130:
that doing so would be a public health hazard, escalating violence and posing a risk to both students and staff at schools. Opponents state that teachers could accidentally shoot themselves or accidentally shoot students or staff, that teachers could accidentally discharge their firearm, that there are legal risks associated with improper use of firearms that could create a heightened liability risk for insurance companies, that a teacher responding to a perpetrator with force could be mistaken as the perpetrator by law enforcement, that black students would feel less safe around armed teachers due to
235:
1807:
1795:
113:
22:
210:, south of Durban, arming teachers became a topic of public debate in the country. One of South Africa's teachers' unions called on the government to allow teachers to bring guns to school for self defence, pointing out that the murder happened at a school where a government security guard was present, but did not prevent the crime.
275:
debate. A 2021 poll found that 43% of
Americans supported policies that allow teachers and school personnel to carry guns in schools, while a majority of teachers, parents and students are opposed. In a 2019 national survey of 2,926 teachers, more than 95% did not believe teachers should carry a gun
170:
Israel had experienced six terrorist school shootings dating back to the 1970s. In response, in 1995 a law mandating an armed security guard at every school with more than 100 students was passed, while teachers remained unarmed. In 2001, a proposal was made to establish "stand-by" squads of teachers
334:
piece that itself was criticizing the perceived low number of hours required for teachers to be armed in some states, Sullum commented however that, "The real scandal here is not how little training is mandated for teachers who want to carry handguns in school but how little training police officers
156:
Proponents of arming teachers state it would minimize deaths and deter potential attackers from carrying out attacks at schools. Proponents also state that teachers in the United States have both a right and responsibility to use firearms to protect themselves and their students. They point out that
129:
In places where proposals to arm teachers were made or implemented, public debate ensued. Opponents of arming teachers argue that it is not the teachers' job to provide security, but rather the task of the government, as the teachers' employer, to provide a safe work environment. Another argument is
441:
One survey of teachers found that most respondents opposed taking up arms, and also found that some teachers feel excluded from the conversation while political outsiders and commentators discuss it. Two surveys conducted in 2018 indicated many public school teachers do not want to carry guns, and
453:
poll found that 57.5% of
Americans believe that policies that prevent trained teachers and school staff from carrying guns make schools a more dangerous place. This belief was more widespread among Republicans (67.5%) than Democrats (48.2%), and among Blacks (73.2%) than Whites (58.6%) or Asians
287:
applies general restrictions on bringing guns to schools but provides the option for states to designate specific people to carry guns in schools. Research regarding arming and training teachers is limited. While some researchers have not found evidence that arming teachers increases safety in
314:
In 2022, some states have been making it easier for teachers to carry firearms for self defense purposes on school campuses. For example, Ohio signed a bill into law that reduced the amount of training hours from 700 to 24 hours, citing that 700 hours was "excessive" and that this and similar
116:
115:
120:
119:
114:
121:
315:
legislation is "probably the most important thing we have done to prevent a school shooter in Ohio." In 2022, 28 states allow people other than security staff to carry firearms on school grounds, with laws in nine of those states explicitly mentioning school employees.
25:
225:
in the southern provinces of
Thailand targeted government installations. By mid-2005, they had taken the lives of more than 700 people, including at least 24 teachers. In response, the Thai government announced that they would arm and train teachers in their use.
24:
57:. Such proposals have engendered public debate regarding with whom the responsibility for providing a safe environment lies, and whether it would reduce or escalate the risk of shootings. School shootings, and proposals to arm teachers, are most common in the
29:
28:
23:
30:
144:
found only 18 percent of shots fired by trained police officers in gunfights hit their criminal targets. This suggests four or five of every six shots fired by comparably trained teachers would hit something or someone other than the targeted shooter.
118:
27:
353:. In 2011, a proposal to arm teachers was made in response to an Omaha, Nebraska, school shooting in which a student killed the vice principal and then committed suicide. A measure was proposed by Nebraska state senator
153:, wrote, "although the perpetrators of mass school shootings have been almost exclusively white, there's little doubt that arming teachers will lead disproportionately to the killing—by teachers—of children of color."
