4132:
time-honoured temple of
Tirukoilur. We find inscriptions bearing the name of Tupakula Krishnappa in several temples of the South Arcot District. Komarappa Naidu belonged to the Kshatriya Balija caste; and his caste- men, who had been warriors till the advent of the Muhammadans, took up trade as their profession thereafter. It can be seen from the existing records that as early as 1752 Komarappa Naidu was carrying on his trade, which mainly consisted in the export of Indian goods to foreign countries in his ships and the import of precious stones, horses, elephants and the products of other countries. He owned sixteen ships and in a few years he made enormous profits. He constructed the Komarappa Naickenpettai, a suburb of Tiruvendipuram in 1780 to attract weavers from other parts of the country. He rendered substantial pecuniary help to the weavers and thus enabled them to purchase the looms and other necessary appliances. The East India Company, which had just settled in India for carrying on trade between India and England, sought the help of the famous overseas merchant, Komarappa Naidu and established commercial relations with him which remained cordial throughout. Komarappa Naidu, who had been religiously disposed from his boyhood, left his entire business in the hands of his son Sankariah Naidu, shortly after the latter came of age and spent the remaining years of his life in religious study. It was during this, his age of retirement, that he built many new temples and gave a fresh lease of life to the old ones in the district. The pious Komarappa used to feed large numbers of Brahmins and pandits daily and more so on festive occasions. He breathed his last in peace in 1819 at the age of eighty-five. We find the image of Komarappa carved on the stone pillars in the Mantapams of the Tiruvendipuram and Tirupapuliyur temples. A monumental Shaivite temple has been erected over his remains in one of his gardens on the bank of the Gadilam river, in which Archana is daily performed. His wife, Mangammal, has renovated the shrine of Sri Dagaleswar Perumal at Tirukoilur, in a prominent part of which we find an inscription bearing her name. Sankariah Naidu, who was sixty-five years of age at the time of his father's demise, had already risen to prominence. He considerably improved the trade of the family, particularly that with the East India Company and constructed more ships. He acquired considerable landed property in the South Arcot, Chinglepet and Tanjore districts. In 1809 he purchased the small Zamindari of Chennappa Naiken Poliem, a few miles to the west of Cuddalore, which also includes the village of Naduvirapattu. To facilitate his export and import trade, he established ports at Cuddalore, Pondicherry, Porto-Novo and Karaikal. He had a big firm at Madras, on the grounds of which now stand the Madras Christian College, the Anderson Hall and the buildings of Messrs. Parry and Company. He constructed a number of choultries among which those at Chidambaram and Tirupapuliyur deserve special mention. Sankariah Naidu married two wives. He had one son, Devanayagam Naidu by his first wife and four sons by his second wife, Ramaswami, Chandrasekhara, Balakrishna and Chinna Devanayagam. Sankariah Naidu died in 1826.
1568:
3)kshatriyas-2000, 4)vaisyaas-30000, 5)Among them vaisyas who were crorepatis-420, 6)Padmanayakulu-77, 7)Astadasa varnambulu-150000, 8)Visvakarma
Vamsajulu (Craftmen)-20000, 9)Gollavaru (Shepherds)-4000, 10)Kapulu (cultivators)-16000, 11)Idugulu (toddy tappers)-3000, 12)Sivabrahmanas-15000, 13)Kummarlu (potters)-4500, 14)Pattunese Salevaru (silk weavers)-9000, 15)Medara (basket makers)-2000, 16)Chittaru vrasevaru (Painters)-2500, 17)Upparas (those who dig tanks)-15900, 18)Bestavandlu (fisherman)-16000, 19)Tenugus-6500, 20)Bukkas-6300, 21)Sangaras-13000, 22)Rajakas (washerman)-50000, 23)Vesyalu (Prostitutes)-127000, 24)Balijas-15000 Apart from the above number of houses the Prataparudra Charitramu gives the number of big shops as 700, soldiers houses as 300, and putakutillu or vantalakkalaidlu and so on.
1543:
chiefs of Sudra originally called
Padmanayakas, the members of the eighteen castes like goldsmiths (Visvakarma), oilmonger (Tenugu - a corrupt form of Telaka), stone - cutters (Uppera), Bruisers (Idiga), Basketeer (Medara), Washermen (Rajaka), herdsmen (Golla), Potters (Kummari), Mongers of colours (Bukka), general merchants (Balija), sectarian priests of Saiva religion (Siva brahmana), fishermen (Besta) and carpenters (Sangara) besides the weavers of silk sarees and cotton fabrics (Padmasale) and the householders who feed the outsiders.
4023:
and is the lineal descendant of the famous Rama Bhadra Naick . To trace the ancestry of the founder of this well - known ancient family we have to go back to the events that had occurred three centuries ago , that is , to the period when the power of the once famous kingdom of
Vijianagar was at its height , Rama Bhadra Naick I is said to have been a follower as well as a close relation of the well - known Kottiya Nagama Naick , the Revenue Collector and Commander of the Vijianagar army in the South.
2833:
shared authority locally with a number of military chiefs, or nayakas. Originally part of the great Telugu migrations southward into the Tamil country in the 15th and 16th centuries, Balija merchant-warriors who claimed these nayaka positions rose to political and cultural power and supported an ethos that emphasized nonascriptive, heroic criteria in legitimizing political power.
2731:
NÄyaka state-system and to impregnate it with their particular cultural vision; strong surviving traditions; supported by contemporary evidence, assert Balija origins and / or marital connections for the major NÄyaka dynasties in the Tamil country quite apart from the well-known Balija role in restructuring the revenue systems of NÄyaka
Tanjavur and Madurai
4022:
The
Honourable Diwan Bahadur V. Rama Bhadra Naick Garu is one of the most prominent noblemen of South India . As a representative of the zamindari interests of the Southern Group , he has , since 1910 , been in the reformed Legislative Council of Madras. He represents the ancient house of Vadagarai ,
3872:
The dynasty's first ruler was
Vishvanatha Nayaka, son of the imperial courtier and military officer Nagama Nayaka. He belonged to one of the Balija castes, which originated in the Telugu region and whose members undertook both military and mercantile activities. Vishvanatha was possibly
2043:
Similarly too the Balija community, with two sub-divisions, Gajalu Balija and Gavara Balija, migrated originally from Tamil Nadu. The Balija
Gavarai are popularly known as Naidus and the other as Chetties Valai Chatties, Chettiars. It is said that they originally spoke Telugu. They are mainly traders
1016:
As regards the derivation of this word, the late Mr
Venkayya says:- In Kanarese banajiga is still used to denote a class of merchants. In Telugu the word balija or balijiga has the same meaning. It is therefore probable that the words valaƱjiyam, valanjiyar, balaƱji, banaƱji, banajiga and balija are
3084:
As an arrangement, the
Golconda practice in the first half of the seventeenth century was quite similar in crucial respects to what obtained further south, in the territories of the Chandragiri ruler, and the Nayaks of Senji, Tanjavur and Madurai. Here too revenue-farming was common, and the ruling
2832:
The Vijayanagara Empire developed, in its second half, into what is known as the nayaka state-system, in which administrative and political relations differed significantly from what had gone before. While the Vijayanagara rulers continued to hold ultimate power over a broad belt of territory, they
4325:
P. VARADARAJULU 1887-1957 : Balija Naidu . Successful medical practice in indigenous medicine . Journalist . Arrested for sedition at Madura Mill strike , 1918. Imprisoned 1918 , 1922 , 1923. T.N.C.C. Vice - President 1922-23. President 1924-25 . Left Congress 1930. General - Secretary, Hindu
4178:
This was the Self Respect Movement, cuyamariyatai iyakkam, of a maverick genius, E. V. Ramasami Naicker, popularly known as the Great One, Periyar. It is of some significance that this fearless iconoclast came from Erode, in the west of the Tamil country or, better , in the southern reaches of the
3897:
According to the Kaifiyat of the Karnata Kotikam Kings, "Acyutadeva Maharaya formally crowned Visvanatha Nayadu of the Garikepati family of the Balija caste as the King of Pandya country yielding a revenue of 2 and 1/2 crores of varahas; and he presented him with golden idols of Durga, Lakshmi and
3518:
A description of the way in which Venkatapatiraya of Raya-Veluru granted the government of Penugonda to the Raya-dalavayi Pedakoneti Nayadu. On Sravana ba. 10 of Yuva of 146 years ago corresponding to S. S. 1558, (the Raya) granted the government of Penugonda to Koneti Nayadu, the son. of Kastuiri
3229:
The history of thƩ family, as described in the Raghunathabhyudayam and Raghunathanayakabhyudayam, begins practically with Pina-Chevva one of the four sons of Timma, who is otherwise unknown. It is sometimes said that the ancestors of Pina Chevva were related to the royal family of Vijayanagara and
3503:
The above said Peda KÅnÄti Nį¹pati ( Nayak ) First , king of Penukonda . ( 1635 A.D. ) then of Kundurti ( 1652 A.D. ) and of Rayadurga ( 1661 A.D. ) was a Balija by caste , having the surname VÄnarÄsi . His father KastÅ«ri NÄyak and grand father bencama Nayak had enjoyed high favour with the fallen
2730:
Originally part of the great Telugu migrations southward into the Tamil country in the 15th and 16th centuries, the Balija merchant- warriors reveal the rise of hitherto marginal, and only recently politicized.. These mobile, aggressive, land-hungry, Telugu-speaking warriors...helped to build the
1542:
For instance Prataparudra Caritra of Ekamranatha says the fort of Ekasilanagara is shining like Alakapuri (the capital of Kubera, the God of Wealth) and it is having the house of the Brahmanas, the counsellors of the king, the members of Kshatriya origin, the Vaisyas of different economic orders,
403:
recorded a wide variety of people claiming to be members of Balija subcastes but who appeared to share little in common and thus defied the administrative desire for what it considered to be a rational and convenient taxonomy. Those who claimed to be Chetty had an obvious connection through their
382:
section of castes. These Balija warriors were noted as fearless and some stories speak of them assassinating kings who interfered with their affairs. Cynthia Talbot believes that in Andhra the transformation of occupational descriptors into caste-based descriptors did not occur until at least the
3847:
Moreover, Acyutadeva Maharaya formally crowned Viswanatha Nayadu of the Garikepati family of the Balija caste as the king of Pandya country yielding a revenue of 2 and 1/2 crores of varahas; and he presented him the golden idols of Durga, Laksmi and Lakshmi-Narayana and sent him with ministers,
3581:
To understand the historical process of the reducing of the Nayakas as an open status group into a mere shell of what they had formerly been and the growth of respective caste identities, the Telugu Balija caste and its history may give an important clue. Many Nayakas, including the three major
3398:
To understand the historical process of the reducing of the Nayakas as an open status group into a mere shell of what they had formerly been and the growth of respective caste identities, the Telugu Balija caste and its history may give an important clue. Many Nayakas, including the three major
1722:
To understand the historical process of the reducing of the Nayakas as an open status group into a mere shell of what they had formerly been and the growth of respective caste identities, the Telugu Balija caste and its history may give an important clue. Many Nayakas, including the three major
4131:
The illustrious House of the great Komarappa Naidu of the South Arcot District traces its ancestry to Tupakula Krishnappa Naidu, the ruler of the Ginji Fort under the aegis of the now Forgotten Empire of Vijayanagar. This ruler of Ginji constructed many new temples and renovated the old and
1567:
The social composition of the town is described in literary works, gives the number of households of different communities residing within the city. The Prataparudra Charitramu gives details of the number of houses occupied by each community as follows 1)Brahmanas-18000, 2)Manthris-2000,
2082:
Balijas: Their main profession was and commerce. They added "Settis" to their names, which showed their supremacy over other castes in trade. The subsects of the Balijas indicate the professions pursued by them. some prominent subdivision were Gajula Balija, Gandhamvallu, Kavarai,
3519:
Nayadu, the son of Akkapa Nayadu, who was the son of Canca(ma) Nayadu of Candragiri, a member of the Vasarasi family of the Balija caste. The ayakat of the territories of Rajaraja Sri Raya-dalavayi who ruled the forts of Penugonda, Kundurpi, Rayadurgam..... great prosperity.
