1674:"but this letter being unofficial, & private, I may with safety give you a more extensive view of our policy respecting the Indians... Our system is to live in perpetual peace with the Indians, to cultivate an affectionate attachment from them, by everything just & liberal which we can do for them within the bounds of reason, and by giving them effectual protection against wrongs from our own people. The decrease of game rendering their subsistence by hunting insufficient, we wish to draw them to agriculture, to spinning & weaving... when they withdraw themselves to the culture of a small piece of land, they will perceive how useless to them are their extensive forests, and will be willing to pare them off from time to time in exchange for necessaries for their farms & families. At our trading houses too we mean to sell so low as merely to repay us cost and charges so as neither to lessen or enlarge our capital. this is what private traders cannot do, for they must gain; they will consequently retire from the competition, & we shall thus get clear of this pest without giving offence or umbrage to the Indians. in this way our settlements will gradually circumbscribe & approach the Indians, & they will in time either incorporate with us as citizens of the U.S. or remove beyond the Mississippi."
1499:, all five nations of the "Five Civilized Tribes" signed treaties with the Confederacy and initially supported them in hopes of dividing and weakening the U.S. so that they could remain on their land. The United States Army, led by prominent Civil War generals such as William Tecumseh Sherman, Philip Sheridan, and George Armstrong Custer, waged wars on "non-treaty Indians" who continued to live on land that had already been ceded to the U.S. through treaty. Homesteaders and other settlers soon followed and took possession of the land for farms and mining. Occasionally, white settlers would move ahead of the U.S. Army, into land that had not yet been settled by the United States, causing conflict with the Native people who still resided there. According to Anglo-American historian Julius Wilm, while the U.S. government did not approve of settlers moving ahead of the army, Indian Affairs officials did believe "the move of frontier whites into the proximity of contested territory—be they homesteaders or parties interested in other pursuits—necessitated the removal of Indigenous nations."
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cultivation every portion of the territory contained within their acknowledged boundaries. In thus providing for the support of millions of civilized beings, they will not violate any dictate of justice or of humanity; for they will not only give to the few thousand savages scattered over that territory an ample equivalent for any right they may surrender, but will always leave them the possession of lands more than they can cultivate, and more than adequate to their subsistence, comfort, and enjoyment, by cultivation. If this be a spirit of aggrandizement, the undersigned are prepared to admit, in that sense, its existence; but they must deny that it affords the slightest proof of an intention not to respect the boundaries between them and
European nations, or of a desire to encroach upon the territories of Great Britain... They will not suppose that that Government will avow, as the basis of their policy towards the United States a system of arresting their natural growth within their own territories, for the sake of preserving a perpetual desert for savages.
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political careers" and "was also well acquainted with the process
Virginia governments had historically used to extinguish Indian titles". Jefferson used this knowledge to make the Louisiana purchase in 1803, aided in the construction of the Indian Removal Policy, and laid the ground work for removing Native American tribes further and further into eventual small reservation territories. The idea of "Indian removal" gained traction in the context of manifest destiny and, with Jefferson as one of the main political voices on the subject, accumulated advocates who believed that American Indians would be better off moving away from white settlers. The removal effort was further solidified through policy by Andrew Jackson when he signed the Indian Removal Act in 1830. In his First Annual Message to Congress in 1829, Jackson stated with regards to removal:
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mixed blood leading a civilized life," while schools for Native children were still run by the Bureau of
Education, which operated with the belief that it was important to transform Native Alaskans, along with all Indigenous people in America, into civilized Christians. The U.S. government saw education as the most effective way to achieve this goal. Overall, there was little recognition of the important differences between different groups of Indigenous people. The federal Bureau of Education also extended services such as medical services, cooperative stores, and a ship to supply remote coastal villages, slowly reducing the self-sufficiency of Native communities and allowing the U.S. government to assume more control of the lives of Native Alaskans. The effects of the Alaska Purchase are still felt by Native Alaskans. According to Inuit author
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1733:, "the treaties also created reservations that would confine Native people into smaller territories far smaller than they had for millenia been accustomed to, diminishing their ability to feed themselves." According to author and scholar David Rich Lewis, these reservations had much higher population densities than indigenous homelands. As a result, "the consolidation of native peoples in the 19th century allowed epidemic diseases to rage through their communities." In addition to this "a result of changing subsistence patterns and environments-contributed to an explosion of dietary-related illness like diabetes, vitamin and mineral deficiencies, cirrhosis, obesity, gallbladder disease, hypertension, and heart disease."