1675:
117:
990:
206:
Following a spate of violent incidents in schools, including fatal stabbings, sexual assault and rape, which culminated in the June 2019 murder of a teacher at the Masuku
Primary School in
213:
In 2022, a Durban teacher was suspended by the KwaZulu-Natal education department after allegedly bringing a gun to school to intimidate pupils she accused of being noisy and rebellious.
276:
in the classroom, and concerns raised by teachers include how to keep the gun secured in the classroom, with one asking, "If a kid reaches for my gun, am I to shoot them?". A 2022
893:
26:
936:
341:
opinion staff noted that 2022 was the United States' worst year yet for mass shootings, and described that teachers had been having more discussions about arming themselves.
446:, reported 82 percent would not carry a gun in school and 64 percent would feel less safe if other faculty were armed. Most parents and students oppose arming teachers.
490:
442:
would prefer to have other teachers similarly unarmed. The Gallup poll reported 73 percent of teachers opposed being armed, while the largest teachers union, the
280:
poll found that 57.5% of
American believe that policies that prevent trained teachers and school staff from carrying guns make schools a more dangerous place.
1261:
186:
government to deploy firearms to teachers and offer security training to tutors following incidents of teachers in high-risk areas being killed by attackers.
1832:
100:, Texas. 43 percent of Americans support arming of school personnel, with greater support among gun owners, Republicans, and White Americans. The federal
1334:
171:
to respond to terrorist attacks. The teachers would be volunteers, who already have gun licenses, and would be trained by police in emergency response.
1399:
777:
1037:
982:
923:
723:
1209:
651:
532:
418:
While 43 percent of
Americans favor allowing school personnel to carry guns, support for arming teachers is higher among those who own guns,
848:
598:
Rogers, Melanie; Lara Ovares, Ericka A.; Ogunleye, Olushola
Olaitan; Twyman, Tara; Akkus, Cem; Patel, Kalpita; Fadlalla, Marwa (July 2018).
1708:
1171:
1564:
Wood, Brandon; Hampton, Eric (April 3, 2022). "How
Teachers Feel About Arming Educators In K-12 Schools: A Statewide Investigation".
1529:
Baranauskas, Andrew J. (August 16, 2021). "Racial
Sentiment and Public Support for Arming Teachers with Guns in the United States".
801:
755:
502:
874:
1012:
1316:
368:. Following the shooting, some schools began allowing teachers to carry firearms. Notably, the Sidney City School District in
357:
to allow concealed handguns in schools for security guards, administrators and teachers, but it did not pass the legislature.
376:
361:
93:
89:
698:
1502:
822:
292:
1227:
271:
are most common, advocates have proposed arming teachers as a possible intervention. It is a controversial part of the
284:
288:
schools, there have been numerous documented incidents of school staff using their firearm to neutralize a shooter.
1827:
1600:
1441:
1081:
427:
419:
384:
407:
97:
198:. In 2015, an armed teacher shot and killed a twelve-year-old student in an accidental discharge of his weapon.
443:
350:
85:
1468:
435:
195:
1418:
379:, in which 17 people were fatally shot; meeting with students and parents at a gun reform event, President
1062:
738:
600:"Is Arming Teachers Our Nation's Best Response to Gun Violence? The Perspective of Public Health Students"
1242:
1190:
912:
387:
politicians in the United States soon expressed their support for arming teachers afterwards, including
1785:
1483:
656:
142:
Evaluation of the New York City Police
Department Firearm Training and Firearm-Discharge Review Process
1777:
1771:
1317:"Opinion 'Our Schools Have Become Battlefields': Teachers Consider Arming Themselves in the Classroom"
1253:
1837:
679:
300:
101:
157:
where security has been entrusted to police or private guards, they have failed to prevent attacks.
1288:
150:
1353:
1262:"Which Is More Scandalous: The Training for Armed Teachers or the Training for Police Officers?"
174:
The plan was not implemented. Instead, some schools post an armed guard outside the entrance.
