Artiodactyl - Knowledge

2572: 2211: 2526: 2115: 3583: 2492: 2178: 2987:. Two major body types are known: Suinids and hippopotamuses are characterized by a stocky body, short legs, and a large head; camels and ruminants, though, have a more slender build and lanky legs. Size varies considerably; the smallest member, the mouse deer, often reaches a body length of only 45 centimeters (18 in) and a weight of 1.5 kilograms (3.3 lb). The largest member, the hippopotamus, can grow up to 5 meters (16 ft) in length and weigh 4.5 metric tons (5 short tons), and the giraffe can grow to be 5.5 meters (18 ft) tall and 4.7 meters (15 ft) in body length. All even-toed ungulates display some form of 2637: 2136: 3093: 950: 2715: 2594: 2360: 2232: 1907: 3750: 3655: 4600: 928: 789: 164: 2659: 2413: 3817: 2004: 3264: 3063: 240: 3957: 3039: 884: 3012: 2730: 3162: 2965: 2947: 2279: 3401: 2392: 3051: 4050: 3416: 33: 4156: 3500:, which is needed to break down the cellulose found in plant material. This form of digestion has two advantages: plants that are indigestible to other species can be digested and used, and the duration of the actual food consumption shortened; the animal spends only a short time out in the open with its head to the ground—rumination can take place later, in a sheltered area. 3859:(born relatively mature) and come with open eyes and are hairy (with the exception of the hairless hippos). Juvenile deer and pigs have striped or spotted coats; the pattern disappears as they grow older. The juveniles of some species spend their first weeks with their mother in a safe location, where others may be running and following the herd within a few hours or days. 3085:, claws are curved and pointed while nails are flat and dull). These claws consist of three parts: the plate (top and sides), the sole (bottom), and the bale (rear). In general, the claws of the forelegs are wider and blunter than those of the hind legs, and they are farther apart. Aside from camels, all even-toed ungulates put just the tip of the foremost 2016:, but differed in the adaptations of their teeth. It was nevertheless believed that cetaceans and anthracothereres descended from a common ancestor, and that hippopotamuses developed from anthracotheres. A study published in 2015 confirmed this, but also revealed that hippopotamuses were derived from older anthracotherians. The newly introduced genus 2012:

late Eocene, and are thought to have resembled small- or narrow-headed hippos. Research is therefore focused on anthracotheres (family Anthracotheriidae); one dating from the Eocene to Miocene was declared to be "hippo-like" upon discovery in the 19th century. A study from 2005 showed that the anthracotheres and hippopotamuses had very similar

4996:"Description of Teeth and portions of Jaws of two extinct Anthracotherioid Quadrupeds (Hyopotamus vectianus and Hyop. bovinus) discovered by the Marchioness of Hastings in the Eocene Deposits on the N.W. coast of the Isle of Wight: with an attempt to develope Cuvier's idea of the Classification of Pachyderms by the Number of their Toes" 3136:

is very agile and swings back and forth for added mobility when running. The special construction of the legs causes the legs to be unable to rotate, which allows for greater stability when running at high speeds. In addition, many smaller artiodactyls have a very flexible body, contributing to their

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O'Leary, M.A.; Bloch, J.I.; Flynn, J.J.; Gaudin, T.J.; Giallombardo, A.; Giannini, N.P.; Goldberg, S.L.; Kraatz, B.P.; Luo, Z.-X.; Meng, J.; Ni, X.; Novacek, M.J.; Perini, F.A.; Randall, Z.S.; Rougier, G.W.; Sargis, E.J.; Silcox, M.T.; Simmons, N.B.; Spaulding, M.; Velazco, P.M.; Weksler, M.; Wible,

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began around 8000 BCE. To date, humans have domesticated goats, sheep, cattle, camels, llamas, alpacas, and pigs. Initially, livestock was used primarily for food, but they began being used for work activities around 3000 BCE. Clear evidence exists of antelope being used for food 2 million years ago

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The length of the gestation period varies from four to five months for porcine, deer, and musk deer; six to ten months for hippos, deer, and bovines; ten to thirteen months with camels; and fourteen to fifteen months with giraffes. Most deliver one or two babies, but some pigs can deliver up to ten.

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is closed. When the bolus enters the mouth, the fluid is squeezed out with the tongue and re-swallowed. The bolus is chewed slowly to completely mix it with saliva and to break it down. Ingested food passes to the "fermentation chamber" (rumen and reticulum), where it is kept in continual motion by

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Artiodactyls have a well-developed sense of smell and sense of hearing. Unlike many other mammals, they have a poor sense of sight—moving objects are much easier to see than stationary ones. Similar to many other prey animals, their eyes are on the sides of the head, giving them an almost panoramic

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heat exchange that enables them, unlike perissodactyls which lack one, to regulate their brain temperature independently of their bodies. It has been argued that its presence explains the greater success of artiodactyls compared to perissodactyls in being able to adapt to diverse environments from

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The oldest cetaceans date back to the early Eocene (53 million years ago), whereas the oldest known hippopotamus dates back only to the Miocene (15 million years ago). The hippopotamids are descended from the anthracotheres, a family of semiaquatic and terrestrial artiodactyls that appeared in the

1922:. Molecular biology involves sequencing an organism's DNA and RNA and comparing the sequence with that of other living beings—the more similar they are, the more closely they are related. Comparison of even-toed ungulate and cetaceans genetic material has shown that the closest living relatives of 3550:

have three-chambered stomachs and do not ruminate. They consume around 68 kilograms (150 lb) of grass and other plant matter each night. They may cover distances up to 32 kilometers (20 mi) to obtain food, which they digest with the help of microbes that produce cellulase. Their closest

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Almost all even-toed ungulates have fur, with the exception being the nearly hairless hippopotamus. Fur varies in length and coloration depending on the habitat. Species in cooler regions can shed their coat. Camouflaged coats come in colors of yellow, gray, brown, or black tones.

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have a reduction in the number of toes to three. The central axis of the leg is between the third and fourth toe. The first toe is missing in modern artiodactyls, and can only be found in now-extinct genera. The second and fifth toes are adapted differently between species:

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relied heavily on reindeer for food, skins, tools, and weapons; with dropping temperatures and increased reindeer numbers at the end of the Pleistocene, they became the prey of choice. Reindeer remains accounted for 94% of bones and teeth found in a cave above the river

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taxon, for which the name Cetartiodactyla is sometimes used. Modern nomenclature divides Artiodactyla (or Cetartiodactyla) in four subordinate taxa: camelids (Tylopoda), pigs and peccaries (Suina), ruminants (Ruminantia), and hippos plus whales (Whippomorpha).

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Life expectancy is typically twenty to thirty years; as in many mammals, smaller species often have a shorter lifespan than larger species. The artiodactyls with the longest lifespans are the hippos, cows, and camels, which can live 40 to 50 years.

4835: 3368:. The canines are enlarged and tusk-like in the Suina, and are used for digging in the ground and for defense. In ruminants, the males' upper canines are enlarged and used as a weapon in certain species (mouse deer, musk deer, 5748: 2450:

Molecular findings and morphological indications suggest that artiodactyls, as traditionally defined, are paraphyletic with respect to cetaceans. Cetaceans are deeply nested within the former; the two groups together form a

4069:) and have spread into areas that they are not indigenous to, either having been brought in as farm animals or having run away as people's pets. Some artiodactyls also benefit from the fact that their predators (e.g. the 2938:

Although deer, musk deer, and pronghorns have traditionally been summarized as cervids (Cervioidea), molecular studies provide different—and inconsistent—results, so the question of phylogenetic systematics of infraorder

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All these cranial appendages can serve for posturing, battling for mating privilege, and for defense. In almost all cases, they are sexually dimorphic, and are often found only on the males. One exception is the species

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Montgelard, Claudine; Catzeflis, Francois M.; Douzery, Emmanuel (1997). "Phylogenetic relationships of artiodactyls and cetaceans as deduced from the comparison of cytochrome b and 12S rRNA mitochondrial sequences".

4930: 2052:) and hippopotamuses have molars with well-developed roots and a simple stomach that digests food. Thus, they were grouped together as non-ruminants (Porcine). All other even-toed ungulates have molars with a 983:

are sometimes subsumed into the more inclusive Cetartiodactyla taxon. An alternative approach is to include both land-dwelling even-toed ungulates and ocean-dwelling cetaceans in a revised Artiodactyla taxon.

3774:, with one male, several females, and their common offspring. In other species, the females and juveniles stay together, while males are solitary or live in bachelor groups and seek out females only during 3765:

The social behavior of even-toed ungulates varies from species to species. Generally, there is a tendency to merge into larger groups, but some live alone or in pairs. Species living in groups often have a

827:, and spread throughout Eurasia, Africa, and North America. Anthracotheres are thought to be the ancestors of hippos, and, likewise, probably led a similar aquatic lifestyle. Hippopotamuses appeared in the 3344:

There are two trends in terms of teeth within Artiodactyla. The Suina and hippopotamuses have a relatively large number of teeth (with some pigs having 44); their dentition is more adapted to a squeezing

5861: 3372:); species with frontal weapons are usually missing the upper canines. The lower canines of ruminants resemble the incisors, so that these animals have eight uniform teeth in the frontal part of the 850:. They first appeared in the late Eocene and developed a great diversity of species in North America. Only in the late Miocene or early Pliocene did they migrate from North America into Eurasia. The 1992:("ancient whales") from about 48 million years ago (in the Eocene). These findings showed that archaeocetes were more terrestrial than previously thought, and that the special construction of the 3514:

have four-chambered stomachs. The handicap of a heavy digestive system has increased selective pressure towards limbs that allow the animal to quickly escape predators. Most species within

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Dan Graur and Desmond Higgins were among the first to come to this conclusion, and included a paper published in 1994. However, they did not recognize hippopotamuses and classified the

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in the skin are present in virtually all species and can be located in different places, such as in the eyes, behind the horns, the neck, or back, on the feet, or in the anal region.

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is often heavily calloused to avoid injury from hard plant parts and to allow easier transport of roughly chewed food. Their stomachs are divided into three to four sections: the

4659:"The phylogeny of Cetartiodactyla: The importance of dense taxon sampling, missing data, and the remarkable promise of cytochrome b to provide reliable species-level phylogenies" 2571: 2310:. However, they evolved from originally terrestrial mammals. The most likely ancestors were long thought to be mesonychians—large, carnivorous animals from the early Cenozoic ( 2210: 815:

and North America. They had a stocky body with short legs and a massive head, which was characterized by two humps on the lower jaw bone. Anthracotheres had a large, porcine (

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taxa; that is, groups that descend from a common ancestor and include all of its descendants. To address this problem, the traditional order Artiodactyla and infraorder

5841: 4969: 3128:(tibia and fibula) are usually elongated. The muscles of the limbs are predominantly localized, which ensures that artiodactyls often have very slender legs. A 4316: 3255:

in Europe or caribou in North America, where both sexes can grow antlers yearly, though the females' antlers are typically smaller and not always present.

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as the sister group of cetaceans. Subsequent studies established the close relationship between hippopotamuses and cetaceans; these studies were based on

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lined from the armpit to the groin area. In most cases, however, even-toed ungulates have only one or two pairs of teats. In some species these form an

2525: 2114: 1757: 3062: 1766: 5858: 3050: 2000:, another type of ungulate, did not show this special construction of the talus, and thus was concluded to not have the same ancestors as cetaceans. 2060:, which requires regurgitating food and re-chewing it. Differences in stomach construction indicated that rumination evolved independently between 1723: 1705: 1075: 1021: 11221: 3911:. For cetaceans, possible predators include sharks, polar bears, and other cetaceans; in the latter is the orca, the top predator of the oceans. 1268: 1231: 4350:"Relationships of Cetacea (Artiodactyla) Among Mammals: Increased Taxon Sampling Alters Interpretations of Key Fossils and Character Evolution" 1030: 11273: 3848:

areas breed year-round. They carry out polygynous mating behavior, meaning a male mates with several females and suppresses all competition.

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Modern cetaceans are highly adapted sea creatures which, morphologically, have little in common with land mammals; they are similar to other

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have a complex stomach that contains four compartments. Their fore stomach has fermentation carried out by microbes and has high levels of

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to allow for proper mastication of plant material. Most of the fermentation occurs with the help of cellulolytic microorganisms within the

2018: 1996:(ankle bone) with a double-rolled joint surface, previously thought to be unique to even-toed ungulates, were also in early cetaceans. The 5709: 936:

was the first fossil artiodactyl genus to be named, with a history dating back to 1804. It lived in Europe as part of the endemic family

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DeMiguel, Daniel; Azanza, Beatriz; Morales, Jorge (2014). "Key innovations in ruminant evolution: a paleontological perspective".

5491: 11234: 5967: 767:, it is very difficult to accurately determine the origin of artiodactyls. The fossils are classified as belonging to the family 2858:(generally only in males). They are spread across Europe, Asia, and the Americas. This group includes, among other species, the 6617: 5015: 3546:; it has been proposed that their complex fore-stomach is a means to slow digestive passage and increase digestive efficiency. 551:

bear weight on an odd number of the five toes. Another difference between the two orders is that many artiodactyls (except for

3717:. Humans have introduced different artiodactyls worldwide as hunting animals. Artiodactyls inhabit almost every habitat, from 11252: 6050: 5947: 5809: 5781: 5636: 5522: 5412: 5112: 4874: 4455: 851: 11239: 6070: 5838: 5732: 3038: 3235:

are permanent bone structures that fuse to the frontal or parietal bones during an animal's life and are found only in the

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The molars of porcine have only a few bumps. In contrast, camels and ruminants have bumps that are crescent-shaped cusps (

2991:: the males are consistently larger and heavier than the females. In deer, only the males boast antlers, and the horns of 5990: 5802:

urinary and sexual apparatus, urogenital Apparatus. In: F.-V. Salomon and others (eds.): Anatomy for veterinary medicine

5048:"Farewell to life on land - thoracic strength as a new indicator to determine paleoecology in secondary aquatic mammals" 1942: 709:

are omnivorous, whereas cetaceans are entirely carnivorous. Artiodactyls are also known by many extinct groups such as

646:) to this group, while others opt to include cetaceans within the existing name of Artiodactyla. Some researchers use " 168: 4076:

Conversely, many artiodactyls have declined significantly in numbers, and some have even gone extinct, largely due to

6147: 5742: 5302:"Phylogenomic datasets provide both precision and accuracy in estimating the timescale of placental mammal phylogeny" 4963: 4256: 505: 5353:"Inferring the mammal tree: Species-level sets of phylogenies for questions in ecology, evolution, and conservation" 11335: 11174: 539:

which bear weight equally on two (an even number) of their five toes (the third and fourth, often in the form of a

11278: 5705: 4273: 2753:. It is a species-poor artiodactyl suborder of North American origin that is well adapted to extreme habitats—the 11187: 3596:

The penises of even-toed ungulates have an S-shape at rest and lie in a pocket under the skin on the belly. The

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Molecular and morphological studies confirmed that cetaceans are the closest living relatives of hippopotamuses.

6096: 3211:). They grow from a permanent outgrowth of the frontal bone called the pedicle and can be branched, as in the 781:, with a slim build, lanky legs, and a long tail. Their hind legs were much longer than their front legs. The 11260: 6969: 5243:"Resolving conflict in eutherian mammal phylogeny using phylogenomics and the multispecies coalescent model" 3243:, while similar to horns in that they have keratinous sheaths covering permanent bone cores, are deciduous. 7758: 17: 5575:"The Interrelationships of Higher Ruminant Families with Special Emphasis on the Members of the Cervoidea" 5180:

J.R.; Cirranello, A.L. (2013). "The Placental Mammal Ancestor and the Post-K-Pg Radiation of Placentals".

3435:(Ruminantia) ruminate their food—they regurgitate and re-chew it. Ruminants' mouths often have additional 171: 11247: 11117: 11104: 3608:. Cetaceans have similar penises. In some even-toed ungulates, the penis contains a structure called the 239: 172: 3207:

are bony structures that are shed and replaced each year; they are found in deer (members of the family

567:(as perissodactyls do). Molecular biology, along with new fossil discoveries, has found that cetaceans ( 7038: 6610: 5657:

Shively, C. L.; et al. (1985). "Some Aspects of the Nutritional Biology of the Collared Peccary".

4800:"A new phylogenetic marker, apolipoprotein B, provides compelling evidence for eutherian relationships" 4245:"The earliest artiodactyls: Diacodexeidae, Dichobunidae, Homacodontidae, Leptochoeridae and Raoellidae" 901: 169: 11327: 11122: 3994:

that was inhabited around 12,500 years ago. In general, most even-toed ungulates can be consumed as a

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Many even-toed ungulates have a relatively large head. The skull is elongated and rather narrow; the

1595: 4599: 9802: 4615:"More DNA Support for a Cetacea/Hippopotamidae Clade: The Blood-Clotting Protein Gene y-Fibrinogen" 3951: 3832:, smaller litter sizes, and more highly developed newborns. As with many other mammals, species in 2818:) are the smallest and most primitive even-toed-ruminants; they inhabit forests of Africa and Asia. 3604:

mainly causes this curvature to extend, which leads to an extension, but not a thickening, of the

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Madsen, Ole; Willemsen, Diederik; Ursing, Björn M.; Arnason, Ulfur; de Jong, Wilfried W. (2002).

4510:"Evidence from milk casein genes that cetaceans are close relatives of hippopotamid artiodactyls" 4129: 3597: 2636: 2135: 167: 9964: 7400: 5628: 5621: 4866: 4105: 11314: 11082: 11044: 7502: 7208: 7127: 5825: 5697: 3092: 2326:

on their feet. Their molars were adapted to a carnivorous diet, resembling the teeth in modern

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World Agriculture and the Environment: A Commodity-by-Commodity Guide to Impacts and Practices

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and separates into layers of solid versus liquid material. The solids lump together to form a

11363: 11309: 10652: 9682: 7907: 7136: 7020: 6603: 6140: 4895:"A complete phylogeny of the whales, dolphins and even-toed hoofed mammals (Cetartiodactyla)" 4244: 4113: 4089: 3199:

have a bone core that is covered in a permanent sheath of keratin, and are found only in the

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were stocky animals with a large head, and were characterized by bony bumps on the lower jaw.

