852:. Initially wary and suspicious of the uninvited guest, Korotkov proposed a second meeting at the Soviet Embassy in Berlin to Harnack, where Korotkov could demonstrate his good faith and prove to Harnack that he was not a decoy. Several reasons were given as to why Harnack decided to become a spy, including a need for money, being ideologically driven, and possibly blackmail by Russian intelligence. It was known that Harnack had his own agenda, and that he wanted Germany to be separate from Nazism and the Soviet Union. According to a statement by Korotkov discovered after the war, he thought Harnack was not motivated by money or ideologically driven, but that he was specifically building an anti-fascist organisation for Germany, as opposed to an espionage network for Russian or American intelligence; Harnack considered himself a German patriot.
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espionage operation and
Harnack was asked by Korotkov to run it. Korotkov was instructed by Soviet intelligence to provide a person in Berlin that could be contacted via radio in the event of war. Harnack refused to be contacted in that manner and agreed only to collect and encipher the material in his own apartment, but the transmission would take place somewhere else. In June 1941, with Harnack's approval, Korotkov delivered a wireless transmitter to Greta Kuckhoff during a meeting at an underground railway station. The device was mounted in a case and had a range of 600 miles, but the battery only lasted two hours. The aim of the operation was to organise the Harnack group into an independent network with direct contact with Soviet intelligence. In May, two additional
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479:, the organizations allowed them to extend their influence to people that were difficult to reach. Communist or KPD members stayed in the background in meetings that were open to everyone, but controlled the discussion to gain influence. The real purpose of organisations like ARPLAN was to draw influential people who supported a pro-Soviet agenda in relation to German policy. Bessonov was ordered to recruit suitable German technocrats for visits to the Soviet Union and extract useful information for the Soviet trade legation.
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385:("Scientific Working Community for the Study of the Soviet Planned Economy"), or ARPLAN, with Lenz in 1931. It was an organisation of writers and academics that met once a month to discuss the Soviet planned economy. Harnack became secretary of the group and Lenz became the president. The first meeting took place on 3 and 4 January 1932. The study group had around 50 members. Some of the more prominent members were the economist
715:. On 8 August 1935, three months after Harnack joined the trade ministry, he met with Hirschfeld in a meeting that lasted three hours. During the meeting, Hirschfeld informed Harnack that his position in the trade ministry could provide useful information that could be used to defeat the Nazis, and offered to establish a system to convey the documents to Moscow. Harnack agreed to be an informer and was given the codename
320:, at a Friday evening gathering organized by Commons in Madison. A friendship that lasted for many years developed between Mildred and Lorke, the latter being drawn into an intimate group of Wisconsin radicals known as the Friday Niters Club. According to a fellow student and member of the group, Hazel Briggs Rice, the Friday Niters Club members considered themselves to be liberal Progressives. Lorke later married
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other times Arvid and Donald met in the countryside to exchange intelligence, but it became increasingly dangerous. Between
December 1939 and March 1941, Donald Jr. couriered between Harnack and the American embassy, delivered food from Denmark and Italy, and gave medicine to the Harnacks. After the war, Donald acknowledged that Arvid was his source for German economic intelligence.
966:, who was supplying Schulze-Boysen with intelligence. Heilmann tried to contact Schulze-Boysen but was unsuccessful and left a message with him to phone him back. Schulze-Boysen returned the call, but Vauck answered the phone, and when he requested the name of the caller to take a message and was met with Schulze-Boysen, the deception was revealed and the group exposed.
1037:. This honour has been proven to be erroneous, as it mistakenly interpreted Red Orchestra as a communist spy network working for the Soviets. This interpretation of the resistance group, based on original slander by the Gestapo, was used in a similar way in the West, in which the rebels were not honoured there, but persecuted as traitors until the 1970s.
665:). Over time, Harnack gathered detailed knowledge of the German economy, and when he was promoted to senior civil servant, he was legitimately able to form contacts with American trade counterparts at the American embassy. The same year, he also finished his legal qualifications in Jena, and successfully completed the junior law examination.
758:). His job was to recruit sympathetic informers that could provide that type of information. Mildred met Louise Heath, Donald's wife, at the American Women's Club in Bellevuestrasse in 1937. The Harnacks became friends with the Heaths, but Arvid was resistant to Donald's proposal at first; by 1938 he started providing him with intelligence.
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Harnack acted as the intermediary when transmitting reports, which were delivered from several people, including
Schulze-Boysen, and were encyphered and passed to Hans Coppi for transmission. The courier was initially Behrens, but Schlösinger took over when Behrens became unavailable. On 1 July 1941,
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In June 1941, after the German invasion of the Soviet Union, the resistance group intensified its leaflet propaganda. At the same time, the group started to collect military intelligence in a careful, systematic manner that could be used to overthrow the Nazis. Members of both groups were convinced
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lieutenant and descendant of an old German military family, who had known
Harnack since 1935, but was reintroduced to him sometime in late 1939 or early 1940 through Greta Kuckhoff. The Kuckhoffs had known the Schulz-Boysens since 1938, and started to engage them socially in autumn 1940 by bringing
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At the start of World War II, Louise and Donald Heath Jr. fled to Norway before returning several months later. When they returned, Louise asked
Mildred to tutor her son in American literature. The two couples began to regularly spend weekends together and occasionally went on vacation together. At
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Korotkov considered
Harnack a moral person, and that while he reported to his Soviet directors, he felt the Soviet Union "was a country whose ideals he felt connected to". Harnack often told his friends of his aversion to the Soviet Union and once told Grimme that Germany would "need a fist not to
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By the end of 1932, Harnack could not pursue an academic career, as the universities overwhelmingly supported Hitler, and he was no longer eligible for a career as a
National Socialist. His thesis on "The Pre-Marxist Workers' Movement in the United States" could no longer be published. In the same
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went there around the same time, he documented starving people in almost every station. Koestler believed that the
Harnacks' mentality was driven by the influence of Soviet propaganda, and that although they knew the standard of living in the West was much higher than the Soviet Union, they judged
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transmitters were delivered by diplomatic pouch; one was battery powered. The second one was dismantled so that it could fit into a suitcase, and required an electrical supply to operate. However, when Adam
Kuckhoff tested the first transmitter, it failed to work so it was returned the following
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in Berlin. He and his co-conspirators were hanged from meat hooks by piano wire, a method designed to prolong their suffering. Mildred was originally sentenced to six years in prison, but Hitler swiftly cancelled the sentence and ordered a new trial, which resulted in a death sentence. She was
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On 26 September 1940, Harnack provided
Erdberg with his first intelligence report that reported the Nazi state was in the planning stages for a war against the Soviet Union. In mid-April 1941, in an attempt to increase the influx of intelligence, the Soviets ordered Korotkov to create a Berlin
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According to KGB sources, between 1935 and 1938 Harnack supplied information about German currency, German investments abroad, and details of the German foreign debt. He also provided details of secret trade agreements to Soviet intelligence. During that period, Harnack circulated the same
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However, Hirschfeld requested that Harnack break off all relations with the KPD, and to avoid working for the resistance, but Harnack refused; he was never interested in becoming a Soviet agent, considered himself a communist, and would supply information to anybody who would take part in
203:, who ran a similar faction. Like numerous groups in other parts of the world, the undercover political factions led by Harnack and Schulze-Boysen later developed into an espionage network that supplied military and economic intelligence to the Soviet Union. The group was later called the
33:
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23 members of ARPLAN, including Harnack, went on a three-week study trip to the Soviet Union from 20 August to 12 September 1932, which was organised with the help of Bessonov and the Soviet embassy. They observed the Soviet economy in Moscow, Leningrad, Odessa, Kiev, and the
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At the end of the semester in March 1928, Arvid returned to Germany, as his fellowship had ended, while Mildred stayed for another year to complete her studies before moving to Germany on 2 June 1929, at which point the couple lived in the small university towns of
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region. There were allegations that Harnack was recruited by Soviet intelligence during the trip. David Dallin describes the trip as the turning point in Harnack's life, and that Harnack agreed to spy was for the Soviet Union when he was bluntly asked by senior
950:, the cipher bureaux of the Funkabwehr, to decipher Red Orchestra message traffic. The unit had been tracking Red Orchestra radio transmissions since June 1941, and found Wenzel's house in Brussels contained a large number of coded messages. When
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On 26 January 1937, a new civil service law gave Nazi officials the power to sack tenured civil servants. Walther Funk, Harnack's manager at the Ministry, persuaded him to join the Nazi Party to protect himself, and become what was known as a
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Jürgen, Danyel (1994). "Zwischen Nation und Sozialismus: Genese, Selbstverständnis und ordnungspolitische Vorstellungen der Widerstandsgruppe um Arvid Harnack und Harro Schulze- Boysen". In Steinbach, Peter; Tuchel, Johannes (eds.).