1778:
Superintendent Perceptions of School Safety and Arming Teachers in Public Schools in Nebraska
739:"Armed School Resource Officer Stayed Safely Outside School While Mass Killing Was Underway"
84:
In the United States, proposals to arm teachers were made following shootings at schools in
1811:
788:
365:
134:
and that teachers could misplace, lose, not properly store, or have their firearms stolen.
131:
238:
Legality of staff possession of firearms in schools in the United States by state in 2019
8:
1605:
1507:
937:"'Gun-toting' Durban teacher suspended after allegedly using weapon to discipline pupils"
898:
354:
1753:
1656:
1581:
1546:
1358:
1293:
1147:
1122:
1103:
894:"After school massacre, Pakistan armed some teachers. Now a fifth-grader has been shot"
624:
599:
580:
337:
961:
1745:
1683:
1660:
1648:
1585:
1550:
1152:
629:
584:
431:
320:
234:
222:
1469:"GOP leaders are standing in the way of a debate on arming teachers, supporters say"
1380:
983:"Republicans call for arming teachers, more police in schools after Uvalde shooting"
1640:
1573:
1538:
1142:
1134:
1095:
1086:
619:
611:
570:
396:
138:
46:
1774:, 2016 essay from the Bill Blackwood Law Enforcement Management Institute of Texas
1644:
1577:
1082:"The Amended Gun-Free School Zones Act: Doubt as to Its Constitutionality Remains"
766:
194:
In some provinces of Pakistan, teachers were permitted to carry weapons after the
1799:
450:
423:
277:
268:
146:
54:
1628:
291:
Schools which have offered firearm training for teachers include schools in the
1400:"Renewing Call To Arm Teachers, Trump Tells Governors The NRA Is 'On Our Side'"
652:"Arming teachers – an effective security measure or a false sense of security?"
533:"Arming teachers – an effective security measure or a false sense of security?"
491:
Violence Begets Violence - and Arming Teachers Is Not the Answer, Experts Agree
471:
392:
330:
1542:
182:
The Kenya Union of Post Primary Education Teachers (KUPPET) has called on the
1821:
1772:
A Case for Arming Teachers and Administrators in Public Schools with Firearms
1749:
1687:
1652:
1138:
615:
104:
of 1990 allows individual states to designate who may carry guns in schools.
58:
1013:"Vast majority of educators reject Republican proposals for arming teachers"
1627:
Shamserad, Faraneh; McCuddy, Timothy; Esbensen, Finn-Aage (April 3, 2021).
1156:
633:
575:
558:
380:
369:
325:
74:
1210:"Despite Parkland's opposition, Florida House panel votes to arm teachers"
372:, voted to arm teachers and began implementing an armed-response program.
256: State allows school districts to grant permission to carry firearms.
400:
388:
375:
The concept of arming teachers entered the public eye following the 2018
272:
1794:
1757:
1733:
1335:"The idea of arming teachers is part of a predictable cycle in the news"
1107:
1503:"Republicans, reluctant to pass gun regulations, push arming teachers"
802:"How schools in Israel keep students safe and prevent mass shootings"
702:
42:
1099:
756:
How schools in Israel keep students safe and prevent mass shootings
78:
70:
1484:"Education Secretary Considers Using Federal Funds to Arm Schools"
1780:, a 2020 report from the AASA Journal of Scholarship and Practice
503:"Basic Education rejects call for teachers to be armed with guns"
308:
207:
50:
789:
Fighting Terrorism: A stand-by class of teachers in every school
472:"Peshawar school massacre: Row over Pakistan armed teacher plan"
244: State explicitly allows school employees to carry firearms
1676:"Survey finds wide opposition among parents to arming teachers"
597:
62:
1172:"Armed Educators a Reality in Some Schools, Debated in Others"
335:
receive for a job that extends far beyond handling firearms."