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of many females descend—as the testicles descend of many male mammals—and are close to the

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occupied Europe. Among the North American camels were groups like the stocky, short-legged

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Amrine-Madsen, Heather; Koepfli, Klaus-Peter; Wayne, Robert K.; Springer, Mark S. (2003).

4775: 4758: 4631: 4614: 4526: 4509: 4483: 4424: 972:) are more closely related to ocean-dwelling cetaceans than to other even-toed ungulates. 8: 10905: 10607: 10598: 10346: 10214: 10187: 10123: 9784: 9664: 9613: 7292: 7199: 6790: 6540:(Rats, guinea pigs, squirrels, beavers, chinchillas, porcupines, capybaras and relatives) 6519:(Pigs, camels, hippos, deer, buffalo, gazelles, giraffes, whales, dolphins and relatives) 5590: 4551:"Molecular evidence from retroposons that whales form a clade within even-toed ungulates" 4125: 4109: 4081: 3718: 3543: 3464: 3448: 2976: 2034: 1966: 5428:

Cui, P.; Ji, R.; Ding, F.; Qi, D.; Gao, H.; Meng, H.; Yu, J.; Hu, S.; Zhang, H. (2007).

5258: 5193: 4815: 4718:"Stability of Cladistic Relationships between Cetacea and Higher-Level Artiodactyl Taxa" 4674: 4566: 4365: 4296: 3674:. Pigs, which have the largest litter size of all even-toed ungulates, have two rows of 3357:, a designated gap in the teeth where the molars are aligned for crushing plant matter. 3165:

Outgrowths of the frontal bone characterize most forehead weapons carriers, such as the

2802:) are named after glands on their belly and are indigenous to Central and South America. 2033:

postulated a close relationship between camels and ruminants as early as the mid-1700s.

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Please expand the article to include this information. Further details may exist on the

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dos Reis, M.; Inoue, J.; Hasegawa, M.; Asher, R.J.; Donoghue, P.C.J.; Yang, Z. (2012).

5277: 5242: 5223: 5156: 5129: 5080: 5047: 4922: 4859: 4588: 4384: 4349: 4308: 4222: 4209: 4180: 3982: 3782: 3556: 2714: 1186: 737:. Many artiodactyls are of great dietary, economic, and cultural importance to humans. 718: 422: 234: 5963: 5483: 5011: 4823: 2044:

Internal morphology (mainly the stomach and the molars) were used for classification.

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coined the term "even-toed ungulates" and the scientific name "Artiodactyla" in 1848.

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recognized the similar anatomy of the limbs of pigs and hippos, and British zoologist

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about whale traits and physical traits uniting whales with terrestrial artiodactyls.

11135: 11019: 10773: 10764: 10643: 10484: 10475: 10268: 9940: 9931: 9879: 9870: 9718: 9691: 9604: 9384: 8992: 8418: 8409: 8399: 8372: 8093: 7962: 7163: 7154: 7145: 6927: 6918: 6854: 6781: 6772: 6529: 6270: 6207: 6133: 6120: 5907: 5891: 5666: 5582: 5547: 5455: 5445: 5374: 5364: 5323: 5313: 5272: 5262: 5205: 5197: 5151: 5141: 5075: 5059: 5007: 4955:

The Rise of Placental Mammals: Origins and Relationships of the Major Extant Clades

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Artiodactyls have been hunted by primitive humans for various reasons: for meat or

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have such a multi-chambered stomach, which is used for better digesting plant food.

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In even-toed ungulates, the bones of the stylopodium (upper arm or thigh bone) and

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artiodactyls. Some species' pattern of wakefulness varies with season or habitat.

650:" to exclude cetaceans and only include terrestrial artiodactyls, making the term 10749: 10740: 10688: 10679: 10460: 9317: 9308: 8785: 8381: 7433: 7343: 7181: 6993: 6872: 6845: 6836: 6422: 6323: 6291: 5865: 5845: 5369: 4473:"Molecular Evidence for the Inclusion of Cetaceans within the Order Artiodactyla" 4374: 4061:

The endangerment level of each even-toed ungulate is different. Some species are

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Hippos are a geologically young group, which raises questions about their origin.

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Pough, F. W.; Janis, C. M.; Heiser, J. B. (2005) . "Major Lineages of Mammals".

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Artiodactyls are native to almost all parts of the world, with the exception of

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For pigs and other biungulates the second and fifth toes are directed backwards.

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Gatesy, John; Milinkovitch, Michel; Waddell, Victor; Stanhope, Michael (1999).

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Two formerly widespread, but now extinct, families of even-toed ungulates were

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to middle Eocene saw the emergence of the ancestors of most of today's mammals.

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The presumed lineages within Artiodactyla can be represented in the following

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When camels have only two toes present, the claws are transformed into nails.

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The four summarized Artiodactyla taxa are divided into ten extant families:

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The classification of artiodactyls was hotly debated because ocean-dwelling

788: 11067: 10968: 10937: 10827: 10499: 10313: 10241: 10114: 10057: 10048: 9766: 9700: 9462: 9420: 9335: 9146: 8866: 8857: 8719: 8650: 8539: 8530: 8272: 8041: 7722: 7677: 7644: 7415: 7307: 7274: 7190: 6572:(Lorises, lemurs, tarsiers, monkeys, apes (including humans) and relatives) 6476: 6406: 6307: 6262: 5921: 5895: 5826:

Reproduction in the Uganda defassa waterbuck, Kobus defassa ugandae Neumann

5559: 5469: 5388: 5337: 5318: 5286: 5219: 5165: 5146: 5089: 4991: 4918: 4893:

Price, Samantha A.; Bininda-Emonds, Olaf R. P.; Gittleman, John L. (2005).

4831: 4784: 4743: 4690: 4508:

Gatesy, John; Hayashi, Cheryl; Cronin, Mathew A.; Arctander, Peter (1996).

4393: 4218: 4077: 4062: 3969: 3734: 3692: 3631: 3571: 3547: 3292: 3268: 3146: 3086: 2899: 2792: 2677: 2616: 2452: 2355: 2038: 1927: 1622: 1546: 1505: 1497: 1493: 1467: 1432: 1422: 1241: 1215: 1099: 976: 969: 953: 828: 651: 396: 355: 5513:

Salomon, Franz-Viktor; et al. (et al.) (2008). Salomon, F.-V. (ed.).

4640: 4584: 4535: 4432: 3937:, but they have debilitating effects only when the infestation is severe. 2075:

The taxonomy that was widely accepted by the end of the 20th century was:

1988:(an early whale the size of a fox) were found in Pakistan. They were both 912:

formed some three million years ago. With only the peccaries, lamoids (or

11208: 11076: 10589: 10337: 9499: 9453: 9444: 9393: 9345: 9206: 9048: 8641: 8632: 8460: 8254: 8245: 8235: 8129: 7972: 7782: 7773: 7686: 7529: 7451: 7334: 7259: 7250: 6438: 6356: 4038: 4026: 3956: 3801: 3440: 3346: 2970: 2914: 2799: 2722: 2505: 2003: 1989: 1915: 1550: 1512: 1482: 1402: 1392: 1340: 1330: 1272: 1150: 1128: 965: 917: 905: 888: 445: 376: 304: 88: 5430:"A complete mitochondrial genome sequence of the wild two-humped camel ( 4348:

Spaulding, M; O'Leary, MA; Gatesy, J (2009). Farke, Andrew Allen (ed.).

3023:

Even-toed ungulates bear their name because they have an even number of

2854:) are made up of about 45 species, which are characterized by a pair of 2729: 10196: 10096: 9921: 9513: 8935: 8917: 8668: 8363: 8348: 8339: 8306: 8083: 7889: 7806: 7797: 7572: 7563: 7442: 7367: 6908: 6729: 6545: 6398: 6241: 6198: 6182: 6125: 6016:"Bones From French Cave Show Neanderthals, Cro-Magnon Hunted Same Prey" 5678: 4141: 3986: 3914: 3821: 3797: 3714: 3519: 3511: 3507: 3380: 3369: 3236: 3125: 3016: 2964: 2925: 2822: 2815: 2808: 2566: 2551: 2384: 2283: 2206: 2158: 2069: 2053: 1997: 1993: 1950: 1946: 1820: 1747: 1687: 1459: 1447: 1398: 1250: 1225: 800: 792: 773: 391: 294: 133: 98: 11213: 5210: 5063: 4243:

Theodor, Jessica M.; Erfurt, Jörg; Grégoire Métais (23 October 2007).

3789:. In addition to year-round sedentary species, there are animals that 3278: 2391: 11156: 10896: 10817: 10670: 10541: 10532: 10006: 9580: 9571: 9556: 9547: 9411: 8983: 8767: 8701: 8587: 8102: 7898: 7587: 7511: 7391: 6942: 6827: 6817: 6711: 6702: 6553: 6500: 6377: 6369: 6249: 6215: 5586: 4137: 4070: 4066: 4007: 3972:, as well as to use their bones and teeth as weapons or tools. Their 3892: 3880: 3876: 3856: 3805: 3738: 3539: 3497: 3373: 3365: 3190: 3178: 3097: 3028: 3011: 2984: 2929: 2844: 2833: 2788: 2754: 2750: 2734: 2460: 2340: 2311: 1978: 1918:

used not only morphology and fossils to classify organisms, but also

1859: 1855: 1804: 1732: 1695: 1618: 1580: 1384: 1291: 1081: 924:

than other continents, except Australia, which has no native species.

873: 869: 865: 662: 564: 556: 544: 401: 340: 251: 198: 190: 138: 82: 11038: 10863: 6092: 6066: 5670: 4073:) were severely decimated by ranchers, who saw them as competition. 3173:

Four families of even-toed ungulates have cranial appendages. These

3161: 2766: 883: 11200: 11161: 11061: 10805: 10433: 10105: 9817: 9655: 9595: 9260: 8959: 8491: 8436: 8324: 8153: 7629: 7620: 7596: 7484: 7358: 7108: 6984: 6680: 6658: 6646: 6492: 6348: 6176: 4759:"Molecular Evolution of the Mammalian Alpha 2B Adrenergic Receptor" 4450:. Baltimore, Maryland: Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 25. 4093: 3922: 3918: 3615: 3601: 3523: 3503: 3489: 3485: 3456: 3432: 3420: 3400: 3354: 3350: 3297: 3252: 3208: 3186: 3129: 2952: 2890: 2871: 2859: 2851: 2746: 2486: 2299: 2191: 2173: 2065: 2057: 1934: 1882: 1874: 1844: 1539: 1535: 1516: 1475: 1046: 893: 877: 839: 835: 824: 782: 670: 579:) fall within this taxonomic branch, being most closely related to 576: 536: 371: 327: 271: 214: 154: 128: 123: 108: 103: 93: 5407:(3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 111–184. 4575: 4550: 4278:(Mammalia, Artiodactyla) from the early Eocene of Southern Europe" 3353:. Camels and ruminants have fewer teeth; there is often a yawning 11010: 10845: 10706: 10565: 9955: 9742: 9733: 9646: 9532: 9523: 9495: 9251: 9155: 9119: 9034: 9030: 9001: 8926: 8614: 8487: 8448: 8032: 7949: 7855: 7118: 7068: 6763: 6569: 6446: 6278: 6188: 6121:

Ungulate Taxonomy: A new perspective from Groves and Grubb (2011)

4797: 4715: 4121: 4085: 4054: 4021:

Today, artiodactyls are kept primarily for their meat, milk, and

4015: 4011: 3845: 3758: 3710: 3619: 3563: 3562:

Unlike other even-toed ungulates, pigs have a simple sack-shaped

3481: 3476: 3408: 3364:

are often reduced in ruminants, and are completely absent in the

3361: 3287: 3200: 3166: 3133: 3082: 2992: 2921: 2878: 2762: 2653: 2408: 2303: 2061: 1866: 1828: 1573: 1569: 1501: 1376: 1318: 980: 961: 812: 751:

The oldest fossils of even-toed ungulates date back to the early

678: 572: 560: 406: 222: 143: 118: 3991: 32: 10854: 10423: 10328: 10151: 10141: 9757: 9269: 9109: 9091: 9082: 8968: 8890: 8842: 8833: 8291: 8282: 8217: 8208: 8198: 8120: 7653: 7466: 7316: 6652: 6640: 6561: 6537: 6385: 6232: 6170: 6157: 3995: 3896: 3754: 3726: 3722: 3639: 3452: 3263: 3182: 3174: 2943:(the horned ruminants) for the time being, cannot be answered. 2940: 2882: 2855: 2784: 2770: 2588: 2319: 2315: 2227: 2110: 2045: 1938: 1870: 1775: 1143: 864:) have been around since the Eocene. In the late Eocene or the 756: 752: 706: 690: 281: 261: 150: 5871: 5828:." Journal of reproduction and fertility 18.3 (1969): 445-457. 4049: 3096:

Diagrams of hand skeletons of various mammals, left to right:

2946: 657:

The roughly 270 land-based even-toed ungulate species include

11322: 11148: 10878: 10836: 10411: 10081: 10072: 9366: 9293: 9284: 9215: 8944: 8899: 8758: 8683: 8563: 8554: 8065: 8056: 7548: 7539: 6748: 6739: 6430: 4133: 4117: 3999: 3961: 3930: 3908: 3679: 3627: 3605: 3552: 3531: 3515: 3493: 3460: 3459:. After the food is ingested, it is mixed with saliva in the 3444: 3224: 3181:), have one of four types of cranial appendages: true horns, 3117: 3113: 2910: 2886: 2863: 2826: 2777: 2718: 2520: 2287: 2095: 2056:

construction (crescent-shaped cusps) and have the ability to

2013: 1923: 1824: 1136: 1089: 1085: 913: 857: 831:

and occupied Africa and Asia—they never got to the Americas.

820: 694: 686: 682: 568: 552: 381: 4892: 4756: 4507: 4242: 4018:, are considered to be scaleless fish, and thus not Kosher. 3475:); this is regurgitated by reticular contractions while the 3415: 2025: 605: 464: 10024: 9354: 9242: 9224: 8881: 8734: 8138: 8005: 7821: 7095: 7056: 5178: 4022: 3926: 3888: 3884: 3675: 3590: 3424: 3272: 3074: 2323: 1958: 1954: 1848: 778: 760: 698: 674: 638: 614: 611: 540: 497: 473: 470: 206: 9492: 5402: 5299: 4409: 4347: 3770:, both among males and females. Some species also live in 2330:, and, unlike other mammals, had a uniform construction. 2278: 10634: 9233: 9179: 8111: 7493: 6484: 4179:

Orliac, M.J.; Benoit, J.; O'Leary, M.A. (November 2012).

4155: 4034: 3900: 3472: 3404: 3109: 3105: 3101: 3024: 2867: 2843:) of North America comprise only one extant species: the 2049: 861: 816: 702: 658: 632: 623: 596: 491: 482: 5839:

Reproductive System of Giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis).

5515:

Anatomy for veterinary medicine (Musculoskeletal system)

4272:

Boivin, M.; Orliac, M.J.; et al. (September 2018).

2924:

comprise 72 species and two parvorders: toothed whales (

2022:

from Eastern Africa is thus the sister group of hippos.

823:. This group appeared in the middle Eocene up until the 8484: 5306:

Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences

4178: 3875:

depending on their size and habitat. There are several

3518:

have a simple two-chambered stomach that allows for an

2273: 9027: 3120:. Highlighted are the even-toed ungulates pig and cow. 5537: 5000:

Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of London

3696:

the Arctic Circle to deserts and tropical savannahs.