657:) in 1938, and worked on payment balances and foreign exchange questions about trade. As chief of trade policy, Harnack was part of many decision-making processes involving a very large number of people, including contacts in the
954:, principal cryptographer of the Funkabwehr, received the ciphers from Wenzel. On 15 July 1942, Vauck managed to decrypt a message dated 10 October 1941 that gave the locations of the Kuckhoffs and Schulze-Boysens' apartments.
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With the Kuckhoffs, the Harnacks assembled a discussion circle that debated political perspectives on the time after the Nazis' expected downfall. Between 1928 and 1929, Adam Kuckhoff headed the cultural-political magazine
312:, also a graduate student at the Wisconsin University, after Harnack wandered into the wrong lecture hall. After a brief friendship and romance, they were engaged on 6 June 1926 and married on 7 August 1926. The couple met
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and his capture by the Gestapo on 29–30 June 1942 eventually revealed the members of the groupand led to the Harnacks' arrest. Wenzel decided to cooperate after he was tortured. His exposure of the radio codes enabled
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IV 2A, where they identified the people living at the three addresses. The three couples were put under surveillance on 16 July 1942. There was a member of Schulze-Boysen's group working in Referat 12 in Vauck's team:
369:, Harnack's hope was that Germany could serve as a spiritual and economic bridge between the East and West. Lenz believed that only an alliance with the Soviet Union would relieve Germany of the constraints of the
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Die vormarxistische Arbeiterbewegung in den Vereinigten Staaten: eine Darstellung ihrer Geschichte. (The pre-Marxist labour movement in the United States: an account of its history) University of Jena: G. Fischer,
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Tuchel, Johannes (1988). "Weltanschauliche Motivationen in der Harnack/Schulze-Boysen-Organisation: ("Rote Kapelle")" [Worldly motivations in the Harnack/Schulze-Boysen organization: ("Rote Kapelle")].
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felt that the Berlin embassy needed a treasury attaché who could ferret out German economic information, so Heath became an intelligence agent in the office of coordination at the embassy (a forerunner of the
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in early 1933, the Harnacks kept a low profile; they decided to dissolve ARPLAN in March 1933. The membership list was destroyed and many members fled abroad. Lenz was attacked at Giessen University by the
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334:. Many in the group protested the planned execution of the pair, and Arvid petitioned the governor to create a committee to investigate the controversy. The trial radicalised the Harnacks.
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apartment. Korotkov was a Soviet intelligence agent who had been operating clandestinely in Europe for much of the 1930s as an employee of the foreign intelligence service of the Soviet
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471:), a communist front organisation. They were seen by Moscow as able to recruit "people of good will" or "people of influence" but not necessarily party members. According to
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Mildred and Libertas (Harro's wife) together while on holiday in Saxony. Harnack and Schulze-Boysen were wary of meeting due but finally met in October 1940 at the house of
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and Adam Kuckhoff 500 Reichsmarks. Harnack distributed the money to his agents: Behrens received 5000 marks, Leo Skrzipczynski received 3,000, Grimme received 2,000, and
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In January 1932, Mildred lost her position teaching English literature at the University of Berlin. In May 1932, the couple were forced to move to 61 Hasenheide in
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354:("The Pre-Marxist Workers' Movement in the United States") that dealt explicitly with the history of the American workers' movement. The thesis was sponsored by
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In 1940, Harnack came into contact with other resistance groups and began to cooperate with them. The most important of these was a small group called
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467:, who was Arvid's contact at the Soviet embassy in Berlin. At the time, the Harnacks were also members of the Association of Intellectual Workers (
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893:("The Home Front"), the twice-monthly newspaper written in six languages that was created by John Sieg. In 1942, Harnack produced a study called "
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to pass the reports through contacts in Flensburg and Denmark to the Soviet embassy in Stockholm. Bästlein was a close associate of Guddorf.
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since 1934. The group met to discuss and disseminate communist theories that included material Harnack was able to copy from the ministry.
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499:, Heym stated he found the Harnacks to be a genial academic couple who had "resolute views" on the Nazis. The Harnacks hosted a Saturday
1016:, to be dissected for research. A cenotaph was installed for the Harnacks after the war by Arvid's older brother Falk, a member of the
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that Germany could only be liberated by the Nazis' military defeat, and that by shortening the war, millions of people could be saved.
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for the Harnakcs were laid in front of 14 Genthiner Straße 14 in the Tiergarten on 20 September 2013 in the presence of US Ambassador
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at Hasenheide where intellectual discussion among editors, publishers, and authors was freely shared, and where Harnack lectured on
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All the Frequent Troubles of Our Days: The True Story of the American Woman at the Heart of the German Resistance to Hitler
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Arbeiterbewegung in Hessen : zur Geschichte der hessischen Arbeiterbewegung durch einhundertfünfzig Jahre (1834-1984)
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Das Daedalus-Prinzip: ein Diskurs zur Montage und Demontage von Ideologien : Steffen Dietzsch zum 65. Geburtstag
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Mildred Harnack und die Rote Kapelle : die Geschichte einer ungewöhnlichen Frau und einer Widerstandsbewegung
917:. From January to August 1942, Harnack was forced to pass his intelligence via courier. Harnack arranged with the
789:(i.e. Nazi brown outside, Moscow red inside). In May 1937, Harnack joined the Nazi Party with the number 4153569.
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Harnack's family were prominent and academically gifted Protestant Germans from the Baltic region. His father was
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594:("Berliner Städtische Abendgymnasium für Erwachsene"), an evening high school for adults seeking to obtain the
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The Rote Kapelle: the CIA's history of Soviet intelligence and espionage networks in Western Europe, 1936-1945
256:, his elder brother; Inge Harnack; and Angela Harnack, a violin teacher. Harnack was the nephew of theologian
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Commemorative plaque at the Peter A. Silbermann School/Friedrich Ebert Secondary School in Berlin-Wilmersdorf
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Wege zur Erinnerung: Gedenkstätten und -orte für die Opfer des Nationalsozialismus in Berlin und Brandenburg
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Memorial plaque for Arvid and Mildred Harnack at the Berlin building where they lived, 61 Hasenheide,
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In 1934, the couple moved to the third-floor apartment at 16 Schöneberger Woyrschstraße, close to the
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A Commemorative stamp honouring Arvid Harnack, Harro Schulze-Boysen and John Sieg, from the GDR, 1983
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608:, one of Mildred's students, who became one of Harnack's closest comrades-in-arms in the resistance.
365:. They decided to set up a study group in the autumn of 1931, along with Lenz. At the height of the
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Tell everyone, everyone about me!' – The beautiful, short life of Libertas Schulze-Boysen, 1913–1942
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3280:"Erzähl allen, allen von mir!" : das schöne kurze Leben der Libertas Schulze-Boysen 1913-1942
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and university admission. Mildred also taught English literature at the same school. While at the
324:. The Harnacks' Friday Niters Club was a preface to their involvement in what became known as the
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1044:, a street called Harnackstraße is named after the Harnacks, as well as similar named streets in
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as a tendentious and antigovernment economic treatise, and was read as far as Munich and Hamburg.
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Red Orchestra. The Story of the Berlin Underground and the Circle of Friends Who Resisted Hitler
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Die Rote Kapelle : die Widerstandsgruppe im Dritten Reich und die Geschichte Helmut Roloffs
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for the first time, but Harnack decided not to meet again due to their different temperaments.
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Die Okkupation Griechenlands im Zweiten Weltkrieg: Griechische und deutsche Erinnerungskultur
1405:(Dissertation). Wissenschaft Edition (Marburg, Germany)., Series History: Volume 51. Tectum.
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A Commemorative stamp honouring Mildred Harnack and her husband Arvid that was issued by the
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and the Nazis' appearance. After starting an undercover discussion group based at the Berlin
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Korotkov and the Soviet embassy staff, along with many other Soviet citizens, left Germany.
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and his mother was Clara Harnack (née Reichau), an artist. Reichau was the granddaughter of
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The Red Orchestra: the resistance group in the Third Reich and the history of Helmut Roloff
1215:. Die Hessen-Bibliothek (in German) (1st ed.). Frankfurt am Main: Insel. p. 438.