875:"Pakistan teachers carry guns after Peshawar school massacre"
296:
183:
66:
849:"Pakistan arms teachers in wake of Peshawar school massacre"
1243:"Ohio Makes It Easier for Teachers to Carry Guns at School"
406:
The topic of arming teachers resurfaced following the 2022
304:
778:
Security guards are armed at Israeli schools, not teachers
724:"Let teachers bring guns to school, says educators' union"
966:
806:
476:
61:, but proposals have also been made in countries such as
18:
Practice of training and equipping teachers with firearms
1626:
1228:"Ohio Teachers Can Carry Guns With 24 Hours of Training"
924:
Let teachers bring guns to school, says educators' union
1191:"Trump Wants to Arm Teachers. These Schools Already Do"
1314:
680:"Black Children Will Be the Victims of Armed Teachers"
1783:
1601:"Texas official wants to arm more teachers. Bad idea"
699:"Should Teachers Be Allowed To Carry Guns at School?"
349:
The idea of arming teachers was considered after the
1381:"Trump endorses guns for teachers to stop shootings"
1734:"From the Editorial Board: On Arming k-12 Teachers"
1189:Green, Erica L.; Fernandez, Manny (March 1, 2018).
1629:"Pistol Packing Teachers: What Do Students Think?"
823:"Kenya:Government urged to arm teachers with guns"
559:"A Public Health Argument Against Arming Teachers"
1289:"Trained, Armed and Ready. To Teach Kindergarten"
262: State outlaws carrying firearms in schools.
1819:
1522:
531:Huff, Aimee; Barnhart, Michelle (May 27, 2022).
34:Teacher discussing why she carries gun to school
1442:"Should teachers be armed with guns at school?"
221:Beginning in January 2004, terror campaigns by
1188:
650:Daley, Beth; Huff, Aimie; Barnhart, Michelle.
410:, with Republican lawmakers pushing the idea.
1123:"Teachers in Arms? A Special Section of AJPH"
1038:"Three Reasons Arming Teachers Is A Bad Idea"
649:
1833:Political controversies in the United States
1315:New York Times Opinion (November 27, 2022).
980:
530:
1563:
1528:
981:Garcia, Eric; Bowden, John (May 25, 2022).
53:with the intent to prevent casualties from
1709:"National Issues Survey – Arming Teachers"
1433:
1063:"National Issues Survey – Arming Teachers"
360:The idea gained popularity after the 2012
1240:
1146:
800:Vigliotti, Jonathan (February 27, 2018).
799:
645:
643:
623:
574:
413:
1500:
1207:
934:
383:suggested the idea of arming educators.
233:
111:
20:
1673:
1397:
1120:
556:
1820:
1419:"Arming teachers, protecting students"
696:
640:
557:Swedler, David I (December 11, 2018).
1481:
1439:
1416:
1241:Robertson, Campbell (June 13, 2022).
1208:Bousquet, Steve (February 27, 2018).
1079:
1073:
935:Govender, Suthentira (May 25, 2022).
891:
736:
677:
377:Stoneman Douglas High School shooting
362:Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting
1398:Horsley, Scott (February 26, 2018).
1169:
526:
524:
522:
520:
518:
516:
469:
160:
1598:
1482:Green, Erica L. (August 23, 2018).
1351:
1286:
913:SA’s schools turn into danger zones
697:Farrar, Lauren (November 7, 2019).
351:1999 Columbine High School massacre
293:Clifton Independent School District
250: State allows concealed carry.
13:
1725:
1466:
1259:
962:"Thai teachers to be allowed guns"
737:Soave, Robby (February 23, 2018).
678:Ifill, Sherrilyn (March 5, 2018).
470:Khan, M Ilyas (January 21, 2015).
14:
1849:
1765:
1501:Balingit, Moriah (May 25, 2022).
1440:Elias, Dave (February 15, 2018).
1170:Shah, Nirvi (February 15, 2013).
1127:American Journal of Public Health
993:from the original on May 26, 2022
604:American Journal of Public Health
513:
285:Gun-Free School Zones Act of 1990
1805:
1793:
1674:Meckler, Laura (July 17, 2018).
1080:Safra, Seth J. (November 2000).
