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787:, Roberts decided to attack the following day – the morning of 1 September 1880. While the Babawali Pass would be bombarded by artillery, 1st and 2nd Infantry Brigades (3rd in Reserve) would attack the enemy between the Pir Paimal and Kharoti hills and push up the Urgundab valley towards Ayub Khan's main camp at Mazra. The Murcha and Babawali passes were to be covered by cavalry elements supported by General Primrose's infantry and artillery. Gough's cavalry would move across the Urgundab, so as to reach by a wide circuit the anticipated line of the Afghan retreat.
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726:"The method, of such marching as was now put in practice is not easy to describe; it combined the extreme of freedom in movement with carefully regulated halts, and the closest control in every portion of the column; it employed the individual intelligence of each man composing the masses in motion, and called on all for exertion in overcoming the difficulties of the march, in bearing its extraordinary toil, and in aiding the accomplishment of the object in view." —General Chapman.
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602:) and left the wounded to their fate. The guns and carriages are crowded with the helpless wounded suffering the tortures of the damned; horses are limping along with ugly wounds and men are pressing eagerly to the rear in the hope of finding water. Hordes of irregular horsemen are to be seen amongst our baggage animals, relentlessly cutting our men down and looting. A few alone remain with Brigadier Burrows to try to turn the rout into an orderly retreat. —Captain Slade.
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618:, the whole garrison withdrew behind the walls of the fortified city and organised preparations for its defence. These defences included improving communications along the city's walls, plugging breaches, constructing gun platforms and the laying of wire obstacles outside the walls to entangle their foe. The Afghans determined to harass and hinder the defenders’ preparations throughout.
942:, they decided to return it back to Afghanistan. Rahman confirmed the Treaty of Gandamak, whereby the British took control of the territories ceded by Yaqub Khan. Having thus achieved many of their war aims besides the aim of maintaining a British resident in Kabul, the British withdrew from Afghanistan, the last troops leaving in April 1881. The
847:) finally took the village, whilst the right wing supported the Sikhs, battling through the orchards between the two villages. As General Baker's brigade moved forward into the open it came under artillery fire from the extremity of the Pir Paimal hill and massed attacks from Ghazis; the latter resolutely repelled by the Highlanders and Sikhs.
977:, and he became known as the 'Iron Amir'. He also refused to give information regarding his troops, with his own autobiography criticizing British policy, while also violating the Lyall agreement by instead of allowing the British to oversee his diplomatic affairs, held them himself with numerous countries including
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989:. Abdur Rahman also wrote in pamphlets, encouraging Jihad against the British and the Russians, claiming both wished to end Afghanistan as a state. Senior British officials found it extremely difficult to further cooperate with Abdur Rahman Khan and Afghanistan due to the Turkestan atrocities, as well as his
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By the 24th, the relief column had reached Khelat-i-Ghilzai. General
Roberts received a letter from General Primrose at Kandahar describing the sortie in the village of Deh Khoja earlier on the 16th, and informing Roberts of the situation. On the 25th, the relief column, joined now by the garrison of
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The stop at Ghazni proved to be brief; the column set off again very early in the cool of the morning of the 16th. By the end of the day's march in the early afternoon, the temperatures had exceeded 100 °F with very little shade; sore feet and the constant scarcity of water adding to the extreme
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on the obverse, Arabic inscription in four lines on the reverse. These issues were struck under local authorities who routinely recalled and devalued the coppers. This practice lead to a great variety of types, often featuring various animal or flower motifs. Accordingly, the types on this coin were
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Behind this spur lies the village of Mazra, around which Ayub Khan had camped. As well as the spur, the
Afghans had other geographic advantages. Directly behind Pir Paimal Hill lies the Kharoti Hill (both of which providing excellent firing positions) and, between the hills, deep irrigation channels
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Of the 10,000 men under Robert's command, a little over 2,800 were
Europeans. Because of the unforgiving terrain of the Afghan country, and the necessity of speed, all troops were ordered to travel light (20–30 lbs of kit per trooper) and controversially, no wheeled transport taken, with 6- and
958:, and war could have been prevented had they been implemented earlier. The war was expensive for Britain, spending some 17 million pounds during the war, which was three times the estimated cost. The costs rose just before the British left in March 1881, estimating to be around 19.5 million pounds.