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On 7 September 1942, the Harnacks were arrested by the Gestapo while on a short holiday to
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On 17 September 1940, the Harnacks met the third secretary member of the Soviet embassy,
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that Soviet citizens were much better off under Stalin than they were under the czar.
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Memorial stone, "NS-Opfer" by Johanna Jura erected in 1976 at 6 Unter den Linden in
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The Harnacks, like many of their literary counterparts, shared an interest in the
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1530:(in German). Hessisches Landesamt für geschichtliche Landeskunde. 23 October 2020
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Wissenschaftliche Arbeitsgemeinschaft zum Studium der sowjetischen Planwirtschaft
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The Bohemians : the lovers who led Germany's resistance against the Nazis
3127:"PART II. 1929 - 1943: Germany. 1920s & 1930s. a passion for the literary"
2867:"Stolperstein-Zeremonie im Gedenken an Mildred Fish-Harnack und Arvid Harnack"
2261:"Stolperstein-Zeremonie im Gedenken an Mildred Fish-Harnack und Arvid Harnack"
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Arvid was sentenced to death on 19 December after a four-day trial before the
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received 1,000. The rest of the money was used by Harnack for daily expenses
742:. Joining him as First Secretary and monetary attaché at the U.S. Embassy was
700:. The house was destroyed in the war and is now known as 14 Genthiner Straße.
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and Giessen. In 1931, Arvid was promoted to his second doctorate, a Doctor of
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781:, so Harnack used considerable effort to convince him to become a communist.
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leaders. This allegation was repeated in 1994 by the KGB's deputy director,
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but progressively moved to a Marxist-Socialist outlook after a visit to the
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German jurist, economist, and resistance fighter in Nazi Germany (1901–1942)
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Against All Odds: Models of Subversive Spaces in National Socialist Germany
1310:. Der Deutschenspiegel, 34/35 (in German). Stuttgart: Deutsche Verl.-Anst.
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3091:(Vlog). Madison, Wisconsin: PBS Wisconsin University of Wisconsin-Madison
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301:, Harnack was influenced by the industrial economist and labor historian
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2966:(in German). Hamburg: Hamburg Stumbling Stone Initiators. Archived from
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who used the alias Alexander Erdberg while meeting the couple in their
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year, he instructed illegal training courses for former members of the
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on 10 June 1930. Grimme was a religious socialist who belonged to the
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week. Along with the radio transmitter, Korotkov gave Harnack 12,000
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In 1937, former Prussian minister of culture and religious socialist
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3380:"Ihr Ende schaut an ...": evangelische Märtyrer des 20. Jahrhunderts
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Meine Jahre in Deutschland 1933 - 1937 nice to meet you, Mr. Hitler!
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In 1941, Harnack sent the Soviets information about the forthcoming
848:. He managed to get back into the service with help from his friend
675:("The Deed"). At that time, he became acquainted with the communist
463:, who at the time was a member of the Russian trade delegation, and
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Die Rote Kapelle : "Landesverrat" als antifaschist. Widerstand
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704:
551:; and some of Mildred's students, including Friedrich Schlösinger.
219:, were executed by the Nazi regime in 1942 and 1943, respectively.
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3133:. Memorial Library University of Wisconsin-Madison. Archived from
3012:(in German). Zeit-Verlag Gerd Bucerius GmbH & Co. KG. Die Zeit
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At the end of 1937, and formally on 3 March 1938, U.S. ambassador
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The discovery of the illegal radio transmissions of Soviet agent
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796:, became a frequent visitor to the group discussions after 1938.
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3469:(in German). Bavarian Academy of Sciences: Historical Commission
1059:, a street known as the Arvid-Harnack-Straße is named after him.
183:. Harnack came from an intellectual family and was originally a
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SS-Major Horst Kopkow: From the Gestapo to British Intelligence
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Die vormarxistische Arbeiterbewegung in den Vereinigten Staaten
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3429:(2). Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht (GmbH & Co. KG): 267–292.
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Schultze, Harald; Kurschat, Andreas; Bendick, Claudia (2006).
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Ohler, Norman; Mohr, Tim; Yarbrough, Marshall (14 July 2020).
459:
Also among them was the leading Soviet economist and diplomat
3155:. Vol. 323. Bonn: Bundeszentrale für politische Bildung.
2823:
2821:
2546:
2544:
2504:
2502:
2031:
2029:
1379:] (in German) (1st ed.). Hamburg: Ergebnisse-Verl.
897:" (The National stage of monopoly capitalism), published in
679:, who was previously a reporter on the communist newspaper,
3050:(in German). Landeszentrale für Politische Bildungsarbeit.
2616:
2267:(in German). Berlin: US-Botschaft Berlin. 20 September 2013
2101:
1847:
1482:
1480:
1348:] (in German) (1st ed.). Berlin: Ullstein Verlag.
1056:
769:
was brought into the group through Kuckhoff and playwright
339:
1820:
1818:
1816:
1814:
723:
anti-fascist operations that helped to destroy the Nazis.
2818:
2705:
2659:
2657:
2655:
2640:
2541:
2499:
2487:
2388:
2195:
2193:
2191:
2189:
2026:
895:
Das nationalsoialistische Stadium des Monopolkapitalismus
888:. That same year, he wrote for the resistance magazine, '
270:
2681:
2531:
2529:
2286:
2284:
2282:
2152:
2150:
2148:
2135:
2133:
2016:
2014:
1987:
1977:
1975:
1973:
1971:
1958:
1956:
1931:
1929:
1927:
1914:
1912:
1899:
1897:
1895:
1893:
1615:
1613:
1611:
1609:
1607:
1605:
1603:
1477:
1377:
The Red Orchestra: "treason" as anti-fascist. resistance
1327:(in German) (7th ed.). Berlin: Verlag Neues Leben.
1033:
On 6 October 1969, Harnack was posthumously awarded the
507:
and Marxism. Amongst those who attended were publishers
358:, who founded the Giessen School of National Economics.
3376:
3006:"Aus den Lebenserinnerungen einer Widerstandskämpferin"
2920:
Resisting Hitler: Mildred Harnack and the Red Orchestra
2892:
Resisting Hitler: Mildred Harnack and the Red Orchestra
2326:
2316:
2314:
2301:
2299:
2223:
2205:
2041:
1837:
1835:
1833:
1811:
1753:
1751:
1749:
1747:
1722:
1720:
1707:
1705:
1590:
1588:
1560:
1452:
1450:
1062:
In the courtyard location at Unter den Linden 6 of the
957:
When Vauck decrypted this message, it was forwarded to
2784:
2782:
2780:
2765:
2753:
2717:
2652:
2604:
2241:
2186:
773:. Harnack had previously met Grimme at the funeral of
3242:. Washington DC: University Publications of America.
3208:
Kambas, Chryssoula; Mitsou, Marilisa (15 July 2015).
2873:(in German). Berlin: United States Embassy in Berlin.
2794:
2741:
2729:
2693:
2669:
2628:
2592:
2580:
2568:
2556:
2526:
2514:
2475:
2451:
2439:
2422:
Adam Kuckhoff & Gedenkstätte Deutscher Widerstand
2376:
2338:
2279:
2229:
2145:
2130:
2089:
2065:
2011:
1968:
1953:
1924:
1909:
1890:
1878:
1600:
1492:
1472:
Arvid Harnack & Gedenkstätte Deutscher Widerstand
1008:
beheaded by guillotine, and her body was released to
491:
due to the presence of Nazis, which they leased from
2427:
2405:
2403:
2311:
2296:
2162:
2077:
2060:
Karl Behrens & Gedenkstätte Deutscher Widerstand
1999:
1830:
1787:
1775:
1744:
1732:
1717:
1702:
1661:
1649:
1637:
1625:
1585:
1447:
685:. Harnack was good friends with lawyer and academic
269:, a volunteer militia. From 1919 to 1923 he studied
2777:
2174:
1763:
1542:
1504:
3444:Historical Dictionary of World War II Intelligence
3308:
2806:
2463:
2124:
1403:Die Widerstandsorganisation Schulze-Boysen/Harnack
829:apartment at Wilhelmshöher Allee 19 in Friedenau.