4075:
He was a lineal descendant of the famous warrior and diplomat Rama- bhadra Nayak who had held the post of Fouzdar or Military Chief and Collector of Revenue under his relative Viswanatha Nayak of the House of Vijianagar , King of the Pandyan
2010:
Thus Balija Chettis, for example, are actually a caste that fissioned off from the Balija Nayak ('warrior') caste as recently as the nineteenth century. Accordingly, they have closer kinship ties to these Nayak "warriors" than to Chetti
3556:
The Channapatna chiefs generally bore the name Rana . JagadÄva - RÄya , after the founder of the family in Mysore. He was of the Telugu Banajiga caste and had possessions in BÄramahÄl . His daughter was married to the Vijayanagar
2847:......many of the Telugu migrant groups who settled in Tamil Nadu from the fourteenth to sixteenth centuries were led by Balija warriors . These Balijas and their descendants became local rulers under the auspices of Vijayanagara.
565:
was based on an expanding, cash-oriented economy enhanced by Balija tax-farming. Some Balija families were appointed to supervise provinces as Nayaks (governors, commanders) by the Vijayanagara kings, some of which are:
3848:
councillors and troops to the south. Visvanatha Nayudu reached the city of Madhura, from which he began to govern the country entrusted to his care. - taken from the Kaifiyat of Karnata-Kotikam Kings, LR8, pp.319-22
4050:
The present Zamindar is a descendant of the famous Ramabhadra Naick I, a follower and relation of Kottiya Nagama Naick , the famous Collector of Revenue and Commander of the Southern forces of the Vijayanagar
2520:
3504:
kings of Vijayanagar who were ruling at Chandragiri. KÅnÄti Nayak himself had married the daughter of ( apparently the fruit of left handed marriage ) Äraviti VÄ«ra Venkatapati RÄyalu of Vijayanagar family.
2977:....It is told that the Nayak Kings of Madurai and Tanjore were Balijas , who had marital relations among themselves and with the Vijaya Nagara rulers, and so were appointed as the rulers of these regions.
229:, whose origins are often claimed to lie in the Ayyavolu, represented long-distance trading networks that employed fighters to protect their warehouses and goods in transit. The traders were identified as
2366:
In recent years, migrant communities, like the Gajula Balijasācalled Gavarai in the Tamil countryāhave joined the agricultural workforce, giving up their traditional profession as bangle sellers
4036:
Dewan Bahadur V. Ramabhadra Naidu , member of a family which had close relations with the ruling house of Madura , the Great Tirumal Nayak. Belongs to an ancient Palayagar family of Madura.
1405:
Perret, Daniel; Surachman, Heddy (2011). "South Asia and the Tapanuli Area (North-West Sumatra): Ninth-Fourteenth Centuries CE". In Manguin, Pierre-Yves; Mani, A.; Wade, Geoff (eds.).
2234:
The Private Diary of Ananda Ranga Pillai, Dubash to Joseph FranƧois Dupleix, Governor of Pondicherry: A Record of Matters, Political, Historical, Social, and Personal, from 1736-1761
205:
Beginning in the 9th century, references are found in inscriptions throughout the Kannada and Tamil areas to a trading network, which is sometimes referred to as a guild, called the
437:
or "superintendents of all castes in the country." They were classified as right-hand castes. David Rudner claims that the Balija Chettis became a separate caste from the Balija
3276:..... in the Tamil country, where Telugu Balija families had established local NÄyaka states (in Senji, Tanjavur, Madurai, and elsewhere) in the course of the sixteenth century.
2936:..... in the Tamil country, where Telugu Balija families had established local NÄyaka states (in Senji, Tanjavur, Madurai, and elsewhere) in the course of the sixteenth century.
2277:
The largest trading community of the Telugu country is the Balija, which is widely spread over the Tamil districts also, and there called Vadugan, or Northerners, or Kavarai
2342:
The Balija Naidus, the chief Telugu trading caste were found scattered throughout the Presidency of Madras. In the Tamil districts they were known as Vadugan and Kavarais
2115:
A section of the Naidu migrants in Tamilnadu call themselves Kavarais. They are included in the list of backward classes. They have marital relationship with the Balijas.
4227:
E.V.Ramasamy Naicker or Periyar a Balija Naidu from Erode, began as a merchant, then be- came a Municipal Council Chairman of Erode, and later a local Congress leader.
626:
say that the emergence of left-hand caste Balijas as trader-warrior-kings in the Nayaka period is a consequence of conditions of new wealth produced by collapsing two
3823:
3455:
They are popularly classed as kota balijas, who are military in origin and claim kinship with the Emperors and Viceroys of Vijayanagar and the Kandyan Dynasty.
3022:
After the fall of the dynasty several Balija Nayudu chieftains rose into prominence. Tanjore and Madura kingdoms were the most important of such new kingdoms
3230:
that they held high offices in the imperial army ; but this is mere speculation unsupported by evidence. Pina Chevva came of an obscure Balija family.
2390:
The Gajula Balija, called 'Gavarai' in Tamil, are popularly known as Naidu or Balija Naidu. Its members have such titles as Naidu, Chetty and Naicker.
2263:
The name 'Gavarai' may be a misspelling of 'Kavarai', which is now the Tamil name for Balijas (a Telegu trading caste) settled in the Tamil country
1152:
The name Balija is derived from the Sanskrit word Bali meaning sacrifice and Ja meaning born . They owe their origin to the performance of Yagnam .
642:
position. The fourfold Brahmanical varna concept has not been acceptable to non-Brahmin social groups and some of them challenged the authority of
3833:
No.2607 KOTIKAMVARI KAIFIYATU - A Kaifiyat relating to Garikipati Viswanathanayaka of Balijakula who was given Pandya kingdom by Atchutadevaraya.
2905:.... in the seventeenth century, when warriors/traders from the Balija caste acquired kingship of the southern kingdoms of Madurai and Tanjavur.
3155:
Madurai rulers were of likely Balija heritage, merchant-warriors, who came from the relatively less-stratified arid zones of the Andhra region
3582:
Nayakas in the Tamil area and the Nayakas of Cannapattana, Beluru, and Rayadurga in the Kannada area, are said to have been Telugu Balijas.
3399:
Nayakas in the Tamil area and the Nayakas of Cannapattana, Beluru, and Rayadurga in the Kannada area, are said to have been Telugu Balijas.
1723:
Nayakas in the Tamil area and the Nayakas of Cannapattana, Beluru, and Rayadurga in the Kannada area, are said to have been Telugu Balijas.
2058:
Balija, a Telugu speaking migrant caste to Kerala, is segmented into two sub-castes, viz., Gavara Naidu and Gajaiu Balija ( Vala Chetti ).
4031:
The Who's who in Madras: ... A Pictorial Who's who of Distinguished Personages, Princes, Zemindars and Noblemen in the Madras Presidency
441:
warriors as recent as the 19th century; and accordingly they have closer kinship ties to the Nayak warriors than to Chetti merchants.
312:
period. According to the Prataparudra Charitra and Sri Siddhesvara Charitra mentions the Balija community lived during the reign of
3129:
Madurai was a prosperous city ruled by NÄyaka kings who were Telugu warriors with Balija cultivators and merchant-caste affiliations
4631:
4154:
Ramasami Naicker was born to non - Brahman parents of Balija Naidu community on 28th September 1879 at Erode in Coimbatore district
4105:
3936:
433:
accounts as wealthy merchants who controlled powerful trading guilds. To secure their loyalty, the Vijayanagar kings made them
374:. Later, in the 15th and 16th centuries, they colonised the Tamil country and established Nayaka chieftaincies. At this time,
4496:
4343:
3993:
3890:
3802:
3781:
3624:
3549:
3339:
3077:
2723:
2431:
2321:
2191:
2167:
2143:
1915:
1894:
1852:
1820:
1791:
1764:
1370:
1343:
1293:
1145:
1121:
392:
2861:
Balija trading families in South India had significant influence in the outcome of seventeenth century Vijayanagara politics
4621:
4578:
3181:
Many later rulers were also of different castes, such as the Madurai Nayaks, Balijas (traders) who ruled from 1559 to 1739
4636:
3464:
Encounters on the Opposite Coast: The Dutch East India Company and the Nayaka State of Madurai in the Seventeenth Century
3317:
3192:
Encounters on the Opposite Coast: The Dutch East India Company and the Nayaka State of Madurai in the Seventeenth Century
976:
The Balija are a community of Telugu origin and are scattered all over Andhra Pradesh , Karnataka , Tamil Nadu and Kerala
638:, into one. Based on the Brahmanical conceptualisation of caste during the British Raj period, Balijas were accorded the
1177:
416:
had Telugu origins and the Rajamahendram also appeared to be a geographic claim based on their origins in the town of
4646:
4569:
4548:
4524:
4446:
4244:
4220:
4196:
4171:
3957:
3925:
3865:
3739:
3708:
3603:
3574:
3472:
3391:
3300:
3269:
3200:
3174:
3148:
3122:
3050:
3001:
2929:
2898:
2825:
2780:
2755:
2688:
2657:
2509:
2488:
2407:
2383:
2359:
2256:
2108:
2075:
2036:
1944:
1873:
1715:
1661:
1585:
1560:
1535:
1437:
1416:
1314:
969:
931:
907:
4641:
3840:
412:
based their claim to Balija status on a sectarian identification, the Gazula were bangle-makers by occupation, the
2174:
The Kavarais were Tamilized Balija Chettis of Telugu origin, returned in the census as 'Wadugas' or 'Northerners'.
497:
near Bangalore. They are clean in their habits, pure vegetarians, follow the doctrines of Ramanujacharya, worship
914:
Balija are the chief Telugu trading caste , scattered ! throughout Andhra Pradesh , Karnataka and Tamil Nadu
2304:
Kavarai is the Tamil name for the great Telugu trading caste , Balija , who are spread throughout the Presidency
4363:
4092:
Mackenzie Manuscripts; Summaries of the Historical Manuscripts in the Mackenzie Collection: Tamil and Malayalam
3985:
3261:
2952:
2921:
2890:
2005:
527:
328:
Balijas served as ministers, military generals, and provincial governors in the Vijayanagara Empire. Historian
206:
952:
Balijas, the chief Telugu trading caste, found all over Madras Presidency. Many are landowners and cultivators
1283:
694:
3313:
The Textile Trade of Seventeenth Century Northern Coromandel: A Study of a Pre-modern Asian Export Industry
3292:
395:, whose desire was to reduce a complex social system to one of administrative simplicity using theories of
4000:
Raghunathanayaka, a Balija who ruled Tanjavur during the early seventeenth century, also wrote a Ramayana.
3085:
families were closely allied to an important semi-commercial, semi-warrior caste group, the Balija Naidus.
4589:
3619:. Ministry of Culture, Youth Affairs and Sports, Department of Culture, Government of India. p. 36.
3356:
1262:
4203:
EVR was born on September 17 , 1879 , in Erode , Madras Presidency , into a Kannada Balija Naidu family.
3222:
2239:
The Kavarais, known also as Balijas, are the trading caste of the Telugus, and belong to the right hand.
1653:
4516:
The View from Below: Indigenous Society, Temples, and the Early Colonial State in Tamilnadu, 1700ā1835
2519:
Vijaya, M.; Kanthimathi, S.; Srikumari, C. R.; Reddy, P. Govinda; Majumder, P. P.; Ramesh, A. (2007).
553:
where the Balija merchant-warriors rose to political and cultural power and claimed Nayaka positions.
447:
is a trading community and is a sub-caste of Balija. They have marital relationship with the Balijas.
420:. Subsequent attempts to rationalise the enumeration merely created other anomalies and caused upset.
1884:
396:
3114:
Translating Catechisms, Translating Cultures: The Expansion of Catholicism in the Early Modern World
549:
A more widespread usage of the Nayaka title amongst the Balijas appears to have happened during the
1649:
Universal Empire: A Comparative Approach to Imperial Culture and Representation in Eurasian History
3511:
3595:
3042:
2772:
2715:
2576:
1756:
827:
790:
685:
680:
575:
526:, the Nayaka title was bestowed to warriors who had received land and the title as a part of the
341:
4058:
4626:
4385:
The political career of E.V. Ramasami Naicker: a study in the politics of Tamil Nadu, 1920-1949
4149:
The political career of E.V. Ramasami Naicker: a study in the politics of Tamil Nadu, 1920-1949
2796:
3979:
3771:
3718:
3698:
2957:
The successors of the Vijayanagar empire, the Nayaks of Madura and Tanjore, were Balija Naidus
2157:
1808:
4603:
4595:
3792:
3642:
3251:
2159:
Constructing the Colonial Encounter: Right and Left Hand Castes in Early Colonial South India
2133:
1936:
Constructing the Colonial Encounter: Right and Left Hand Castes in Early Colonial South India
1865:
Constructing the Colonial Encounter: Right and Left Hand Castes in Early Colonial South India
1738:
1085:
990:
Devadatta Ramkrishna Bhandarkar; Archaeological Survey of India (1983). "Epigraphia Indica".