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3rd brigade to Pir Paimal village to where he himself and
General Ross (commander of the whole infantry division) were to move. Here, General Ross, unable to discern the situation, ordered the forward brigades to halt and replenish their spent ammunition. However, this delay provided Ayub Khan some
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A reconnaissance of the area on the afternoon of the 31st, carried out by
General Gough and Colonel Chapman, garnered valuable information of these Afghan positions. However, their retirement from the reconnaissance came under concerted attack from Afghan regulars and irregulars. The Sikh infantry
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While
Macpherson's brigade advanced close under the ridge, Baker's troops swept wider on the left; Colonel Money having been assigned to take possession of the Kharoti hill. From the northern end of the hill, Colonel Money could see Ayub Khan abandon his camp at Mazra in the face of the advancing
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The two brigades could now together move forward. Macpherson's brigade moved close around the spur to take the village of Pir Paimal. Having passed the village, the 92nd
Highlanders under command of Major White met with determined resistance south west of the Babawali Pass. Despite reinforcements
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A little after 9am, the artillery to the right of
Picquet Hill began its bombardment of the Babawali pass – the Afghans replied with a three field-gun battery. However, before Roberts could push his army forward, Afghan positions in the villages of Gundi Mulla Sahibdad on the British right and
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in northern India with the same intention, and that
General Stewart would proceed to evacuate the rest of the garrison back to India as originally planned. The Viceroy of Afghanistan was informed that Roberts would march on the 8 August with the expectation of reaching Kandahar by 2 September.
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met determined resistance to the attack that included a bayonet charge by the
Highlanders. Both sides suffered casualties, but the Afghans came off far worse – possibly losing up to 200 men. After the village had been pacified, the brigade pushed towards the southwesterly point of Pir Paimal,
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A rugged and precipitous spur separates the Arghandab valley from the Kandahar plain. Both valley and plain are linked via the Murcha Pass at the end of the spur, and the Babawali Pass cutting through it. The section of the spur from Babawali Pass to its tip, is known as the Pir Paimal Hill.
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The British appointed Abdur Rahman who was an opponent of the British, was thus securely established as emir of Afghanistan, under a protected state which gave Britain control of Afghanistan's foreign policy. Abdur Rahman Khan now the ruling Amir, was viewed as the real victor of the Second
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On 8 August, Ayub Khan, the victor at Maiwand, opened fire on the citadel from Picquet hill north west of the city; a few days later other guns fired from the villages of Deh Khoja and Deh Khati on the east and south. An attempt to neutralise the village of Deh Khoja, led by
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Ayub Khan subsequently raised a fresh rebellion against Abdur Rahman, but was swiftly defeated and taken as a political prisoner by British India. He was later poisoned in India after people were calling for his return. This political settlement was to endure until the
558:. These plans for the evacuation were disrupted by Ayub Khan, who after stirring up anti-British feeling, had sallied out of Herat in early June with 10,000 followers. 1,500 British and Indian troops, together with Afghan levies, were sent to intercept this force.
569:, on 27 July. However many of the Indian troops in British service were new, inadequately trained recruits, and crumpled under pressure; the Afghan levies had already switched sides, unwilling to fight against their countrymen. Despite a heroic last stand by the
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was not the shortest, the valley's fertile land would supplement their supplies). The army paid for everything they took throughout the march including grain, fresh animals and even firewood – the local Afghans more than pleased to barter with the troops.
855:. Again a determined resistance and steady fire from the Afghans (many of whom firing from the slopes of the Pir Paimal hill) caused many Highlander casualties, but despite heavy losses, the British dispersed some 8,000 Afghans at bayonet point.
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on the 30th, taking sick leave in England. The exploits of General Roberts in Afghanistan greatly boosted his reputation as a skillful and enterprising soldier. Many years later, Roberts' heroic march was commemorated by a statue in
911:. Ayub Khan had been decisively beaten. He had lost the whole of his artillery, his camp, enormous quantities of ammunition, and about 1,000 men killed. Ayub Khan became a fugitive along with the small remnants of his battered army.