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732:, wrote, "it is impossible not to look forward to distant times when our rapid multiplication will expand itself beyond those limits, and cover the whole northern, if not the southern continent." To Americans in the decades that followed their proclaimed freedom for mankind, embodied in the Declaration of Independence, could only be described as the inauguration of "a new time scale" because the world would look back and define history as events that took place before, and after, the Declaration of Independence. It followed that Americans owed to the world an obligation to expand and preserve these beliefs.
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1308:(1963), argued that the failure of the "All Oregon" and "All Mexico" movements indicates that manifest destiny had not been as popular as historians have traditionally portrayed it to have been. Merk wrote that, while belief in the beneficent mission of democracy was central to American history, aggressive "continentalism" were aberrations supported by only a minority of Americans, all of them Democrats. Some Democrats were also opposed; the Democrats of Louisiana opposed annexation of Mexico, while those in Mississippi supported it.
2032:... I think we all realize that the day has come when Democracy is being put upon its final test. The Old World is just now suffering from a wanton rejection of the principle of democracy and a substitution of the principle of autocracy as asserted in the name, but without the authority and sanction, of the multitude. This is the time of all others when Democracy should prove its purity and its spiritual power to prevail. It is surely the manifest destiny of the United States to lead in the attempt to make this spirit prevail.
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decision-making structure capable of making a treaty was a controversial issue. The national policy was for the
Indians to join American society and become "civilized", which meant no more wars with neighboring tribes or raids on white settlers or travelers, and a shift from hunting to farming and ranching. Advocates of civilization programs believed that the process of settling native tribes would greatly reduce the amount of land needed by the Native Americans, making more land available for homesteading by white Americans.
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designated for its use. There they may be secured in the enjoyment of governments of their own choice, subject to no other control from the United States than such as may be necessary to preserve peace on the frontier and between the several tribes. There the benevolent may endeavor to teach them the arts of civilization, and, by promoting union and harmony among them, to raise up an interesting commonwealth, destined to perpetuate the race and to attest the humanity and justice of this government."
1362:"the fever of Fillibusterism is on our country. Her pulse beats like a hammer at the wrist, and there's a very high color on her face." Millard Fillmore's second annual message to Congress, submitted in December 1851, gave double the amount of space to filibustering activities than the brewing sectional conflict. The eagerness of the filibusters, and the public to support them, had an international hue. Clay's son, a diplomat in Portugal, reported that the invasion created a sensation in Lisbon.
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1985:
1506:. While it succeeded in settling and farming the land, the Act failed to preserve the land. Continuous plowing of the top soil made the soil vulnerable to erosion and wind, as well as stripping the nutrients from the ground. This deforestation and erosion would play a key role in the Dust Bowl in the 1930s. Intense logging caused a decrease in much of the forests and hunting harmed many of the native animal populations, including the bison, whose population was reduced to a few hundreds.
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show that, in comparison with the industrial era, the nitrogen cycle and trophic structure of the Great Lakes ecosystems remained remarkably stable until the 1830s, despite millennia of
Indigenous agricultural and other land management, decades of European settlement, and climatic fluctuations. After this time, increased logging from forestry and agriculture induced soil erosion caused an unprecedented and abrupt bottom-up shift throughout the entire aquatic ecosystem of Lake Ontario."