3220: 964:

evolved from land-dwelling even-toed ungulates. Some

626: 599: 593: 506: 485: 461: 5105:'Classification of Mammals - Above the Species Level 4656: 3670:

is variable and correlates, as in all mammals, with

807:. Entelodonts existed from the middle Eocene to the 635: 629: 620: 608: 602: 543:). The other three toes are either present, absent, 494: 488: 479: 467: 5619:Janis, C.; Jarman, P. (1984). Macdonald, D. (ed.). 5618: 5130:"A higher-level MRP supertree of placental mammals" 4952:D. Rose, Kenneth (2005). J. David Archibald (ed.). 3811: 2825:) are composed of two species: the giraffe and the 892:was a relative of giraffes with deer-like forehead 617: 476: 6511:(Horses, zebras, donkeys, rhinoceroses and tapirs) 5859:Reproductive physiology in South American Camelids 5848:" Journal of Embryo Transfer 24.4 (2009): 293-295. 5620: 5350: 5046:Ando, Konami; Fujiwara, Shin-ichi (10 July 2016). 4858: 2995:are usually small or not present in females. Male 2787:) are limited to the Old World. These include the 5241:Song, S.; Liu, L.; Edwards, S.V.; Wu, S. (2012). 4247:. In Prothero, Donald R.; Foss, Scott E. (eds.). 3907:, and for small species and young animals, large 3828:Generally, even-toed ungulates tend to have long 3510:have three-chambered stomachs, while the rest of 2333:The suspected relations can be shown as follows: 868:, two families stayed in Eurasia and Africa; the 11355: 5937: 5868:." Genetics of Reproduction in Sheep (2013): 81. 5240: 5036:etwa noch bei Nowak (1999) oder Hendrichs (2004) 4084:. Extinct species include several gazelles, the 4037:, and camels are used for work, as rides, or as 3964:, have been domesticated for thousands of years. 3662:has glands in the eyes that are clearly visible. 771:; their best-known and best-preserved member is 6625: 6206: 5484:"Claws Out: Things You Didn't Know About Claws" 5351:Upham, N.S.; Esselstyn, J.A.; Jetz, W. (2019). 5247:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 5172: 4958:. Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 216. 4657:Agnarsson, Ingi; May-Collado, Laura J. (2008). 4343: 4341: 4339: 4337: 3044:Hippopotamuses have all four toes pointing out. 819:-like) build, with short legs and an elongated 777:. These were small animals, some as small as a 166: 5656: 5652: 5650: 5648: 4405: 4403: 4238: 4236: 583:. Some modern taxonomists thus apply the name 6611: 6141: 5692: 5690: 5688: 4888: 4886: 4652: 4650: 1982:(amphibioid cetacean the size of a wolf) and 842:, limited to North America; early forms like 547:, or pointing posteriorly. By contrast, most 5991:"Humans hunted for meat 2 million years ago" 5933: 5931: 5877: 5293: 5103:McKenna, Malcolm C.; Bell, Susan K. (1997). 5045: 4470: 4334: 4271: 4251:. Johns Hopkins University. pp. 32–58. 3785:and mark their territory, for example, with 3149:is enlarged near the back and displaces the 3073:When camels have only two toes present, the 2881:) are the most species-rich. Among them are 975:Phylogenetic classification only recognizes 5734:Biology and Management of White-tailed Deer 5645: 5427: 5403:Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M., eds. (2005). 5102: 4445: 4400: 4233: 3940: 3704: 6700: 6618: 6604: 6148: 6134: 5880:"The carotid rete and artiodactyl success" 5685: 5572: 4883: 4856: 4647: 3866: 940:during the late Eocene-earliest Oligocene. 535: 'finger, toe'). Typically, they are 10935: 8407: 5928: 5911: 5799: 5776:. Springer Science & Business Media. 5459: 5449: 5378: 5368: 5344: 5327: 5317: 5276: 5266: 5209: 5155: 5145: 5079: 4774: 4733: 4630: 4574: 4548: 4525: 4383: 4373: 4265: 4208: 4172: 4006:, which are even-toed animals but do not 3526:, however, is a herbivore, and has extra 3137:speed by increasing their stride length. 2068:; therefore, tylopods were excluded from 2026:Historical classification of Artiodactyla 1234:– paraphyletic to Cetacea and Raoellidae 944: 10816: 8206: 6479:(Hedgehogs, shrews, moles and relatives) 6155: 6040: 5795: 5793: 5769: 5531: 5434:): an evolutionary history of Camelidae" 5234: 4471:Graur, Dan; Higgins, Desmond G. (1994). 4057:has been extinct since the 17th century. 4048: 3955: 3815: 3748: 3653: 3581: 3414: 3399: 3262: 3160: 3091: 3010: 2963: 2945: 2773:in South American high mountain regions. 2761:camels in the Old World deserts and the 2728: 2713: 2277: 2002: 1930:is the paraphyletic group Artiodactyla. 1905: 948: 926: 922:comparatively fewer artiodactyl families 882: 854:became extinct around 10,000 years ago. 787: 7107: 6678: 5878:Mitchell, G; Lust, A (23 August 2008). 5512: 5421: 4951: 4446:Groves, Colin P.; Grubb, Peter (2011). 3577: 740: 14: 11356: 6825: 6045:. Washington, D.C., US: Island Press. 5942:(7th ed.). Pearson. p. 539. 5730: 5614: 5612: 5610: 5608: 5494:from the original on 24 September 2016 4861:Mammal Evolution: an illustrated guide 4857:Savage, R. J. G.; Long, M. R. (1986). 4612: 3998:meat, with the principal exception of 2999:have a much darker coat than females. 11043: 11042: 10934: 10803: 10802: 10408: 9491: 9026: 8483: 7945: 7091: 6677: 6599: 6129: 5988: 5790: 4933:from the original on 4 September 2020 4850: 4838:from the original on 4 September 2020 4804:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 4776:10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a004040 4697:from the original on 4 September 2020 4663:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 4632:10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a025790 4527:10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a025663 4425:10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a025792 4140:. Twenty-four species are considered 3027:(two or four)—in some peccaries, the 2721:are now considered a sister group of 956:coined the term "even-toed ungulate". 11328:AB0787CD-0A46-FF98-FDAB-F894E6D524AB 11289:4a18d2b8-713b-49ca-bda4-0e279654c184 11188:eaf48d96-8b8b-4c2e-90fe-8de942580313 8243: 6099:from the original on 13 October 2014 6022:from the original on 22 October 2008 5770:Lombardi, Julian (6 December 2012). 5627:. New York: Facts on File. pp. 5127: 5018:from the original on 6 November 2023 4990: 4865:. New York: Facts on File. pp. 3600:are only slightly developed; and an 3411:) have a simple sack-shaped stomach. 3156: 2445: 2274:Historical classification of Cetacea 1421:Superfamily Balaenopteroidea: large 26: 7092: 5970:from the original on 26 August 2021 5773:Comparative Vertebrate Reproduction 5605: 4029:for clothing. Domestic cattle, the 3395: 3019:is the smallest even-toed ungulate. 1901: 24: 10409: 7946: 6073:from the original on 5 August 2011 5989:McKie, Robin (22 September 2012). 5712:from the original on 28 April 2015 5659:The Journal of Wildlife Management 5566: 4112:. Fourteen species are considered 3744: 3737:prevails in open habitats such as 3506:(camels, llamas, and alpacas) and 3480:rhythmic contractions. Cellulytic 2286:were long considered ancestors of 838:) were, during large parts of the 162: 25: 11380: 11369:Extant Ypresian first appearances 6114: 5966:. NOAA Fisheries. 3 August 2021. 5751:from the original on 21 June 2024 5573:Janis, C.M.; Scott, K.M. (1987). 5012:10.1144/GSL.JGS.1848.004.01-02.21 4972:from the original on 21 June 2024 4322:from the original on 2 March 2022 1092:(7 extant and 13 extinct species) 987: 5731:Hewitt, David G (24 June 2011). 4598: 4201:10.1111/j.1469-7580.2012.01562.x 4185:, the oldest artiodactyl mammal" 4154: 3945: 3812:Reproduction and life expectancy 3061: 3049: 3037: 2737:is the only extant antilocaprid. 2657: 2635: 2592: 2570: 2524: 2490: 2411: 2390: 2358: 2230: 2209: 2176: 2134: 2113: 1304:– paraphyletic to Hippopotamidae 904:only in the Pliocene, after the 589: 457: 238: 86: 31: 6970:Sri Lankan spotted chevrotain ( 6085: 6059: 6034: 6008: 5982: 5956: 5851: 5831: 5818: 5763: 5724: 5506: 5476: 5396: 5121: 5096: 5039: 5030: 4984: 4945: 4791: 4763:Molecular Biology and Evolution 4750: 4709: 4619:Molecular Biology and Evolution 4606: 4514:Molecular Biology and Evolution 4480:Molecular Biology and Evolution 4413:Molecular Biology and Evolution 3820:Most artiodactyls, such as the 2791:and the domesticated form, the 2780:) are made up of two families: 2387: 1976:In 2001, the fossil limbs of a 1835: 1811: 1791: 1782: 1763: 1754: 1738: 1729: 1720: 1711: 1702: 1676: 1666: 1656: 1646: 1587:(one species, possibly extinct) 1364: 1355: 1346: 1337: 1327: 1298: 1279: 1265: 1256: 1247: 1238: 1222: 1205: 1193: 1166: 1157: 1115: 1105: 1096: 1072: 1063: 1053: 1036: 1027: 1018: 1009: 7759:Central American red brocket ( 5702:Encyclopædia Britannica Online 4542: 4501: 4464: 4439: 2902:include hippos and cetaceans: 2554: (ruminants) 902:settled by even-toed ungulates 872:, which became extinct in the 563:chambers rather than in their 13: 1: 5706:Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. 5107:. Columbia University Press. 4824:10.1016/s1055-7903(03)00118-0 4305:10.1016/j.geobios.2018.06.003 4166: 3879:that prey on them, including 3787:glandular secretions or urine 3566:. Some artiodactyls, such as 3349:, which is characteristic of 2836:) is indigenous to East Asia. 1574:South American river dolphins 8466:Large subfamily listed below 8454:Large subfamily listed below 8442:Large subfamily listed below 5370:10.1371/journal.pbio.3000494 4375:10.1371/journal.pone.0007062 4014:, which, for the purpose of 3871:Artiodactyls have different 3699: 2821:The giraffe-like creatures ( 2749:) comprise only one family, 1322:: whales (about 90 species) 7: 6961:Yellow-striped chevrotain ( 6952:Indian spotted chevrotain ( 5623:The Encyclopedia of Mammals 5405:Mammal Species of the World 4683:10.1016/j.ympev.2008.05.046 4147: 3634:at the level of the fourth 3177:(with the exception of the 2983:Artiodactyls are generally 2975:skeleton on display at the 2909:) comprise two groups, the 2811:) consist of six families: 1750:: chevrotains (ten species) 705:. Many are herbivores, but 10: 11385: 6548:(Rabbits, hares and pikas) 6503:(Dogs, cats and relatives) 6409:(Tenrecs and golden moles) 4044: 3949: 3132:is never present, and the 2959: 1885:, and others (135 species) 991: 916:), and various species of 876:, exist today only in the 744: 11051: 11009: 10981: 10957: 10948: 10944: 10930: 10897:Dromedary/Arabian camel ( 10888:Domestic Bactrian camel ( 10876: 10825: 10812: 10798: 10762: 10738: 10714: 10705: 10587: 10554: 10530: 10497: 10473: 10452:North Sulawesi babirusa ( 10431: 10422: 10418: 10404: 10368: 10326: 10149: 10140: 10094: 10070: 10046: 10004: 9953: 9929: 9920: 9892: 9868: 9861: 9815: 9755: 9731: 9644: 9593: 9569: 9545: 9521: 9512: 9508: 9487: 9442: 9343: 9334: 9306: 9282: 9177: 9117: 9108: 9080: 9056: 9047: 9043: 9022: 8981: 8957: 8879: 8855: 8831: 8807: 8756: 8732: 8681: 8576: 8552: 8528: 8504: 8500: 8479: 8459: 8447: 8435: 8398: 8361: 8337: 8304: 8280: 8271: 8234: 8197: 8151: 8091: 8082: 8054: 8003: 7970: 7961: 7957: 7941: 7887: 7853: 7819: 7795: 7771: 7741:Amazonian brown brocket ( 7675: 7642: 7618: 7585: 7561: 7537: 7528: 7464: 7413: 7389: 7356: 7305: 7272: 7248: 7116: 7103: 7087: 7074:Large family listed below 7067: 7062:Large family listed below 7055: 7039:Williamson's mouse-deer ( 6982: 6940: 6916: 6907: 6816: 6761: 6737: 6728: 6691: 6687: 6673: 6635: 6528: 6467: 6458: 6397: 6368: 6347: 6334:(Kangaroos and relatives) 6290: 6261: 6240: 6231: 6197: 6165: 5579:American Museum Novitates 4911:10.1017/s1464793105006743 4482:: 357–364. Archived from 4249:Evolution of Artiodactyls 3386: 3311: 3308: 3281: 2650: 2628: 2621: 2585: 2563: 2556: 2544: 2517: 2510: 2483: 2476: 2405: 2381: 2374: 2352: 2345: 2224: 2203: 2196: 2170: 2163: 2128: 2107: 2100: 2088: 1914:In the 1990s, biological 1596:South Asian river dolphin 1391:Superfamily Balaenoidea: 528: 'even' and 428: 421: 368: 363: 235:Scientific classification 233: 180: 161: 74: 9138:Domestic water buffalo ( 7503:Central Asian red deer ( 7128:Bornean yellow muntjac ( 6326:(Bilbies and bandicoots) 6095:. Encyclopedia of Life. 5432:Camelus bactrianus ferus 3960:Some artiodactyls, like 3952:Domestication of animals 3941:Interactions with humans 3705:Distribution and habitat 3649: 3258: 3081:(while both are made of 3006: 2776:The pig-like creatures ( 852:North American varieties 10016:Bates' pygmy antelope ( 9803:Soemmerring's gazelle ( 7908:Yucatan brown brocket ( 7137:Hairy-fronted muntjac ( 7021:Philippine mouse-deer ( 6218:(Platypus and echidnas) 5552:10.1111/1749-4877.12080 5451:10.1186/1471-2164-8-241 5268:10.1073/pnas.1211733109 5202:10.1126/science.1229237 4735:10.1080/106351599260409 3867:Predators and parasites 3271:of Suinas develop into 3140: 1614:Superfamily Ziphioidea 1153:: peccaries (4 species) 409:(historically excluded) 181:Clockwise from center: 10726:White-lipped peccary ( 10662:Philippine warty pig ( 10287:Yellow-backed duiker ( 10251:Black-fronted duiker ( 10224:White-bellied duiker ( 9845:Przewalski's gazelle ( 9068:Four-horned antelope ( 7866:Peruvian Yungas pudu ( 7425:Visayan spotted deer ( 7284:European fallow deer ( 7227:Northern red muntjac ( 7173:Southern red muntjac ( 6449:(Dugongs and manatees) 6388:(Anteaters and sloths) 6018:. ScienceDaily. 