3559: 3546:978-0804806534 3545: 3525: 3507: 3487: 3478: 3476:, pp. 685–686) 3472:. (Article on 3457: 3448:|journal= 3399: 3387: 3371: 3345: 3323: 3321:, p. 180. 3311: 3309:, p. 131. 3299: 3284: 3268: 3253: 3207: 3193: 3173: 3149: 3143: 3125: 3116: 3104: 3083: 3081:Sperling, 284. 3074: 3065: 3056: 3042: 3033: 3008: 2975: 2953: 2925: 2897: 2884: 2862: 2858:978-9629962395 2819: 2818: 2816: 2813: 2811: 2808: 2805: 2804: 2795: 2785: 2784: 2782: 2779: 2778: 2777: 2775:Yongle Tongbao 2772: 2767: 2761: 2760: 2757:History portal 2746: 2732: 2716: 2713: 2709: 2708: 2706: 2704: 2702: 2700: 2698: 2696: 2694: 2692: 2690: 2688: 2686: 2684: 2682: 2679: 2678: 2676: 2673: 2672: 2670: 2667: 2664: 2663: 2660: 2659: 2657: 2654: 2653: 2651: 2648: 2647: 2645: 2642: 2641: 2638: 2637: 2635: 2633: 2631: 2629: 2627: 2624: 2623: 2621: 2618: 2617: 2615: 2609: 2606: 2605: 2602: 2601: 2599: 2596: 2595: 2593: 2590: 2589: 2587: 2584: 2583: 2580: 2579: 2577: 2575: 2573: 2570: 2569: 2567: 2564: 2563: 2561: 2558: 2555: 2554: 2551: 2550: 2548: 2545: 2544: 2542: 2539: 2538: 2536: 2533: 2532: 2529: 2528: 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1926: 1923: 1921: 1918: 1914:Hongxi Emperor 1867: 1864: 1844:Changling (長陵) 1837: 1834: 1822:Shahrukh Mirza 1526:Main article: 1523: 1520: 1516:Xuande Emperor 1442: 1439: 1422:Main article: 1419: 1416: 1413: 1412: 1327: 1325: 1318: 1312: 1309: 1307:in late 2007. 1253: 1250: 1226:tortoise-borne 1215:Forbidden City 1163:East China Sea 1143: 1140: 1128:Hongxi Emperor 1119: 1116: 1090:British Museum 1078:Avalokitesvara 1063:Gyalwa Karmapa 1050: 1047: 1033: 1030: 996:Hongwu Emperor 958: 955: 949: 948: 939: 938: 930: 929: 928: 927: 926: 841:Hongwu Emperor 821:Main article: 818: 815: 767:Hongwu Emperor 754: 751: 730:Taiping rebels 722:Forbidden City 645:Hongwu Emperor 630:Yongle Emperor 624: 623: 620: 619: 616: 615: 608: 602: 601: 595: 594: 593:Transcriptions 586: 585: 578: 572: 571: 567: 566: 563: 562: 555: 549: 548: 542: 541: 531: 525: 524: 517: 511: 510: 508:Yue: Cantonese 504: 503: 493: 487: 486: 477: 471: 470: 463: 457: 456: 450: 449: 448:Transcriptions 441: 440: 433: 427: 426: 419: 413: 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W. 4704: 4703: 4697: 4694: 4690: 4686: 4685: 4679: 4675: 4663: 4662: 4656: 4645: 4639: 4635: 4634: 4628: 4616: 4615: 4609: 4597: 4596: 4590: 4578: 4577: 4571: 4559: 4558: 4552: 4540: 4539: 4533: 4521: 4520: 4514: 4502: 4498: 4497: 4491: 4479: 4478: 4472: 4461: 4455: 4451: 4450: 4444: 4433: 4427: 4423: 4422: 4416: 4405: 4399: 4395: 4394: 4388: 4376: 4375: 4369: 4357: 4356: 4350: 4338: 4337: 4331: 4319: 4318: 4312: 4300: 4299: 4293: 4289: 4287:9780486275871 4283: 4279: 