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1390:. Wealthy American expansionists financed dozens of expeditions, usually based out of New Orleans, New York, and San Francisco. The primary target of manifest destiny's filibusters was Latin America but there were isolated incidents elsewhere. Mexico was a favorite target of organizations devoted to filibustering, like the Knights of the Golden Circle. William Walker got his start as a filibuster in an ill-advised attempt to separate the Mexican states Sonora and Baja California.
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the interests of the United States. Prompted by O'Sullivan, in 1848 President Polk offered to buy Cuba from Spain for $ 100 million. Polk feared that filibustering would hurt his effort to buy the island, and so he informed the
Spanish of an attempt by the Cuban filibuster López to seize Cuba by force and annex it to the United States, foiling the plot. Spain declined to sell the island, which ended Polk's efforts to acquire Cuba. O'Sullivan eventually landed in legal trouble.
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people as the settlers effectively began damming rivers, imposing railways, and seeking natural resources and minerals through mining and excavation of Native
American lands. According to historians Boyd Cothran and Ned Blackhawk, this influx of trade, industrialization, and development of transportation corridors killed surrounding livestock, caused waterway damage, and created sickness and disease for the Native American peoples living in those regions.
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dropped by the
Democrats in favor of Polk, who favored annexation. Polk tied the Texas annexation question with the Oregon dispute, thus providing a sort of regional compromise on expansion. (Expansionists in the North were more inclined to promote the occupation of Oregon, while Southern expansionists focused primarily on the annexation of Texas.) Although elected by a very slim margin, Polk proceeded as if his victory had been a mandate for expansion.
1324:, Governor of Mississippi, offered what public support they could. In one memorable case, Quitman simply explained that the state of Mississippi had "lost" its state arsenal, which began showing up in the hands of filibusters. Yet these isolated cases only solidified opposition in the North as many Northerners were increasingly opposed to what they believed to be efforts by Southern slave owners—and their friends in the North—to expand slavery through
1274:"mission" component of manifest destiny suggested that Mexicans would be improved (or "regenerated", as it was then described) by bringing them into American democracy. Identitarianism was used to promote manifest destiny, but, as in the case of Calhoun and the resistance to the "All Mexico" movement, identitarianism was also used to oppose manifest destiny. Conversely, proponents of annexation of "All Mexico" regarded it as an anti-slavery measure.
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1826:, a Democrat who had blocked the annexation of Hawaii during his administration, wrote that McKinley's annexation of the territory was a "perversion of our national destiny". Historians continued that debate; some have interpreted American acquisition of other Pacific island groups in the 1890s as an extension of manifest destiny across the Pacific Ocean. Others have regarded it as the antithesis of manifest destiny and merely
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none" and "Fifty-four forty or fight", referring to the northern border of the region. (The latter slogan is often mistakenly described as having been a part of the 1844 presidential campaign.) When Polk moved to terminate the joint occupation agreement, the
British finally agreed in early 1846 to divide the region along the 49th parallel, leaving the lower Columbia basin as part of the United States. The
2131:, when manifest destiny reached California and Oregon, "Waters were diverted, interrupting farming practices: ancient food sources are eliminated: tribal self-determination was compromised with dams built on treaty adds: entire ecosystems were altered, interrupting cultural practices and dividing families: trauma inflicted by disruptions contributed to failing health conditions in tribal communities."
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boundaries; they feared (correctly) that expansion raised a contentious issue, the extension of slavery to the territories. On the other hand, many
Democrats feared industrialization the Whigs welcomed... For many Democrats, the answer to the nation's social ills was to continue to follow Thomas Jefferson's vision of establishing agriculture in the new territories to counterbalance industrialization.
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explains that "The newly formed United States needed to manufacture an American Indian political identity and concept of Indian land that would open the way for united states and westward colonial expansion." In this way, manifest destiny was inspired by the original European colonization of the Americas, and it excuses U.S. violence against Indigenous Nations.