727:information to other groups. In 1935, Harnack met
2400:
1325:Vom Rosenkranz zur Roten Kapelle e. Lebensbericht
308:In 1926, Harnack met American literary historian
4106:
1941:
1799:
4140:People from Hesse executed at Plötzensee Prison
1554:
1192:Memorial stone to Arvid and Mildred Harnack at
799:
167:; 24 May 1901 – 22 December 1942) was a German
2945:(in German). German Resistance Memorial Center
913:, a communist writer and former editor of the
645:In 1933, Harnack was appointed advisor at the
3525:
1003:"), and was put to death three days later at
604:, Harnack met KPD member and design engineer
4135:Executed communists in the German Resistance
3207:
2107:
1177:for Arvid Harnack at 14 Genthiner Straße at
3112:. Koordinierungsstelle Stolpersteine Berlin
779:Covenant of Religious Socialists of Germany
653:), before becoming a senior civil servant (
3532:
3518:
3277:
2493:
1567:Proceedings of the Royal Society of London
1561:Royal Society of London (1 January 1875).
1269:(in German). Frankfurt am Main: Eichborn.
1242:(in German) (1st ed.). Bern: Scherz.
978:CIC file ref. Mildred Harnack (about 1947)
31:
3024:
2957:
2735:
2265:US-Botschaft und Konsulate in Deutschland
1619:
3348:
3327:
3214:(in German). Böhlau Verlag Köln Weimar.
3153:Widerstand gegen den Nationalsozialismus
3025:Eckelmann, Susanne (14 September 2014).
2771:
2211:
2047:
1853:
1824:
973:
842:People's Commissariat for State Security
814:that was run by Harro Schulze-Boysen, a
631:
226:
3460:
3235:
3045:
3033:. Berlin: Deutsches Historisches Museum
2759:
2723:
2711:
2663:
2646:
2622:
2610:
2247:
2199:
2180:
1868:
1866:
1864:
1862:
1498:
1291:. New York: Little, Brown and Company.
4150:University of Wisconsin–Madison alumni
4107:
3419:
3256:
3149:
3085:Heath, Donald Jr. (7 November 2011).
3003:
2989:. Yale University Press. p. 247.
2982:
2916:
2888:
2827:
2800:
2699:
2687:
2675:
2634:
2598:
2586:
2574:
2562:
2550:
2535:
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2457:
2445:
2433:
2394:
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2344:
2332:
2320:
2305:
2290:
2235:
2168:
2156:
2139:
2095:
2083:
2071:
2035:
2020:
2005:
1993:
1981:
1962:
1935:
1918:
1903:
1884:
1872:
1841:
1793:
1781:
1757:
1738:
1726:
1711:
1678:
1676:
1667:
1655:
1643:
1631:
1594:
1563:"Obituary Notices of Fellows Deceased"
1548:
1510:
1486:
1456:
909:In the summer of 1942, Sieg recruited
856:become a puppet of the Soviet Union".
844:(NKGB), but had been dismissed during
3513:
3425:. Theologie und Politik (in German).
3313:. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt.
3084:
2923:. New York: Oxford University Press.
2889:Brysac, Shareen Blair (23 May 2002).
2409:
2224:Schultze, Kurschat & Bendick 2006
1027:
154:
3441:
3415:. Fonthill Media. GGKEY:JT39J4WQW30.
3408:
3286:] (in German). Münich: Droemer.
3179:
3124:
3103:
2812:
2788:
2747:
1947:
1859:
1805:
1769:
1340:Roloff, Stefan; Vigl, Mario (2004).
3167:. German Resistance Memorial Center
3072:. German Resistance Memorial Center
2364:. United States Department of State
1690:. German Resistance Memorial Center
1673:
703:By 1935, Harnack was employed as a
248:, one of the principal founders of
13:
1204:
969:
263:In 1919 he became a member of the
14:
4176:
3483:
3165:Gedenkstätte Deutscher Widerstand
3070:Gedenkstätte Deutscher Widerstand
2943:Gedenkstätte Deutscher Widerstand
1688:Gedenkstätte Deutscher Widerstand
1196:cemetery at 33 Onkel-Tom-Straße,
215:. He and his American-born wife,
3442:West, Nigel (12 November 2007).
2358:"Hugh Robert Wilson (1885–1946)"
2125:Ohler, Mohr & Yarbrough 2020
1185:
1164:
1149:
1134:
1122:
1110:
1094:
580:
187:. He was strongly influenced by
3004:Donate, Claus (23 March 1973).
2881:
2859:
2833:
2350:
2253:
749:U.S. Secretary of the Treasury
640:
4160:Nazis executed by Nazi Germany
4145:20th-century German economists
4130:Executed Red Orchestra members
3409:Tyas, Stephen (25 June 2017).
3236:Kesaris, Paul. L, ed. (1979).
2917:Brysac, Shareen Blair (2000).
1516:
1238:Brysac, Shareen Blair (2003).
1:
2847:(in German). ZEPTER&KRONE
1440:
1064:Humboldt University of Berlin
627:
275:Friedrich Schiller University
105:Friedrich Schiller University
4165:University of Hamburg alumni
3349:Petrescu, Corina L. (2010).
3334:. New York: Schocken Books.
3106:"Friedrich Bodo Schlösinger"
928:
800:Harnack/Schulze-Boysen Group
756:Office of Strategic Services
651:Reichswirtschaftsministerium
636:The Harnack group in Germany
590:(MASCH) and at the Berliner
517:Heinrich Marie Ledig-Rowohlt
37:Arvid Harnack as a young man
7:
3732:Erika Gräfin von Brockdorff
3505:Biographies and information
3461:Wilhelm, Gertraude (1982).
3385:Evangelische Verlagsanstalt
2895:. Oxford University Press.
1435:People of the Red Orchestra
1428:
647:Reich Ministry of Economics
305:, and saw him as a mentor.
10:
4181:
3550:Harro Schulze-Boysen group
3278:Kettelhake, Silke (2008).
3263:. New York: Random House.
3046:Endlich, Stefanie (2007).
2960:"Bernhard Bästlein * 1894"
1087:
959:Reich Security Main Office
803:
527:; authors and playwrights
287:London School of Economics
252:. Harnack's siblings were
189:Johann Wolfgang von Goethe
109:London School of Economics
4155:University of Jena alumni
4067:Rudolf von Scheliha group
4066:
3915:
3867:Wilhelm Schürmann-Horster
3549:
3423:Kirchliche Zeitgeschichte
3328:Perrault, Gilles (1969).
3027:"Arvid Harnack 1901-1942"
2983:Dallin, David J. (1955).
2958:Bruchmann, Maike (2012).
1394:
806:Red Orchestra (espionage)
452:and politician Count von
376:
156:[ˈaʁ.vɪtˈhaʁ.nak]
134:
122:
100:
90:
64:
42:
30:
23:
3467:Neue Deutsche Biographie
3131:Honoring Mildred Harnack
2108:Kambas & Mitsou 2015
1323:Kuckhoff, Greta (1986).
1306:Lenz, Friedrich (1948).
1103:Deutsche Post of the GDR
1048:, Berlin; and Reudnitz,
687:Carl Dietrich von Trotha
495:. In his postwar novel,
482:
469:Bund der Geistesarbeiter
418:, the Marxist historian
314:Margaretha "Greta" Lorke
3577:Mietje Bontjes van Beek
3562:Libertas Schulze-Boysen
3494:German National Library
3110:Stolpersteine in Berlin
2362:Office of the Historian
1371:Rosiejka, Gert (1985).
1211:Beier, Gerhard (1984).
1035:Order of the Red Banner
1012:, anatomy professor at
523:; physician and writer
477:Communist International
454:Ernst Graf zu Reventlow
295:University of Wisconsin
291:Rockefeller scholarship
289:before being awarded a
222:
113:University of Wisconsin
4125:Jurists from Darmstadt
3186:(in German). Parerga.
3125:Ihde, Jenifer (2001).
979:
901:, which described the
637:
615:rise to power and the
588:Marxist Workers School
350:with a thesis titled:
316:, a German student of
233:
4048:Hansheinrich Kummerow
3948:Lotte Bergtel-Schleif
3907:Hansheinrich Kummerow
3757:Lotte Bergtel-Schleif
3572:Cato Bontjes van Beek
3540:People of the German
3257:Nelson, Anne (2009).
2964:Stolpersteine Hamburg
1265:Dodd, Martha (2005).
1020:resistance group, at
977:
659:German Foreign Office
635:
428:Karl August Wittfogel
348:University of Giessen
328:case, which became a
283:University of Hamburg
230:
117:University of Giessen
3607:Walter Küchenmeister
3587:Elisabeth Schumacher
3582:Jan Bontjes van Beek
3557:Harro Schulze-Boysen
3180:Kais, Leila (2009).