4273: 4270: 4269:1-58234-177-X 4266: 4262: 4258: 4256: 4255:0-520-22154-0 4252: 4248: 4247: 4242: 4239: 4227: 4226: 4220: 4208: 4207: 4201: 4190: 4184: 4180: 4179: 4173: 4161: 4160: 4154: 4143: 4137: 4133: 4132: 4126: 4115: 4109: 4105: 4104: 4098: 4097: 4083: 4082:Travel Weekly 4079: 4073: 4067: 4062: 4055: 4049: 4042: 4036: 4029: 4025: 4020: 4012: 4006: 4002: 3995: 3980: 3974: 3970: 3969: 3961: 3946: 3940: 3936: 3935: 3927: 3912: 3906: 3902: 3901: 3893: 3878: 3872: 3868: 3867: 3859: 3844: 3838: 3834: 3833: 3825: 3810: 3804: 3800: 3799: 3791: 3776: 3770: 3766: 3765: 3757: 3755: 3747: 3742: 3735: 3730: 3723: 3718: 3711: 3706: 3699: 3694: 3686: 3682: 3678: 3671: 3664: 3660: 3655: 3647: 3641: 3637: 3636: 3628: 3620: 3614: 3610: 3609: 3601: 3594: 3582: 3580:0-7914-2687-4 3576: 3572: 3571: 3563: 3548: 3542: 3538: 3537: 3529: 3522: 3510: 3508:0-7914-2687-4 3504: 3500: 3499: 3491: 3482: 3475: 3471: 3470:0-231-03801-1 3467: 3461: 3453: 3440: 3431: 3426: 3422: 3418: 3414: 3410: 3403: 3396: 3391: 3383: 3375: 3368: 3364: 3360: 3356: 3349: 3333: 3327: 3320: 3315: 3308: 3303: 3295: 3288: 3282: 3278: 3272: 3264: 3257: 3251: 3250: 3244: 3238: 3222: 3218: 3211: 3196: 3194:0-674-59497-5 3190: 3186: 3185: 3177: 3161: 3160: 3153: 3146: 3144:7-305-03669-2 3140: 3136: 3129: 3120: 3114:Brook, 46–47. 3111: 3109: 3093: 3087: 3078: 3072:Brown, 33–34. 3069: 3060: 3052: 3046: 3037: 3021: 3020: 3012: 2993: 2992: 2982:Ni Zhengmao ( 2979: 2963: 2957: 2941: 2929: 2913: 2901: 2894: 2888: 2881: 2877: 2871: 2869: 2867: 2859: 2855: 2851: 2847: 2841: 2839: 2837: 2835: 2833: 2831: 2829: 2827: 2825: 2820: 2799: 2790: 2786: 2776: 2773: 2771: 2768: 2766: 2763: 2762: 2758: 2747: 2744: 2733: 2730: 2719: 2707: 2705: 2703: 2701: 2699: 2697: 2695: 2693: 2691: 2689: 2687: 2685: 2683: 2681: 2680: 2677: 2675: 2674: 2666: 2665: 2662: 2661: 2656: 2655: 2650: 2649: 2644: 2643: 2640: 2639: 2626: 2625: 2620: 2619: 2613: 2608: 2607: 2604: 2603: 2598: 2597: 2592: 2591: 2586: 2585: 2582: 2581: 2572: 2571: 2566: 2565: 2557: 2556: 2553: 2552: 2547: 2546: 2541: 2540: 2535: 2534: 2531: 2530: 2513: 2512: 2509: 2508: 2500: 2499: 2496: 2495: 2490: 2489: 2484: 2483: 2478: 2477: 2474: 2473: 2464: 2463: 2458: 2457: 2449: 2448: 2445: 2444: 2439: 2438: 2433: 2432: 2426: 2425: 2422: 2421: 2408: 2407: 2402: 2401: 2395: 2390: 2389: 2386: 2385: 2380: 2379: 2374: 2373: 2367: 2366: 2363: 2362: 2353: 2352: 2347: 2346: 2338: 2337: 2334: 2333: 2328: 2327: 2322: 2321: 2315: 2303: 2302: 2286: 2276: 2275: 2267: 2266: 2264: 2255: 2246: 2237: 2234: 2231: 2228: 2225: 2222: 2221:Consort Hwang 2219: 2210: 2201: 2192: 2183: 2174: 2165: 2156: 2153: 2149: 2146: 2137: 2128: 2119: 2110: 2101: 2092: 