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that Robb deserves the land because he is Anglo-Saxon, has weapons to "blow out" Cobb's brains, and nobody has heard of Cobb so what right does Cobb have to claim the land. Cobb argues that Robb doesn't need his land because Robb already has more land than he knows what to do with. Due to threats of violence, Cobb surrenders his land and leaves grumbling that "
862:, and the imperialism of manifest destiny as both unjust and unreasonable. He objected to the Mexican war and believed each of these disordered forms of patriotism threatened the inseparable moral and fraternal bonds of liberty and union that he sought to perpetuate through a patriotic love of country guided by wisdom and critical self-awareness. Lincoln's "
2016:, as being an "international police power" to secure American interests in the Western Hemisphere. Roosevelt's corollary contained an explicit rejection of territorial expansion. In the past, manifest destiny had been seen as necessary to enforce the Monroe Doctrine in the Western Hemisphere, but now expansionism had been replaced by
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I protest against such a union as that! Ours, sir, is the Government of a white race.... We are anxious to force free government on all; and I see that it has been urged ... that it is the mission of this country to spread civil and religious liberty over all the world, and especially over this continent. It is a great mistake.
614:. Whigs denounced manifest destiny, arguing, "that the designers and supporters of schemes of conquest, to be carried on by this government, are engaged in treason to our Constitution and Declaration of Rights, giving aid and comfort to the enemies of republicanism, in that they are advocating and preaching the doctrine of the
1227:, sought to join the United States as a new state. This was an idealized process of expansion that had been advocated from Jefferson to O'Sullivan: newly democratic and independent states would request entry into the United States, rather than the United States extending its government over people who did not want it. The
795:: "Minorities are not usually chronicled as explorers or environmental activists, yet the historical records show that they were a part of expeditions, resided and worked on the frontier, founded towns, and were educators and entrepreneurs. In short, people of color were very important actors in westward expansion."
1006:, speaking one language, professing one general system of religious and political principles, and accustomed to one general tenor of social usages and customs. For the common happiness of them all, for their peace and prosperity, I believe it is indispensable that they should be associated in one federal Union.
88:, a personification of the United States, is shown leading civilization westward with the American settlers. She is shown bringing light from east to west, stringing telegraph wire, holding a school book, and highlighting different stages of economic activity and evolving forms of transportation. On the left,
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Once the war began Jefferson—then in retirement—suggested seizing Canada, telling a friend, "The acquisition of Canada this year, as far as the neighborhood of Quebec, will be a mere matter of marching, and will give us experience for the attack of Halifax the next, and the final expulsion of England
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Biomolecular archaeologist Eric J. Guiry has shown that this deforestation had increasingly negative effects on Great Lakes ecosystems: 'in comparison with the industrial era..."Aquatic disruptions in great lakes have been linked to timber extraction through the loss of ecological resources. "Results
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Other environmental changes as a result of European settlement were discovered as a result of the pre-industrial era, according to historian Boyd Cothran, "It coincided with a national timber boom and the concurrent near exhaustion of the Great Lakes forests, leading American businesses to clamor for
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are a fishing people who have sustainably managed their Klamath River fishery through the use of ceremony and harvest techniques for tens of thousands of years. Since the arrival of non-Indians in the 1850s, however, the salmon populations have been damaged by overfishing and the degradation of their
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Historian Jeffery Ostler comments on some of the general theories about native American population decline due to these environmental factors. He shows that, over the course of this period, there were many forces "of destruction, including enslavement, disease, material deprivation, malnutrition, and
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In 1905, the Nelson Act was passed, which allowed the Territory of Alaska to open schools outside of incorporated towns and run them outside of the federal Bureau of Education's control. According to historian Carol Barnhardt, the Territory of Alaska opened schools for "white children and children of
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in the coming of the war. With the divisive question of the expansion of slavery, Northerners and Southerners, in effect, were coming to define manifest destiny in different ways, undermining nationalism as a unifying force. According to Frederick Merk, "The doctrine of Manifest Destiny, which in the
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We have never dreamt of incorporating into our Union any but the Caucasian race—the free white race. To incorporate Mexico, would be the very first instance of the kind, of incorporating an Indian race; for more than half of the Mexicans are Indians, and the other is composed chiefly of mixed tribes.