989:
821:
779:
670:
619:
570:
519:
363:
337:
2609:
Talbot, Cynthia (September 1994). "Political intermediaries in Kakatiya Andhra, 1175-1325".
1993:
4482:
4096:
2768:
Identity, Consciousness and the Past: Forging of Caste and Community in India and Sri Lanka
2135:
The Trading World of the Tamil Merchant: Evolution of Merchant Capitalism in the Coromandel
1408:
Early Interactions Between South and Southeast Asia: Reflections on Cross-cultural Exchange
713:
514:
Some Balijas use surnames such as Naidu or Nayudu, and Naicker, which share a common root.
2856:
All in the Family: Nayaka Strategies in the Making of the Vijayanagara Empire, South India
2707:
1685:
All in the Family: Nayaka Strategies in the Making of the Vijayanagara Empire, South India
1458:
8:
4534:
3917:
Architecture of Sovereignty: Stone Bodies, Colonial Gazes, and Living Gods in South India
3646:
3350:
3282:
3140:
Architecture of Sovereignty: Stone Bodies, Colonial Gazes, and Living Gods in South India
2817:
The Encyclopedia of World History Ancient, Medieval, and Modern, Chronologically Arranged
2680:
The Encyclopedia of World History Ancient, Medieval, and Modern, Chronologically Arranged
2414:
The Kavarai and the Balija are equivalent and occupied low positions ( Baines 1912 , 97 )
2328:
Kavarai is the name for Balijas ( Telugu Trading Caste ) , who have settled in Tamil Nadu
1746:
1580:. Komarraju Venkata Lakshmana Rau Vijnana Sarvaswa Sakha, Telugu University. p. 81.
866:
623:
607:
562:
550:
430:
367:
333:
4280:. Vol. 23. Director of Information and Public Relations, Andhra Pradesh. p. 8.
1976:
Bowmen of Mid-India: A Monography of the Bhils of Jhabua M. P. and Adjoining Territories
4353:
3674:
3666:
3649:(January 2009). "Notes on Political Thought in Medieval and Early Modern South India".
3247:
2942:
2911:
2626:
2543:
2129:
1742:
1573:
759:
732:
601:
3750:
522:
that ruled from the Krishna and Godavari deltas during the 3rd century AD. During the
4565:
4544:
4520:
4492:
4442:
4339:
4240:
4216:
4192:
4167:
3989:
3953:
3921:
3886:
3861:
3798:
3777:
3735:
3704:
3678:
3620:
3599:
3570:
3545:
3468:
3387:
3335:
3296:
3265:
3196:
3170:
3144:
3118:
3073:
3046:
2997:
2993:
2925:
2894:
2821:
2776:
2751:
2719:
2684:
2653:
2630:
2505:
2484:
2480:
2427:
2403:
2379:
2355:
2317:
2252:
2187:
2163:
2139:
2104:
2071:
2032:
1940:
1911:
1890:
1869:
1848:
1816:
1787:
1760:
1711:
1657:
1581:
1556:
1531:
1433:
1429:
A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century
1412:
1366:
1339:
1310:
1289:
1173:
1141:
1117:
1007:
999:
965:
927:
903:
870:
786:
763:
741:
400:
2547:
4082:
3831:. Vol. 13. The Government Oriental Manuscripts Library, Madras. p. 2863.
3658:
3426:. Vol. 11. Mysore: Kannada Adhyayana Samsthe, Mysore University. p. XVI.
3377:
3028:
2747:
2618:
2539:
2535:
2056:. Vol. 28. Institute of Social Research and Applied Anthropology. p. 59.
1701:
1251:
1193:. Department of History, Archaeology and Culture, Dravidian University. p. 88.
794:
775:
722:
717:
689:
666:
627:
586:
580:
523:
349:
345:
329:
317:
309:
185:
183:
Another version for etymology states that Balija is derived from the Sanskrit word
46:
4438:
Caste, Class and Education: Politics of the Capitation Fee Phenomenon in Karnataka
3898:
Lakshminarayana and sent him with ministers, councillors and troops to the South."
455:
name for Balijas who have settled in Tamil Nadu and is the Tamilised rendition of
4559:
4538:
4514:
4486:
4460:
4436:
4415:
4404:
4383:
4372:
4357:
4333:
4318:
4297:
4286:
4275:
4264:
4234:
4210:
4186:
4161:
4147:
4124:
4090:
4086:
4068:
4043:
4029:
4015:
3947:
3915:
3880:
3855:
3729:
3694:
3614:
3589:
3564:
3539:
3496:
3462:
3448:
3421:
3381:
3329:
3311:
3286:
3255:
3190:
3164:
3138:
3112:
3091:
3067:
3036:
3015:
2987:
2964:
2946:
2915:
2884:
2880:
2854:
2840:
2815:
2790:
2766:
2741:
2709:
2678:
2647:
2591:
2580:
2566:
2499:
2474:
2453:
2442:
2421:
2397:
2373:
2349:
2335:
2311:
2297:
2284:
2270:
2246:
2232:
2218:
2205:
2181:
2098:
2065:
2051:
2026:
1974:
1963:
1934:
1905:
1863:
1842:
1781:
1750:
1705:
1683:
1672:
1647:
1626:
1616:
1606:
1595:
1575:
1550:
1525:
1514:
1503:
1482:
1472:
1427:
1406:
1387:
1360:
1333:
1304:
1240:
1230:
1219:
1198:
1188:
1135:
1111:
1100:
1089:
1065:
1054:
1043:
1032:
959:
945:
921:
897:
846:
703:
698:
592:
530:
for services rendered to the court. The Nayaka was noted to be an officer in the
371:
97:
42:
1783:
Pre-colonial India in Practice: Society, Region, and Identity in Medieval Andhra
1460:
South Indian Inscriptions (Texts) Telugu Inscriptions from the Madras Presidency
1362:
Pre-colonial India in Practice: Society, Region, and Identity in Medieval Andhra
1335:
Pre-colonial India in Practice: Society, Region, and Identity in Medieval Andhra
481:
and Sadu Banajiga as they were formerly Jain Kshatriyas who were converted into
3501:. Bulletin of the Government Oriental Manuscripts Library, Madras. p. 49.
3017:
Castes, Communities, and Culture in Andhra Desa, 17th & 18th Centuries, A.D
2737:
2622:
486:
452:
292:
264:
222:
105:
68:
50:
4060:
The Spice Road 'Vaį¹akarai ZamÄ«ndÄri' Its Historicity and Architectural Remains
3662:
3013:
1847:. The New Cambridge History of India. Cambridge University Press. p. 87.
1477:. Prof. K. Lakshmi Ranjanam Shasti Poorti Celebrations Committee. p. 163.
1232:
A Study of the History and Culture of the Andhras: From stone age to feudalism
766:
of the famous warrior and diplomat Ramabhadra Nayak, who had held the post of
4615:
3975:
3417:
3325:
3063:
2708:
Velcheru Narayana Rao; David Dean Shulman; Sanjay Subrahmanyam, eds. (1992).
2458:. Centre of Advanced Study in Linguistics, Annamalai University. p. 214.
1221:
Studies in Economic and Social Conditions of Medieval Andhra, A. D. 1000-1600
1003:
833:
815:
771:
676:
478:
438:
3612:
1886:
Religion and Public Culture: Encounters and Identities in Modern South India
3405:
3032:
2983:
1838:
1512:
1116:. Vol. 2. International School of Dravidian Linguistics. p. 668.
1091:
Kings and Councillors: An Essay in the Comparative Anatomy of Human Society
409:
313:
1994:"Religious Gifting and Inland Commerce in Seventeenth-Century South India"
391:
The classification of people as Balija was one of many challenges for the
308:
Balija as a community is seen for the first time in an inscription of the
271:
collectives also included members of other communities with status titles
4453:
M.S. Ramaiah belonged to the Balija community , a backward trading class.
3246:
2501:
Language Loyalty and Displacement: Among Telugu Minorities in Pondicherry
1645:
1487:. Vol. 21ā26. Andhra Historical Research Society. 1955. p. 107.
745:
494:
482:
417:
353:
284:
4335:
The Congress in Tamilnad: Nationalist Politics in South India, 1919-1937
4188:
The Making of India, 1947-2022: Pivotal People, Events, and Institutions
4179:
early modern Deccani culture, and from a Kannada Balija Naidu community.
3670:
3591:
The Makers of the World: Caste, Craft, and Mind of South Indian Artisans
2813:
2676:
2225:
Kavarai - A Tamil synonym for Balija; probably a corrupt form of Gavara.
1306:
Merchants & Scholars: Essays in the History of Exploration and Trade
2521:"A Study on Tamil ā Speaking Immigrants of Andhra Pradesh, South India"
2179:
1548:
865:
The Raj theories of evolutionary anthropology, typified by the work of
490:
357:
210:
109:
72:
4488:
India's silent revolution: the rise of the lower castes in North India
4184:
1456:
3857:
The Heirs of Vijayanagara: Court Politics in Early Modern South India
3008:
The Nayak kings of Madura and Tanjore were Balijas , traders by caste
2451:
1574:
Modali Nagabhushana Sarma, Mudigonda Veerabhadra Sastry, ed. (1995).
736:
726:
631:
596:
498:
474:
366:
et al. note that the Balijas were first mobilised politically by the
288:
214:
117:
113:
80:
76:
3038:
Dominance and State Power in Modern India: Decline of a Social Order
2962:
1972:
2645:
2183:
South India: Political Institutions and Political Change. 1880-1940
1389:
History of the Reddi Kingdoms (circa. 1325 A.D. to Circa 1448 A.D.)
767:
531:
101:
32:
1411:. Vol. 2. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. p. 170.
1011:
408:
were simply using the Tamil word for Balija but, for example, the
4561:
The World of the Weaver in Northern Coromandel, c. 1750 ā c. 1850
4374:
Dr. P. Varadarajulu Naidu and the Sermadevi Gurukulam Controversy
4081:
3027:
2313:
Social Change Among Balijas: Majority Community of Andhra Pradesh
2198:
Kavarai was merely the Tamil equivalent of the Telugu word Balija
950:. Vol. 1. H. Milford, Oxford University Press. p. 246.
809:
707:
643:
635:
502:
456:
448:
405:
379:
4122:
4073:. Vol. 9. the University of California. 1938. p. 250.
4041:
2299:
Colburn's United Service Magazine and Naval and Military Journal
2248:
The Travels of the Abbarrn India and the Near East, 1672 to 1674
1752:
Symbols of substance: court and state in NÄyaka Period Tamilnadu
1621:. Vol. 52. Government of Andhra Pradesh. 1978. p. 270.
4580:
Caste politics in the North, West and South India before Mandal
2711:
Symbols of Substance Court and State in NÄyaka Period Tamilnadu
2518:
2504:. Pondicherry Institute of Linguistics and Culture. p. 8.
1249:
647:
639:
464:
444:
413:
121:
84:
4540:
Penumbral Visions: Making Polities in Early Modern South India
4126:
Encyclopaedia of the Madras Presidency and the Adjacent States
4045:
Encyclopaedia of the Madras Presidency and the Adjacent States
3453:. Vol. 1. Director of Stationery and Print. p. 129.
3288:
Penumbral Visions: Making Polities in Early Modern South India
3216:
3214:
3110:
3057:
The Nayak kings of Madura and Tanjore were balijas ( traders )
2447:. V.R. Ramachandra Dikshitar Centenary Committee. p. 321.
1245:. Vol. 6. Government of Andhra Pradesh. 1978. p. 71.
964:. Vol. 26. Anthropological Survey of India. p. 287.
3700:
Literary Cultures in History: Reconstructions from South Asia
2975:. Andhra Pradesh State Archives and Research Institute: 145.