2003. 5896:10.1098/rsbl.2008.0138 5319:10.1098/rspb.2012.0683 5147:10.1186/1471-2148-6-93 4549:Shimamura, M. (1997). 4080:, and, more recently, 4058: 3965: 3891:. Other predators are 3825: 3781:Many artiodactyls are 3762: 3663: 3593: 3551:living relatives, the 3428: 3412: 3276: 3217:Odocoileus virginianus 3170: 3121: 3020: 2980: 2956: 2738: 2726: 2291: 2008: 1911: 1641:Total-group Ruminantia 1311:: hippos (two species) 957: 945:Taxonomy and phylogeny 941: 897: 796: 747:Evolution of cetaceans 433:Montgelard et al. 1997 175: 42:is missing information 11310:Paleobiology Database 10906:Wild Bactrian camel ( 10608:Bornean bearded pig ( 10599:Palawan bearded pig ( 10188:White-legged duiker ( 9614:Red-fronted gazelle ( 7293:Persian fallow deer ( 7209:Roosevelt's muntjac ( 6882:Himalayan musk deer ( 6791:Reticulated giraffe ( 6318:(Quolls and dunnarts) 5864:30 March 2023 at the 5844:25 April 2019 at the 4613:Gatesy, John (1997). 4114:critically endangered 4090:Malagasy hippopotamus 4052: 3959: 3840:regions have a fixed 3824:, are born with hair. 3819: 3752: 3682:in the groin region. 3657: 3622:and thus outside the 3585: 3418: 3403: 3266: 3164: 3095: 3077:are transformed into 3014: 2971:Philantomba monticola 2967: 2949: 2928:) and baleen whales ( 2732: 2717: 2676: (or 2281: 2006: 1909: 1585:Chinese river dolphin 1487:oceanic true dolphins 1433:slender-back rorquals 1004:Clade Cetartiodactyla 968:even-toed ungulates ( 952: 930: 886: 791: 174: 11183:Fauna Europaea (new) 10993:Pygmy hippopotamus ( 10653:Oliver's warty pig ( 10278:Red-flanked duiker ( 9683:Erlanger's gazelle ( 9403:Harnessed bushbuck ( 9129:Wild water buffalo ( 8606:East Caucasian tur ( 8597:West Caucasian tur ( 7750:Little red brocket ( 7218:Truong Son muntjac ( 7030:Vietnam mouse-deer ( 7012:Greater mouse-deer ( 6891:Siberian musk deer ( 5804:. pp. 368–403. 4130:Przewalski's gazelle 4102:Scimitar-horned oryx 3719:tropical rainforests 3691:Artiodactyls have a 3587:Genitourinary system 3578:Genitourinary system 2308:convergent evolution 2084:Even-toed ungulates 1967:adrenergic receptors 1831:(five species total) 1827:and four species of 994:List of artiodactyls 920:, South America has 741:Evolutionary history 10626:Celebes warty pig ( 10617:Visayan warty pig ( 10233:Red forest duiker ( 9965:Günther's dik-dik ( 9827:Mongolian gazelle ( 9632:Heuglin's gazelle ( 9623:Thomson's gazelle ( 8777:Long-tailed goral ( 8172:Mountain reedbuck ( 8163:Southern reedbuck ( 8015:East African oryx ( 7917:White-tailed deer ( 7696:Small red brocket ( 7663:South Andean deer ( 7606:Siberian roe deer ( 7597:European roe deer ( 7434:Philippine sambar ( 7401:Père David's deer ( 7003:Lesser mouse-deer ( 6864:Kashmir musk deer ( 5540:Integrative Zoology 5517:. pp. 22–234. 5312:(1742): 3491–3500. 5259:2012PNAS..10914942S 5253:(37): 14942–14947. 5194:2013Sci...339..662O 5128:Beck, N.R. (2006). 4816:2003MolPE..28..225A 4675:2008MolPE..48..964A 4567:1997Natur.388..666S 4366:2009PLoSO...4.7062S 4297:2018Geobi..51..285B 4126:wild Bactrian camel 4110:extinct in the wild 4100:. Two species, the 4082:habitat destruction 3753:Artiodactyls, like 3618:are located in the 3557:obligate carnivores 3544:volatile fatty acid 3471:(also known as the 2977:Museum of Osteology 2839:The antilocaprids ( 2035:Henri de Blainville 1540:lesser sperm whales 1146:: pigs (19 species) 648:even-toed ungulates 195:Camelus dromedarius 10774:Collared peccary ( 10644:Flores warty pig ( 10485:Giant forest hog ( 10347:Maxwell's duiker ( 10269:Ruwenzori duiker ( 10215:Jentink's duiker ( 10124:Sharpe's grysbok ( 9880:Tibetan antelope ( 9785:Bright's gazelle ( 9719:Goitered gazelle ( 9692:Mountain gazelle ( 9665:Cuvier's gazelle ( 9605:Mongalla gazelle ( 8993:Pyrenean chamois ( 8419:Tibetan antelope ( 8373:Black wildebeest ( 7200:Reeves's muntjac ( 7164:Sumatran muntjac ( 7155:Gongshan muntjac ( 6928:Water chevrotain ( 6855:Alpine musk deer ( 6782:Southern giraffe ( 6773:Northern giraffe ( 6302:(Monito del monte) 5800:Uwe Gille (2008). 5490:. 7 January 2014. 5393:(see e.g. Fig S10) 5052:Journal of Anatomy 4899:Biological Reviews 4722:Systematic Biology 4189:Journal of Anatomy 4181:"The inner ear of 4161:Mammals portal 4059: 3966: 3826: 3763: 3741:and open forests. 3664: 3594: 3429: 3413: 3277: 3171: 3122: 3021: 2981: 2957: 2950:Reconstruction of 2739: 2727: 2292: 2009: 1965:) gene sequences, 1912: 1187:Cetancodontamorpha 1000:Order Artiodactyla 958: 942: 900:South America was 898: 797: 176: 11351: 11350: 11297:Open Tree of Life 11045:Taxon identifiers 11036: 11035: 11032: 11031: 11028: 11027: 11005: 11004: 10926: 10925: 10922: 10921: 10918: 10917: 10794: 10793: 10790: 10789: 10786: 10785: 10750:Chacoan peccary ( 10701: 10700: 10689:Javan warty pig ( 10680:Timor warty pig ( 10487:H. meinertzhageni 10461:Togian babirusa ( 10400: 10399: 10396: 10395: 10392: 10391: 10356:Walter's duiker ( 10296:Abbott's duiker ( 10260:Ogilby's duiker ( 10206:Harvey's duiker ( 10170:Brooke's duiker ( 10136: 10135: 9916: 9915: 9857: 9856: 9794:Peter's gazelle ( 9776:Grant's gazelle ( 9710:Speke's gazelle ( 9483: 9482: 9479: 9478: 9475: 9474: 9360: 9330: 9329: 9318:African buffalo ( 9149:B. depressicornis 9104: 9103: 9018: 9017: 9014: 9013: 8786:Himalayan goral ( 8608:C. cylindricornis 8475: 8474: 8471: 8470: 8431: 8430: 8394: 8393: 8382:Blue wildebeest ( 8316:Common tsessebe ( 8267: 8266: 8230: 8229: 8193: 8192: 8105:K. ellipsiprymnus 8078: 8077: 7937: 7936: 7933: 7932: 7929: 7928: 7877:P. mephistophiles 7833:P. mephistophiles 7524: 7523: 7220:M. truongsonensis 7182:Pu Hoat muntjac ( 7083: 7082: 7079: 7078: 7051: 7050: 6994:Java mouse-deer ( 6903: 6902: 6873:Black musk deer ( 6846:Dwarf musk deer ( 6837:Anhui musk deer ( 6812: 6811: 6775:G. camelopardalis 6724: 6723: 6593: 6592: 6589: 6588: 6585: 6584: 6581: 6580: 6573: 6565: 6557: 6549: 6541: 6520: 6512: 6504: 6496: 6488: 6480: 6450: 6442: 6434: 6426: 6418: 6417:(Elephant shrews) 6410: 6389: 6381: 6362: 6343: 6342: 6335: 6327: 6319: 6311: 6310:(Marsupial moles) 6308:Notoryctemorphia 6303: 6282: 6274: 6271:Paucituberculata 6255: 6227: 6226: 6219: 6067:"Cetartiodactyla" 6052:978-1-55963-370-3 6041:Clay, J. (2004). 5949:978-0-13-127836-3 5837:Yong, Hwan-Yul. " 5811:978-3-8304-1075-1 5783:978-1-4615-4937-6 5638:978-0-87196-871-5 5593:on 6 October 2014 5524:978-3-8304-1075-1 5414:978-0-8018-8221-0 5188:(6120): 662–667. 5114:978-0-231-11013-6 5064:10.1111/joa.12518 4876:978-0-8160-1194-0 4769:(12): 2150–2160. 4561:(6643): 666–670. 4457:978-1-4214-0093-8 4448:Ungulate Taxonomy 4274:"New material of 4106:Père David's deer 4098:Schomburgk's deer 3983:Great Rift Valley 3873:natural predators 3855:The newborns are 3844:, while those in 3830:gestation periods 3761:, live in groups. 3610:urethral process. 3598:corpora cavernosa 3568:white-tailed deer 3342: 3341: 3249:Rangifer tarandus 3213:white-tailed deer 3157:Horns and antlers 2989:sexual dimorphism 2711: 2710: 2702: 2701: 2693: 2692: 2684: 2683: 2670: 2669: 2634:(hippopotamuses) 2605: 2604: 2446:Inner systematics 2442: 2441: 2433: 2432: 2424: 2423: 2372: Cete 2270: 2269: 2261: 2260: 2252: 2251: 2243: 2242: 2147: 2146: 1920:molecular biology 1463:: toothed whales 1414:pygmy right whale 1359:Remingtonocetidae 1302:Anthracotheriidae 1271:(Family contains 1067:Merycoidodontidae 910:Isthmus of Panama 848:Merycoidodontidae 805:Anthracotheriidae 448:belonging to the 446:placental mammals 439: 438: 434: 359: 65: 64: 16:(Redirected from 11376: 11344: 11343: 11331: 11330: 11318: 11317: 11305: 11304: 11292: 11291: 11282: 11281: 11269: 11268: 11266:NHMSYS0000376178 11256: 11255: 11243: 11242: 11230: 11229: 11217: 11216: 11204: 11203: 11191: 11190: 11178: 11177: 11165: 11164: 11152: 11151: 11139: 11138: 11126: 11125: 11113: 11112: 11100: 11099: 11087: 11086: 11085: 11072: 11071: 11070: 11040: 11039: 10955: 10954: 10946: 10945: 10932: 10931: 10823: 10822: 10814: 10813: 10800: 10799: 10712: 10711: 10518:Common warthog ( 10509:Desert warthog ( 10429: 10428: 10420: 10419: 10406: 10405: 10305:Weyns's duiker ( 10179:Peters' duiker ( 10161:Aders's duiker ( 10147: 10146: 10034:Royal antelope ( 9992:Salt's dik-dik ( 9983:Silver dik-dik ( 9974:Kirk's dik-dik ( 9927: 9926: 9904:Saiga antelope ( 9866: 9865: 9805:N. soemmerringii 9674:Dorcas gazelle ( 9519: 9518: 9510: 9509: 9503: 9489: 9488: 9376:Mountain nyala ( 9359: 9358: 9350: 9341: 9340: 9296:P. nghetinhensis 9198:European bison ( 9189:American bison ( 9115: 9114: 9054: 9053: 9045: 9044: 9038: 9024: 9023: 8900:Domestic sheep ( 8744:Himalayan tahr ( 8711:Mainland serow ( 8693:Japanese serow ( 8502: 8501: 8495: 8481: 8480: 8405: 8404: 8278: 8277: 8241: 8240: 8204: 8203: 8181:Bohor reedbuck ( 8089: 8088: 8068:A. nasomaculatus 7991:Sable antelope ( 7968: 7967: 7959: 7958: 7952: 7943: 7942: 7705:Merida brocket ( 7535: 7534: 7476:Thorold's deer ( 7328:A. calamianensis 7211:M. rooseveltorum 7157:M. gongshanensis 7114: 7113: 7105: 7104: 7098: 7089: 7088: 6914: 6913: 6823: 6822: 6802:G. tippelskirchi 6735: 6734: 6698: 6697: 6689: 6688: 6675: 6674: 6620: 6613: 6606: 6597: 6596: 6571: 6563: 6555: 6547: 6539: 6530:Euarchontoglires 6518: 6510: 6502: 6494: 6486: 6478: 6465: 6464: 6448: 6440: 6432: 6424: 6416: 6408: 6387: 6379: 6366: 6365: 6361: 6360: 6352: 6333: 6325: 6324:Peramelemorphia 6317: 6309: 6301: 6280: 6279:Didelphimorphia 6273:(Shrew opossums) 6272: 6259: 6258: 6254: 6253: 6245: 6238: 6237: 6217: 6208:Australosphenida 6204: 6203: 6150: 6143: 6136: 6127: 6126: 6109: 6108: 6106: 6104: 6089: 6083: 6082: 6080: 6078: 6063: 6057: 6056: 6038: 6032: 6031: 6029: 6027: 6012: 6006: 6005: 6003: 6001: 5986: 5980: 5979: 5977: 5975: 5960: 5954: 5953: 5935: 5926: 5925: 5915: 5875: 5869: 5855: 5849: 5835: 5829: 5824:Spinage, C. A. " 5822: 5816: 5815: 5797: 5788: 5787: 5767: 5761: 5760: 5758: 5756: 5728: 5722: 5721: 5719: 5717: 5694: 5683: 5682: 5654: 5643: 5642: 5626: 5616: 5603: 5602: 5600: 5598: 5589:. Archived from 5570: 5564: 5563: 5535: 5529: 5528: 5510: 5504: 5503: 5501: 5499: 5480: 5474: 5473: 5463: 5453: 5425: 5419: 5418: 5400: 5394: 5392: 5382: 5372: 5363:(12): e3000494. 5348: 5342: 5341: 5331: 5321: 5297: 5291: 5290: 5280: 5270: 5238: 5232: 5231: 5213: 5176: 5170: 5169: 5159: 5149: 5125: 5119: 5118: 5100: 5094: 5093: 5083: 5043: 5037: 5034: 5028: 5027: 5025: 5023: 4988: 4982: 4981: 4979: 4977: 4949: 4943: 4942: 4940: 4938: 4890: 4881: 4880: 4864: 4854: 4848: 4847: 4845: 4843: 4795: 4789: 4788: 4778: 4754: 4748: 4747: 4737: 4713: 4707: 4706: 4704: 4702: 4654: 4645: 4644: 4634: 4610: 4604: 4603: 4602: 4596: 4578: 4546: 4540: 4539: 4529: 4505: 4499: 4498: 4496: 4494: 4488: 4477: 4468: 4462: 4461: 4443: 4437: 4436: 4407: 4398: 4397: 4387: 4377: 4345: 4332: 4331: 4329: 4327: 4321: 4282: 4269: 4263: 4262: 4240: 4231: 4230: 4212: 4176: 4159: 4158: 4116:, including the 4002:(pigs etc.) and 3731:mountain regions 3686:Secretory glands 3624:abdominal cavity 3396:Digestive system 3279: 3065: 3053: 3041: 2997:Indian antelopes 2889:, caprines, and 2814:The mouse deer ( 2661: 2639: 2624: 2623: 2596: 2574: 2559: 2558: 2547: 2546: 2528: 2513: 2512: 2494: 2479: 2478: 2467: 2466: 2415: 2394: 2389: 2377: 2376: 2362: 2348: 2347: 2337: 2336: 2234: 2213: 2199: 2198: 2180: 2166: 2165: 2138: 2117: 2103: 2102: 2091: 2090: 2085: 2079: 2078: 1902:Research history 1839:Hoplitomerycidae 1837: 1815:Climacoceratidae 1813: 1793: 1784: 1765: 1758:Archaeomerycidae 1756: 1740: 1731: 1722: 1713: 1704: 1678: 1668: 1658: 1648: 1607:La Plata dolphin 1472:oceanic dolphins 1388:: baleen whales 1366: 1357: 1348: 1339: 1329: 1300: 1281: 1267: 1258: 1249: 1240: 1224: 1207: 1195: 1168: 1159: 1117: 1107: 1098: 1074: 1065: 1055: 1038: 1029: 1020: 1011: 645: 644: 641: 640: 637: 634: 631: 628: 625: 622: 619: 616: 613: 610: 607: 604: 601: 598: 595: 513: 509: 504: 503: 500: 499: 496: 493: 490: 487: 484: 481: 478: 475: 472: 469: 466: 463: 432: 354: 243: 242: 165: 148: 85: 78:Temporal range: 72: 71: 67:Order of mammals 60: 57: 51: 35: 27: 21: 11384: 11383: 11379: 11378: 11377: 11375: 11374: 11373: 11354: 11353: 11352: 11347: 11339: 11334: 11326: 11321: 11313: 11308: 11300: 11295: 11287: 11285: 11277: 11272: 11264: 11259: 11251: 11246: 11238: 11233: 11225: 11220: 11212: 11207: 11199: 11194: 11186: 11181: 11173: 11168: 11160: 11155: 11147: 11142: 11134: 11129: 11121: 11116: 11108: 11103: 11095: 11090: 11081: 11080: 11075: 11066: 11065: 11060: 11047: 11037: 11024: 11001: 10977: 10940: 10914: 10872: 10808: 10782: 10758: 10734: 10697: 10664:S. philippensis 10601:S. ahoenobarbus 10583: 10575:Red river hog ( 10550: 10526: 10493: 10469: 10443:Buru babirusa ( 10414: 10388: 10380:Common duiker ( 10364: 10322: 10132: 10090: 10066: 10042: 10000: 9949: 9912: 9888: 9853: 9838:P. picticaudata 9811: 9751: 9727: 9721:G. subgutturosa 