229:
107:
1701:
1667:
1620:
1592:
1557:
1494:
1475:
1460:
1410:
1391:
1373:
1345:
1327:
1308:
1280:
1234:
1220:
1201:
1182:
1163:
1114:
1055:
1030:
1005:
974:
954:
928:
917:
906:
885:
867:
841:
815:
793:
782:
771:
760:
749:
730:
716:
408:Robb Elementary School shooting
201:
125:Training teachers to carry guns
690:
671:
591:
550:
495:
484:
463:
444:National Education Association
1:
1645:10.1080/15388220.2020.1858424
1578:10.1080/15388220.2021.2007115
457:
436:Hispanic and Latino Americans
196:2014 Peshawar school massacre
92:, Connecticut; Sidney, Ohio;
88:, Colorado; Omaha, Nebraska;
1352:Way, Kate (March 23, 2018).
892:Craig, Tim (June 11, 2015).
267:In the United States, where
7:
1423:Insights on Law and Society
216:
189:
10:
1854:
1633:Journal of School Violence
1566:Journal of School Violence
344:
328:reporting, commented on a
1732:Minshew, Lana M. (2018).
1543:10.1177/21533687211038950
1121:Morabia, Alfredo (2018).
767:SCHOOL SECURITY IN ISRAEL
307:, and various schools in
165:
102:Gun-Free School Zones Act
41:is equipping teachers in
1139:10.2105/AJPH.2018.304502
616:10.2105/AJPH.2018.304477
563:Health Behavior Research
177:
151:NAACP Legal Defense Fund
1828:Education controversies
1738:The High School Journal
576:10.4148/2572-1836.1023
414:Public opinion polling
324:magazine article with
264:
126:
35:
1716:thetrafalgargroup.org
1417:Olson, Betty (2013).
1067:thetrafalgargroup.org
318:On August 1, 2022, a
237:
124:
33:
1387:. February 22, 2018.
366:Newtown, Connecticut
132:institutional racism
1680:The Washington Post
1606:The Washington Post
1508:The Washington Post
1448:. Southwest Florida
899:The Washington Post
881:. February 2, 2015.
827:PAN AFRICAN VISIONS
355:Mark R. Christensen
149:, president of the
1599:Strauss, Valerie.
1488:The New York Times
1359:The New York Times
1321:The New York Times
1294:The New York Times
1247:The New York Times
1195:The New York Times
855:. January 28, 2016
829:. January 28, 2021
338:The New York Times
301:Sidney High School
265:
127:
36:
1354:"Arming Teachers"
432:African Americans
223:Islamic militants
161:Policy by country
122:
31:
1845:
1838:School shootings
1810:
1809:
1808:
1798:
1797:
1789:
1761:
1720:
1719:
1713:
1705:
1699:
1698:
1696:
1694:
1671:
1665:
1664:
1624:
1618:
1617:
1615:
1613:
1596:
1590:
1589:
1561:
1555:
1554:
1531:Race and Justice
1526:
1520:
1519:
1517:
1515:
1498:
1492:
1491:
1479:
1473:
1472:
1464:
1458:
1457:
1455:
1453:
1437:
1431:
1430:
1414:
1408:
1407:
1395:
1389:
1388:
1377:
1371:
1370:
1368:
1366:
1349:
1343:
1342:
1341:. March 8, 2018.
1331:
1325:
1324:
1312:
1306:
1305:
1303:
1301:
1287:Mervosh, Sarah.
1284:
1278:
1277:
1275:
1273:
1257:
1251:
1250:
1238:
1232:
1231:
1230:. June 14, 2022.
1224:
1218:
1217:
1205:
1199:
1198:
1186:
1180:
1179:
1167:
1161:
1160:
1150:
1118:
1112:
1111:
1087:Duke Law Journal
1077:
1071:
1070:
1059:
1053:
1052:
1050:
1048:
1034:
1028:
1027:
1025:
1023:
1009:
1003:
1002:
1000:
998:
978:
972:
971:
958:
952:
951:
949:
947:
932:
926:
921:
915:
910:
904:
903:
889:
883:
882:
871:
865:
864:
862:
860:
845:
839:
838:
836:
834:
819:
813:
812:
797:
791:
786:
780:
775:
769:
764:
758:
753:
747:
746:
734:
728:
727:
720:
714:
713:
711:
709:
694:
688:
687:
675:
669:
668:
666:
664:
657:The Conversation
647:
638:
637:
627:
595:
589:
588:
578:
554:
548:
547:
545:
543:
537:The Conversation
528:
511:
510:
509:. June 13, 2019.