2886:
Literary Cultures in History: Reconstructions from South Asia
1137:
543 Faces of India: Guide to 543 Parliamentary Constituencies
785:
Sankariah Naidu, Zamindar of Chennappa Naicken Palayam was a
460:
434:
272:
247:
197:
meaning born. Therefore, Balija means 'born from sacrifice'.
190:
172:, all of which are said to be derived from the Sanskrit term
4586:
Konduru: structure and integration in a South Indian village
3096:. Vol. 5. Rashtriya Jagriti Sansthan. 2006. p. 14.
3014:
A. Satyanarayana, Mukkamala Radhakrishna Sarma, ed. (1996).
1470:
1386:
Sarma, M Somasekhara; SÅmaÅÄkharaÅarma, Mallampalli (1948),
1302:
259:
and differentiated themselves from other collectives called
4302:. Vol. 67. G.A. Natesan & Company. p. 18, 20.
4208:
3752:ą°ą°ą°§ą±ą°° ą°øą°¾ą°¹ą°æą°¤ą±ą°Æ ą°Ŗą°°ą°æą°·ą°¤ą± ą°Ŗą°¤ą±ą°°ą°æą° - Journal of the Telugu Academy
3211:
2371:
2028:
Applied Anthropology and Challenges of Development in India
1809:"Figures and Facts: Madras Government Statistics 1880-1940"
1631:. Vol. 64. Indian History Congress. 2004. p. 590.
919:
471:
3873:
installed at Madurai around 1530 and reigned until c. 1563
3613:
Ranjit Kumar Bhattacharya, S. B. Chakrabarti, ed. (2002).
2268:
1604:
1513:
Kase Sarvappa, Khandavalli Lakshmi Ranjanam, ed. (1960).
1965:
Madras: The Growth of a Colonial City in India, 1780-1840
1379:
1228:
957:
209:
that provided trade links between trading communities in
4409:. International Institute of Tamil Studies. p. 783.
3616:
Indian Artisans: Social Institutions and Cultural Values
2965:"Identity and Crisis of Telugu Migrants of Tamil Region"
429:
Balija Chettis (or Chetti Balija): Mentioned in several
4273:
4269:. Nehru Memorial Museum and Library. 2003. p. 358.
3352:
Telugu Inscriptions In Karnataka A Socio Cultural Study
2585:. Indian Council of Agricultural Research. p. 261.
2575:
2237:. Vol. 2. Asian Educational Services. p. 67.
1811:. In Baker, Christopher John; Washbrook, D. A. (eds.).
1646:
Peter Fibiger Bang, Dariusz Kolodziejczyk, ed. (2012).
1063:
132:
Variations of the name in use in the medieval era were
4370:
4056:
3838:
3727:
3569:. Manohar Publishers & Distributors. p. 192.
3509:
3412:(in Kannada). Kannada University , Hampi. p. 118.
3386:. Manohar Publishers & Distributors. p. 192.
2814:
Peter N. Stearns, William Leonard Langer, ed. (2001).
2677:
Peter N. Stearns, William Leonard Langer, ed. (2001).
2596:. G. Cumberlege, Oxford University Press. p. 275.
2212:
In the Tamil Districts , Balijas are known as Kavarais
1737:
1710:. Manohar Publishers & Distributors. p. 192.
1549:
Pedarapu Chenna Reddy, A. Satyanarayana, ed. (2005).
1264:
Economic Conditions in Southern India (1000-1500 A.D.)
3878:
3731:
Christianity in India: From Beginnings to the Present
3309:
2180:
Christopher John Baker, D. A. Washbrook, ed. (1976).
1903:
1501:
1385:
1260:
1203:. Vol. 56. Popular Prakashan. 1927. p. 197.
1084:
534:
court; there being a correlation between holding the
332:
notes that Some of the notable Balija Nayak clans of
245:
were also used for these traders, and in later times
4185:
Gurucharan Gollerkeri, Renuka Raja Rao, ed. (2024).
3723:. Indo-British Historical Society. 1987. p. 52.
3544:. A. Constable & Company, Limited. p. 164.
2838:
2743:
The Sacred Centre as the Focus of Political Interest
2337:
The Justice Party: A Historical Perspective, 1916-37
2309:
2286:
List of Inscriptions on Tombs Or Monuments in Madras
1961:
1670:
1457:
J. Ramayya Pantulu, Lakshminarayan rao, ed. (1948).
1256:. Vol. 1. Ceylon University Press. p. 550.
404:
engagement in trade and those who called themselves
217:. From the 13th century, inscriptions referring to "
4413:
4316:
4232:
3537:
3281:
3220:
2852:
2452:N. Rajasekharan Nair, A. G. Natarajan, ed. (2007).
2399:
Asia's Maritime Bead Trade: 300 B.C. to the Present
2282:
2230:
2049:
1681:
983:
895:
104:community primarily living in the Indian states of
4381:
4352:
4236:The Caste of Merit: Engineering Education in India
4145:
3821:
3773:The political economy of underdevelopment in India
3748:
3428:Belur chiefs who are sometimes called Balam chiefs
2963:Dr. B.Ramachndra Reddy R. Nata Rajan, ed. (2007).
2941:
2910:
2244:
1973:Wilhelm Koppers, Leonard J. Jungblut, ed. (1976).
1600:. Vol. 69. Mythic Society. 1978. p. 136.
4465:. Vol. 1. Sri Sai Publications. p. 164.
4212:Women and Social Reform in Modern India: A Reader
4103:
3934:
3825:A Descriptive Catalogue of the Telugu Manuscripts
3169:. Vol. 6. The Hill Publication. p. 18.
2873:
2871:
2764:
2646:Radhika Seshan, Shraddha Kumbhojkar, ed. (2018).
2589:
2564:
2476:Police Power and Colonial Rule, Madras, 1859-1947
2203:
1991:
1508:. Andhra Pradesh Sahitya Akademi. p. 73, 74.
1484:Journal of the Andhra Historical Research Society
1098:
4613:
4402:
4388:. Ravi & Vasanth Publishers. p. 23, 32.
4323:. Indo-British Historical Society. p. 240.
4284:
4017:The Ruling Chiefs, Nobles and Zamindars of India
3562:
3376:
2859:. University of Wisconsin--Madison. p. 29.
2845:. University of Wisconsin--Madison. p. 81.
2593:Caste in India: Its Nature, Function and Origins
2347:
2223:. India Census Commissioner. 1902. p. 161.
1979:. Vol. 2. Elisabeth Stiglmayr. p. 243.
1700:
1168:Stein, Burton; Arnold, David (4 February 2010).
1109:
1105:. Vol. 2. Mittal Publications. p. 100.
1041:
4320:C. Rajagopalachari, Gandhi's southern commander
3703:. University of California Press. p. 414.
3641:
3348:
3143:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 36, 51.
2879:
2419:
2302:. University of California. 1895. p. 286.
2067:Medieval Andhra: A Socio-Historical Perspective
2024:
1688:. University of Wisconsin--Madison. p. 29.
1677:. University of Wisconsin--Madison. p. 81.
1618:Andhra Pradesh Government Archaeological Series
1404:
221:" (warrior merchants) started appearing in the
4191:. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. p. 105.
4123:Vuppuluri Lakshminarayana Sastri, ed. (1920).
4042:Vuppuluri Lakshminarayana Sastri, ed. (1920).
3981:Questioning Ramayanas: A South Asian Tradition
3790:
3769:
3531:
3529:
2868:
2736:
2497:
2096:
1779:
1523:
943:
4159:
4152:. Ravi & Vasanth Publishers. p. 18.
4020:. Vol. 1. G.C. Loganadham. p. 679.
3416:
3324:
3162:
3062:
2611:The Indian Economic and Social History Review
2395:
2150:Kavarai (the Tamil word for Balija merchants)
2063:
1519:. Andhra Racayitala Sanghamu. p. LXXVII.
1425:
1309:. University of Minnesota Press. p. 51.
1250:Hem Chandra Ray, K. M. De Silva, ed. (1960).
1186:
1030:
538:, the possession of the administrative title
4533:
4458:
4331:
4295:
4291:. Asia Publishing House for the. p. 34.
4063:. Vol. 74. Acta Orientalia. p. 97.
3404:
3227:. T.M.S.S.M Library, Thanjavur. p. 21.
3111:Antje FlĆ¼chter, Rouven Wirbser, ed. (2017).
2982:
2472:
2440:
2333:
1190:Studies in Kannada Inscriptions in Telangana
1128:Balija literally means born out of sacrifice
1052:
1017:cognate, and derived from the Sanskrit vanij
4557:
4359:Politics and Social Conflict in South India
4013:
3913:
3853:
3587:
3526:
3494:
3460:
3446:
3188:
3136:
2948:Politics and Social Conflict in South India
2444:Studies in South Indian History and Culture
2378:. Affiliated East-West Press. p. 211.
1883:Paul, John Jeya; Yandell, Keith E. (2000).
1882:
1597:The Quarterly Journal of the Mythic Society
1217:
1167:
1133:
947:Economic studies-Some South Indian Villages
902:. B.R. Publishing Corporation. p. 52.
4434:
3920:. Cambridge University Press. p. 36.
2649:Re-searching Transitions in Indian History
2402:. University of Hawaii Press. p. 36.
2310:Kumari, A. Vijaya; Sepuri Bhaskar (1998).
2291:Kavarais are the same caste as the Balijas
2275:. Vol. 28. K.J. TrĆ¼bner. p. 36.
2100:Caste and Class in Industrial Organisation
1628:Proceedings of the Indian History Congress
1471:Khandavalli Lakshmi Ranjanam, ed. (1968).
1303:James Ford Bell, John Parker, ed. (1965).
255:. These traders formed collectives called
4481:
4377:. Vol. 21. The Congress. p. 97.
4326:Maha Sabha 1940, Vice - President 1942-44
4239:. Harvard University Press. p. 100.
4215:. Indiana University Press. p. 401.
4209:Sumit Sarkar, Tanika Sarkar, ed. (2008).
4166:. Harvard University Press. p. 310.
3488:
3486:
3240:
3238:
2372:R. Thirumalai, S. Manoharan, ed. (1997).
1907:Maritime India in the Seventeenth Century
1235:. People's Publishing House. p. 334.
1094:. Printing office P. Barbey. p. 115.
920:Narendra Nath Bhattacharyya, ed. (1980).
393:census enumerators of the British Raj era
4417:Religion and Social Reform in Tamil Nadu
4129:. University of Minnesota. p. 453.
4048:. University of Minnesota. p. 450.
3440:
3438:
3370:
3368:
2354:. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 43.
2269:Jervoise Athelstane Baines, ed. (1912).
1910:. Oxford University Press. p. 208.
1605:Kandavalli Balendu Sekaram, ed. (1973).
1530:. Ashish Publishing House. p. 148.
1432:. Pearson Education India. p. 602.
899:Rural Population in Indian Urban Setting
4277:Sarojini Naidu The Nightingale Of India
3974:
3860:. Leiden University Press. p. 79.
3842:Further Sources of Vijayanagara History
3693:
3513:Further Sources of Vijayanagara History
3334:. Oxford University Press. p. 35.
3072:. Oxford University Press. p. 35.
2528:International Journal of Human Genetics
2155:
2103:. Commonwealth Publishers. p. 45.
1932:
1861:
1786:. Oxford University Press. p. 86.
1611:. Sri Saraswati Book Depot. p. 53.
1608:The Andhras Through the Ages, Parts 1-2
1365:. Oxford University Press. p. 81.
1338:. Oxford University Press. p. 75.
1325:
1229:Kambhampati Satyanarayana, ed. (1975).
958:K. S. Singh, B. G. Halbar, ed. (2003).
4614:
4512:
4420:. Rajakumari Publications. p. 61.
3945:
3755:(in Telugu). Vol. 49. p. 92.
3541:Mysore and Coorg from the Inscriptions
3483:
3235:
3166:Research in Multidisciplinary Subjects
2608:
2128:
1358:
1331:
1172:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 120.
323:
4274:Sri G. D. Kameswara Rao, ed. (1978).
3845:. University of Madras. p. 176.
3776:. Northern Book Centre. p. 172.
3516:. University of Madras. p. 302.
3435:
3365:
2340:. Poompozhil Publishers. p. 19.