2625:, pp. 286, 289.
1401:Mager, Tina (2000).
1066:is a memorial stone.
937:by the German radio
751:Henry Morgenthau Jr.
729:Harro Schulze-Boysen
713:University of Berlin
465:Alexander Hirschfeld
381:Harnack founded the
371:Treaty of Versailles
201:Harro Schulze-Boysen
4074:Rudolf von Scheliha
3916:Arvid Harnack group
3672:Hans Lautenschlager
3632:Gisela von Pöllnitz
3446:. Scarecrow Press.
3104:Hochhuth, Gerhard.
2970:on 28 November 2012
2871:US-Botschaft Berlin
2830:, pp. 388–391.
2553:, pp. 264–266.
2511:, pp. 200–202.
2397:, pp. 225–226.
2038:, pp. 267–292.
1856:, pp. 192–193.
1194:Friedhof Zehlendorf
1014:Humboldt University
996:Reichskriegsgericht
939:counterintelligence
691:Horst von Einsiedel
413:Marxist philosopher
406:political scientist
4033:Wilhelm Fellendorf
3882:Wilhelm Fellendorf
3737:Cay von Brockdorff
3597:Günther Weisenborn
2714:, pp. 148–49.
2690:, pp. 267–92.
2649:, pp. 147–48.
1996:, pp. 468–48.
1489:, p. 267-292.
1308:Wirtschaftsplanung
1028:Awards and honours
980:
834:Alexander Korotkov
792:Harnack's nephew,
771:Günther Weisenborn
689:, and knew lawyer
638:
572:before them; when
448:, the philosopher
326:Sacco and Vanzetti
299:Madison, Wisconsin
279:University of Graz
234:
4102:
4101:
4084:Rudolf Herrnstadt
4043:Ingeborg Kummerow
3983:Leo Skrzypczynski
3978:Wolfgang Havemann
3943:Bernhard Bästlein
3902:Ingeborg Kummerow
3832:Philipp Schaeffer
3667:Hermann Natterodt
3662:Herbert Engelsing
3500:Hessian Biography
3453:978-0-8108-6421-4
3394:978-3-374-02370-7
3362:978-3-03911-845-8
3331:The Red Orchestra
3270:978-1-4000-6000-9
3221:978-3-412-22467-7
3193:978-3-937262-88-8
3137:on 14 August 2011
3057:978-3-938690-45-1
2996:978-0-598-41349-9
2930:978-0-19-513269-4
2902:978-0-19-992388-5
2750:, pp. 91–92.
2335:, pp. 92–93.
1386:978-3-925622-16-8
1298:978-0-316-56169-3
1198:Berlin-Zehlendorf
1005:Plötzensee Prison
1001:Military Tribunal
923:Bernhard Bästlein
890:'Die innere Front
871:Rose Schloesinger
794:Wolfgang Havemann
775:Adolf von Harnack
655:Oberregierungsrat
541:Ernst von Salomon
505:political economy
430:, the politician
400:, the politician
258:Adolf von Harnack
250:organic chemistry
246:Justus von Liebig
177:German resistance
175:, Communist, and
173:Marxist economist
145:
144:
76:Plötzensee Prison
4172:
4018:Rose Schlösinger
3687:Friedrich Rehmer
3637:Oda Schottmüller
3622:John Rittmeister
3544:resistance group
3534:
3527:
3520:
3511:
3510:
3478:
3476:
3474:
3463:"Kuckhoff, Adam"
3457:
3438:
3416:
3405:
3403:
3401:
3373:
3371:
3369:
3345:
3324:
3305:
3274:
3253:
3232:
3230:
3228:
3204:
3202:
3200:
3176:
3174:
3172:
3156:
3146:
3144:
3142:
3121:
3119:
3117:
3100:
3098:
3096:
3088:Donald Heath, Jr
3081:
3079:
3077:
3061:
3042:
3040:
3038:
3021:
3019:
3017:
3000:
2986:Soviet Espionage
2979:
2977:
2975:
2954:
2952:
2950:
2934:
2913:
2911:
2909:
2875:
2874:
2863:
2857:
2856:
2854:
2852:
2837:
2831:
2825:
2816:
2810:
2804:
2798:
2792:
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2763:
2757:
2751:
2745:
2739:
2733:
2727:
2721:
2715:
2709:
2703:
2697:
2691:
2685:
2679:
2673:
2667:
2661:
2650:
2644:
2638:
2632:
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2620:
2614:
2608:
2602:
2596:
2590:
2584:
2578:
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2566:
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2554:
2548:
2539:
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2518:
2512:
2506:
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2419:
2413:
2407:
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2257:
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2227:
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2215:
2209:
2203:
2197:
2184:
2178:
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2166:
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2154:
2143:
2137:
2128:
2122:
2111:
2105:
2099:
2093:
2087:
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2075:
2069:
2063:
2057:
2051:
2045:
2039:
2033:
2024:
2018:
2009:
2003:
1997:
1991:
1985:
1979:
1966:
1960:
1951:
1945:
1939:
1933:
1922:
1916:
1907:
1901:
1888:
1882:
1876:
1870:
1857:
1851:
1845:
1839:
1828:
1822:
1809:
1803:
1797:
1791:
1785:
1779:
1773:
1767:
1761:
1755:
1742:
1736:
1730:
1724:
1715:
1709:
1700:
1699:
1697:
1695:
1684:"Greta Kuckhoff"
1680:
1671:
1665:
1659:
1653:
1647:
1641:
1635:
1629:
1623:
1617:
1598:
1592:
1583:
1582:
1580:
1578:
1558:
1552:
1546:
1540:
1539:
1537:
1535:
1524:"Harnack, Arvid"
1520:
1514:
1508:
1502:
1496:
1490:
1484:
1475:
1469:
1460:
1454:
1424:
1390:
1367:
1336:
1319:
1302:
1280:
1261:
1234:
1189:
1168:
1153:
1138:
1126:
1114:
1098:
899:Die innere Front
738:was replaced by
566:Pavel Sudoplatov
447:
367:Great Depression
293:to study at the
238:literary history
166:
165:
164:
158:
153:
130:("Rote Kapelle")
71:
68:22 December 1942
52:
50:
35:
21:
20:
4180:
4179:
4175:
4174:
4173:
4171:
4170:
4169:
4105:
4104:
4103:
4098:
4094:Heinrich Koenen
4062:
4003:Wolfgang Thiess
3973:Herbert Gollnow
3933:Wilhelm Guddorf
3928:Mildred Harnack
3911:
3892:Albert Hoessler
3822:Marcel Melliand
3817:Krystana Janewa
3802:Walter Husemann
3787:Walter Hoffmann
3677:Liane Berkowitz
3652:Heinrich Scheel
3627:Eva Rittmeister