499:
493:
488:
482:
481:
467:
426:but lower among
397:Michael Speciale
269:school shootings
261:
255:
249:
243:
123:
55:school shootings
47:secondary school
32:
1853:
1852:
1848:
1847:
1846:
1844:
1843:
1842:
1818:
1817:
1816:
1806:
1804:
1792:
1784:
1768:
1731:
1728:
1726:Further reading
1723:
1711:
1707:
1706:
1702:
1692:
1690:
1672:
1668:
1625:
1621:
1611:
1609:
1597:
1593:
1562:
1558:
1527:
1523:
1513:
1511:
1499:
1495:
1480:
1476:
1465:
1461:
1451:
1449:
1438:
1434:
1415:
1411:
1396:
1392:
1379:
1378:
1374:
1364:
1362:
1350:
1346:
1333:
1332:
1328:
1313:
1309:
1299:
1297:
1285:
1281:
1271:
1269:
1260:Sullum, Jacob.
1258:
1254:
1239:
1235:
1226:
1225:
1221:
1214:Tampa Bay Times
1206:
1202:
1187:
1183:
1168:
1164:
1119:
1115:
1100:10.2307/1373099
1078:
1074:
1061:
1060:
1056:
1046:
1044:
1036:
1035:
1031:
1021:
1019:
1011:
1010:
1006:
996:
994:
987:The Independent
979:
975:
970:. July 5, 2005.
960:
959:
955:
945:
943:
933:
929:
922:
918:
911:
907:
890:
886:
873:
872:
868:
858:
856:
847:
846:
842:
832:
830:
821:
820:
816:
798:
794:
787:
783:
776:
772:
765:
761:
754:
750:
735:
731:
722:
721:
717:
707:
705:
695:
691:
676:
672:
662:
660:
648:
641:
596:
592:
555:
551:
541:
539:
529:
514:
501:
500:
496:
489:
485:
468:
464:
460:
451:Trafalgar Group
424:White Americans
416:
347:
278:Trafalgar Group
263:
259:
257:
253:
251:
247:
245:
241:
239:
232:
219:
204:
192:
180:
168:
163:
147:Sherrilyn Ifill
112:
110:
96:, Florida; and
39:Arming teachers
21:
19:
12:
11:
5:
1851:
1841:
1840:
1835:
1830:
1815:
1814:
1802:
1782:
1781:
1775:
1767:
1766:External links
1764:
1763:
1762:
1744:(3): 129–133.
1727:
1724:
1722:
1721:
1700:
1666:
1639:(2): 127–138.
1619:
1591:
1572:(2): 119–131.
1556:
1521:
1493:
1474:
1467:Bonner, Lynn.
1459:
1432:
1409:
1390:
1372:
1344:
1326:
1307:
1279:
1252:
1233:
1219:
1200:
1181:
1176:Education Week
1162:
1133:(7): 845–846.
1113:
1094:(2): 637–662.
1072:
1054:
1029:
1004:
973:
953:
927:
916:
905:
884:
866:
840:
814:
792:
781:
770:
759:
748:
729:
715:
689:
670:
639:
610:(7): 862–863.