9640: 9589: 9565: 9541: 9504: 9493: 9471: 9438: 9430:Cape bushbuck ( 9423:T. strepsiceros 9352: 9351: 9349: 9326: 9302: 9278: 9173: 9165:Mountain anoa ( 9100: 9094:B. tragocamelus 9076: 9070:T. quadricornis 9039: 9028: 9010: 8977: 8953: 8909:Bighorn sheep ( 8875: 8851: 8827: 8819:Mountain goat ( 8803: 8795:Chinese goral ( 8752: 8728: 8713:C. sumatraensis 8677: 8660:Siberian ibex ( 8624:Domestic goat ( 8572: 8548: 8524: 8516:Barbary sheep ( 8496: 8485: 8467: 8455: 8443: 8427: 8390: 8357: 8333: 8300: 8263: 8226: 8189: 8147: 8074: 8050: 8024:Scimitar oryx ( 7999: 7982:Roan antelope ( 7953: 7947: 7925: 7883: 7875:Northern pudu ( 7849: 7841:Southern pudu ( 7831:Northern pudu ( 7815: 7791: 7767: 7732:Pygmy brocket ( 7714:Dwarf brocket ( 7671: 7638: 7614: 7581: 7557: 7520: 7460: 7409: 7385: 7352: 7326:Calamian deer ( 7301: 7295:D. mesopotamica 7268: 7244: 7238:M. vuquangensis 7236:Giant muntjac ( 7146:Fea's muntjac ( 7099: 7093: 7075: 7063: 7047: 6978: 6936: 6899: 6857:M. chrysogaster 6808: 6800:Masai giraffe ( 6757: 6720: 6683: 6669: 6631: 6624: 6594: 6577: 6524: 6509:Perissodactyla 6454: 6393: 6354: 6353: 6351: 6339: 6316:Dasyuromorphia 6300:Microbiotheria 6292:Australidelphia 6286: 6247: 6246: 6244: 6223: 6193: 6161: 6154: 6117: 6112: 6102: 6100: 6091: 6090: 6086: 6076: 6074: 6065: 6064: 6060: 6053: 6039: 6035: 6025: 6023: 6014: 6013: 6009: 5999: 5997: 5987: 5983: 5973: 5971: 5962: 5961: 5957: 5950: 5940:Vertebrate Life 5936: 5929: 5884:Biology Letters 5876: 5872: 5866:Wayback Machine 5857:Sumar, Julio. " 5856: 5852: 5846:Wayback Machine 5836: 5832: 5823: 5819: 5812: 5798: 5791: 5784: 5768: 5764: 5754: 5752: 5745: 5729: 5725: 5715: 5713: 5696: 5695: 5686: 5671:10.2307/3801702 5655: 5646: 5639: 5617: 5606: 5596: 5594: 5571: 5567: 5536: 5532: 5525: 5511: 5507: 5497: 5495: 5488:Thomson Safaris 5482: 5481: 5477: 5426: 5422: 5415: 5401: 5397: 5349: 5345: 5298: 5294: 5239: 5235: 5177: 5173: 5126: 5122: 5115: 5101: 5097: 5044: 5040: 5035: 5031: 5021: 5019: 4989: 4985: 4975: 4973: 4966: 4950: 4946: 4936: 4934: 4891: 4884: 4877: 4855: 4851: 4841: 4839: 4796: 4792: 4755: 4751: 4714: 4710: 4700: 4698: 4655: 4648: 4611: 4607: 4597: 4547: 4543: 4506: 4502: 4492: 4490: 4489:on 5 March 2016 4486: 4475: 4469: 4465: 4458: 4444: 4440: 4408: 4401: 4346: 4335: 4325: 4323: 4319: 4280: 4270: 4266: 4259: 4241: 4234: 4177: 4173: 4169: 4153: 4150: 4071:Tasmanian tiger 4047: 3954: 3948: 3943: 3869: 3814: 3747: 3745:Social behavior 3733:. The greatest 3707: 3702: 3652: 3644:uterus bicornis 3642:has two horns ( 3636:lumbar vertebra 3580: 3536:large intestine 3528:maxillary teeth 3437:salivary glands 3398: 3389: 3261: 3159: 3143: 3089:on the ground. 3069: 3066: 3057: 3054: 3045: 3042: 3009: 2962: 2832:The musk deer ( 2807:The ruminants ( 2798:The peccaries ( 2712: 2703: 2694: 2685: 2671: 2606: 2591:(horn bearers) 2448: 2443: 2434: 2425: 2276: 2271: 2262: 2253: 2244: 2148: 2086: 2083: 2028: 1971:apolipoproteins 1904: 1862:(seven species) 1786:Palaeomerycidae 1767:Lophiomerycidae 1715:Hypertragulidae 1650:Anoplotheriidae 1439:(eight species) 1429:Balaenopteridae 1260:Choeropotamidae 1088:and lamoids or 1057:Anoplotheriidae 996: 990: 947: 938:Anoplotheriidae 918:capreoline deer 749: 743: 592: 588: 585:Cetartiodactyla 559:in one or more 555:) digest plant 511: 507: 460: 456: 431: 430:Cetartiodactyla 353: 237: 173: 163: 157: 147: 146: 141: 136: 131: 126: 121: 116: 111: 106: 101: 96: 91: 80: 79: 76: 68: 61: 55: 52: 45: 36: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 11382: 11372: 11371: 11366: 11349: 11348: 11346: 11345: 11332: 11319: 11306: 11293: 11283: 11270: 11257: 11244: 11231: 11218: 11205: 11192: 11179: 11170:Fauna Europaea 11166: 11153: 11140: 11127: 11114: 11101: 11088: 11073: 11057: 11055: 11049: 11048: 11034: 11033: 11030: 11029: 11026: 11025: 11023: 11022: 11015: 11013: 11007: 11006: 11003: 11002: 11000: 10999: 10995:C. liberiensis 10989: 10987: 10979: 10978: 10976: 10975: 10969:Hippopotamus ( 10965: 10963: 10952: 10950:Hippopotamidae 10942: 10941: 10928: 10927: 10924: 10923: 10920: 10919: 10916: 10915: 10913: 10912: 10903: 10899:C. dromedarius 10894: 10884: 10882: 10874: 10873: 10871: 10870: 10861: 10852: 10843: 10833: 10831: 10820: 10810: 10809: 10796: 10795: 10792: 10791: 10788: 10787: 10784: 10783: 10781: 10780: 10770: 10768: 10760: 10759: 10757: 10756: 10746: 10744: 10736: 10735: 10733: 10732: 10722: 10720: 10709: 10703: 10702: 10699: 10698: 10696: 10695: 10686: 10682:S. timoriensis 10677: 10668: 10659: 10650: 10641: 10635:Domestic pig ( 10632: 10623: 10614: 10605: 10595: 10593: 10585: 10584: 10582: 10581: 10572: 10562: 10560: 10552: 10551: 10549: 10548: 10538: 10536: 10528: 10527: 10525: 10524: 10515: 10511:P. aethiopicus 10505: 10503: 10495: 10494: 10492: 10491: 10481: 10479: 10471: 10470: 10468: 10467: 10463:B. togeanensis 10458: 10449: 10439: 10437: 10426: 10416: 10415: 10402: 10401: 10398: 10397: 10394: 10393: 10390: 10389: 10387: 10386: 10376: 10374: 10366: 10365: 10363: 10362: 10353: 10344: 10334: 10332: 10324: 10323: 10321: 10320: 10314:Zebra duiker ( 10311: 10302: 10293: 10289:C. silvicultor 10284: 10275: 10266: 10257: 10248: 10242:Black duiker ( 10239: 10230: 10226:C. leucogaster 10221: 10212: 10203: 10194: 10185: 10176: 10167: 10157: 10155: 10144: 10138: 10137: 10134: 10133: 10131: 10130: 10121: 10115:Cape grysbok ( 10112: 10102: 10100: 10092: 10091: 10089: 10088: 10078: 10076: 10068: 10067: 10065: 10064: 10058:Klipspringer ( 10054: 10052: 10044: 10043: 10041: 10040: 10031: 10022: 10012: 10010: 10002: 10001: 9999: 9998: 9989: 9985:M. piacentinii 9980: 9971: 9961: 9959: 9951: 9950: 9948: 9947: 9937: 9935: 9924: 9918: 9917: 9914: 9913: 9911: 9910: 9900: 9898: 9890: 9889: 9887: 9886: 9876: 9874: 9863: 9859: 9858: 9855: 9854: 9852: 9851: 9847:P. przewalskii 9842: 9833: 9823: 9821: 9813: 9812: 9810: 9809: 9800: 9791: 9782: 9773: 9767:Dama gazelle ( 9763: 9761: 9753: 9752: 9750: 9749: 9739: 9737: 9729: 9728: 9726: 9725: 9716: 9707: 9701:Rhim gazelle ( 9698: 9689: 9680: 9671: 9662: 9652: 9650: 9642: 9641: 9639: 9638: 9629: 9620: 9611: 9601: 9599: 9591: 9590: 9588: 9587: 9577: 9575: 9567: 9566: 9564: 9563: 9559:A. marsupialis 9553: 9551: 9543: 9542: 9540: 9539: 9529: 9527: 9516: 9506: 9505: 9485: 9484: 9481: 9480: 9477: 9476: 9473: 9472: 9470: 9469: 9463:Common eland ( 9460: 9450: 9448: 9440: 9439: 9437: 9436: 9427: 9421:Greater kudu ( 9418: 9409: 9400: 9391: 9382: 9373: 9363: 9361: 9338: 9332: 9331: 9328: 9327: 9325: 9324: 9314: 9312: 9304: 9303: 9301: 9300: 9290: 9288: 9280: 9279: 9277: 9276: 9267: 9258: 9249: 9240: 9234:Domestic yak ( 9231: 9222: 9213: 9204: 9195: 9185: 9183: 9175: 9174: 9172: 9171: 9162: 9158:B. mindorensis 9153: 9147:Lowland anoa ( 9144: 9135: 9125: 9123: 9112: 9106: 9105: 9102: 9101: 9099: 9098: 9088: 9086: 9078: 9077: 9075: 9074: 9064: 9062: 9051: 9041: 9040: 9020: 9019: 9016: 9015: 9012: 9011: 9009: 9008: 8999: 8989: 8987: 8979: 8978: 8976: 8975: 8965: 8963: 8955: 8954: 8952: 8951: 8942: 8933: 8924: 8915: 8906: 8897: 8887: 8885: 8877: 8876: 8874: 8873: 8867:Nilgiri tahr ( 8863: 8861: 8853: 8852: 8850: 8849: 8839: 8837: 8829: 8828: 8826: 8825: 8815: 8813: 8805: 8804: 8802: 8801: 8792: 8783: 8774: 8764: 8762: 8754: 8753: 8751: 8750: 8740: 8738: 8730: 8729: 8727: 8726: 8720:Taiwan serow ( 8717: 8708: 8699: 8689: 8687: 8679: 8678: 8676: 8675: 8666: 8657: 8651:Iberian ibex ( 8648: 8639: 8630: 8621: 8612: 8603: 8594: 8584: 8582: 8574: 8573: 8571: 8570: 8560: 8558: 8550: 8549: 8547: 8546: 8540:Arabian tahr ( 8536: 8534: 8526: 8525: 8523: 8522: 8512: 8510: 8498: 8497: 8477: 8476: 8473: 8472: 8469: 8468: 8465: 8463: 8457: 8456: 8453: 8451: 8445: 8444: 8441: 8439: 8433: 8432: 8429: 8428: 8426: 8425: 8415: 8413: 8402: 8396: 8395: 8392: 8391: 8389: 8388: 8379: 8369: 8367: 8359: 8358: 8356: 8355: 8345: 8343: 8335: 8334: 8332: 8331: 8322: 8312: 8310: 8302: 8301: 8299: 8298: 8288: 8286: 8275: 8269: 8268: 8265: 8264: 8262: 8261: 8251: 8249: 8238: 8232: 8231: 8228: 8227: 8225: 8224: 8214: 8212: 8201: 8195: 8194: 8191: 8190: 8188: 8187: 8178: 8174:R. fulvorufula 8169: 8159: 8157: 8149: 8148: 8146: 8145: 8136: 8127: 8118: 8109: 8099: 8097: 8086: 8080: 8079: 8076: 8075: 8073: 8072: 8062: 8060: 8052: 8051: 8049: 8048: 8042:Arabian oryx ( 8039: 8030: 8021: 8011: 8009: 8001: 8000: 7998: 7997: 7988: 7978: 7976: 7965: 7955: 7954: 7939: 7938: 7935: 7934: 7931: 7930: 7927: 7926: 7924: 7923: 7919:O. virginianus 7914: 7905: 7895: 7893: 7885: 7884: 7882: 7881: 7872: 7862: 7860: 7851: 7850: 7848: 7847: 7838: 7827: 7825: 7817: 7816: 7814: 7813: 7803: 7801: 7793: 7792: 7790: 7789: 7785:O. bezoarticus 7779: 7777: 7769: 7768: 7766: 7765: 7756: 7747: 7738: 7729: 7725:M. gouazoubira 7723:Gray brocket ( 7720: 7711: 7702: 7693: 7683: 7681: 7673: 7672: 7670: 7669: 7660: 7650: 7648: 7640: 7639: 7637: 7636: 7626: 7624: 7616: 7615: 7613: 7612: 7603: 7593: 7591: 7583: 7582: 7580: 7579: 7569: 7567: 7559: 7558: 7556: 7555: 7545: 7543: 7532: 7526: 7525: 7522: 7521: 7519: 7518: 7509: 7500: 7491: 7482: 7478:C. albirostris 7472: 7470: 7462: 7461: 7459: 7458: 7449: 7440: 7431: 7421: 7419: 7411: 7410: 7408: 7407: 7397: 7395: 7387: 7386: 7384: 7383: 7374: 7364: 7362: 7354: 7353: 7351: 7350: 7341: 7332: 7323: 7313: 7311: 7303: 7302: 7300: 7299: 7290: 7280: 7278: 7270: 7269: 7267: 7266: 7262:E. cephalophus 7256: 7254: 7246: 7245: 7243: 7242: 7233: 7224: 7215: 7206: 7197: 7191:Leaf muntjac ( 7188: 7184:M. puhoatensis 7179: 7170: 7161: 7152: 7143: 7134: 7124: 7122: 7111: 7101: 7100: 7085: 7084: 7081: 7080: 7077: 7076: 7073: 7071: 7065: 7064: 7061: 7059: 7053: 7052: 7049: 7048: 7046: 7045: 7041:T. williamsoni 7036: 7027: 7018: 7009: 7000: 6990: 6988: 6980: 6979: 6977: 6976: 6967: 6958: 6948: 6946: 6938: 6937: 6935: 6934: 6924: 6922: 6911: 6905: 6904: 6901: 6900: 6898: 6897: 6893:M. moschiferus 6888: 6884:M. leucogaster 6879: 6870: 6861: 6852: 6848:M. berezovskii 6843: 6833: 6831: 6820: 6814: 6813: 6810: 6809: 6807: 6806: 6797: 6788: 6779: 6769: 6767: 6759: 6758: 6756: 6755: 6745: 6743: 6732: 6726: 6725: 6722: 6721: 6719: 6718: 6708: 6706: 6695: 6693:Antilocapridae 6685: 6684: 6671: 6670: 6668: 6667: 6665:Laurasiatheria 6661: 6655: 6649: 6643: 6636: 6633: 6632: 6623: 6622: 6615: 6608: 6600: 6591: 6590: 6587: 6586: 6583: 6582: 6579: 6578: 6576: 6575: 6567: 6559: 6551: 6543: 6534: 6532: 6526: 6525: 6523: 6522: 6514: 6506: 6498: 6490: 6482: 6473: 6471: 6469:Laurasiatheria 6462: 6456: 6455: 6453: 6452: 6444: 6436: 6428: 6423:Tubulidentata 6420: 6415:Macroscelidea 6412: 6403: 6401: 6395: 6394: 6392: 6391: 6383: 6374: 6372: 6363: 6345: 6344: 6341: 6340: 6338: 6337: 6332:Diprotodontia 6329: 6321: 6313: 6305: 6296: 6294: 6288: 6287: 6285: 6284: 6276: 6267: 6265: 6256: 6235: 6229: 6228: 6225: 6224: 6222: 6221: 6212: 6210: 6201: 6195: 6194: 6192: 6191: 6185: 6179: 6173: 6166: 6163: 6162: 6153: 6152: 6145: 6138: 6130: 6124: 6123: 6116: 6115:External links 6113: 6111: 6110: 6093:"Artiodactyla" 6084: 6058: 6051: 6033: 6007: 5981: 5964:"Killer Whale" 5955: 5948: 5927: 5890:(4): 415–418. 5870: 5850: 5830: 5817: 5810: 5789: 5782: 5762: 5743: 5723: 5684: 5665:(3): 729–732. 5644: 5637: 5604: 5581:(2893): 1–85. 5565: 5546:(4): 412–433. 5530: 5523: 5505: 5475: 5420: 5413: 5395: 5343: 5292: 5233: 5171: 5120: 5113: 5095: 5058:(6): 768–777. 5038: 5029: 5006:(1): 103–141. 4983: 4964: 4944: 4882: 4875: 4849: 4810:(2): 225–240. 4790: 4749: 4708: 4646: 4625:(5): 537–543. 4605: 4541: 4520:(7): 954–963. 4500: 4463: 4456: 4438: 4419:(5): 550–559. 4399: 4333: 4291:(4): 285–306. 4264: 4257: 4232: 4195:(5): 417–426. 4170: 4168: 4165: 4164: 4163: 4149: 4146: 4046: 4043: 4016:Rabbinical Law 3981:, part of the 3947: 3944: 3942: 3939: 3868: 3865: 3813: 3810: 3746: 3743: 3706: 3703: 3701: 3698: 3668:mammary glands 3666:The number of 3660:Japanese serow 3651: 3648: 3579: 3576: 3548:Hippopotamuses 3407:(such as this 3397: 3394: 3388: 3385: 3340: 3339: 3336: 3333: 3330: 3326: 3325: 3322: 3319: 3316: 3313: 3310: 3306: 3305: 3300: 3295: 3290: 3285: 3283:Dental formula 3260: 3257: 3169:and its horns. 