1968:. University of Chicago. p. 224.
1837:
1806:
1733:
1731:
1281:
1064:B. S. L. Hanumantha Rao, ed. (1995).
4371:S. Babu, P. Kandaswamy, ed. (2002).
4057:Parthiban Rajukalidoss, ed. (2013).
3885:. Sterling Publishers. p. 100.
3839:K. A. Nilakanta Sastri, ed. (1946).
3797:. Abhinav Publications. p. 10.
3728:Robert Eric Frykenberg, ed. (2008).
3510:K. A. Nilakanta Sastri, ed. (1946).
2220:Census of India, 1901: Madras (3 v.)
2210:. Mittal Publications. p. 102.
2070:. Partridge Publishing. p. 44.
1889:. Psychology Press. pp. 33ā34.
1555:. Research India Press. p. 87.
1505:Ekamranathuni Prataparudra Caritramu
1267:. University of Madras. p. 394.
1048:. University of Madras. p. 402.
938:Balija , a class of Telugu merchants
926:. Munshiram Manoharlal. p. 23.
774:of Revenue under his close relative
518:as a term was first used during the
3879:Konduri Sarojini Devi, ed. (1990).
3310:Joseph Jerome Brennig, ed. (1987).
3020:. Osmania University. p. 145.
2571:. Mittal Publications. p. 104.
2351:Historical Dictionary of the Tamils
1904:Sinnappah Arasaratnam, ed. (1994).
1552:Recent Trends in Historical Studies
1502:C. V. Ramachandra Rao, ed. (1984).
1261:Angadipuram Appadorai, ed. (1936).
298:
13:
4475:
4441:. SAGE Publications. p. 177.
4107:The Indian Biographical Dictionary
3938:The Indian Biographical Dictionary
3498:Sri Prasanna Venkatesvara Vilasamu
1962:Susan Margaret Neild, ed. (1977).
1728:
1577:History and Culture of the Andhras
1463:. Vol. 10. p. 285, 286.
1067:Social Mobility in Medieval Andhra
423:
303:
14:
4658:
4414:C. Paramarthalingam, ed. (1997).
4317:Antony R. H. Copley, ed. (1986).
4266:NMML Manuscripts: An Introduction
4233:Ajantha Subramanian, ed. (2019).
4070:The Feudatory and zemindari India
4034:. Pearl Press. 1938. p. 52.
3538:Benjamin Lewis Rice, ed. (1909).
3450:Madras District Gazetteers: Salem
2853:Christopher Chekuri, ed. (1997).
2820:. Houghton Mifflin. p. 368.
2683:. Houghton Mifflin. p. 368.
2316:. M. D. Publications. p. 8.
2283:Julian James Cotton, ed. (1905).
2231:Ananda Ranga Pillai, ed. (1984).
2162:. Psychology Press. p. 106.
2050:Pradip . K Bhowmick, ed. (2002).
1682:Christopher Chekuri, ed. (1997).
1282:Stein, Burton (4 February 2010).
1224:. Triveni Publishers. p. 69.
1140:. Newmen Publishers. p. 28.
1070:. Telugu University. p. 170.
961:People of India:Karnataka, Part 1
896:Jakka Parthasarathy, ed. (1984).
653:
470:Dasa Banajiga are also called as
386:
291:, and also some countries in the
4543:. University of Michigan Press.
4382:E. Sa. Viswanathan, ed. (1983).
4146:E. Sa. Viswanathan, ed. (1983).
3822:T. Chandrasekharan, ed. (1951).
3749:ą°øą°æ. ą°Ŗą°¾ą°Ŗą°Æą±ą°Æą°¶ą°¾ą°øą±ą°¤ą±ą°°ą°æ, ed. (1960).
2245:SirCharles Fawcett, ed. (2017).
2138:. Orient Blackswan. p. 46.
1807:Baker, Christopher John (1975).
1392:, Andhra University, p. 396
1059:. P.R. Krishnamurty. p. 69.
869:, are nowadays considered to be
4632:Social groups of Andhra Pradesh
4564:. New Delhi: Orient Blackswan.
4426:
4406:Literary Heritage of the Tamils
4394:
4308:
4255:
4137:
4116:
4110:. Forgotten Books. p. 344.
4104:C. Hayavadana Rao, ed. (1915).
4005:
3968:
3941:. Forgotten Books. p. 344.
3935:C. Hayavadana Rao, ed. (1915).
3905:
3882:Religion in Vijayanagara Empire
3813:
3761:
3685:
3635:
3318:University of WisconsināMadison
3102:
2805:
2765:H. L. Seneviratne, ed. (1997).
2699:
2668:
2637:
2602:
2590:John Henry Hutton, ed. (1951).
2565:Venkatesa Iyengar, ed. (1932).
2556:
2464:
2426:. APH Publishing. p. 284.
2204:Venkatesa Iyengar, ed. (1932).
2120:
2090:
2016:
1992:David West Rudner, ed. (1987).
1985:
1953:
1926:
1829:
1800:
1773:
1694:
1637:
1527:Handbook of Indian Architecture
1493:
1448:
1396:
1099:Venkatesa Iyengar, ed. (1932).
1037:. Udaya Prakashana. p. 22.
859:
614:
509:
399:. Early Raj census attempts in
4403:S.V. Subramanian, ed. (1981).
4364:University of California Press
4285:Padmini Sengupta, ed. (1966).
3986:University of California Press
3563:Noboru Karashima, ed. (1999).
3467:. Brill. p. 75 & 56.
3262:University of California Press
2953:University of California Press
2922:University of California Press
2891:University of California Press
2839:Daniel D'Attilio, ed. (1995).
2540:10.1080/09723757.2007.11886010
2348:Vijaya Ramaswamy, ed. (2017).
2272:Ethnography: Castes and Tribes
2031:. Punthi-Pustak. p. 341.
2006:University of California Press
1815:. Springer. pp. 222ā223.
1671:Daniel D'Attilio, ed. (1995).
1352:
1273:
1209:
1159:
1110:T. Madhava Menon, ed. (2000).
1076:
1042:T. V. Mahalingam, ed. (1967).
1022:
887:
762:, Zamindar of Vadagarai was a
207:Five Hundred Lords of Ayyavolu
1:
4491:. London: C. Hurst & Co.
3349:Indira Malapaka, ed. (2021).
2792:Social Analysis, Issues 25-28
2420:S. N. Sadasivan, ed. (2000).
2025:P. R. G. Mathur, ed. (1994).
1034:Economic History of Karnataka
880:
263:, which probably represented
233:(of 'many countries') and as
4513:Mukund, Kanakalatha (2005).
3952:. Notion Press. p. 35.
3293:University of Michigan Press
3221:N. Venkataramanayya (1951).
2568:The Mysore Tribes and Castes
2498:L. Ramamoorthy, ed. (2000).
2289:. Vol. 3. p. 246.
2207:The Mysore Tribes and Castes
2097:G. Karunanithi, ed. (1991).
1524:K. Satyamurthy, ed. (1991).
1102:The Mysore Tribes and Castes
944:Gilbert Slater, ed. (1918).
556:
127:
7:
4622:Social groups of Tamil Nadu
4605:Religion and Public Culture
4288:Sarojini Naidu: A Biography
4160:David Shulman, ed. (2016).
3791:Krishnan-Kutty, G. (1986).
3770:Krishnan-Kutty, G. (1999).
3734:. OUP Oxford. p. 317.
3357:Sri Venkateswara University
3331:The Mughal State, 1526-1750
3224:Raghunatha Nayakabhyudayamu
3163:Biplab Auddya, ed. (2017).
3069:The Mughal State, 1526-1750
2842:The Last Vijayanagara Kings
2396:Peter Francis, ed. (2002).
2375:People of India: Tamil Nadu
2064:Alpana Pandey, ed. (2015).
1674:The Last Vijayanagara Kings
1426:Upinder Singh, ed. (2009).
1187:Aravind Kumar, ed. (2006).
1031:B. Muddachari, ed. (1982).
840:
493:. They are mostly found in
237:('own country'). The terms
189:, a sacrifice made during '
10:
4663:
4637:Social groups of Karnataka
4459:Bi Rama Raju, ed. (2005).
4332:David Arnold, ed. (2017).
4296:G.A. Natesan, ed. (1972).
3566:Kingship in Indian History
3410:Karnatakada Kaifiyattugalu
3383:Kingship in Indian History
2623:10.1177/001946469403100301
2473:David Arnold, ed. (1986).
2441:R. Nagaswamy, ed. (1997).
2334:P. Rajaraman, ed. (1988).
2251:. Routledge. p. 595.
1707:Kingship in Indian History
1654:Cambridge University Press
1053:K. Lalitamba, ed. (1976).
459:. The often use the title
200:
116:and in smaller numbers in
4338:. Routledge. p. 23.
4014:A. Vadivelu, ed. (1915).
3914:Gita V. Pai, ed. (2023).
3663:10.1017/s0026749x07003368
3588:Jan Brouwer, ed. (1995).
3495:V.R. Acarya, ed. (1954).
3461:Markus Vink, ed. (2015).
3447:A.Ramaswami, ed. (1967).
3137:Gita V. Pai, ed. (2023).
2423:A Social History of India
2186:. Springer. p. 223.
1939:. Routledge. p. 20.
1516:Sri Siddhesvara Caritramu
1288:. John Wiley & Sons.
1218:K. Sundaram, ed. (1968).
1134:H. D. Singh, ed. (1996).
791:Tupakula Krishnappa Nayak
686:Tupakula Krishnappa Nayak
501:gods, speak Kannada, and
397:evolutionary anthropology
152:, with probable cognates
64:
56:
38:
28:
23:
4647:South Indian communities
4558:Swarnalatha, P. (2005).
4435:Rekha Kaul, ed. (1993).
2652:. Taylor & Francis.
1998:Journal of Asian Studies
1868:. Routledge. p. 3.
1359:Talbot, Cynthia (2001).
1332:Talbot, Cynthia (2001).
852:
168:and derivatives such as
4642:Social groups of Kerala
4462:Telugu Saints and Sages
3596:Oxford University Press
3257:Classical Telugu Poetry
3043:Oxford University Press
2989:Caste and Race in India
2917:Classical Telugu Poetry
2773:Oxford University Press
2716:Oxford University Press
2577:Mohinder Singh Randhawa
2156:Brimnes, Niels (1999).
1933:Brimnes, Niels (1999).
1862:Brimnes, Niels (1999).
1780:Cynthia Talbot (2001).
1757:Oxford University Press
828:S. P. Narasimhalu Naidu
681:Thanjavur Nayak dynasty
528:Nayankarapuvaram system
283:. They spread all over
3643:Rao, Velchuru Narayana
3260:(Reprinted ed.).
3117:. BRILL. p. 229.
2797:University of Adelaide
1739:Rao, Velcheru Narayana
810:Periyar E. V. Ramasamy
646:who described them as
4597:The Warrior Merchants
4483:Jaffrelot, Christophe
3252:Velcheru Narayana Rao
3195:. BRILL. p. 57.
1474:Spot lights on Telugu
1086:Arthur Maurice Hocart
1056:Virasaivism in Andhra
822:P. Varadarajulu Naidu
714:Era Krishnappa Nayaka
671:Madurai Nayak dynasty
620:Velcheru Narayana Rao
542:and the status title
520:Vishnukundina dynasty
364:Velcheru Narayana Rao
4535:Subrahmanyam, Sanjay
4519:. Orient Blackswan.
4097:University of Madras
3854:Lennart Bes (2022).
3651:Modern Asian Studies
3647:Subrahmanyam, Sanjay
3423:Epigraphia Carnatica
3189:Markus Vink (2015).
2799:. 1989. p. 116.
2483:Press. p. 114.
1747:Subrahmanyam, Sanjay
1200:The Indian Antiquary
1113:A Handbook of Kerala
923:Indian Puberty Rites
695:Sri Vijaya Rajasinha
690:Gingee Nayak dynasty
378:were leaders of the
3720:Indo-British Review
3695:Pollock, Sheldon I.
3283:Sanjay Subrahmanyam
3093:South Asia Politics
3029:Francine R. Frankel
2455:Dravidian Phonology
2130:Mukund, Kanakalatha
1759:. pp. 10, 74.