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The following day Roberts' relief force reached Tir Andaz. It was here that Roberts learned that Ayub Khan had lifted the siege of Kandahar and had retired north to the village of Mazra in the Urgundab valley. On the 27th, General
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All over the wide expanse of desert are to be seen men in twos and threes retreating. Camels have thrown their loads; sick men, almost naked, are astride donkeys, mules and camels; the bearers have thrown down their
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Ayub Khan's army was now in full rout. Although the plan for General Gough's cavalry to intercept the retreating Afghans did not work in practice, it was clear the British had achieved a decisive victory.
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in the van. Again the fighting was hard-fought – the Afghans holding well-defended positions that only a concerted effort by the attackers could dislodge. However, the left wing of the 72nd (supported by
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had been dethroned and exiled by the British for suspected collusion in the murder of Cavagnari, feelers were put out for two replacement candidates: his younger brother, Ayub Khan the Governor of
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Of the approximately 2,500 British and Indian troops at Maiwand, a little over 960 succumbed in either the battle or the ensuing retreat. Only 161 of the wounded reached the citadel of Kandahar.
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The remnants of the straggling column reached Kandahar on the 28th raising the garrison numbers to 4,360 – the Afghan population of 12,000 were compelled to leave. With the abandonment of the
523:; a position Cavagnari himself took up in July. However, on 3 September, Cavagnari and the other European members of the mission were massacred in a sudden rising of Afghan rebel troops.
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Kelat-i-Ghilzai, resumed their march towards Kandahar. General Phayre's relief column however had suffered many problems from his arduous trek and was still some distance from Kandahar.
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The long march from Kabul to Kandahar of the entire column of men, followers and baggage took 20 days – an average of just over 15 miles/day. The followers alone included nearly 2,200
653:...the present question is the relief of Kandahar and the defeat of Ayub. I have a fine force ready for the work, and Bobs would go in command of it. —General Donald Stewart, Kabul.
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from his time in exile in Turkestan. Alongside this, despite the British attempting to prop up Afghanistan as a key ally, Abdur Rahman Khan often acted against the British, with
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proceeded to Robat with two cavalry regiments, whilst the remainder of the force, moving somewhat slower, joined them in Robat on the 28th. It was now only 19 miles to Kandahar.
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On the morning of the 31 August 1880, the relief force reached Kandahar. However, for the last part of the trek General Roberts, struck down with fever, had to be carried in a
645:. The troops would march in the early morning to avoid the full heat of the sun, halting a few minutes every hour. In this way, the column managed to cover up to 20 miles a day
993:. The British believed that Abdur Rahman Khan had strong support from the Afghans and feared further conflict with them. This scored a diplomatic victory for Abdul Rahman.
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and Sikh troops at Kandahar 1880. Artillery support was frequently ineffective and on occasions the Afghan artillery proved to be better equipped than the British
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661:, would personally lead a division from Kabul to rectify the recent calamity and relieve the besieged city of Kandahar. It was also arranged that
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on the 16th, proved unsuccessful. During the extrication, both Brooke and Captain Cruickshank fell, adding to the casualty total of over 100.
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from Ayub Khan's main camp at Mazra, Macpherson stormed the position – Major White's Highlanders in the van supported by the 5th Gurkhas and
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respite. When the British finally entered the camp at 1 pm, it was deserted, save for the smartly abandoned detritus of an army in retreat.
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After the disastrous defeat at Maiwand, the remnants of General Burrows’ battle-wearied army began the 45 mile retreat to the city of
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9-pounder mountain guns being the only artillery. 8,500 mules, donkeys, and ponies would be utilised to carry the main supplies.
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likely not ordered by the British authorities, but rather placed by an opportunistic engraver eager to please the British
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Roberts left Kandahar on 9 September 1880 and marched to Quetta with part of his division. On the 15 October 1880, at
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Whilst General Macpherson advanced against Gundi Mulla Sahibdad, General Baker moved against Gundigan – the
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The Maiwand disaster had altered military plans for the evacuation of the Kabul garrison from Afghanistan.