3592:Kurt Schumacher
3545:
3538:
3486:
3481:
3472:
3470:
3454:
3399:
3397:
3395:
3367:
3365:
3363:
3342:
3321:
3294:
3271:
3250:
3226:
3224:
3222:
3198:
3196:
3194:
3170:
3168:
3161:"Adam Kuckhoff"
3140:
3138:
3115:
3113:
3094:
3092:
3075:
3073:
3066:"Arvid Harnack"
3058:
3036:
3034:
3015:
3013:
2997:
2973:
2971:
2948:
2946:
2931:
2907:
2905:
2903:
2884:
2879:
2878:
2865:
2864:
2860:
2850:
2848:
2841:"Harnackstraße"
2839:
2838:
2834:
2826:
2819:
2811:
2807:
2799:
2795:
2787:
2778:
2770:
2766:
2758:
2754:
2746:
2742:
2734:
2730:
2722:
2718:
2710:
2706:
2698:
2694:
2686:
2682:
2674:
2670:
2662:
2653:
2645:
2641:
2633:
2629:
2621:
2617:
2609:
2605:
2597:
2593:
2585:
2581:
2573:
2569:
2561:
2557:
2549:
2542:
2534:
2527:
2519:
2515:
2507:
2500:
2494:Kettelhake 2008
2492:
2488:
2480:
2476:
2468:
2464:
2456:
2452:
2444:
2440:
2432:
2428:
2420:
2416:
2408:
2401:
2393:
2389:
2381:
2377:
2367:
2365:
2356:
2355:
2351:
2343:
2339:
2331:
2327:
2319:
2312:
2304:
2297:
2289:
2280:
2270:
2268:
2259:
2258:
2254:
2246:
2242:
2234:
2230:
2222:
2218:
2210:
2206:
2198:
2187:
2179:
2175:
2167:
2163:
2155:
2146:
2138:
2131:
2123:
2114:
2106:
2102:
2094:
2090:
2082:
2078:
2070:
2066:
2058:
2054:
2046:
2042:
2034:
2027:
2019:
2012:
2004:
2000:
1992:
1988:
1980:
1969:
1961:
1954:
1946:
1942:
1934:
1925:
1917:
1910:
1902:
1891:
1883:
1879:
1871:
1860:
1852:
1848:
1840:
1831:
1823:
1812:
1804:
1800:
1792:
1788:
1780:
1776:
1768:
1764:
1756:
1745:
1737:
1733:
1725:
1718:
1710:
1703:
1693:
1691:
1682:
1681:
1674:
1666:
1662:
1654:
1650:
1642:
1638:
1630:
1626:
1618:
1601:
1593:
1586:
1576:
1574:
1559:
1555:
1547:
1543:
1533:
1531:
1522:
1521:
1517:
1509:
1505:
1497:
1493:
1485:
1478:
1470:
1463:
1455:
1448:
1443:
1431:
1413:
1400:
1397:
1387:
1370:
1356:
1339:
1322:
1305:
1299:
1285:Donner, Rebecca
1283:
1277:
1264:
1250:
1237:
1223:
1210:
1207:
1205:Further reading
1200:
1190:
1181:
1169:
1160:
1154:
1145:
1139:
1130:
1127:
1118:
1115:
1106:
1099:
1090:
1081:John B. Emerson
1030:
972:
970:Trial and death
931:
921:in Hamburg via
919:Communist Party
911:Wilhelm Guddorf
862:shortwave radio
850:Lavrentiy Beria
846:Stalin's purges
808:
802:
663:Auswärtiges Amt
643:
630:
583:
574:Arthur Koestler
485:
473:Georgi Dimitrov
461:Sergei Bessonov
441:
420:Hermann Duncker
379:
303:John R. Commons
225:
160:
159:
151:
115:
111:
107:
86:
73:
69:
60:
54:
48:
46:
38:
26:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4178:
4168:
4167:
4162:
4157:
4152:
4147:
4142:
4137:
4132:
4127:
4122:
4117:
4100:
4099:
4097:
4096:
4091:
4086:
4081:
4076:
4070:
4068:
4064:
4063:
4061:
4060:
4055:
4050:
4045:
4040:
4035:
4030:
4025:
4020:
4015:
4013:Friedrich Lenz
4010:
4005:
4000:
3995:
3990:
3985:
3980:
3975:
3970:
3965:
3960:
3958:Greta Kuckhoff
3955:
3950:
3945:
3940:
3935:
3930:
3925:
3919:
3917:
3913:
3912:
3910:
3909:
3904:
3899:
3894:
3889:
3884:
3879:
3874:
3869:
3864:
3859:
3854:
3852:Edwin Tietjens
3849:
3844:
3839:
3837:Ilse Schaeffer
3834:
3829:
3824:
3819:
3814:
3809:
3807:Marta Husemann
3804:
3799:
3794:
3789:
3784:
3779:
3777:Otto Grabowski
3774:
3769:
3764:
3759:
3754:
3749:
3744:
3742:Eva-Maria Buch
3739:
3734:
3729:
3724:
3719:
3714:
3709:
3704:
3699:
3694:
3689:
3684:
3679:
3674:
3669:
3664:
3659:
3657:Horst Heilmann
3654:
3649:
3644:
3639:
3634:
3629:
3624:
3619:
3614:
3609:
3604:
3602:Joy Weisenborn
3599:
3594:
3589:
3584:
3579:
3574:
3569:
3564:
3559:
3553:
3551:
3547:
3546:
3537:
3536:
3529:
3522:
3514:
3508:
3507:
3502:
3497:
3485:
3484:External links
3482:
3480:
3479:
3458:
3452:
3439:
3417:
3406:
3393:
3374:
3361:
3355:. Peter Lang.
3346:
3340:
3325:
3319:
3306:
3292:
3275:
3269:
3254:
3248:
3233:
3220:
3205:
3192:
3177:
3157:
3147:
3122:
3101:
3082:
3062:
3056:
3043:
3022:
3001:
2995:
2980:
2955:
2939:"Karl Behrens"
2935:
2929:
2914:
2901:
2885:
2883:
2880:
2877:
2876:
2858:
2832:
2817:
2805:
2803:, p. 266.
2793:
2791:, p. 205.
2776:
2764:
2762:, p. 384.
2752:
2740:
2736:Bruchmann 2012
2728:
2726:, p. 234.
2716:
2704:
2702:, p. 437.
2692:
2680:
2678:, p. 288.
2668:
2666:, p. 150.
2651:
2639:
2637:, p. 287.
2627:
2615:
2613:, p. 147.
2603:
2601:, p. 286.
2591:
2589:, p. 247.
2579:
2577:, p. 196.
2567:
2565:, p. 267.
2555:
2540:
2538:, p. 186.
2525:
2523:, p. 228.
2513:
2498:
2496:, p. 301.
2486:
2484:, p. 232.
2474:
2462:
2460:, p. 146.
2450:
2448:, p. 194.
2438:
2426:
2414:
2399:
2387:
2385:, p. 223.
2375:
2349:
2347:, p. 197.
2337:
2325:
2310:
2295:
2293:, p. 196.
2278:
2252:
2250:, p. 133.
2240:
2238:, p. XII.
2228:
2226:, p. 622.
2216:
2214:, p. 237.
2204:
2202:, p. 148.
2185:
2173:
2161:
2159:, p. 226.
2144:
2142:, p. 225.
2129:
2127:, p. 107.
2112:
2110:, p. 205.
2100:
2098:, p. 128.
2088:
2076:
2074:, p. 147.
2064:
2052:
2050:, p. 195.
2040:
2025:
2023:, p. 119.
2010:
1998:
1986:
1984:, p. 118.
1967:
1965:, p. 117.
1952:
1940:
1938:, p. 145.
1923:
1921:, p. 111.
1908:
1906:, p. 108.
1889:
1887:, p. 107.
1877:
1858:
1846:
1829:
1827:, p. 193.
1810:
1798:
1786:
1774:
1772:, p. 155.
1762:
1743:
1731:
1716:
1701:
1672:
1660:
1648:
1636:
1624:
1620:Eckelmann 2014
1599:
1597:, p. 234.
1584:
1573:: xxvii–xxxvii
1553:
1541:
1528:Gazetteer Hess
1515:
1503:
1501:, p. 140.
1491:
1476:
1461:
1459:, p. 195.