3158: 3155: 3142: 3139: 3071: 3070: 3067: 3060: 3058: 3055: 3048: 3046: 3043: 3036: 3008: 3005: 2961: 2958: 2936: 2935: 2934: 2933: 2918: 2907:Hippopotamidae 2896: 2895: 2894: 2875: 2870:(wapiti), and 2848: 2841:Antilocapridae 2837: 2830: 2819: 2805: 2804: 2803: 2796: 2774: 2745:The camelids ( 2709: 2708: 2705: 2704: 2700: 2699: 2696: 2695: 2691: 2690: 2687: 2686: 2682: 2681: 2680:) 2673: 2672: 2668: 2667: 2664: 2663: 2649: 2646: 2645: 2642: 2641: 2632:Hippopotamidae 2627: 2622: 2620: 2612: 2611: 2608: 2607: 2603: 2602: 2599: 2598: 2584: 2581: 2580: 2577: 2576: 2562: 2557: 2555: 2545: 2543: 2535: 2534: 2531: 2530: 2516: 2511: 2509: 2501: 2500: 2497: 2496: 2482: 2477: 2475: 2465: 2447: 2444: 2440: 2439: 2436: 2435: 2431: 2430: 2427: 2426: 2422: 2421: 2418: 2417: 2404: 2401: 2400: 2397: 2396: 2380: 2375: 2373: 2369: 2368: 2365: 2364: 2351: 2346: 2344: 2335: 2328:toothed whales 2296:marine mammals 2275: 2272: 2268: 2267: 2264: 2263: 2259: 2258: 2255: 2254: 2250: 2249: 2246: 2245: 2241: 2240: 2237: 2236: 2223: 2220: 2219: 2216: 2215: 2202: 2197: 2195: 2187: 2186: 2183: 2182: 2169: 2164: 2162: 2154: 2153: 2150: 2149: 2145: 2144: 2141: 2140: 2132:Hippopotamidae 2127: 2124: 2123: 2120: 2119: 2106: 2101: 2099: 2089: 2087: 2082: 2077: 2027: 2024: 1928:hippopotamuses 1903: 1900: 1899: 1898: 1897: 1896: 1895: 1894: 1893: 1892: 1891: 1890: 1889: 1888: 1887: 1886: 1863: 1852: 1841: 1832: 1817: 1808: 1801:Antilocapridae 1797: 1795:Dromomerycidae 1788: 1771: 1770: 1769: 1760: 1751: 1744: 1742:Bachitheriidae 1735: 1726: 1724:Praetragulidae 1717: 1708: 1706:Leptomerycidae 1683: 1680:Protoceratidae 1673: 1670:Cainotheriidae 1663: 1653: 1638: 1637: 1636: 1635: 1634: 1633: 1632: 1631: 1630: 1629: 1628: 1627: 1626: 1612: 1611: 1610: 1599: 1588: 1577: 1564:river dolphins 1560:Platanistoidea 1556: 1555: 1554: 1543: 1522: 1521: 1520: 1509: 1490: 1455: 1454: 1453: 1452: 1451: 1444:Eschrichtiidae 1440: 1437:humpback whale 1419: 1418: 1417: 1406: 1405:(four species) 1372: 1371: 1370: 1368:Basilosauridae 1361: 1352: 1343: 1314: 1313: 1312: 1309:Hippopotamidae 1305: 1287: 1286: 1285: 1283:Mixtotheriidae 1276: 1262: 1253: 1244: 1228: 1211: 1209:Entelodontidae 1202: 1174: 1173: 1172: 1170:Doliochoeridae 1163: 1154: 1147: 1124: 1123: 1122: 1119:Protoceratidae 1112: 1102: 1093: 1078: 1076:Agriochoeridae 1069: 1060: 1042: 1040:Cainotheriidae 1033: 1024: 1022:Amphimerycidae 1015: 992:Main article: 989: 988:Classification 986: 970:hippopotamuses 946: 943: 844:Cainotheriidae 801:Entelodontidae 742: 739: 735:palaeomerycids 727:anthracotheres 719:merycoidodonts 667:hippopotamuses 581:hippopotamuses 549:perissodactyls 437: 436: 426: 425: 419: 418: 417: 416: 415: 414: 413: 412: 411: 410: 404: 394: 384: 374: 366: 365: 361: 360: 348: 344: 343: 338: 331: 330: 325: 321: 320: 318:Pan-Euungulata 315: 308: 307: 302: 298: 297: 292: 285: 284: 279: 275: 274: 269: 265: 264: 259: 255: 254: 249: 245: 244: 231: 230: 219:Cervus elaphus 183:American bison 178: 177: 159: 158: 142: 137: 132: 127: 122: 117: 112: 107: 102: 97: 92: 87: 77: 66: 63: 62: 39: 37: 30: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 11381: 11370: 11367: 11365: 11362: 11361: 11359: 11342: 11337: 11333: 11329: 11324: 11320: 11316: 11311: 11307: 11303: 11298: 11294: 11290: 11284: 11280: 11275: 11271: 11267: 11262: 11258: 11254: 11249: 11245: 11241: 11236: 11232: 11228: 11223: 11219: 11215: 11210: 11206: 11202: 11197: 11193: 11189: 11184: 11180: 11176: 11171: 11167: 11163: 11158: 11154: 11150: 11145: 11141: 11137: 11132: 11128: 11124: 11119: 11115: 11111: 11106: 11102: 11098: 11093: 11089: 11084: 11078: 11074: 11069: 11063: 11059: 11058: 11056: 11054: 11050: 11046: 11041: 11021: 11017: 11016: 11014: 11012: 11008: 10998: 10996: 10991: 10990: 10988: 10986: 10985: 10980: 10974: 10972: 10967: 10966: 10964: 10962: 10961: 10956: 10953: 10951: 10947: 10943: 10939: 10933: 10929: 10911: 10909: 10904: 10902: 10900: 10895: 10893: 10891: 10890:C. bactrianus 10886: 10885: 10883: 10881: 10880: 10875: 10869: 10867: 10862: 10860: 10858: 10853: 10851: 10849: 10844: 10842: 10840: 10835: 10834: 10832: 10830: 10829: 10824: 10821: 10819: 10815: 10811: 10807: 10801: 10797: 10779: 10777: 10772: 10771: 10769: 10767: 10766: 10761: 10755: 10753: 10748: 10747: 10745: 10743: 10742: 10737: 10731: 10729: 10724: 10723: 10721: 10719: 10718: 10713: 10710: 10708: 10704: 10694: 10692: 10691:S. verrucosus 10687: 10685: 10683: 10678: 10676: 10674: 10669: 10667: 10665: 10660: 10658: 10656: 10651: 10649: 10647: 10642: 10640: 10638: 10637:S. domesticus 10633: 10631: 10629: 10628:S. celebensis 10624: 10622: 10620: 10615: 10613: 10611: 10606: 10604: 10602: 10597: 10596: 10594: 10592: 10591: 10586: 10580: 10578: 10573: 10571: 10569: 10564: 10563: 10561: 10559: 10558: 10557:Potamochoerus 10553: 10547: 10545: 10540: 10539: 10537: 10535: 10534: 10529: 10523: 10521: 10516: 10514: 10512: 10507: 10506: 10504: 10502: 10501: 10496: 10490: 10488: 10483: 10482: 10480: 10478: 10477: 10472: 10466: 10464: 10459: 10457: 10455: 10454:B. celebensis 10450: 10448: 10446: 10441: 10440: 10438: 10436: 10435: 10430: 10427: 10425: 10421: 10417: 10413: 10407: 10403: 10385: 10383: 10378: 10377: 10375: 10373: 10372: 10367: 10361: 10359: 10354: 10352: 10350: 10345: 10343: 10341: 10338:Blue duiker ( 10336: 10335: 10333: 10331: 10330: 10325: 10319: 10317: 10312: 10310: 10308: 10303: 10301: 10299: 10294: 10292: 10290: 10285: 10283: 10281: 10276: 10274: 10272: 10267: 10265: 10263: 10258: 10256: 10254: 10253:C. nigrifrons 10249: 10247: 10245: 10240: 10238: 10236: 10235:C. natalensis 10231: 10229: 10227: 10222: 10220: 10218: 10213: 10211: 10209: 10204: 10202: 10200: 10195: 10193: 10191: 10186: 10184: 10182: 10181:C. callipygus 10177: 10175: 10173: 10168: 10166: 10164: 10159: 10158: 10156: 10154: 10153: 10148: 10145: 10143: 10139: 10129: 10127: 10122: 10120: 10118: 10113: 10111: 10109: 10108:R. campestris 10104: 10103: 10101: 10099: 10098: 10093: 10087: 10085: 10080: 10079: 10077: 10075: 10074: 10069: 10063: 10061: 10060:O. oreotragus 10056: 10055: 10053: 10051: 10050: 10045: 10039: 10037: 10032: 10030: 10028: 10023: 10021: 10019: 10014: 10013: 10011: 10009: 10008: 10003: 9997: 9995: 9990: 9988: 9986: 9981: 9979: 9977: 9972: 9970: 9968: 9963: 9962: 9960: 9958: 9957: 9952: 9946: 9944: 9939: 9938: 9936: 9934: 9933: 9928: 9925: 9923: 9919: 9909: 9907: 9902: 9901: 9899: 9897: 9896: 9891: 9885: 9883: 9878: 9877: 9875: 9873: 9872: 9867: 9864: 9860: 9850: 9848: 9843: 9841: 9839: 9834: 9832: 9830: 9825: 9824: 9822: 9820: 9819: 9814: 9808: 9806: 9801: 9799: 9797: 9792: 9790: 9788: 9783: 9781: 9779: 9774: 9772: 9770: 9765: 9764: 9762: 9760: 9759: 9754: 9748: 9746: 9741: 9740: 9738: 9736: 9735: 9730: 9724: 9722: 9717: 9715: 9713: 9708: 9706: 9704: 9703:G. leptoceros 9699: 9697: 9695: 9690: 9688: 9686: 9681: 9679: 9677: 9672: 9670: 9668: 9663: 9661: 9659: 9654: 9653: 9651: 9649: 9648: 9643: 9637: 9635: 9630: 9628: 9626: 9621: 9619: 9617: 9612: 9610: 9608: 9607:E. albonotata 9603: 9602: 9600: 9598: 9597: 9592: 9586: 9584: 9583:A. cervicapra 9579: 9578: 9576: 9574: 9573: 9568: 9562: 9560: 9555: 9554: 9552: 9550: 9549: 9544: 9538: 9536: 9531: 9530: 9528: 9526: 9525: 9520: 9517: 9515: 9511: 9507: 9501: 9497: 9490: 9486: 9468: 9466: 9461: 9459: 9457: 9454:Giant eland ( 9452: 9451: 9449: 9447: 9446: 9441: 9435: 9433: 9432:T. sylvaticus 9428: 9426: 9424: 9419: 9417: 9415: 9410: 9408: 9406: 9401: 9399: 9397: 9394:Lesser kudu ( 9392: 9390: 9388: 9383: 9381: 9379: 9374: 9372: 9370: 9365: 9364: 9362: 9356: 9348: 9347: 9342: 9339: 9337: 9333: 9323: 9321: 9316: 9315: 9313: 9311: 9310: 9305: 9299: 9297: 9292: 9291: 9289: 9287: 9286: 9281: 9275: 9273: 9268: 9266: 9264: 9259: 9257: 9255: 9250: 9248: 9246: 9241: 9239: 9237: 9232: 9230: 9228: 9223: 9221: 9219: 9214: 9212: 9210: 9209:B. domesticus 9207:Bali cattle ( 9205: 9203: 9201: 9196: 9194: 9192: 9187: 9186: 9184: 9182: 9181: 9176: 9170: 9168: 9163: 9161: 9159: 9154: 9152: 9150: 9145: 9143: 9141: 9136: 9134: 9132: 9127: 9126: 9124: 9122: 9121: 9116: 9113: 9111: 9107: 9097: 9095: 9090: 9089: 9087: 9085: 9084: 9079: 9073: 9071: 9066: 9065: 9063: 9061: 9060: 9055: 9052: 9050: 9046: 9042: 9036: 9032: 9025: 9021: 9007: 9005: 9000: 8998: 8996: 8991: 8990: 8988: 8986: 8985: 8980: 8974: 8972: 8967: 8966: 8964: 8962: 8961: 8956: 8950: 8948: 8943: 8941: 8939: 8934: 8932: 8930: 8925: 8923: 8921: 8916: 8914: 8912: 8911:O. canadensis 8907: 8905: 8903: 8898: 8896: 8894: 8889: 8888: 8886: 8884: 8883: 8878: 8872: 8870: 8865: 8864: 8862: 8860: 8859: 8858:Nilgiritragus 8854: 8848: 8846: 8841: 8840: 8838: 8836: 8835: 8830: 8824: 8822: 8821:O. americanus 8817: 8816: 8814: 8812: 8811: 8806: 8800: 8798: 8793: 8791: 8789: 8784: 8782: 8780: 8775: 8773: 8771: 8766: 8765: 8763: 8761: 8760: 8755: 8749: 8747: 8746:H. jemlahicus 8742: 8741: 8739: 8737: 8736: 8731: 8725: 8723: 8718: 8716: 8714: 8709: 8707: 8705: 8700: 8698: 8696: 8691: 8690: 8688: 8686: 8685: 8680: 8674: 8672: 8667: 8665: 8663: 8658: 8656: 8654: 8649: 8647: 8645: 8642:Nubian ibex ( 8640: 8638: 8636: 8633:Alpine ibex ( 8631: 8629: 8627: 8622: 8620: 8618: 8613: 8611: 8609: 8604: 8602: 8600: 8595: 8593: 8591: 8586: 8585: 8583: 8581: 8580: 8575: 8569: 8567: 8562: 8561: 8559: 8557: 8556: 8551: 8545: 8543: 8538: 8537: 8535: 8533: 8532: 8527: 8521: 8519: 8514: 8513: 8511: 8509: 8508: 8503: 8499: 8493: 8489: 8482: 8478: 8464: 8462: 8458: 8452: 8450: 8446: 8440: 8438: 8434: 8424: 8422: 8417: 8416: 8414: 8412: 8411: 8406: 8403: 8401: 8400:Pantholopinae 8397: 8387: 8385: 8380: 8378: 8376: 8371: 8370: 8368: 8366: 8365: 8360: 8354: 8352: 8351:A. buselaphus 8347: 8346: 8344: 8342: 8341: 8336: 8330: 8328: 8323: 8321: 8319: 8314: 8313: 8311: 8309: 8308: 8303: 8297: 8295: 8290: 8289: 8287: 8285: 8284: 8279: 8276: 8274: 8270: 8260: 8258: 8255:Grey rhebok ( 8253: 8252: 8250: 8248: 8247: 8242: 8239: 8237: 8233: 8223: 8221: 8216: 8215: 8213: 8211: 8210: 8205: 8202: 8200: 8199:Aepycerotinae 8196: 8186: 8184: 8179: 8177: 8175: 8170: 8168: 8166: 8161: 8160: 8158: 8156: 8155: 8150: 8144: 8142: 8137: 8135: 8133: 8130:Nile lechwe ( 8128: 8126: 8124: 8119: 8117: 8115: 8110: 8108: 8106: 8101: 8100: 8098: 8096: 8095: 8090: 8087: 8085: 8081: 8071: 8069: 8064: 8063: 8061: 8059: 8058: 8053: 8047: 8045: 8040: 8038: 8036: 8031: 8029: 8027: 8022: 8020: 8018: 8013: 8012: 8010: 8008: 8007: 8002: 7996: 7994: 7989: 7987: 7985: 7980: 7979: 7977: 7975: 7974: 7969: 7966: 7964: 7963:Hippotraginae 7960: 7956: 7951: 7944: 7940: 7922: 7920: 7915: 7913: 7911: 7906: 7904: 7902: 7897: 7896: 7894: 7892: 7891: 7886: 7880: 7878: 7873: 7871: 7869: 7864: 7863: 7861: 7858: 7857: 7852: 7846: 7844: 7839: 7836: 7834: 7829: 7828: 7826: 7824: 7823: 7818: 7812: 7810: 7809:B. dichotomus 7805: 7804: 7802: 7800: 7799: 7794: 7788: 7786: 7783:Pampas deer ( 7781: 7780: 7778: 7776: 7775: 7770: 7764: 7762: 7757: 7755: 7753: 7748: 7746: 7744: 7743:M. nemorivaga 7739: 7737: 7735: 7730: 7728: 7726: 7721: 7719: 7717: 7712: 7710: 7708: 7703: 7701: 7699: 7694: 7692: 7690: 7687:Red brocket ( 7685: 7684: 7682: 7680: 7679: 7674: 7668: 7666: 7661: 7659: 7657: 7656:H. antisensis 7652: 7651: 7649: 7647: 7646: 7641: 7635: 7633: 7628: 7627: 7625: 7623: 7622: 7617: 7611: 7609: 7604: 7602: 7600: 7595: 7594: 7592: 7590: 7589: 7584: 7578: 7576: 7571: 7570: 7568: 7566: 7565: 7560: 7554: 7552: 7547: 7546: 7544: 7542: 7541: 7536: 7533: 7531: 7527: 7517: 7515: 7510: 7508: 7506: 7501: 7499: 7497: 7496:C. canadensis 7492: 7490: 7488: 7483: 7481: 7479: 7474: 7473: 7471: 7469: 7468: 7463: 7457: 7455: 7450: 7448: 7446: 7445:R. timorensis 7441: 7439: 7437: 7432: 7430: 7428: 7423: 7422: 7420: 7418: 7417: 7412: 7406: 7404: 7403:E. davidianus 7399: 7398: 7396: 7394: 7393: 7388: 7382: 7380: 7375: 7373: 7371: 7370:R. duvaucelii 7366: 7365: 7363: 7361: 7360: 7355: 7349: 7347: 7342: 7340: 7338: 7335:Bawean deer ( 7333: 7331: 7329: 7324: 7322: 7320: 7315: 7314: 7312: 7310: 7309: 7304: 7298: 7296: 7291: 7289: 7287: 7282: 7281: 7279: 7277: 7276: 7271: 7265: 7263: 7260:Tufted deer ( 7258: 7257: 7255: 7253: 7252: 7247: 7241: 7239: 7234: 7232: 7230: 7225: 7223: 7221: 7216: 7214: 7212: 7207: 7205: 7203: 7198: 7196: 7194: 7193:M. putaoensis 7189: 7187: 7185: 7180: 7178: 7176: 7171: 7169: 7167: 7162: 7160: 7158: 7153: 7151: 7149: 7144: 7142: 7140: 7139:M. crinifrons 7135: 7133: 7131: 7126: 7125: 7123: 7121: 7120: 7115: 7112: 7110: 7106: 7102: 7097: 7090: 7086: 7072: 7070: 7066: 7060: 7058: 7054: 7044: 7042: 7037: 7035: 7033: 7032:T. versicolor 7028: 7026: 7024: 7019: 7017: 7015: 7010: 7008: 7006: 7001: 6999: 6997: 6992: 6991: 6989: 6987: 6986: 6981: 6975: 6973: 6968: 6966: 6964: 6959: 6957: 6955: 6950: 6949: 6947: 6945: 6944: 6939: 6933: 6931: 6926: 6925: 6923: 6921: 6920: 6915: 6912: 6910: 6906: 6896: 6894: 6889: 6887: 6885: 6880: 6878: 6876: 6871: 6869: 6867: 6862: 6860: 6858: 6853: 6851: 6849: 6844: 6842: 6840: 6839:M. anhuiensis 6835: 6834: 6832: 6830: 6829: 6824: 6821: 6819: 6815: 6805: 6803: 6798: 6796: 6794: 6793:G. reticulata 6789: 6787: 6785: 6780: 6778: 6776: 6771: 6770: 6768: 6766: 6765: 6760: 6754: 6752: 6747: 6746: 6744: 6742: 6741: 6736: 6733: 6731: 6727: 6717: 6715: 6710: 6709: 6707: 6705: 6704: 6699: 6696: 6694: 6690: 6686: 6682: 6676: 6672: 6666: 6662: 6660: 6656: 6654: 6650: 6648: 6644: 6642: 6638: 6637: 6634: 6629: 6621: 6616: 6614: 6609: 6607: 6602: 6601: 6598: 6574: 6568: 6566: 6560: 6558: 6552: 6550: 6544: 6542: 6536: 6535: 6533: 6531: 6527: 6521: 6517:Artiodactyla 6515: 6513: 6507: 6505: 6499: 6497: 6491: 6489: 6483: 6481: 6477:Eulipotyphla 6475: 6474: 6472: 6470: 6466: 6463: 6461: 6460:Boreoeutheria 6457: 6451: 6445: 6443: 6437: 6435: 6429: 6427: 6421: 6419: 6413: 6411: 6407:Afrosoricida 6405: 6404: 6402: 6400: 6396: 6390: 6384: 6382: 6376: 6375: 6373: 6371: 6367: 6364: 6358: 6350: 6346: 6336: 6330: 6328: 6322: 6320: 6314: 6312: 6306: 6304: 6298: 6297: 6295: 6293: 6289: 6283: 6277: 6275: 6269: 6268: 6266: 6264: 6260: 6257: 6251: 6243: 6239: 6236: 6234: 6230: 6220: 6214: 6213: 6211: 6209: 6205: 6202: 6200: 6196: 6190: 6186: 6184: 6180: 6178: 6174: 6172: 6168: 6167: 6164: 6159: 6151: 6146: 6144: 6139: 6137: 6132: 6131: 6128: 6122: 6119: 6118: 6098: 6094: 6088: 6072: 6068: 6062: 6054: 6048: 6044: 6037: 6021: 6017: 6011: 5996: 5992: 5985: 5969: 5965: 5959: 5951: 5945: 5941: 5934: 5932: 5923: 5919: 5914: 5909: 5905: 5901: 5897: 5893: 5889: 5885: 5881: 5874: 5867: 5863: 5860: 5854: 5847: 5843: 5840: 5834: 5827: 5821: 5813: 5807: 5803: 5796: 5794: 5785: 5779: 5775: 5774: 5766: 5750: 5746: 5744:9781482295986 5740: 5737:. CRC Press. 