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influence, Abdur Rahman Khan adopted an autocratic government similar to the Tsars of Russia, inspired by
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at Kandahar after the battle, at a time when the city was still protected by a large defensive wall
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The march from Kabul to Kandahar is approximately 320 miles (although the chosen route through the
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were so hard pressed that elements of the 1st and 3rd brigades were ordered into the action.
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maintained internal rule and local customs, and provided a continuing buffer between the
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The battle at Gundi Mulla Sahibdad was hard-fought. General Macpherson advancing his
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A rare coin minted during the occupation of Kandahar. British Crown within
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rear guard action, far fewer would have made it to the refuge of the city:
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This article is about the 1880 battle. For other battles in Kandahar, see
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Garrison at Kelat-i-Ghilzai that joined the relief force on 25 August
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677:"Lord Roberts of Kabul and Kandahar on his Celebrated Charger," by
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The British infantry carried the single shot, breech loading, .45
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Anglo-Afghan War. Despite attempts for the British to hold on to
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Despite attempts from the British to dissuade Afghanistan from
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General Robert's March to Kandahar and the Battle of Baba Wali
685:, European Edition, December 1897, p. 27). For his services,
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rifle. It first entered service in 1871 replacing the Snider
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954:. Ironically many of these policies had been desired by
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Kandahar: 92nd Highlanders storming Gundi Mulla Sahibdad
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was fought between the British forces under command of
471:, 1 September 1880, was the last major conflict of the
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constantly harassed by determined Afghan resistance.
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515:. The treaty obliged the Afghans to admit a British
697:) and Companion of the Order of the Indian Empire (
56:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1391:The Road to Kabul: The Second Afghan War 1878–1881
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16:Last major conflict of the Second Anglo-Afghan War
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796:Gundigan on the British left, had to be cleared.
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1135:22nd (Derajat) Mountain Battery (Frontier Force)
554:who had instructions to bring all troops out of
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1355:Afghanistan: A History from 1260 to the Present
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1415:General Roberts' Relief from Kabul to Kandahar
1253:General Roberts' Relief from Kabul to Kandahar
1239:General Roberts' Relief from Kabul to Kandahar
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907:The Battle of Kandahar brought a close to the
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1376:Raj: The Making and Unmaking of British India
1331:Afghanistan: A Cultural and Political History
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116:Learn how and when to remove this message
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1681:Siege of the British Residency in Kabul
1378:. Little, Brown & Company, (1997).
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1828:Battles of the Second Anglo-Afghan War
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1263:Sources vary between 313 and 320 miles
934:(by Virtue and Courage) is inscribed.
538:. However, in May 1880, a new British
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1833:Battles involving the United Kingdom
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561:The British, commanded by Brigadier
54:adding citations to reliable sources
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1010:Regiments From Kabul 8 August 1880
771:offered excellent defensive cover.
491:. It ended with a British victory.
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1769:Afghanistan Medal (United Kingdom)
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65:"Battle of Kandahar" 1880
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1838:Battles involving Afghanistan
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1843:History of Kandahar Province
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1759:The Great Game: Afghanistan
991:actions against the Hazaras
862:Roberts had by now ordered
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1701:Second Battle of Charasiab
1430:Diagram of Roberts' attack
1336:Princeton University Press
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475:. The battle in southern
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791:Battle begins in earnest
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624:Brigadier-General Brooke
542:government recalled the
1559:Amir Dost Mohammad Khan
1217:. Retrieved 2014-09-01.
909:Second Anglo-Afghan War
689:received the thanks of
679:Richard Caton Woodville
473:Second Anglo-Afghan War
396:Second Anglo-Afghan War
157:Richard Caton Woodville
140:Second Anglo-Afghan War
1729:Third Anglo-Afghan War
1676:Battle of Peiwar Kotal
1496:William Hay Macnaghten
1393:. Stroud: Spellmount.
1389:Robson, Brian (2007).
1353:Lee, Jonathan (2019).