1445:
1444:
1442:
1439:
1438:
1437:
1430:
1427:
1426:
1425:
1411:
1396:
1393:
1392:
1391:
1385:
1368:
1354:
1337:
1320:
1303:
1297:
1281:
1275:
1262:
1248:
1235:
1221:
1206:
1203:
1202:
1201:
1191:
1184:
1182:
1170:
1163:
1161:
1155:
1148:
1146:
1140:
1133:
1131:
1128:
1121:
1119:
1116:
1109:
1107:
1100:
1093:
1089:
1086:
1085:
1084:
1074:
1067:
1060:
1053:
1038:
1029:
1026:
1010:Hermann Stieve
971:
968:
964:Horst Heilmann
930:
927:
915:Die Rote Fahne
827:Greta Kuckhoff
804:Main article:
801:
798:
709:foreign policy
682:Die Rote Fahne
642:
639:
629:
626:
617:Reichstag fire
613:Adolf Hitler's
602:Abendgymnasium
592:Abendgymnasium
582:
579:
545:Margret Boveri
509:Samuel Fischer
484:
481:
475:, the head of
432:Ernst Niekisch
378:
375:
356:Friedrich Lenz
224:
221:
197:Abendgymnasium
143:
142:
136:
132:
131:
126:Member of the
124:
123:Known for
120:
119:
102:
98:
97:
92:
88:
87:
74:
72:(aged 41)
66:
62:
61:
55:
44:
40:
39:
36:
28:
27:
24:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4177:
4166:
4163:
4161:
4158:
4156:
4153:
4151:
4148:
4146:
4143:
4141:
4138:
4136:
4133:
4131:
4128:
4126:
4123:
4121:
4118:
4116:
4113:
4112:
4110:
4095:
4092:
4090:
4087:
4085:
4082:
4080:
4077:
4075:
4072:
4071:
4069:
4065:
4059:
4056:
4054:
4051:
4049:
4046:
4044:
4041:
4039:
4038:Eugen Neutert
4036:
4034:
4031:
4029:
4026:
4024:
4021:
4019:
4016:
4014:
4011:
4009:
4006:
4004:
4001:
3999:
3998:Anton Saefkow
3996:
3994:
3991:
3989:
3986:
3984:
3981:
3979:
3976:
3974:
3971:
3969:
3966:
3964:
3961:
3959:
3956:
3954:
3953:Adam Kuckhoff
3951:
3949:
3946:
3944:
3941:
3939:
3938:Hilde Guddorf
3936:
3934:
3931:
3929:
3926:
3924:
3923:Arvid Harnack
3921:
3920:
3918:
3914:
3908:
3905:
3903:
3900:
3898:
3897:Heinz Strelow
3895:
3893:
3890:
3888:
3885:
3883:
3880:
3878:
3875:
3873:
3870:
3868:
3865:
3863:
3862:Frida Wesolek
3860:
3858:
3857:Albert Voigts
3855:
3853:
3850:
3848:
3847:Hans Sussmann
3845:
3843:
3840:
3838:
3835:
3833:
3830:
3828:
3827:Helmut Roloff
3825:
3823:
3820:
3818:
3815:
3813:
3810:
3808:
3805:
3803:
3800:
3798:
3795:
3793:
3790:
3788:
3785:
3783:
3780:
3778:
3775:
3773:
3772:Max Grabowski
3770:
3768:
3765:
3763:
3760:
3758:
3755:
3753:
3752:Werner Dissel
3750:
3748:
3745:
3743:
3740:
3738:
3735:
3733:
3730:
3728:
3725:
3723:
3720:
3718:
3717:Helmut Himpel
3715:
3713:
3710:
3708:
3705:
3703:
3700:
3698:
3697:Werner Krauss
3695:
3693:
3690:
3688:
3685:
3683:
3682:Ursula Goetze
3680:
3678:
3675:
3673:
3670:
3668:
3665:
3663:
3660:
3658:
3655:
3653:
3650:
3648:
3645:
3643:
3640:
3638:
3635:
3633:
3630:
3628:
3625:
3623:
3620:
3618:
3617:John Graudenz
3615:
3613:
3612:Elfriede Paul
3610:
3608:
3605:
3603:
3600:
3598:
3595:
3593:
3590:
3588:
3585:
3583:
3580:
3578:
3575:
3573:
3570:
3568:
3567:Maria Terwiel
3565:
3563:
3560:
3558:
3555:
3554:
3552:
3548:
3543:
3535:
3530:
3528:
3523:
3521:
3516:
3515:
3512:
3506:
3503:
3501:
3498:
3495:
3491:
3490:Arvid Harnack
3488:
3487:
3468:
3464:
3459:
3455:
3449:
3445:
3440:
3436:
3432:
3428:
3424:
3418:
3414:
3413:
3407:
3396:
3390:
3386:
3383:(in German).
3382:
3381:
3375:
3364:
3358:
3354:
3353:
3347:
3343:
3337:
3333:
3332:
3326:
3322:
3320:9781328566232
3316:
3312:
3307:
3303:
3299:
3295:
3293:9783426274378
3289:
3285:
3281:
3276:
3272:
3266:
3262:
3261:
3255:
3251:
3249:0-89093-203-4
3245:
3241:
3240:
3234:
3223:
3217:
3213:
3212:
3206:
3195:
3189:
3185:
3184:
3178:
3166:
3162:
3158:
3154:
3148:
3136:
3132:
3128:
3123:
3111:
3107:
3102:
3090:
3089:
3083:
3071:
3067:
3063:
3059:
3053:
3049:
3044:
3032:
3031:20 JAHRE LEMO
3028:
3023:
3011:
3007:
3002:
2998:
2992:
2988:
2987:
2981:
2969:
2965:
2961:
2956:
2944:
2940:
2936:
2932:
2926:
2922:
2921:
2915:
2904:
2898:
2894:
2893:
2887:
2886:
2872:
2868:
2862:
2846:
2842:
2836:
2829:
2824:
2822:
2815:, p. 91.
2814:
2809:
2802:
2797:
2790:
2785:
2783:
2781:
2774:, p. 83.
2773:
2772:Perrault 1969
2768:
2761:
2756:
2749:
2744:
2737:
2732:
2725:
2720:
2713:
2708:
2701:
2696:
2689:
2684:
2677:
2672:
2665:
2660:
2658:
2656:
2648:
2643:
2636:
2631:
2624:
2619:
2612:
2607:
2600:
2595:
2588:
2583:
2576:
2571:
2564:
2559:
2552:
2547:
2545:
2537:
2532:
2530:
2522:
2517:
2510:
2505:
2503:
2495:
2490:
2483:
2478:
2471:
2466:
2459:
2454:
2447:
2442:
2436:, p. 88.
2435:
2430:
2423:
2418:
2411:
2406:
2404:
2396:
2391:
2384:
2379:
2363:
2359:
2353:
2346:
2341:
2334:
2329:
2323:, p. 93.
2322:
2317:
2315:
2308:, p. 92.
2307:
2302:
2300:
2292:
2287:
2285:
2283:
2266:
2262:
2256:
2249:
2244:
2237:
2232:
2225:
2220:
2213:
2212:Petrescu 2010
2208:
2201:
2196:
2194:
2192:
2190:
2182:
2177:
2171:, p. 86.
2170:
2165:
2158:
2153:
2151:
2149:
2141:
2136:
2134:
2126:
2121:
2119:
2117:
2109:
2104:
2097:
2092:
2086:, p. 57.
2085:
2080:
2073:
2068:
2061:
2056:
2049:
2048:Petrescu 2010
2044:
2037:
2032:
2030:
2022:
2017:
2015:
2008:, p. 50.
2007:
2002:
1995:
1990:
1983:
1978:
1976:
1974:
1972:
1964:
1959:
1957:
1949:
1944:
1937:
1932:
1930:
1928:
1920:
1915:
1913:
1905:
1900:
1898:
1896:
1894:
1886:
1881:
1875:, p. 107
1874:
1869:
1867:
1865:
1863:
1855:
1854:Petrescu 2010
1850:
1844:, p. 48.
1843:
1838:
1836:
1834:
1826:
1825:Petrescu 2010
1821:
1819:
1817:
1815:
1807:
1802:
1796:, p. 26.
1795:
1790:
1784:, p. 64.
1783:
1778:
1771:
1766:
1760:, p. 61.
1759:
1754:
1752:
1750:
1748:
1741:, p. 59.
1740:
1735:
1729:, p. 58.
1728:
1723:
1721:
1714:, p. 57.
1713:
1708:
1706:
1689:
1685:
1679:
1677:
1670:, p. 55.
1669:
1664:
1658:, p. 10.
1657:
1652:
1646:, p. 60.
1645:
1640:
1634:, p. 52.
1633:
1628:
1621:
1616:
1614:
1612:
1610:
1608:
1606:
1604:
1596:
1591:
1589:
1572:
1568:
1564:
1557:
1551:, p. 74.
1550:
1545:
1529:
1525:
1519:
1513:, p. 73.