5736: 5735: 5727: 5711: 5707: 5703: 5699: 5698:"Artiodactyl" 5693: 5691: 5689: 5680: 5676: 5672: 5668: 5664: 5660: 5653: 5651: 5649: 5640: 5634: 5630: 5625: 5624: 5615: 5613: 5611: 5609: 5592: 5588: 5584: 5580: 5576: 5569: 5561: 5557: 5553: 5549: 5545: 5541: 5534: 5526: 5520: 5516: 5509: 5493: 5489: 5485: 5479: 5471: 5467: 5462: 5457: 5452: 5447: 5443: 5439: 5435: 5433: 5424: 5416: 5410: 5406: 5399: 5390: 5386: 5381: 5376: 5371: 5366: 5362: 5358: 5354: 5347: 5339: 5335: 5330: 5325: 5320: 5315: 5311: 5307: 5303: 5296: 5288: 5284: 5279: 5274: 5269: 5264: 5260: 5256: 5252: 5248: 5244: 5237: 5229: 5225: 5221: 5217: 5212: 5207: 5203: 5199: 5195: 5191: 5187: 5183: 5175: 5167: 5163: 5158: 5153: 5148: 5143: 5139: 5135: 5134:BMC Evol Biol 5131: 5124: 5116: 5110: 5106: 5099: 5091: 5087: 5082: 5077: 5073: 5069: 5065: 5061: 5057: 5053: 5049: 5042: 5033: 5017: 5013: 5009: 5005: 5001: 4997: 4993: 4992:Owen, Richard 4987: 4971: 4967: 4965:9780801880223 4961: 4957: 4956: 4948: 4932: 4928: 4924: 4920: 4916: 4912: 4908: 4905:(3): 445–73. 4904: 4900: 4896: 4889: 4887: 4878: 4872: 4868: 4863: 4862: 4853: 4837: 4833: 4829: 4825: 4821: 4817: 4813: 4809: 4805: 4801: 4794: 4786: 4782: 4777: 4772: 4768: 4764: 4760: 4753: 4745: 4741: 4736: 4731: 4727: 4723: 4719: 4712: 4696: 4692: 4688: 4684: 4680: 4676: 4672: 4669:(3): 964–85. 4668: 4664: 4660: 4653: 4651: 4642: 4638: 4633: 4628: 4624: 4620: 4616: 4609: 4601: 4594: 4590: 4586: 4582: 4577: 4576:10.1038/41759 4572: 4568: 4564: 4560: 4556: 4552: 4545: 4537: 4533: 4528: 4523: 4519: 4515: 4511: 4504: 4485: 4481: 4474: 4467: 4459: 4453: 4449: 4442: 4434: 4430: 4426: 4422: 4418: 4414: 4406: 4404: 4395: 4391: 4386: 4381: 4376: 4371: 4367: 4363: 4359: 4355: 4351: 4344: 4342: 4340: 4338: 4318: 4314: 4310: 4306: 4302: 4298: 4294: 4290: 4286: 4279: 4277: 4268: 4260: 4258:9780801887352 4254: 4250: 4246: 4239: 4237: 4228: 4224: 4220: 4216: 4211: 4206: 4202: 4198: 4194: 4190: 4186: 4184: 4175: 4171: 4162: 4157: 4152: 4151: 4145: 4143: 4139: 4135: 4131: 4127: 4123: 4119: 4115: 4111: 4107: 4103: 4099: 4095: 4091: 4087: 4083: 4079: 4074: 4072: 4068: 4065:(such as the 4064: 4056: 4051: 4042: 4040: 4036: 4032: 4031:water buffalo 4028: 4024: 4019: 4017: 4013: 4009: 4005: 4004:hippopotamids 4001: 3997: 3993: 3988: 3984: 3980: 3979:Olduvai Gorge 3975: 3974:domestication 3971: 3963: 3958: 3953: 3946:Domestication 3938: 3936: 3932: 3928: 3924: 3920: 3916: 3912: 3910: 3906: 3902: 3898: 3894: 3890: 3886: 3882: 3878: 3874: 3864: 3860: 3858: 3853: 3849: 3847: 3843: 3842:mating season 3839: 3835: 3831: 3823: 3818: 3809: 3807: 3803: 3799: 3794: 3792: 3788: 3784: 3779: 3777: 3776:mating season 3773: 3769: 3760: 3756: 3751: 3742: 3740: 3736: 3732: 3728: 3724: 3720: 3716: 3712: 3697: 3694: 3689: 3687: 3683: 3681: 3677: 3673: 3669: 3661: 3656: 3647: 3645: 3641: 3637: 3633: 3629: 3625: 3621: 3617: 3612: 3611: 3607: 3603: 3599: 3592: 3588: 3584: 3575: 3573: 3569: 3565: 3560: 3558: 3554: 3549: 3545: 3541: 3537: 3533: 3529: 3525: 3521: 3517: 3513: 3509: 3505: 3501: 3499: 3495: 3491: 3487: 3483: 3478: 3474: 3470: 3466: 3462: 3458: 3454: 3450: 3446: 3442: 3438: 3434: 3426: 3422: 3417: 3410: 3406: 3402: 3393: 3384: 3382: 3377: 3375: 3371: 3367: 3363: 3358: 3356: 3352: 3348: 3337: 3334: 3331: 3328: 3327: 3323: 3320: 3317: 3314: 3307: 3304: 3301: 3299: 3296: 3294: 3291: 3289: 3286: 3284: 3280: 3274: 3270: 3265: 3256: 3254: 3250: 3244: 3242: 3238: 3234: 3230: 3226: 3222: 3218: 3214: 3210: 3206: 3202: 3198: 3194: 3192: 3188: 3184: 3180: 3176: 3168: 3163: 3154: 3152: 3151:parietal bone 3148: 3138: 3135: 3131: 3127: 3119: 3115: 3111: 3107: 3103: 3099: 3094: 3090: 3088: 3084: 3080: 3076: 3064: 3059: 3052: 3047: 3040: 3035: 3034: 3033: 3030: 3026: 3018: 3013: 3004: 3000: 2998: 2994: 2990: 2986: 2978: 2974: 2972: 2968:Blue duiker ( 2966: 2955: 2954: 2948: 2944: 2942: 2931: 2927: 2923: 2919: 2916: 2912: 2908: 2904: 2903: 2901: 2897: 2892: 2888: 2884: 2880: 2876: 2873: 2869: 2865: 2861: 2857: 2853: 2849: 2846: 2842: 2838: 2835: 2831: 2828: 2824: 2820: 2817: 2813: 2812: 2810: 2806: 2801: 2797: 2794: 2790: 2786: 2782: 2781: 2779: 2775: 2772: 2768: 2764: 2760: 2756: 2752: 2748: 2744: 2743: 2742: 2736: 2731: 2724: 2720: 2716: 2707: 2706: 2698: 2697: 2689: 2688: 2679: 2675: 2674: 2666: 2665: 2662: 2660: 2655: 2648: 2647: 2644: 2643: 2640: 2638: 2633: 2626: 2625: 2619: 2618: 2614: 2613: 2610: 2609: 2601: 2600: 2597: 2595: 2590: 2583: 2582: 2579: 2578: 2575: 2573: 2569:(mouse deer) 2568: 2561: 2560: 2553: 2549: 2548: 2542: 2541: 2540:Cetruminantia 2537: 2536: 2533: 2532: 2529: 2527: 2522: 2515: 2514: 2508: 2507: 2503: 2502: 2499: 2498: 2495: 2493: 2488: 2481: 2480: 2474: 2473: 2469: 2468: 2464: 2462: 2457: 2454: 2438: 2437: 2429: 2428: 2420: 2419: 2416: 2414: 2410: 2403: 2402: 2399: 2398: 2395: 2393: 2386: 2379: 2378: 2371: 2370: 2367: 2366: 2363: 2361: 2357: 2350: 2349: 2342: 2339: 2338: 2334: 2331: 2329: 2325: 2321: 2318:), which had 2317: 2313: 2309: 2305: 2301: 2297: 2289: 2285: 2280: 2266: 2265: 2257: 2256: 2248: 2247: 2239: 2238: 2235: 2233: 2229: 2222: 2221: 2218: 2217: 2214: 2212: 2208: 2201: 2200: 2193: 2189: 2188: 2185: 2184: 2181: 2179: 2175: 2168: 2167: 2160: 2156: 2155: 2152: 2151: 2143: 2142: 2139: 2137: 2133: 2126: 2125: 2122: 2121: 2118: 2116: 2112: 2105: 2104: 2097: 2093: 2092: 2081: 2080: 2076: 2073: 2071: 2067: 2063: 2059: 2055: 2051: 2047: 2042: 2040: 2036: 2032: 2023: 2021: 2020: 2015: 2005: 2001: 1999: 1995: 1991: 1987: 1986: 1985:Ichthyolestes 1981: 1980: 1974: 1972: 1968: 1964: 1960: 1956: 1952: 1948: 1944: 1940: 1936: 1931: 1929: 1925: 1921: 1917: 1908: 1884: 1880: 1879:goat-antelope 1876: 1872: 1868: 1864: 1861: 1857: 1853: 1850: 1846: 1842: 1840: 1833: 1830: 1826: 1822: 1818: 1816: 1809: 1807:(one species) 1806: 1802: 1798: 1796: 1789: 1787: 1780: 1779: 1778: 1777: 1772: 1768: 1761: 1759: 1752: 1749: 1745: 1743: 1736: 1734: 1727: 1725: 1718: 1716: 1709: 1707: 1700: 1699: 1698: 1697: 1692: 1691: 1690: 1689: 1684: 1681: 1674: 1671: 1664: 1661: 1660:Xiphodontidae 1654: 1651: 1644: 1643: 1642: 1639: 1624: 1623:beaked whales 1620: 1616: 1615: 1613: 1609:(one species) 1608: 1604: 1603:Pontoporiidae 1600: 1598:(one species) 1597: 1593: 1592:Platanistidae 1589: 1586: 1582: 1578: 1576:(two species) 1575: 1571: 1567: 1566: 1565: 1561: 1557: 1553:(one species) 1552: 1548: 1544: 1542:(two species) 1541: 1537: 1533: 1532: 1531: 1527: 1526:Physeteroidea 1523: 1519:(six species) 1518: 1514: 1510: 1508:(two species) 1507: 1503: 1499: 1498:Arctic whales 1495: 1491: 1488: 1484: 1480: 1479: 1478:, and others 1477: 1473: 1469: 1465: 1464: 1462: 1461: 1456: 1450:(one species) 1449: 1445: 1441: 1438: 1434: 1430: 1426: 1425: 1424: 1423:baleen whales 1420: 1416:(one species) 1415: 1411: 1410:Cetotheriidae 1407: 1404: 1400: 1396: 1395: 1394: 1390: 1389: 1387: 1386: 1381: 1380: 1379: 1378: 1373: 1369: 1362: 1360: 1353: 1351: 1350:Ambulocetidae 1344: 1342: 1335: 1334: 1333: 1332: 1324: 1323: 1321: 1320: 1315: 1310: 1306: 1303: 1296: 1295: 1294: 1293: 1288: 1284: 1277: 1274: 1270: 1269:Cebochoeridae 1263: 1261: 1254: 1252: 1245: 1243: 1236: 1235: 1233: 1232:Dichobunoidea 1229: 1227: 1220: 1219: 1218: 1217: 1212: 1210: 1203: 1200: 1199: 1198:Andrewsarchus 1191: 1190: 1189: 1188: 1183: 1182: 1181: 1180: 1179:Cetruminantia 1175: 1171: 1164: 1162: 1161:Sanitheriidae 1155: 1152: 1148: 1145: 1141: 1140: 1139: 1138: 1133: 1132: 1131: 1130: 1125: 1120: 1113: 1110: 1109:Xiphodontidae 1103: 1101: 1094: 1091: 1087: 1083: 1079: 1077: 1070: 1068: 1061: 1058: 1051: 1050: 1049: 1048: 1043: 1041: 1034: 1032: 1025: 1023: 1016: 1014: 1013:Diacodexeidae 1007: 1006: 1005: 1001: 998: 997: 995: 985: 982: 978: 973: 971: 967: 963: 955: 951: 939: 935: 934: 933:Anoplotherium 929: 925: 923: 919: 915: 911: 907: 903: 895: 891: 890: 885: 881: 879: 875: 871: 867: 863: 859: 855: 853: 849: 845: 841: 837: 832: 830: 826: 822: 818: 814: 810: 809:early Miocene 806: 802: 794: 790: 786: 784: 780: 776: 775: 770: 769:Diacodexeidae 766: 765:North America 762: 758: 754: 748: 738: 736: 732: 731:basilosaurids 728: 724: 720: 716: 715:cainotheriids 712: 708: 704: 700: 696: 692: 688: 684: 680: 676: 672: 668: 664: 660: 655: 653: 649: 643: 586: 582: 578: 574: 570: 566: 562: 558: 554: 550: 546: 542: 538: 534: 530: 527: 523: 520: 519:Ancient Greek 516: 515: 502: 454: 451: 447: 443: 435: 427: 424: 420: 408: 405: 403: 400: 399: 398: 395: 393: 390: 389: 388: 387:Cetruminantia 385: 383: 380: 379: 378: 375: 373: 370: 369: 367: 364:Subdivisions 362: 357: 352: 349: 346: 345: 342: 339: 336: 333: 332: 329: 326: 323: 322: 319: 316: 313: 310: 309: 306: 303: 300: 299: 296: 293: 290: 287: 286: 283: 280: 277: 276: 273: 270: 267: 266: 263: 260: 257: 256: 253: 250: 247: 246: 241: 236: 232: 228: 224: 220: 216: 212: 208: 204: 200: 196: 192: 188: 184: 179: 160: 156: 152: 145: 140: 135: 130: 125: 120: 115: 110: 105: 100: 95: 90: 84: 73: 70: 59: 49: 43: 40:This article 38: 34: 29: 28: 19: 11364:Artiodactyls 11110:Artiodactyla 11097:Artiodactyla 11083:Artiodactyla 11053:Artiodactyla 11052: 10994: 10982: 10971:H. amphibius 10970: 10960:Hippopotamus 10958: 10938:Whippomorpha 10907: 10898: 10889: 10877: 10865: 10856: 10847: 10838: 10826: 10775: 10763: 10751: 10739: 10727: 10715: 10690: 10681: 10672: 10663: 10654: 10645: 10636: 10627: 10619:S. cebifrons 10618: 10609: 10600: 10588: 10576: 10567: 10555: 10543: 10531: 10520:P. africanus 10519: 10510: 10500:Phacochoerus 10498: 10486: 10474: 10462: 10453: 10445:B. babyrussa 10444: 10432: 10381: 10369: 10357: 10349:P. maxwellii 10348: 10340:P. monticola 10339: 10327: 10315: 10306: 10297: 10288: 10280:C. rufilatus 10279: 10270: 10261: 10252: 10243: 10234: 10225: 10216: 10207: 10198: 10197:Bay duiker ( 10190:C. crusalbum 10189: 10180: 10171: 10162: 10150: 10142:Cephalophini 10125: 10117:R. melanotis 10116: 10107: 10095: 10083: 10071: 10059: 10047: 10035: 10027:N. moschatus 10026: 10017: 10005: 9993: 9984: 9975: 9967:M. guentheri 9966: 9954: 9943:D. megalotis 9942: 9930: 9905: 9893: 9882:P. hodgsonii 9881: 9869: 9846: 9837: 9829:P. gutturosa 9828: 9816: 9804: 9795: 9786: 9777: 9768: 9756: 9744: 9732: 9720: 9711: 9702: 9693: 9685:G. erlangeri 9684: 9675: 9666: 9658:G. bennettii 9657: 9645: 9633: 9625:E. thomsonii 9624: 9616:E. rufifrons 9615: 9606: 9594: 9582: 9570: 9558: 9546: 9534: 9522: 9464: 9456:T. derbianus 9455: 9443: 9431: 9422: 9413: 9404: 9395: 9387:T. eurycerus 9386: 9377: 9368: 9344: 9336:Tragelaphini 9319: 9307: 9295: 9283: 9271: 9262: 9254:B. javanicus 9253: 9244: 9236:B. grunniens 9235: 9226: 9218:B. frontalis 9217: 9208: 9199: 9190: 9178: 9166: 9157: 9148: 9139: 9130: 9118: 9093: 9081: 9069: 9057: 9004:R. rupicapra 9003: 8995:R. pyrenaica 8994: 8982: 8970: 8958: 8946: 8937: 8936:Snow sheep ( 8928: 8919: 8918:Dall sheep ( 8910: 8901: 8892: 8880: 8869:N. hylocrius 8868: 8856: 8845:O. moschatus 8844: 8832: 8820: 8808: 8796: 8787: 8778: 8769: 8757: 8745: 8733: 8721: 8712: 8703: 8694: 8682: 8670: 8669:Walia ibex ( 8661: 8653:C. pyrenaica 8652: 8643: 8634: 8625: 8617:C. falconeri 8616: 8607: 8598: 8589: 8577: 8566:B. taxicolor 8565: 8553: 8541: 8529: 8517: 8505: 8421:P. hodgsonii 8420: 8408: 8383: 8374: 8364:Connochaetes 8362: 8350: 8349:Hartebeest ( 8338: 8326: 8317: 8305: 8293: 8281: 8273:Alcelaphinae 8257:P. capreolus 8256: 8244: 8219: 8207: 8182: 8173: 8165:R. arundinum 8164: 8152: 8140: 8132:K. megaceros 8131: 8122: 8113: 8104: 8092: 8067: 8055: 8043: 8034: 8025: 8016: 8004: 7992: 7983: 7971: 7918: 7909: 7900: 7888: 7876: 7867: 7854: 7842: 7832: 7820: 7808: 7807:Marsh deer ( 7796: 7784: 7772: 7760: 7751: 7742: 7733: 7724: 7715: 7706: 7697: 7689:M. americana 7688: 7676: 7664: 7655: 7645:Hippocamelus 7643: 7631: 7619: 7607: 7599:C. capreolus 7598: 7586: 7574: 7573:Water deer ( 7562: 7550: 7538: 7513: 7504: 7495: 7486: 7477: 7465: 7453: 7444: 7436:R. mariannus 7435: 7426: 7414: 7402: 7390: 7378: 7377:Eld's deer ( 7369: 7368:Barasingha ( 7357: 7345: 7336: 7327: 7318: 7306: 7294: 7285: 7273: 7261: 7249: 7237: 7229:M. vaginalis 7228: 7219: 7210: 7201: 7192: 7183: 7174: 7165: 7156: 7147: 7138: 7130:M. atherodes 7129: 7117: 7040: 7031: 7023:T. nigricans 7022: 7013: 7004: 6996:T. javanicus 6995: 6983: 6971: 6962: 6953: 6941: 6930:H. aquaticus 6929: 6917: 6892: 6883: 6874: 6865: 6856: 6847: 6838: 6826: 6801: 6792: 6783: 6774: 6762: 6751:O. johnstoni 6750: 6738: 6714:A. americana 6713: 6701: 6663:Superorder: 6657:Infraclass: 6628:Artiodactyla 6627: 6556:(Treeshrews) 6516: 6439:Proboscidea 6380:(Armadillos) 6263:Ameridelphia 6216:Monotremata 6101:. Retrieved 6087: 6075:. Retrieved 6061: 6042: 6036: 6024:. Retrieved 6010: 5998:. Retrieved 5995:The Guardian 5994: 5984: 5972:. Retrieved 5958: 5939: 5887: 5883: 5873: 5853: 5833: 5820: 5801: 5772: 5765: 5753:. Retrieved 5733: 5726: 5714:. Retrieved 5701: 5662: 5658: 5622: 5595:. Retrieved 5591:the original 5578: 5568: 5543: 5539: 5533: 5514: 5508: 5498:24 September 5496:. Retrieved 5487: 5478: 5441: 5438:BMC Genomics 5437: 5431: 5423: 5404: 5398: 5360: 5357:PLOS Biology 5356: 5346: 5309: 5305: 5295: 5250: 5246: 5236: 5185: 5181: 5174: 5137: 5133: 5123: 5104: 5098: 5055: 5051: 5041: 5032: 5020:. Retrieved 5003: 4999: 4986: 4974:. Retrieved 4954: 4947: 4935:. Retrieved 4902: 4898: 4860: 4852: 4840:. Retrieved 4807: 4803: 4793: 4766: 4762: 4752: 4725: 4721: 4711: 4699:. Retrieved 4666: 4662: 4622: 4618: 4608: 4558: 4554: 4544: 4517: 4513: 4503: 4491:. Retrieved 4484:the original 4479: 4466: 4447: 4441: 4416: 4412: 4360:(9): e7062. 