999:Third Anglo-Afghan War
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1848:September 1880 events
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1015:1st Infantry Brigade
930:upon which the motto
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610:The siege of Kandahar
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345:Casualties and losses
1696:Battle of Ahmed Khel
1671:Battle of Ali Masjid
1643:Battle of Jellalabad
1157:Central Indian Horse
762:Ayub Khan's position
511:with his successor,
306:Henry Francis Brooke
50:improve this article
1823:1880 in Afghanistan
1686:Battle of Charasiab
1584:Mohammed Nadir Shah
1516:William Elphinstone
1314:, pp. 384–397.
1278:, pp. 381–383.
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1764:Malalai of Maiwand
1711:Battle of Kandahar
1648:Retreat from Kabul
1607:Afghanistan portal
1569:Amir Sher Ali Khan
1435:2013-11-05 at the
1357:. Reaktion Books.
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1130:3rd Punjab Cavalry
1102:3rd Bengal Cavalry
1087:23rd Sikh Pioneers
1033:General Macpherson
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133:Battle of Kandahar
21:Battle of Kandahar
1818:Conflicts in 1880
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1706:Battle of Maiwand
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1506:Willoughby Cotton
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1120:3rd Sikh Infantry
1092:2nd Sikh Infantry
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932:Virtute et valore
840:2nd Sikh Infantry
683:Harper's Magazine
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571:66th Regiment
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501:Sher Ali Khan
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444:2nd Charasiab
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429:1st Charasiab
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357:2,000 wounded
355:1,000 killed
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67: –
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61:Find sources:
55:
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39:This article
37:
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28:
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722:discomfort.
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715:Logar Valley
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519:governor at
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414:Peiwar Kotal
311:
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233:Belligerents
152:
138:Part of the
112:
103:
93:
86:
79:
72:
60:
48:Please help
43:verification
40:
1551:Afghanistan
1300:Robson 2007
1152:4th Gurkhas
1147:5th Gurkhas
1142:2nd Gurkhas
1069:60th Rifles
948:British Raj
864:MacGregor's
845:5th Gurkhas
816:2nd Gurkhas
779:Battle plan
639:9th Lancers
616:cantonments
556:Afghanistan
548:Lord Lytton
477:Afghanistan
352:218 wounded
350:100 killed
275:Afghanistan
208: /
184:Afghanistan
1812:Categories
1797:Multimedia
1754:Great Game
1663:Second War
1521:Sam Browne
1501:John Keane
1322:References
1097:15th Sikhs
985:, and the
971:atrocities
737:Hugh Gough
691:Parliament
600:palanquins
552:Lord Ripon
528:Yakub Khan
495:Background
439:Ahmed Khel
409:Ali Masjid
76:newspapers
1721:Third War
1625:First War
1181:66th Foot
1001:in 1919.
925:Glasgow's
875:Aftermath
489:Ayub Khan
419:Kam Dakka
326:Ayub Khan
1787:Category
1433:Archived
1312:Lee 2019
1276:Lee 2019
950:and the
940:Kandahar
838:and the
596:dhoolies
583:Kandahar
517:resident
483:and the
454:Kandahar
332:Strength
180:Kandahar
175:Location
1742:Related
1480:Leaders
963:Russian
897:British
804:British
703:baronet
577:Prelude
567:Maiwand
540:Liberal
449:Maiwand
434:Sherpur
312:†
196:65°43′E
193:31°37′N
90:scholar
1617:Events
1397:
1382:
1361:
1342:
981:, the
920:Bombay
885:wreath
756:dhooly
750:Battle
667:Quetta
526:After
503:, Sir
485:Afghan
340:13,000
337:10,000
308:
259:
245:
221:Result
92:
85:
78:
71:
63:
1199:Notes
1106:11/9
532:Herat
521:Kabul
424:Kabul
262:India
97:JSTOR
83:books
1395:ISBN
1380:ISBN
1359:ISBN
1340:ISBN
1174:C/2
1078:6/8
1067:2nd/
979:Iran
916:Sibi
899:and
814:and
467:The
167:Date
69:news
699:CIE
695:GCB
52:by
1814::
1374:.
1338:.
1334:.
1268:^
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1222:^
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113:(
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104:(
94:·
87:·
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46:.
23:.
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