1743:Shulman, David Dean
1465:Inscription no. 528
1045:South Indian Polity
793:, the ruler of the
699:Kandy Nayak dynasty
624:Sanjay Subrahmanyam
604:/ Rayadurga Nayaks
563:Vijayanagara empire
551:Vijayanagara empire
489:during the rein of
324:Vijayanagara period
4354:Eugene F. Irschick
4163:Tamil: A Biography
3794:Peasantry in India
3248:David Dean Shulman
2943:Eugene F. Irschick
2912:David Dean Shulman
1285:A History of India
1170:A History of India
733:Pedda Koneti Nayak
610:/ Baramahal Nayaks
608:Channapatna Nayaks
4592:, pp. 21ā22.
4498:978-1-85065-670-8
4345:978-1-315-29419-3
4299:The Indian Review
3995:978-0-520-22074-4
3892:978-81-207-1167-9
3804:978-81-7017-215-4
3783:978-81-7211-107-6
3626:978-81-85579-56-6
3551:978-0-598-51081-5
3341:978-0-19-563905-6
3079:978-0-19-563905-6
2994:Popular Prakashan
2725:978-0-19-563021-3
2481:Oxford University
2433:978-81-7648-170-0
2323:978-81-7533-072-6
2193:978-1-349-02746-0
2169:978-0-7007-1106-2
2145:978-81-250-1661-8
1917:978-0-19-563424-2
1896:978-0-7007-1101-7
1854:978-0-521-26693-2
1822:978-1-34902-746-0
1793:978-0-19803-123-9
1766:978-0-19-563021-3
1372:978-0-19803-123-9
1345:978-0-19803-123-9
1295:978-1-4443-2351-1
1253:History of Ceylon
1147:978-81-900669-0-7
1123:978-81-85692-31-9
871:scientific racism
824:, freedom fighter
818:, freedom fighter
812:, social reformer
742:Rana Jagadevaraya
697:- Founder of the
688:- Founder of the
679:- Founder of the
669:- Founder of the
401:Madras Presidency
90:
89:
4654:
4608:, John Jeya Paul
4600:, Mittison Mines
4575:
4554:
4530:
4509:
4507:
4505:
4469:
4466:
4455:
4430:
4424:
4421:
4410:
4398:
4392:
4389:
4378:
4367:
4349:
4328:
4312:
4306:
4303:
4292:
4281:
4270:
4259:
4253:
4250:
4229:
4205:
4181:
4156:
4141:
4135:
4134:
4120:
4114:
4111:
4100:
4083:T. V. Mahalingam
4078:
4064:
4053:
4038:
4025:
4009:
4003:
4002:
3972:
3966:
3963:
3942:
3931:
3909:
3903:
3900:
3875:
3850:
3835:
3830:
3817:
3811:
3808:
3787:
3765:
3759:
3756:
3745:
3724:
3714:
3689:
3683:
3682:
3639:
3633:
3630:
3609:
3584:
3559:
3533:
3524:
3521:
3506:
3490:
3481:
3478:
3457:
3442:
3433:
3430:
3413:
3401:
3378:Noboru Karashima
3372:
3363:
3360:
3345:
3321:
3306:
3278:
3242:
3233:
3232:
3218:
3209:
3206:
3183:
3157:
3131:
3106:
3100:
3097:
3087:
3059:
3024:
3010:
2979:
2959:
2938:
2907:
2875:
2866:
2863:
2849:
2835:
2809:
2803:
2800:
2786:
2761:
2748:Brill Publishers
2733:
2703:
2697:
2694:
2672:
2666:
2663:
2641:
2635:
2634:
2606:
2600:
2597:
2586:
2582:Farmers of India
2572:
2560:
2554:
2551:
2525:
2515:
2494:
2468:
2462:
2459:
2448:
2437:
2416:
2392:
2368:
2344:
2330:
2306:
2293:
2279:
2265:
2241:
2227:
2214:
2200:
2176:
2152:
2124:
2118:
2117:
2094:
2088:
2085:
2060:
2046:
2020:
2014:
2013:
1989:
1983:
1980:
1969:
1957:
1951:
1950:
1930:
1924:
1921:
1900:
1879:
1858:
1833:
1827:
1826:
1804:
1798:
1797:
1777:
1771:
1770:
1735:
1726:
1725:
1702:Noboru Karashima
1698:
1692:
1689:
1678:
1667:
1641:
1635:
1632:
1622:
1612:
1601:
1591:
1570:
1545:
1520:
1509:
1497:
1491:
1488:
1478:
1467:
1452:
1446:
1443:
1422:
1400:
1394:
1393:
1383:
1377:
1376:
1356:
1350:
1349:
1329:
1323:
1320:
1299:
1277:
1271:
1268:
1257:
1246:
1236:
1225:
1213:
1207:
1204:
1194:
1183:
1163:
1157:
1154:
1130:
1106:
1095:
1080:
1074:
1071:
1060:
1049:
1038:
1026:
1020:
1019:
987:
981:
978:
954:
940:
916:
891:
874:
863:
836:, philanthropist
803:Social Activists
776:Viswanatha Nayak
723:Raghunatha Nayak
667:Viswanatha Nayak
602:Penukonda Nayaks
524:Kakatiya dynasty
330:Noboru Karashima
318:Kakatiya dynasty
299:Medieval history
65:Populated states
21:
20:
4662:
4661:
4657:
4656:
4655:
4653:
4652:
4651:
4612:
4611:
4590:Paul G. Hiebert
4572:
4551:
4527:
4503:
4501:
4499:
4478:
4476:Further reading
4473:
4472:
4449:
4431:
4427:
4399:
4395:
4346:
4313:
4309:
4263:
4260:
4256:
4247:
4223:
4199:
4174:
4142:
4138:
4121:
4117:
4087:Colin Mackenzie
4067:
4028:
4010:
4006:
3996:
3988:. p. 166.
3973:
3969:
3960:
3946:Jaidev (2022).
3928:
3910:
3906:
3893:
3868:
3828:
3818:
3814:
3805:
3784:
3766:
3762:
3742:
3717:
3711:
3690:
3686:
3640:
3636:
3627:
3606:
3598:. p. 293.
3577:
3552:
3534:
3527:
3491:
3484:
3475:
3443:
3436:
3394:
3373:
3366:
3342:
3303:
3295:. p. 198.
3272:
3243:
3236:
3219:
3212:
3203:
3177:
3151:
3125:
3107:
3103:
3090:
3080:
3053:
3004:
2996:. p. 106.
2932:
2901:
2893:. p. 413.
2881:Sheldon Pollock
2876:
2869:
2828:
2810:
2806:
2789:
2783:
2758:
2750:. p. 184.
2746:. Vol. 6.
2726:
2704:
2700:
2691:
2673:
2669:
2660:
2642:
2638:
2607:
2603:
2561:
2557:
2523:
2512:
2491:
2469:
2465:
2434:
2410:
2386:
2362:
2324:
2296:
2259:
2217:
2194:
2170:
2146:
2125:
2121:
2111:
2095:
2091:
2078:
2039:
2021:
2017:
1990:
1986:
1958:
1954:
1947:
1931:
1927:
1918:
1897:
1876:
1855:
1834:
1830:
1823:
1805:
1801:
1794:
1778:
1774:
1767:
1736:
1729:
1718:
1699:
1695:
1664:
1656:. p. 225.
1642:
1638:
1625:
1615:
1594:
1588:
1563:
1538:
1498:
1494:
1481:
1453:
1449:
1440:
1419:
1401:
1397:
1384:
1380:
1373:
1357:
1353:
1346:
1330:
1326:
1317:
1296:
1278:
1274:
1239:
1214:
1210:
1197:
1180:
1164:
1160:
1148:
1124:
1081:
1077:
1027:
1023:
988:
984:
972:
934:
910:
892:
888:
883:
878:
877:
864:
860:
855:
847:Sanskritisation
843:
830:, social worker
805:
778:, the ruler of
760:Ramabadra Naidu
754:
661:
656:
617:
576:Tanjavur Nayaks
559:
512:
426:
424:Balija branches
389:
372:Krishnadevaraya
326:
316:, ruler of the
306:
304:Kakatiya period
301:
267:merchants. The
203:
130:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4660:
4650:
4649:
4644:
4639:
4634:
4629:
4624:
4610:
4609:
4601:
4593:
4583:
4576:
4570:
4555:
4549:
4531:
4525:
4510:
4497:
4477:
4474:
4471:
4470:
4468:
4467:
4456:
4447:
4425:
4423:
4422:
4411:
4393:
4391:
4390:
4379:
4368:
4366:. p. 270.
4356:, ed. (1969).
4350:
4344:
4329:
4307:
4305:
4304:
4293:
4282:
4271:
4254:
4252:
4251:
4245:
4230:
4221:
4206:
4197:
4182:
4172:
4157:
4136:
4115:
4113:
4112:
4101:
4099:. p. 153.
4089:, ed. (1972).
4079:
4065:
4054:
4039:
4026:
4004:
3994:
3976:Richman, Paula
3967:
3965:
3964:
3958:
3943:
3932:
3926:
3904:
3902:
3901:
3891:
3876:
3866:
3851:
3836:
3812:
3810:
3809:
3803:
3788:
3782:
3760:
3758:
3757:
3746:
3740:
3725:
3715:
3709:
3684:
3634:
3632:
3631:
3625:
3610:
3604:
3585:
3575:
3560:
3550:
3525:
3523:
3522:
3507:
3482:
3480:
3479:
3473:
3458:
3434:
3432:
3431:
3420:, ed. (1998).
3414:
3408:, ed. (1994).
3402:
3392:
3380:, ed. (1999).
3364:
3362:
3361:
3346:
3340:
3328:, ed. (1998).
3322:
3307:
3301:
3279:
3270:
3264:. p. 57.
3254:, ed. (2020).
3234:
3210:
3208:
3207:
3201:
3185:
3184:
3175:
3159:
3158:
3149:
3133:
3132:
3123:
3101:
3099:
3098:
3088:
3078:
3066:, ed. (1998).
3060:
3051:
3045:. p. 30.
3035:, ed. (1989).
3025:
3011:
3002:
2986:, ed. (1969).
2980:
2960:
2945:, ed. (1969).
2939:
2930:
2924:. p. 57.
2914:, ed. (2020).
2908:
2899:
2883:, ed. (2003).
2867:
2865:
2864:
2850:
2836:
2826:
2804:
2802:
2801:
2787:
2781:
2775:. p. 99.
2762:
2756:
2740:, ed. (2023).
2738:Hans T. Bakker
2734:
2724:
2718:. p. 10.
2698:
2696:
2695:
2689:
2667:
2665:
2664:
2658:
2636:
2601:
2599:
2598:
2587:
2579:, ed. (1959).
2573:
2555:
2553:
2552:
2534:(4): 303ā306.
2516:
2510:
2495:
2489:
2463:
2461:
2460:
2449:
2438:
2432:
2417:
2408:
2393:
2384:
2369:
2360:
2345:
2331:
2322:
2307:
2294:
2280:
2266:
2257:
2242:
2228:
2215:
2201:
2192:
2177:
2168:
2153:
2144:
2119:
2109:
2089:
2087:
2086:
2076:
2061:
2047:
2044:and jewellers.
2037:
2015:
1984:
1982:
1981:
1970:
1952:
1945:
1925:
1923:
1922:
1916:
1901:
1895:
1880:
1874:
1859:
1853:
1828:
1821:
1799:
1792:
1772:
1765:
1727:
1716:
1704:, ed. (1999).
1693:
1691:
1690:
1679:
1668:
1662:
1636:
1634:
1633:
1623:
1613:
1602:
1592:
1586:
1571:
1561:
1546:
1536:
1521:
1510:
1492:
1490:
1489:
1479:
1468:
1447:
1445:
1444:
1438:
1423:
1417:
1395:
1378:
1371:
1351:
1344:
1324:
1322:
1321:
1315:
1300:
1294:
1272:
1270:
1269:
1258:
1247:
1237:
1226:
1208:
1206:
1205:
1195:
1184:
1179:978-1444323511
1178:
1158:
1156:
1155:
1146:
1131:
1122:
1107:
1096:
1088:, ed. (1936).