590:
549:
512:
494:
483:
461:
459:
456:
415:
412:
393:Francis Rooney
346:
343:
331:New York Times
258:
252:
246:
240:
231:
228:
218:
215:
203:
200:
191:
188:
179:
176:
167:
164:
162:
159:
109:
106:
17:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1850:
1839:
1836:
1834:
1831:
1829:
1826:
1825:
1823:
1813:
1812:United States
1803:
1801:
1796:
1791:
1790:
1787:
1779:
1776:
1773:
1770:
1769:
1759:
1755:
1751:
1747:
1743:
1739:
1735:
1730:
1729:
1717:
1710:
1704:
1689:
1685:
1681:
1677:
1670:
1662:
1658:
1654:
1650:
1646:
1642:
1638:
1634:
1630:
1623:
1608:
1607:
1602:
1595:
1587:
1583:
1579:
1575:
1571:
1567:
1560:
1552:
1548:
1544:
1540:
1536:
1532:
1525:
1510:
1509:
1504:
1497:
1489:
1485:
1478:
1470:
1463:
1447:
1443:
1436:
1428:
1424:
1420:
1413:
1405:
1401:
1394:
1386:
1382:
1376:
1361:
1360:
1355:
1348:
1340:
1336:
1330:
1322:
1318:
1311:
1296:
1295:
1290:
1283:
1267:
1263:
1256:
1248:
1244:
1237:
1229:
1223:
1215:
1211:
1204:
1196:
1192:
1185:
1177:
1173:
1166:
1158:
1154:
1149:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1117:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1088:
1083:
1076:
1068:
1064:
1058:
1043:
1039:
1033:
1018:
1014:
1008:
992:
988:
984:
977:
969:
968:
963:
957:
942:
938:
931:
925:
920:
914:
909:
901:
900:
895:
888:
880:
876:
870:
854:
850:
844:
828:
824:
818:
810:
808:
803:
796:
790:
785:
779:
774:
768:
763:
757:
752:
744:
740:
733:
725:
719:
704:
700:
693:
685:
681:
674:
659:
658:
653:
646:
644:
635:
631:
626:
621:
617:
613:
609:
605:
601:
594:
586:
582:
577:
572:
568:
564:
560:
553:
538:
534:
527:
525:
523:
521:
519:
517:
508:
504:
498:
492:
487:
479:
478:
473:
466:
462:
455:
452:
447:
445:
439:
437:
433:
429:
425:
421:
411:
409:
404:
402:
398:
394:
390:
386:
382:
378:
373:
371:
367:
363:
358:
356:
352:
342:
340:
339:
333:
332:
327:
323:
322:
316:
312:
310:
306:
302:
298:
294:
289:
286:
281:
279:
274:
270:
236:
230:United States
227:
224:
214:
211:
209:
199:
197:
187:
185:
175:
172:
158:
154:
152:
148:
143:
140:
135:
133:
108:Public debate
105:
103:
99:
95:
91:
87:
82:
80:
76:
72:
68:
64:
60:
59:United States
56:
52:
48:
44:
40:
16:
1741:
1737:
1715:
1703:
1691:. Retrieved
1679:
1669:
1636:
1632:
1622:
1610:. Retrieved
1604:
1594:
1569:
1565:
1559:
1534:
1530:
1524:
1512:. Retrieved
1506:
1496:
1487:
1477:
1462:
1450:. Retrieved
1445:
1435:
1426:
1422:
1412:
1403:
1393:
1384:
1375:
1363:. Retrieved
1357:
1347:
1338:
1329:
1320:
1310:
1298:. Retrieved
1292:
1282:
1270:. Retrieved
1265:
1255:
1246:
1236:
1222:
1213:
1203:
1194:
1184:
1175:
1165:
1130:
1126:
1116:
1091:
1085:
1075:
1066:
1057:
1045:. Retrieved
1041:
1032:
1020:. Retrieved
1017:The Guardian
1016:
1007:
995:. Retrieved
986:
976:
965:
956:
944:. Retrieved
940:
930:
919:
908:
897:
887:
878:
869:
857:. Retrieved
852:
843:
831:. Retrieved
826:
817:
805:
795:
784:
773:
762:
751:
742:
732:
718:
706:. Retrieved
692:
683:
673:
661:. Retrieved
655:
607:
603:
593:
566:
562:
552:
540:. Retrieved
536:
506:
497:
486:
475:
465:
448:
440:
417:
405:
381:Donald Trump
374:
370:Sidney, Ohio
359:
348:
336:
329:
326:Jacob Sullum
319:
317:
313:
290:
282:
266:
220:
212:
205:
202:South Africa
193:
181:
173:
169:
155:
141:
136:
128:
83:
75:South Africa
38:
37:
15:
1429:(1): 30–31.