1512:
1507:
1500:
1495:
1488:
1483:
1481:
1473:
1468:
1466:
1458:
1453:
1451:
1446:
1436:
1433:
1432:
1422:
1418:
1414:
1412:9783828808287
1408:
1404:
1399:
1398:
1388:
1382:
1378:
1374:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1357:
1355:3-548-36669-4
1351:
1347:
1343:
1338:
1334:
1330:
1326:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1304:
1300:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1278:
1276:9783821807621
1272:
1268:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1249:9783502180906
1245:
1241:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1222:9783458142133
1218:
1214:
1209:
1208:
1199:
1195:
1188:
1183:
1180:
1176:
1175:
1167:
1162:
1159:
1152:
1147:
1144:
1137:
1132:
1125:
1120:
1113:
1108:
1104:
1097:
1092:
1091:
1082:
1078:
1077:Stolpersteins
1075:
1072:
1068:
1065:
1061:
1058:
1054:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1036:
1032:
1031:
1025:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1006:
1002:
998:
997:
991:
989:
988:Curonian Spit
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549:Erich Franzen
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529:Adam Kuckhoff
526:
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518:
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25:Arvid Harnack
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4089:Kurt Schulze
4058:Martin Weise
4008:Karl Behrens
3988:Adolf Grimme
3922:
3887:Robert Barth
3872:Arnold Bauer
3842:Kurt Schulze
3797:Marie Hübner
3782:Bruno Hempel
3767:Erwin Gehrts
3747:Fritz Cremer
3722:Hanna Berger
3712:Karl Behrens
3707:Adolf Grimme
3542:Rote Kapelle
3471:. Retrieved
3466:
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3135:the original
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3009:
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2972:. Retrieved
2968:the original
2963:
2947:. Retrieved
2942:
2919:
2906:. Retrieved
2891:
2882:Bibliography
2870:
2861:
2849:. Retrieved
2844:
2835:
2808:
2796:
2767:
2760:Kesaris 1979
2755:
2743:
2731:
2724:Kesaris 1979
2719:
2712:Kesaris 1979
2707:
2695:
2683:
2671:
2664:Kesaris 1979
2647:Kesaris 1979
2642:
2630:
2623:Kesaris 1979
2618:
2611:Kesaris 1979
2606:
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2582:
2570:
2558:
2516:
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2465:
2453:
2441:
2429:
2417:
2390:
2378:
2366:. Retrieved
2361:
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2340:
2328:
2269:. Retrieved
2264:
2255:
2248:Endlich 2007
2243:
2231:
2219:
2207:
2200:Kesaris 1979
2181:Wilhelm 1982
2176:
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2103:
2091:
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2067:
2055:
2043:
2001:
1989:
1943:
1880:
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1801:
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1734:
1692:. Retrieved
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1639:
1627:
1575:. Retrieved
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1532:. Retrieved
1527:
1518:
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1499:Kesaris 1979
1494:
1402:
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1174:Stolperstein
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812:Gegner Kreis
811:
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786:
783:
767:Adolf Grimme
764:
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748:
744:Donald Heath
736:William Dodd
733:
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721:
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695:
680:
670:
667:
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650:
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641:Early stages
610:
606:Karl Behrens
601:
595:
584:
553:
496:
486:
468:
458:
450:Ernst Jünger
439:Hans Ebeling
426:, historian
387:Emil Lederer
382:
380:
363:Soviet Union
360:
351:
336:
329:
310:Mildred Fish
307:
264:
262:
254:Falk Harnack
242:Otto Harnack
235:
217:Mildred Fish
209:Rote Kapelle
208:
193:Soviet Union
181:Nazi Germany
147:
146:
139:Mildred Fish
84:Nazi Germany
70:(1942-12-22)
18:
4120:1942 deaths
4115:1901 births
4053:Fritz Lange
4028:Erna Eifler
4023:Beppo Römer
3968:Hilde Coppi
3877:Erna Eifler
3702:Anna Krauss
3692:Fritz Thiel
3642:Hilde Coppi
3473:27 December
3199:19 February
3116:27 February
3076:24 December
3037:31 December
2949:20 December
2908:26 December
2828:Brysac 2000
2801:Nelson 2009
2700:Brysac 2002
2688:Tuchel 1988
2676:Brysac 2000
2635:Brysac 2000
2599:Brysac 2000
2587:Dallin 1955
2575:Nelson 2009
2563:Brysac 2002
2551:Brysac 2002
2536:Nelson 2009
2521:Brysac 2002
2509:Brysac 2002
2482:Brysac 2000
2470:Donate 1973
2458:Brysac 2000
2446:Brysac 2000
2434:Brysac 2000
2395:Brysac 2000
2383:Brysac 2000
2345:Brysac 2000
2333:Nelson 2009
2321:Nelson 2009
2306:Nelson 2009
2291:Brysac 2000
2236:Brysac 2000
2169:Brysac 2000
2157:Brysac 2000
2140:Brysac 2000
2096:Brysac 2000
2084:Nelson 2009
2072:Brysac 2000
2036:Tuchel 1988
2021:Brysac 2000
2006:Nelson 2009
1994:Jürgen 1994
1982:Brysac 2000
1963:Brysac 2000
1936:Brysac 2000
1919:Brysac 2000
1904:Brysac 2000
1885:Brysac 2000
1873:Brysac 2000
1842:Nelson 2009
1794:Nelson 2009
1782:Brysac 2000
1758:Brysac 2000
1739:Brysac 2000
1727:Brysac 2000
1712:Brysac 2000
1668:Brysac 2000
1656:Nelson 2009
1644:Brysac 2000
1632:Brysac 2000
1595:Dallin 1955
1549:Brysac 2000
1511:Brysac 2000
1487:Tuchel 1988
1457:Brysac 2000
1046:Lichtenberg
867:Reichsmarks
740:Hugh Wilson
521:Franz Frein
493:Stefan Heym
442: [
391:sociologist
179:fighter in
91:Nationality
53:24 May 1901
4109:Categories
4079:Ilse Stöbe
3963:Hans Coppi
3792:Max Hübner
3727:Karl Böhme
3647:Hans Coppi
3368:20 January
3341:0805209522
3227:22 January
3141:31 January
2974:21 January
2410:Heath 2011
1694:23 January
1577:18 January
1534:14 January
1441:References
1364:1100264932
1231:1070118387
1179:Tiergarten
1024:Cemetery.
1022:Zehlendorf
1018:White Rose
948:Referat 12
943:Funkabwehr
838:Tiergarten
698:Tiergarten
628:Resistance
424:playwright
344:Philosophy
281:, and the
240:professor
49:1901-05-24
3993:John Sieg
3812:Else Imme
3762:Ina Ender
3496:catalogue
3400:16 August
3302:221130666
3016:16 August
2851:2 January
2813:Tyas 2017
2789:West 2007
2748:Tyas 2017
1806:Ihde 2001
1770:Kais 2009
1421:239836789
1316:250536049
1258:884470848
1042:Magdeburg
929:Discovery
817:Luftwaffe
787:Hamburger
677:John Sieg
562:Comintern
547:; critic
537:Otto Zoff
436:publicist
395:historian
318:sociology
266:Freikorps
211:) by the
199:, he met
141:(m. 1926)
101:Education
59:, Germany
57:Darmstadt
3435:43750615
3171:19 March
3095:25 April
2845:KAUPERTS
2368:25 April
1948:Hochhuth
1429:See also
1333:74777195
1287:(2021).
1143:Neukölln
1071:Neukölln
999:("Reich
886:invasion
705:lecturer
525:Max Mohr
489:Neukölln
185:humanist
3492:in the
2271:2 March
1105:in 1964
1088:Gallery
1050:Leipzig
986:on the
903:Gestapo
711:at the
672:Die Tat
557:Dnieper
533:Max Tau
497:Nachruf
273:at the
152:German:
3450:
3433:
3391:
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3290:
3267:
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3190:
3054:
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1419:
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1395:Thesis
1383:
1362:
1352:
1331:
1314:
1295:
1273:
1256:
1246:
1229:
1219:
984:Preila
823:Adam's
611:After
597:Abitur
570:famine
539:, and
515:, and
422:, the
411:, the
404:, the
389:, the
377:ARPLAN
277:, the
213:Abwehr
169:jurist
135:Spouse
95:German
80:Berlin
3431:JSTOR
3282:[
1375:[
1344:[
1158:Mitte
501:salon
483:Salon
446:]
346:from
297:. In
3475:2018
3448:ISBN
3402:2020
3389:ISBN
3370:2021
3357:ISBN
3336:ISBN
3315:ISBN
3298:OCLC
3288:ISBN
3265:ISBN
3244:ISBN
3229:2021
3216:ISBN
3201:2021
3188:ISBN
3173:2021
3143:2021
3118:2021
3097:2012
3078:2019
3052:ISBN
3039:2019
3018:2020
2991:ISBN
2976:2019
2951:2020
2925:ISBN
2910:2018
2897:ISBN
2853:2020
2370:2021
2273:2021
1696:2021
1579:2021
1536:2021
1417:OCLC
1407:ISBN
1381:ISBN
1360:OCLC
1350:ISBN
1329:OCLC
1312:OCLC
1293:ISBN
1271:ISBN
1254:OCLC
1244:ISBN
1227:OCLC
1217:ISBN
1057:Jena
825:and
717:Balt
434:the
393:and
340:Jena
232:1931
223:Life
65:Died
43:Born
1069:In
1055:In
1040:In
707:on
271:law
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