1075:
1073:
1072:
1061:
1050:
1039:
1021:
982:
980:
979:
970:
955:
941:
932:
917:
908:
885:
884:
882:
879:
876:
875:
857:
856:
854:
851:
850:
849:
842:
839:
838:
837:
831:
825:
819:
813:
801:
799:
798:
783:
752:
749:
748:
739:
730:
720:
711:
704:Tirumala Nayak
701:
692:
683:
674:
659:
655:
654:Notable people
652:
616:
613:
612:
611:
605:
599:
590:
589:/ Balam Nayaks
584:
583:/ Senji Nayaks
578:
573:
571:Madurai Nayaks
558:
555:
511:
508:
507:
506:
487:Ramanujacharya
477:Ramanuja-Dasa
468:
442:
425:
422:
388:
387:British period
385:
383:17th century.
325:
322:
305:
302:
300:
297:
293:Southeast Asia
239:balanjya-setti
227:Vira Balanjyas
219:Vira Balanjyas
202:
199:
180:, for trader.
129:
126:
106:Andhra Pradesh
88:
87:
69:Andhra Pradesh
66:
62:
61:
58:
54:
53:
40:
36:
35:
30:
26:
25:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4659:
4648:
4645:
4643:
4640:
4638:
4635:
4633:
4630:
4628:
4627:Indian castes
4625:
4623:
4620:
4619:
4617:
4607:
4606:
4602:
4599:
4598:
4594:
4591:
4587:
4584:
4582:
4581:
4577:
4573:
4571:9788125028680
4567:
4563:
4562:
4556:
4552:
4550:9780472112166
4546:
4542:
4541:
4536:
4532:
4528:
4526:9788125028000
4522:
4518:
4517:
4511:
4500:
4494:
4490:
4489:
4484:
4480:
4479:
4464:
4463:
4457:
4454:
4450:
4448:9780803994720
4444:
4440:
4439:
4433:
4432:
4429:
4419:
4418:
4412:
4408:
4407:
4401:
4400:
4397:
4387:
4386:
4380:
4376:
4375:
4369:
4365:
4361:
4360:
4355:
4351:
4347:
4341:
4337:
4336:
4330:
4327:
4322:
4321:
4315:
4314:
4311:
4301:
4300:
4294:
4290:
4289:
4283:
4279:
4278:
4272:
4268:
4267:
4262:
4261:
4258:
4248:
4246:9780674987883
4242:
4238:
4237:
4231:
4228:
4224:
4222:9780253352699
4218:
4214:
4213:
4207:
4204:
4200:
4198:9781527561410
4194:
4190:
4189:
4183:
4180:
4175:
4173:9780674059924
4169:
4165:
4164:
4158:
4155:
4151:
4150:
4144:
4143:
4140:
4133:
4128:
4127:
4119:
4109:
4108:
4102:
4098:
4094:
4093:
4088:
4084:
4080:
4077:
4072:
4071:
4066:
4062:
4061:
4055:
4052:
4047:
4046:
4040:
4037:
4033:
4032:
4027:
4024:
4019:
4018:
4012:
4011:
4008:
4001:
3997:
3991:
3987:
3983:
3982:
3977:
3971:
3961:
3959:9798887493114
3955:
3951:
3950:
3944:
3940:
3939:
3933:
3929:
3927:9781009150156
3923:
3919:
3918:
3912:
3911:
3908:
3899:
3894:
3888:
3884:
3883:
3877:
3874:
3869:
3867:9789087283711
3863:
3859:
3858:
3852:
3849:
3844:
3843:
3837:
3834:
3827:
3826:
3820:
3819:
3816:
3806:
3800:
3796:
3795:
3789:
3785:
3779:
3775:
3774:
3768:
3767:
3764:
3754:
3753:
3747:
3743:
3741:9780191544194
3737:
3733:
3732:
3726:
3722:
3721:
3716:
3712:
3710:9780520228214
3706:
3702:
3701:
3696:
3692:
3691:
3688:
3680:
3676:
3672:
3668:
3664:
3660:
3656:
3652:
3648:
3644:
3638:
3628:
3622:
3618:
3617:
3611:
3607:
3605:9780195630916
3601:
3597:
3593:
3592:
3586:
3583:
3578:
3576:9788173043260
3572:
3568:
3567:
3561:
3558:
3553:
3547:
3543:
3542:
3536:
3535:
3532:
3530:
3520:
3515:
3514:
3508:
3505:
3500:
3499:
3493:
3492:
3489:
3487:
3476:
3474:9789004272620
3470:
3466:
3465:
3459:
3456:
3452:
3451:
3445:
3444:
3441:
3439:
3429:
3425:
3424:
3419:
3418:B. Lewis Rice
3415:
3411:
3407:
3403:
3400:
3395:
3393:9788173043260
3389:
3385:
3384:
3379:
3375:
3374:
3371:
3369:
3359:. p. 96.
3358:
3354:
3353:
3347:
3343:
3337:
3333:
3332:
3327:
3326:Muzaffar Alam
3323:
3320:. p. 65.
3319:
3315:
3314:
3308:
3304:
3302:9780472112166
3298:
3294:
3290:
3289:
3284:
3280:
3277:
3273:
3271:9780520344525
3267:
3263:
3259:
3258:
3253:
3249:
3245:
3244:
3241:
3239:
3231:
3226:
3225:
3217:
3215:
3204:
3202:9789004272620
3198:
3194:
3193:
3187:
3186:
3182:
3178:
3176:9788196477660
3172:
3168:
3167:
3161:
3160:
3156:
3152:
3150:9781009150156
3146:
3142:
3141:
3135:
3134:
3130:
3126:
3124:9789004353060
3120:
3116:
3115:
3109:
3108:
3105:
3095:
3094:
3089:
3086:
3081:
3075:
3071:
3070:
3065:
3064:Muzaffar Alam
3061:
3058:
3054:
3052:9780195620986
3048:
3044:
3040:
3039:
3034:
3030:
3026:
3023:
3019:
3018:
3012:
3009:
3005:
3003:9788171542055
2999:
2995:
2991:
2990:
2985:
2981:
2978:
2974:
2970:
2966:
2961:
2958:
2955:. p. 8.
2954:
2950:
2949:
2944:
2940:
2937:
2933:
2931:9780520344525
2927:
2923:
2919:
2918:
2913:
2909:
2906:
2902:
2900:9780520228214
2896:
2892:
2888:
2887:
2882:
2878:
2877:
2874:
2872:
2862:
2858:
2857:
2851:
2848:
2844:
2843:
2837:
2834:
2829:
2827:9780395652374
2823:
2819:
2818:
2812:
2811:
2808:
2798:
2794:
2793:
2788:
2784:
2782:9780195640014
2778:
2774:
2770:
2769:
2763:
2759:
2757:9789004646612
2753:
2749:
2745:
2744:
2739:
2735:
2732:
2727:
2721:
2717:
2713:
2712:
2706:
2705:
2702:
2692:
2690:9780395652374
2686:
2682:
2681:
2675:
2674:
2671:
2661:
2659:9780429946301
2655:
2651:
2650:
2644:
2643:
2640:
2632:
2628:
2624:
2620:
2616:
2612:
2605:
2595:
2594:
2588:
2584:
2583:
2578:
2574:
2570:
2569:
2563:
2562:
2559:
2549:
2545:
2541:
2537:
2533:
2529:
2522:
2517:
2513:
2511:9788185452104
2507:
2503:
2502:
2496:
2492:
2490:9780195618938
2486:
2482:
2478:
2477:
2471:
2470:
2467:
2457:
2456:
2450:
2446:
2445:
2439:
2435:
2429:
2425:
2424:
2418:
2415:
2411:
2409:9780824823320
2405:
2401:
2400:
2394:
2391:
2387:
2385:9788185938882
2381:
2377:
2376:
2370:
2367:
2363:
2361:9781538106860
2357:
2353:
2352:
2346:
2343:
2339:
2338:
2332:
2329:
2325:
2319:
2315:
2314:
2308:
2305:
2301:
2300:
2295:
2292:
2288:
2287:
2281:
2278:
2274:
2273:
2267:
2264:
2260:
2258:9781351539890
2254:
2250:
2249:
2243:
2240:
2236:
2235:
2229:
2226:
2222:
2221:
2216:
2213:
2209:
2208:
2202:
2199:
2195:
2189:
2185:
2184:
2178:
2175:
2171:
2165:
2161:
2160:
2154:
2151:
2147:
2141:
2137:
2136:
2131:
2127:
2126:
2123:
2116:
2112:
2110:9788171691425
2106:
2102:
2101:
2093:
2084:
2079:
2077:9781482850178
2073:
2069:
2068:
2062:
2059:
2055:
2054:
2048:
2045:
2040:
2038:9788185094793
2034:
2030:
2029:
2023:
2022:
2019:
2012:
2007:
2003:
1999:
1995:
1988:
1978:
1977:
1971:
1967:
1966:
1960:
1959:
1956:
1948:
1946:9780700711062
1942:
1938:
1937:
1929:
1919:
1913:
1909:
1908:
1902:
1898:
1892:
1888:
1887:
1881:
1877:
1875:9780700711062
1871:
1867:
1866:
1860:
1856:
1850:
1846:
1845:
1840:
1839:Stein, Burton
1836:
1835:
1832:
1824:
1818:
1814:
1810:
1803:
1795:
1789:
1785:
1784:
1776:
1768:
1762:
1758:
1754:
1753:
1748:
1744:
1740:
1734:
1732:
1724:
1719:
1717:9788173043260
1713:
1709:
1708:
1703:
1697:
1687:
1686:
1680:
1676:
1675:
1669:
1665:
1663:9781139560955
1659:
1655:
1651:
1650:
1644:
1643:
1640:
1630:
1629:
1624:
1620:
1619:
1614:
1610:
1609:
1603:
1599:
1598:
1593:
1589:
1587:9788186073070
1583:
1579:
1578:
1572:
1569:
1564:
1562:9788189131029
1558:
1554:
1553:
1547:
1544:
1539:
1537:9788170243892
1533:
1529:
1528:
1522:
1518:
1517:
1511:
1507:
1506:
1500:
1499:
1496:
1486:
1485:
1480:
1476:
1475:
1469:
1466:
1462:
1461:
1455:
1454:
1451:
1441:
1439:9789332569966
1435:
1431:
1430:
1424:
1420:
1418:9789814345101
1414:
1410:
1409:
1403:
1402:
1399:
1391:
1390:
1382:
1374:
1368:
1364:
1363:
1355:
1347:
1341:
1337:
1336:
1328:
1318:
1316:9780816672578
1312:
1308:
1307:
1301:
1297:
1291:
1287:
1286:
1280:
1279:
1276:
1266:
1265:
1259:
1255:
1254:
1248:
1244:
1243:
1238:
1234:
1233:
1227:
1223:
1222:
1216:
1215:
1212:
1202:
1201:
1196:
1192:
1191:
1185:
1181:
1175:
1171:
1166:
1165:
1162:
1153:
1149:
1143:
1139:
1138:
1132:
1129:
1125:
1119:
1115:
1114:
1108:
1104:
1103:
1097:
1093:
1092:
1087:
1083:
1082:
1079:
1069:
1068:
1062:
1058:
1057:
1051:
1047:
1046:
1040:
1036:
1035:
1029:
1028:
1025:
1018:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1001:
997:
993:
986:
977:
973:
971:9788185938981
967:
963:
962:
956:
953:
949:
948:
942:
939:
935:
933:9780836407761
929:
925:
924:
918:
915:
911:
909:9788170181392
905:
901:
900:
894:
893:
890:
886:
872:
868:
862:
858:
848:
845:
844:
835:
834:M. S. Ramaiah
832:
829:
826:
823:
820:
817:
816:Padmaja Naidu
814:
811:
808:
807:
806:
804:
796:
792:
788:
784:
781:
777:
773:
769:
765:
761:
758:
757:
756:
755:
747:
743:
740:
738:
734:
731:
728:
724:
721:
719:
715:
712:
709:
705:
702:
700:
696:
693:
691:
687:
684:
682:
678:
677:Sevappa Nayak
675:
672:
668:
665:
664:
663:
662:
651:
649:
645:
641:
637:
633:
629:
625:
621:
609:
606:
603:
600:
598:
594:
591:
588:
585:
582:
581:Gingee Nayaks
579:
577:
574:
572:
569:
568:
567:
564:
554:
552:
547:
545:
541:
537:
533:
529:
525:
521:
517:
504:
500:
496:
492:
488:
484:
480:
476:
473:
469:
466:
462:
458:
454:
450:
446:
443:
440:
436:
432:
428:
427:
421:
419:
415:
411:
407:
402:
398:
394:
384:
381:
377:
373:
369:
365:
361:
359:
355:
351:
347:
343:
339:
335:
331:
321:
319:
315:
311:
296:
294:
290:
286:
282:
278:
274:
270:
266:
262:
258:
254:
250:
249:
244:
240:
236:
232:
228:
225:country. The
224:
220:
216:
212:
208:
198:
196:
193:' ritual and
192:
188:
187:
181:
179:
175:
171:
167:
163:
159:
155:
151:
147:
143:
139:
135:
125:
123:
119:
115:
111:
107:
103:
99:
95:
86:
82:
78:
74:
70:
67:
63:
59:
55:
52:
48:
44:
41:
37:
34:
31:
27:
22:
19:
4604:
4596:
4585:
4579:
4560:
4539:
4515:
4502:. Retrieved
4487:
4461:
4452:
4437:
4428:
4416:
4405:
4396:
4384:
4373:
4358:
4334:
4324:
4319:
4310:
4298:
4287:
4276:
4265:
4257:
4235:
4226:
4211:
4202:
4187:
4177:
4162:
4153:
4148:
4139:
4130:
4125:
4118:
4106:
4091:
4074:
4069:
4059:
4049:
4044:
4035:
4030:
4021:
4016:
4007:
3999:
3980:
3970:
3948:
3937:
3916:
3907:
3896:
3881:
3871:
3856:
3846:
3841:
3832:
3824:
3815:
3793:
3772:
3763:
3751:
3730:
3719:
3699:
3687:
3654:
3650:
3637:
3615:
3590:
3580:
3565:
3555:
3540:
3517:
3512:
3502:
3497:
3463:
3454:
3449:
3427:
3422:
3409:
3406:M.M.Kalburgi
3397:
3382:
3351:
3330:
3312:
3287:
3275:
3256:
3228:
3223:
3191:
3180:
3165:
3154:
3139:
3128:
3113:
3104:
3092:
3083:
3068:
3056:
3037:
3033:M. S. A. Rao
3021:
3016:
3007:
2988:
2984:G. S. Ghurye
2976:
2972:
2968:
2956:
2947:
2935:
2916:
2904:
2885:
2860:
2855:
2846:
2841:
2831:
2816:
2807:
2791:
2767:
2742:
2729:
2710:
2701:
2679:
2670:
2648:
2639:
2614:
2610:
2604:
2592:
2581:
2567:
2558:
2531:
2527:
2500:
2475:
2466:
2454:
2443:
2422:
2413:
2398:
2389:
2374:
2365:
2350:
2341:
2336:
2327:
2312:
2303:
2298:
2290:
2285:
2276:
2271:
2262:
2247:
2238:
2233:
2224:
2219:
2211:
2206:
2197:
2182:
2173:
2158:
2149:
2134:
2122:
2114:
2099:
2092:
2081:
2066:
2057:
2053:Man and Life
2052:
2042:
2027:
2018:
2009:
2001:
1997:
1987:
1975:
1964:
1955:
1935:
1928:
1906:
1885:
1864:
1844:Vijayanagara
1843:
1831:
1812:
1802:
1782:
1775:
1751:
1721:
1706:
1696:
1684:
1673:
1648:
1639:
1627:
1617:
1607:
1596:
1576:
1566:
1551:
1541:
1526:
1515:
1504:
1495:
1483:
1473:
1464:
1459:
1450:
1428:
1407:
1398:
1388:
1381:
1361:
1354:
1334:
1327:
1305:
1284:
1275:
1263:
1252:
1241:
1231:
1220:
1211:
1199:
1189:
1169:
1161:
1151:
1136:
1127:
1112:
1101:
1090:
1078:
1066:
1055:
1044:
1033:
1024:
1015:
995:
991:
985:
975:
960:
951:
946:
937:
922:
913:
898:
889:
867:H. H. Risley
861:
802:
800:
751:
750:
658:
657:
618:
615:Varna status
595:. who ruled
593:Kandy Nayaks
587:Belur Nayaks
560:
548:
543:
539:
535:
515:
513:
510:Caste titles
410:Linga Balija
390:
375:
368:Vijayanagara
362:
336:include the
334:Vijayanagara
327:
314:Prataparudra
307:
280:
276:
268:
260:
256:
252:
246:
242:
238:
234:
230:
226:
218:
204:
194:
184:
182:
177:
173:
169:
165:
161:
157:
153:
149:
145:
141:
137:
133:
131:
93:
91:
18:
16:Indian caste
2008:: 361ā379.
1813:South India
992:Epigraphica
746:Channapatna
505:their dead.
495:Channapatna
483:Vaishnavism
431:Vijayanagar
418:Rajahmundry
354:Channapatna
285:South India
4616:Categories
3657:(1): 204.
2617:(3): 281.
2011:merchants.
1012:sa66006469
881:References
787:descendant
770:Chief and
764:descendant
744:- King of
735:, King of
725:- King of
716:, King of
706:- King of
640:Sat Shudra
540:Angaraksha
491:Bitti Deva
358:Rayadurgam
211:Tamil Nadu
158:Valanjiyar
110:Tamil Nadu
102:mercantile
100:-speaking
73:Tamil Nadu
4504:16 August
3679:145396092
2631:145225213
1004:0013-9572
772:Collector
753:Zamindars
737:Penukonda
727:Thanjavur
632:Kshatriya
597:Sri Lanka
557:Dynasties
536:Nayankara
499:Vaishnava
475:Kshatriya
380:left-hand
289:Sri Lanka
269:pekkandru
257:pekkandru
215:Karnataka
128:Etymology
118:Telangana
114:Karnataka
81:Telangana
77:Karnataka
39:Languages
29:Religions
4537:(2001).
4485:(2003).
3978:(2001).
3697:(2003).
3671:20488076
3285:(2001).
2548:55044174
2132:(1999).
1841:(1989).
1749:(1992).
841:See also
768:Military
660:Warriors
644:Brahmins
532:Kakatiya
370:emperor
342:Tanjavur
310:Kakatiya
231:nanadesi
154:Balijiga
150:Banijiga
146:Banajiga
33:Hinduism
4076:country
4051:Empire.
3949:Thaamba
998:: 335.
780:Madurai
708:Madurai
648:Shudras
636:Vaishya
503:cremate
479:Vaniyas
451:is the
449:Kavarai
406:Kavarai
376:Balijas
338:Madurai
261:nagaram
235:swadesi
201:Origins
166:Bananji
162:Balanji
142:Bananju
138:Bananja
134:Balanja
57:Country
47:Kannada
4568:
4547:
4523:
4495:
4445:
4342:
4243:
4219:
4195:
4170:
3992:
3956:
3924:
3889:
3864:
3801:
3780:
3738:
3707:
3677:
3669:
3623:
3602:
3573:
3548:
3471:
3390:
3338:
3299:
3268:
3199:
3173:
3147:
3121:
3076:
3049:
3000:
2969:Itihas
2928:
2897:
2824:
2779:
2754:
2722:
2687:
2656:
2629:
2546:
2508:
2487:
2430:
2406:
2382:
2358:
2320:
2255:
2190:
2166:
2142:
2107:
2074:
2035:
1943:
1914:
1893:
1872:
1851:
1819:
1790:
1763:
1714:
1660:
1584:
1559:
1534:
1436:
1415:
1369:
1342:
1313:
1292:
1242:Itihas
1176:
1144:
1120:
1010:
1002:
968:
930:
906:
795:Gingee
628:varnas
544:Nayaka
516:Nayaka
465:Chetti
457:Gavara
445:Gavara
435:Desais
414:Telaga
356:, and
346:Gingee
281:nayaka
265:Komati
253:chetti
243:balija
223:Andhra
170:Baliga
122:Kerala
98:Telugu
96:are a
94:Balija
85:Kerala
43:Telugu
24:Balija
3829:(PDF)
3675:S2CID
3667:JSTOR
2627:S2CID
2544:S2CID
2524:(PDF)
2004:(2).
853:Notes
718:Belur
472:Jaina
461:Naidu
453:Tamil
439:Nayak
350:Belur
273:reddi
248:naidu
191:Yagna
178:Vanij
174:Vanik
60:India
51:Tamil
4566:ISBN
4545:ISBN
4521:ISBN
4506:2011
4493:ISBN
4443:ISBN
4340:ISBN
4241:ISBN
4217:ISBN
4193:ISBN
4168:ISBN
3990:ISBN
3954:ISBN
3922:ISBN
3887:ISBN
3862:ISBN
3799:ISBN
3778:ISBN
3736:ISBN
3705:ISBN
3621:ISBN
3600:ISBN
3571:ISBN
3557:king
3546:ISBN
3469:ISBN
3388:ISBN
3336:ISBN
3297:ISBN
3266:ISBN
3197:ISBN
3171:ISBN
3145:ISBN
3119:ISBN
3074:ISBN
3047:ISBN
2998:ISBN
2926:ISBN
2895:ISBN
2822:ISBN
2777:ISBN
2752:ISBN
2720:ISBN
2685:ISBN
2654:ISBN
2506:ISBN
2485:ISBN
2428:ISBN
2404:ISBN
2380:ISBN
2356:ISBN
2318:ISBN
2253:ISBN
2188:ISBN
2164:ISBN
2140:ISBN
2105:ISBN
2083:etc.
2072:ISBN
2033:ISBN
1941:ISBN
1912:ISBN
1891:ISBN
1870:ISBN
1849:ISBN
1817:ISBN
1788:ISBN
1761:ISBN
1712:ISBN
1658:ISBN
1582:ISBN
1557:ISBN
1532:ISBN
1434:ISBN
1413:ISBN
1367:ISBN
1340:ISBN
1311:ISBN
1290:ISBN
1174:ISBN
1142:ISBN
1118:ISBN
1008:LCCN
1000:ISSN
966:ISBN
928:ISBN
904:ISBN
634:and
622:and
561:The
463:and
279:and
277:boya
251:and
241:and
213:and
186:Bali
148:and
120:and
92:The
3659:doi
2619:doi
2536:doi
789:of
485:by
176:or
4618::
4588:,
4451:.
4362:.
4225:.
4201:.
4176:.
4095:.
4085:,
3998:.
3984:.
3895:.
3870:.
3673:.
3665:.
3655:43
3653:.
3645:;
3594:.
3579:.
3554:.
3528:^
3485:^
3437:^
3396:.
3367:^
3355:.
3316:.
3291:.
3274:.
3250:,
3237:^
3213:^
3179:.
3153:.
3127:.
3082:.
3055:.
3041:.
3031:,
3006:.
2992:.
2973:33
2971:.
2967:.
2951:.
2934:.
2920:.
2903:.
2889:.
2870:^
2830:.
2795:.
2771:.
2728:.
2714:.
2625:.
2615:31
2613:.
2542:.
2530:.
2526:.
2479:.
2412:.
2388:.
2364:.
2326:.
2261:.
2196:.
2172:.
2148:.
2113:.
2080:.
2041:.
2002:46
2000:.
1996:.
1755:.
1745:;
1741:;
1730:^
1720:.
1652:.
1565:.
1540:.
1150:.
1126:.
1014:.
1006:.
996:18
994:.
974:.
936:.
912:.
650:.
630:,
546:.
360:.
352:,
348:,
344:,
340:,
320:.
295:.
287:,
275:,
195:Ja
164:,
160:,
156:,
144:,
140:,
136:,
124:.
112:,
108:,
83:,
79:,
75:,
71:,
49:,
45:,
4574:.
4553:.
4529:.
4508:.
4348:.
4249:.
3962:.
3930:.
3807:.
3786:.
3744:.
3713:.
3681:.
3661::
3629:.
3608:.
3477:.
3344:.
3305:.
3205:.
2785:.
2760:.
2693:.
2662:.
2633:.
2621::
2550:.
2538::
2532:7
2514:.
2493:.
2436:.
1949:.
1920:.
1899:.
1878:.
1857:.
1825:.
1796:.
1769:.
1666:.
1590:.
1442:.
1421:.
1375:.
1348:.
1319:.
1298:.
1182:.
873:.
797:.
782:.
729:.
710:.
673:.
467:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.