420:Republicans
401:Betsy DeVos
389:Betty Olson
273:gun control
1822:Categories
1266:reason.com
941:Times Live
743:reason.com
458:References
385:Republican
1750:0018-1498
1688:0190-8286
1661:230584284
1653:1538-8220
1586:244568216
1551:238703683
1537:: 76–95.
1300:August 2,
1272:August 2,
853:France 24
585:158887214
454:(18.4%).
428:Democrats
86:Columbine
43:preschool
1800:Politics
1758:90024239
1452:March 6,
1385:BBC News
1268:. Reason
1157:29874481
991:Archived
879:Macleans
634:29874491
217:Thailand
190:Pakistan
94:Parkland
79:Thailand
71:Pakistan
51:firearms
45:through
1786:Portals
1693:May 31,
1612:May 27,
1514:May 29,
1365:May 29,
1339:Poynter
1148:5993383
1108:1373099
1047:June 3,
1022:June 3,
997:May 27,
946:June 1,
859:May 31,
833:June 1,
708:May 29,
663:May 27,
625:5993415
542:May 31,
449:A 2022
345:History
309:Florida
208:Folweni
90:Newtown
1756:
1748:
1686:
1659:
1651:
1584:
1549:
1155:
1145:
1106:
1042:Forbes
632:
622:
583:
507:gov.za
434:, and
422:, and
399:, and
321:Reason
260:
254:
248:
242:
184:Kenyan
166:Israel
98:Uvalde
77:, and
63:Israel
1754:JSTOR
1712:(PDF)
1657:S2CID
1582:S2CID
1547:S2CID
1104:JSTOR
581:S2CID
569:(3).
297:Texas
178:Kenya
67:Kenya
49:with
1746:ISSN
1695:2022
1684:ISSN
1649:ISSN
1614:2022
1516:2022
1454:2018
1446:NBC2
1367:2022
1302:2022
1274:2022
1153:PMID
1049:2022
1024:2022
999:2022
948:2022
861:2022
835:2022
809:News
710:2022
703:KQED
684:Time
665:2022
630:PMID
544:2022
305:Ohio
283:The
139:RAND
137:The
1742:101
1641:doi
1574:doi
1539:doi
1404:NPR
1143:PMC
1135:doi
1131:108
1096:doi
967:BBC
807:CBS
620:PMC
612:doi
608:108
571:doi
477:BBC
364:in
311:.
303:in
295:in
1824::
1752:.
1740:.
1736:.
1714:.
1682:.
1678:.
1655:.
1647:.
1637:20
1635:.
1631:.
1603:.
1580:.
1570:21
1568:.
1545:.
1535:14
1533:.
1505:.
1486:.
1444:.
1427:14
1425:.
1421:.
1402:.
1383:.
1356:.
1337:.
1319:.
1291:.
1264:.
1245:.
1212:.
1193:.
1174:.
1151:.
1141:.
1129:.
1125:.
1102:.
1092:50
1090:.
1084:.
1065:.
1040:.
1015:.
989:.
985:.
964:.
939:.
896:.
877:.
851:.
825:.
804:.
741:.
701:.
682:.
654:.
642:^
628:.
618:.
606:.
602:.
579:.
565:.
561:.
535:.
515:^
505:.
474:.
438:.
430:,
403:.
395:,
391:,
299:,
81:.
73:,
69:,
65:,
1788::
1760:.
1718:.
1697:.
1663:.
1643::
1616:.
1588:.
1576::
1553:.
1541::
1518:.
1490:.
1471:.
1456:.
1406:.
1369:.
1323:.
1304:.
1276:.
1249:.
1216:.
1197:.
1178:.
1159:.
1137::
1110:.
1098::
1069:.
1051:.
1026:.
1001:.
950:.
902:.
863:.
837:.
811:.
745:.
726:.
712:.
686:.
667:.
636:.
614::
587:.
573::
567:1
546:.
480:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