4357: 4353: 4324:. Retrieved 4288: 4284: 4275: 4267: 4248: 4192: 4188: 4182: 4174: 4078:over-hunting 4075: 4063:synanthropic 4060: 4039:pack animals 4020: 4008:chew the cud 3967: 3913: 3870: 3861: 3854: 3850: 3827: 3795: 3793:seasonally. 3780: 3772:harem groups 3764: 3735:biodiversity 3708: 3693:carotid rete 3690: 3684: 3665: 3632:pelvic inlet 3613: 3609: 3595: 3572:gall bladder 3561: 3502: 3430: 3419:As with all 3390: 3378: 3359: 3343: 3248: 3245: 3240: 3232: 3228: 3223:, as in the 3216: 3204: 3196: 3195: 3172: 3147:frontal bone 3144: 3123: 3072: 3022: 3001: 2982: 2969: 2951: 2937: 2905:The hippos ( 2900:whippomorphs 2877:The bovids ( 2793:domestic pig 2740: 2678:Whippomorpha 2651: 2629: 2617:Cetancodonta 2615: 2586: 2564: 2550: 2518: 2504: 2484: 2472:Artiodactyla 2471: 2470: 2458: 2453:monophyletic 2449: 2406: 2382: 2356:Artiodactyla 2353: 2332: 2293: 2284:mesonychians 2225: 2204: 2171: 2129: 2108: 2074: 2043: 2039:Richard Owen 2029: 2017: 2010: 1998:mesonychians 1990:archaeocetes 1983: 1977: 1975: 1939:casein genes 1932: 1913: 1851:(49 species) 1773: 1693: 1685: 1640: 1625:(22 species) 1558:Superfamily 1547:Physeteridae 1530:sperm whales 1524:Superfamily 1494:Monodontidae 1489:(38 species) 1468:Delphinoidea 1466:Superfamily 1457: 1403:right whales 1393:right whales 1382: 1374: 1325: 1316: 1289: 1242:Dichobunidae 1230:Superfamily 1216:Whippomorpha 1213: 1196: 1184: 1176: 1134: 1126: 1100:Oromerycidae 1044: 1031:Robiacinidae 1003: 999: 977:monophyletic 974: 959: 954:Richard Owen 931: 899: 887: 856: 834:The camels ( 833: 829:late Miocene 798: 772: 750: 711:anoplotheres 656: 652:paraphyletic 647: 584: 532: 529: 525: 522: 453:Artiodactyla 452: 442:Artiodactyls 441: 440: 429: 397:Whippomorpha 351:Artiodactyla 350: 334: 311: 301:Grandorder: 288: 226: 218: 211:Orcinus orca 210: 202: 194: 186: 81:55.4–0 75:Artiodactyls 69: 53: 41: 18:Artiodactyls 11209:iNaturalist 11077:Wikispecies 10848:L. guanicoe 10707:Tayassuidae 10671:Wild boar ( 10610:S. barbatus 10568:P. larvatus 10544:P. salvania 10542:Pygmy hog ( 10476:Hylochoerus 10329:Philantomba 10217:C. jentinki 10199:C. dorsalis 10152:Cephalophus 10036:N. pygmaeus 9994:M. saltiana 9932:Dorcatragus 9906:S. tatarica 9796:N. petersii 9734:Litocranius 9634:E. tilonura 9581:Blackbuck ( 9557:Springbok ( 9500:Antilopinae 9498:(subfamily 9445:Taurotragus 9412:Sitatunga ( 9405:T. scriptus 9396:T. imberbis 9353:(including 9346:Tragelaphus 9167:B. quarlesi 9049:Boselaphini 9033:(subfamily 8938:O. nivicola 8779:N. caudatus 8768:Red goral ( 8759:Naemorhedus 8722:C. swinhoei 8702:Red serow ( 8684:Capricornis 8662:C. sibirica 8599:C. caucasia 8590:C. aegagrus 8588:Wild goat ( 8542:A. jayakari 8531:Arabitragus 8490:(subfamily 8461:Antilopinae 8384:C. taurinus 8327:D. pygargus 8220:A. melampus 8141:K. vardonii 8103:Waterbuck ( 8044:O. leucoryx 7973:Hippotragus 7901:O. hemionus 7899:Mule deer ( 7798:Blastocerus 7707:M. bricenii 7665:H. bisulcus 7632:R. tarandus 7608:C. pygargus 7530:Capreolinae 7512:Sika deer ( 7454:R. unicolor 7443:Rusa deer ( 7346:A. porcinus 7166:M. montanus 6963:M. kathygre 6712:Pronghorn ( 6703:Antilocapra 6562:Dermoptera 6554:Scandentia 6546:Lagomorpha 6495:(Pangolins) 6485:Chiroptera 6441:(Elephants) 6431:Hyracoidea 6425:(Aardvarks) 6187:(unranked) 6103:15 November 5597:28 February 5022:16 February 4937:3 September 4842:3 September 4728:(1): 6–20. 4701:3 September 3987:Cro-Magnons 3802:crepuscular 3783:territorial 3672:litter size 3508:chevrotains 3441:oral mucosa 3347:mastication 3251:, known as 3229:Alces alces 3126:zygopodiums 2915:pygmy hippo 2800:Tayassuidae 2723:Artiofabula 2506:Artiofabula 2322:instead of 2048:(including 1957:sequences, 1949:sequences, 1916:systematics 1774:Infraorder 1694:Infraorder 1551:sperm whale 1513:Phocoenidae 1483:Delphinidae 1341:Pakicetidae 1331:Archaeoceti 1317:Infraorder 1290:Infraorder 1273:Cebochoerus 1151:Tayassuidae 1129:Artiofabula 966:semiaquatic 906:land bridge 889:Sivatherium 860:(including 793:Entelodonts 723:entelodonts 654:in nature. 517:, from 377:Artiofabula 305:Ferungulata 187:Bison bison 11358:Categories 10984:Choeropsis 10866:L. vicugna 10752:C. wagneri 10655:S. oliveri 10646:S. heureni 10382:S. grimmia 10371:Sylvicapra 10358:P. walteri 10271:C. rubidis 10262:C. ogilbyi 10208:C. harveyi 10172:C. brookei 10126:R. sharpei 10106:Steenbok ( 10097:Raphicerus 10049:Oreotragus 9922:Neotragini 9871:Pantholops 9787:N. notatus 9745:L. walleri 9694:G. gazella 9667:G. cuvieri 9656:Chinkara ( 9548:Antidorcas 9535:A. clarkei 9524:Ammodorcas 9514:Antilopini 9414:T. spekeii 9378:T. buxtoni 9369:T. angasii 9261:Wild yak ( 9245:B. indicus 9200:B. bonasus 9140:B. bubalis 9083:Boselaphus 9059:Tetracerus 8929:O. gmelini 8797:N. griseus 8770:N. baileyi 8735:Hemitragus 8704:C. rubidus 8695:C. crispus 8644:C. nubiana 8507:Ammotragus 8410:Pantholops 8340:Alcelaphus 8325:Bontebok ( 8318:D. lunatus 8307:Damaliscus 8294:B. hunteri 8183:R. redunca 8084:Reduncinae 8035:O. gazella 7984:H. equinus 7910:O. pandora 7890:Odocoileus 7774:Ozotoceros 7630:Reindeer ( 7575:H. inermis 7564:Hydropotes 7487:C. elaphus 7485:Red deer ( 7427:R. alfredi 7344:Hog deer ( 7202:M. reevesi 7175:M. muntjak 7005:T. kanchil 6972:M. meminna 6919:Hyemoschus 6909:Tragulidae 6866:M. cupreus 6784:G. giraffa 6730:Giraffidae 6681:Ruminantia 6501:Carnivora 6493:Pholidota 6399:Afrotheria 6378:Cingulata 6359:inclusive) 6281:(Opossums) 6252:inclusive) 6242:Metatheria 6199:Yinotheria 6183:Vertebrata 6181:Subphylum 6026:17 October 6000:26 October 5755:17 October 5716:17 October 5444:(1): 241. 5211:11336/7302 4326:16 October 4276:Diacodexis 4183:Diacodexis 4167:References 4142:endangered 4136:, and the 4025:, fur, or 3950:See also: 3893:crocodiles 3881:large cats 3877:carnivores 3822:wildebeest 3796:There are 3739:grasslands 3715:Antarctica 3522:diet. The 3520:omnivorous 3512:Ruminantia 3496:) produce 3455:, and the 3439:, and the 3381:selenodont 3370:water deer 3241:Pronghorns 3237:Giraffidae 3197:True horns 3191:pronghorns 3017:mouse deer 2985:quadrupeds 2926:Odontoceti 2874:(caribou). 2850:The deer ( 2823:Giraffidae 2816:Tragulidae 2809:Ruminantia 2783:The pigs ( 2765:, llamas, 2567:Tragulidae 2552:Ruminantia 2385:Mesonychia 2298:, such as 2207:Tragulidae 2159:Selenodont 2070:Ruminantia 2054:selenodont 2019:Epirigenys 1951:cytochrome 1947:fibrinogen 1821:Giraffidae 1748:Tragulidae 1688:Ruminantia 1460:Odontoceti 1458:Parvorder 1448:gray whale 1401:: greater 1399:Balaenidae 1383:Parvorder 1326:Parvorder 1251:Helohyidae 1226:Raoellidae 774:Diacodexis 745:See also: 533:, dáktylos 392:Ruminantia 328:Euungulata 324:Mirorder: 295:Scrotifera 203:Sus scrofa 10936:Suborder 10846:Guanaco ( 10818:Camelidae 10804:Suborder 10776:D. tajacu 10765:Dicotyles 10741:Catagonus 10728:T. pecari 10673:S. scrofa 10577:P. porcus 10566:Bushpig ( 10434:Babyrousa 10410:Suborder 10307:C. weynsi 10298:C. spadix 10163:C. adersi 10084:O. ourebi 10018:N. batesi 10007:Neotragus 9976:M. kirkii 9778:N. granti 9743:Gerenuk ( 9712:G. spekei 9676:G. dorcas 9533:Dibatag ( 9320:S. caffer 9285:Pseudoryx 9272:B. taurus 9252:Banteng ( 9227:B. gaurus 9156:Tamaraw ( 9002:Chamois ( 8984:Rupicapra 8971:P. nayaur 8947:O. vignei 8927:Mouflon ( 8626:C. hircus 8615:Markhor ( 8518:A. lervia 8283:Beatragus 8209:Aepyceros 8033:Gemsbok ( 8026:O. dammah 7868:P. carlae 7761:M. temama 7752:M. rufina 7716:M. chunyi 7698:M. bororo 7588:Capreolus 7514:C. nippon 7505:C. hanglu 7392:Elaphurus 7337:A. kuhlii 7251:Elaphodus 7119:Muntiacus 6954:M. indica 6943:Moschiola 6875:M. fuscus 6818:Moschidae 6679:Suborder 6639:Kingdom: 6570:Primates 6564:(Colugos) 6538:Rodentia 6433:(Hyraxes) 6370:Xenarthra 6357:Placental 6250:Marsupial 5974:26 August 5904:1744-9561 5587:2246/5180 5228:206544776 5072:0021-8782 4493:23 August 4313:134967454 4138:pygmy hog 4067:wild boar 4010:, and of 3919:nematodes 3915:Parasites 3857:precocial 3834:temperate 3806:nocturnal 3768:hierarchy 3729:and high 3700:Lifestyle 3616:testicles 3570:, lack a 3540:Peccaries 3498:cellulase 3465:reticulum 3449:reticulum 3433:ruminants 3421:ruminants 3374:lower jaw 3366:upper jaw 3351:omnivores 3233:Ossicones 3187:ossicones 3179:musk deer 3098:orangutan 3029:hind legs 2930:Mysticeti 2922:cetaceans 2891:antelopes 2845:pronghorn 2834:Moschidae 2789:wild boar 2755:dromedary 2751:Camelidae 2735:pronghorn 2656:(whales) 2489:(camels) 2461:cladogram 2341:Paraxonia 2312:Paleocene 2306:, due to 2192:Ruminants 2066:ruminants 1979:Pakicetus 1935:ruminants 1860:musk deer 1856:Moschidae 1805:pronghorn 1733:Gelocidae 1696:Tragulina 1686:Suborder 1619:Ziphiidae 1581:Lipotidae 1517:porpoises 1476:porpoises 1385:Mysticeti 1292:Ancodonta 1214:Suborder 1135:Suborder 1082:Camelidae 1045:Suborder 962:cetaceans 894:ossicones 874:Old World 870:peccaries 866:Oligocene 671:antelopes 663:peccaries 577:porpoises 565:intestine 557:cellulose 545:vestigial 537:ungulates 402:Ancodonta 341:Paraxonia 258:Kingdom: 252:Eukaryota 199:wild boar 191:dromedary 56:July 2023 48:talk page 11253:14200001 11062:Wikidata 10908:C. ferus 10864:Vicuña ( 10857:L. pacos 10855:Alpaca ( 10839:L. glama 10806:Tylopoda 10316:C. zebra 10244:C. niger 9818:Procapra 9596:Eudorcas 9572:Antilope 9309:Syncerus 9270:Cattle ( 9263:B. mutus 9191:B. bison 9131:B. arnee 9092:Nilgai ( 8969:Bharal ( 8960:Pseudois 8920:O. dalli 8902:O. aries 8893:O. ammon 8891:Argali ( 8843:Muskox ( 8810:Oreamnos 8788:N. goral 8671:C. walie 8555:Budorcas 8492:Caprinae 8437:Caprinae 8292:Hirola ( 8236:Peleinae 8218:Impala ( 8123:K. leche 8121:Lechwe ( 8017:O. beisa 7993:H. niger 7654:Taruca ( 7621:Rangifer 7551:A. alces 7452:Sambar ( 7379:R. eldii 7359:Rucervus 7317:Chital ( 7109:Cervinae 7096:Cervidae 7057:Cervidae 6985:Tragulus 6659:Eutheria 6653:Mammalia 6647:Chordata 6645:Phylum: 6641:Animalia 6447:Sirenia 6349:Eutheria 6177:Chordata 6171:Animalia 6169:Kingdom 6097:Archived 6077:12 March 6071:Archived 6020:Archived 5968:Archived 5922:18426746 5862:Archived 5842:Archived 5749:Archived 5710:Archived 5560:24148672 5492:Archived 5470:17640355 5389:31800571 5338:22628470 5287:22930817 5220:23393258 5166:17101039 5090:27396988 5016:Archived 4994:(1848). 4970:Archived 4931:Archived 4927:45056197 4919:16094808 4836:Archived 4832:12878460 4785:12446807 4744:12078645 4695:Archived 4691:18590827 4394:19774069 4354:PLOS ONE 4317:Archived 4219:22938073 4148:See also 4094:bluebuck 3923:botflies 3917:include 3903:, large 3846:tropical 3759:giraffes 3602:erection 3524:babirusa 3504:Tylopoda 3490:protozoa 3486:bacteria 3482:microbes 3457:abomasum 3362:incisors 3355:diastema 3253:reindeer 3209:Cervidae 3130:clavicle 2953:Indohyus 2913:and the 2872:reindeer 2860:red deer 2852:Cervidae 2763:guanacos 2759:Bactrian 2747:Tylopoda 2487:Tylopoda 2304:sea cows 2174:Tylopoda 2062:tylopods 2058:ruminate 2031:Linnaeus 1883:antelope 1845:Cervidae 1536:Kogiidae 1047:Tylopoda 878:Americas 840:Cenozoic 836:Tylopoda 825:Pliocene 679:giraffes 573:dolphins 531:δάκτυλος 526:, ártios 510:-tee-oh- 423:Synonyms 372:Tylopoda 282:Mammalia 272:Chordata 268:Phylum: 262:Animalia 248:Domain: 225:(Genus: 215:red deer 155:Holocene 11020:Cetacea 11011:Cetacea 10879:Camelus 10837:Llama ( 10717:Tayassu 10533:Porcula 10082:Oribi ( 10073:Ourebia 9956:Madoqua 9941:Beira ( 9862:Saigini 9769:N. dama 9647:Gazella 9496:Bovidae 9494:Family 9465:T. oryx 9385:Bongo ( 9367:Nyala ( 9294:Saola ( 9216:Gayal ( 9120:Bubalus 9035:Bovinae 9031:Bovidae 9029:Family 8945:Urial ( 8635:C. ibex 8564:Takin ( 8488:Bovidae 8486:Family 8449:Bovinae 8375:C. gnou 8154:Redunca 8066:Addax ( 7950:Bovidae 7948:Family 7856:Pudella 7843:P. pudu 7734:M. nana 7549:Moose ( 7319:A. axis 7286:D. dama 7148:M. feae 7094:Family 7069:Bovidae 7014:T. napu 6828:Moschus 6764:Giraffa 6749:Okapi ( 6651:Class: 6630:species 6626:Extant 6386:Pilosa 6189:Amniota 6175:Phylum 6156:Extant 5913:2610139 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