2087: 2084: 2083: 2075: 2072: 2069: 2066: 2062: 2059: 2050: 2047: 2044: 2031: 2030: 2016: 2005: 2004: 1996: 1993: 1989: 1986: 1983: 1982:Prince of Han 1979: 1976: 1965: 1964: 1962: 1959: 1956: 1952: 1941: 1940: 1938: 1935: 1934: 1932: 1929: 1928: 1917: 1915: 1911: 1910: 1903: 1901: 1897: 1893: 1889: 1880: 1872: 1863: 1855: 1851: 1842: 1833: 1831: 1827: 1823: 1818: 1816: 1815:Paduka Pahala 1813: 1808: 1805: 1801: 1796: 1794: 1790: 1785: 1780: 1776: 1772: 1768: 1765:on Sakhalin, 1764: 1760: 1756: 1752: 1748: 1743: 1741: 1737: 1733: 1729: 1724: 1722: 1718: 1713: 1711: 1707: 1703: 1699: 1695: 1691: 1686: 1684: 1680: 1677:). 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Praeger 3734:Yust 1954 3722:Yust 1949 3421:130285448 2815:Citations 2318:Zhu Chuyi 2160:康靖莊和惠妃崔氏 2150:, of the 2141:惠穆昭敬順妃錢氏 2132:昭惠恭懿順妃王氏 2123:昭肅靖惠賢妃王氏 2114:恭和榮順賢妃王氏 2105:端靜恭惠淑妃楊氏 2096:恭順榮穆麗妃陳氏 2086:Zhu Gaoxi 2079:康穆懿恭惠妃吳氏 1978:Zhu Gaoxu 1791:women in 1698:Samarkand 1694:Shakhrukh 1643:Ryukyuans 1604:Tenavarai 1490:Trần Ngỗi 1471:pretender 1305:Knowledge 1124:Zhu Gaoxu 1057:inviting 795:Khanbaliq 653:enfeoffed 467:Yǒnglè Dì 322:Chengzu ( 314:Taizong ( 262:Zhu Gaoxi 244:Zhu Gaoxu 196:, Beijing 118:Successor 5701:Usurpers 5532:(regent) 5516:(regent) 5505:(regent) 5463:Taichang 5453:Longqing 5433:Chenghua 5427:Yingzong 5417:Yingzong 5175:24 April 5153:24 April 5135:24 April 5128:Yearbook 5117:24 April 5085:24 April 5053:24 April 5021:24 April 4989:24 April 4971:24 April 4939:24 April 4894:24 April 4876:24 April 4857:24 April 4838:24 April 4819:24 April 4800:24 April 4767:24 April 4749:24 April 4720:(2013). 4709:24 April 4668:24 April 4649:24 April 4621:24 April 4602:24 April 4583:24 April 4564:24 April 4545:24 April 4526:24 April 4507:24 April 4484:24 April 4465:24 April 4437:24 April 4409:24 April 4381:24 April 4362:24 April 4343:24 April 4324:24 April 4305:24 April 4232:24 April 4213:24 April 4194:24 April 4166:24 April 4147:24 April 4119:24 April 4043:, vol. 2 4030:, ch. 28 3984:24 April 3950:24 April 3916:24 April 3882:24 April 3848:24 April 3814:24 April 3780:24 April 3748:, p. 59. 3736:, p. 75. 3724:, p. 75. 3700:, p. 33. 3659:Sei Wada 3006:), 2006. 2945:《明史紀事本末》 2715:See also 2296:Ancestry 2265:Unknown 1896:despotic 1800:Zheng He 1793:Sakhalin 1600:Hong Bao 1564:Zheng He 1494:sinicise 1483:Mu Sheng 1479:Zhang Fu 1242:fengshui 1238:Zhu Biao 1209:attack. 1179:Shandong 1021:Buddhism 918:Yangzhou 845:Zhu Biao 709:Zheng He 697:era name 665:Zhu Biao 515:Jyutping 381:Religion 296:Yongle ( 280:Zhu Di ( 163:, China) 5448:Jiajing 5443:Zhengde 5438:Hongzhi 5422:Jingtai 5397:Jianwen 5241:in the 4680:." 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