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This was a controversial proposition for two reasons. First, idealistic advocates of manifest destiny like O'Sullivan had always maintained that the laws of the United States should not be imposed on people against their will. The annexation of "All Mexico" would be a violation of this principle. And
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As president, Polk sought compromise and renewed the earlier offer to divide the territory in half along the 49th parallel, to the dismay of the most ardent advocates of manifest destiny. When the British refused the offer, American expansionists responded with slogans such as "The whole of Oregon or
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Two Native American writers have recently tried to link some of the themes of manifest destiny to the original ideology of the 15th-century decree of the Doctrine of Christian Discovery. Nick Estes (a Lakota) links the 15th-century Catholic doctrine of distinguishing Christians from non-Christians in
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There was never a set of principles defining manifest destiny; it was always a general idea rather than a specific policy made with a motto. Ill-defined but keenly felt, manifest destiny was an expression of conviction in the morality and value of expansionism that complemented other popular ideas of
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have shown that these issues continue into the present moment: "Ron Reed served as the Karuk tribal representative for the relicensing process. Reed became convinced that the lack of healthy food, specifically the loss of salmon, was directly affecting the health of his people, leading to high rates
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maintained the contrary at his September 25, 1900, speech in the Auditorium, at Chicago. He declared that the current desire for Cuba and the other acquired territories was identical to the views expressed by Washington, Jefferson and Marshall. Moreover, "the sovereignty of the Stars and Stripes can
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for the purchase of Alaska. Seward initially offered $ 5 million to Stoeckl; the two men settled on $ 7 million and on March 15, 1867, Seward presented a draft treaty to the U.S. Cabinet. Stoeckl's superiors raised several concerns; to induce him to waive them, the final purchase price was increased
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The Homestead Act of 1862 encouraged 600,000 families to settle the West by giving them land (usually 160 acres) almost free. Over the course of 123 years, 200 million claims were made and over 270 million acres were settled, accounting for 10% of the land in the U.S. They had to live on and improve
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The filibusterism of the era even opened itself up to some mockery among the headlines. In 1854, a San Francisco Newspaper published a satirical poem called "Filibustering Ethics". This poem features two characters, Captain Robb and Farmer Cobb. Captain Robb makes claim to Farmer Cobb's land arguing
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during the case, as he "spelled out the rights of the United states to Indigenous lands" and drew upon the Doctrine of Christian Discovery for his statement. Marshall ruled that "indigenous peoples possess 'occupancy' rights, meaning their lands could be taken by the powers of 'discovery'". Frichner
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A possible influence is racial predominance, namely the idea that the American Anglo-Saxon race was "separate, innately superior" and "destined to bring good government, commercial prosperity and Christianity to the American continents and the world". Author Reginald Horsman wrote in 1981, this view
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We may expand so as to include the whole world. Mexico, Central America, South America, Cuba, the West India Islands, and even England and France might annex without inconvenience... allowing them with their local Legislatures to regulate their local affairs in their own way. And this, Sir, is the
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The United States had long been interested in acquiring Cuba from the declining Spanish Empire. As with Texas, Oregon, and California, American policy makers were concerned that Cuba would fall into British hands, which, according to the thinking of the Monroe Doctrine, would constitute a threat to
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I was bitterly opposed to the measure , and to this day regard the war which resulted as one of the most unjust ever waged by a stronger against a weaker nation. It was an instance of a republic following the bad example of European monarchies, in not considering justice in their desire to acquire
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According to Frederick Merk, these colonial acquisitions marked a break from the original intention of manifest destiny. Previously, "Manifest Destiny had contained a principle so fundamental that a Calhoun and an O'Sullivan could agree on it—that a people not capable of rising to statehood should
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after the war with Spain marked a new chapter in U.S. history. Traditionally, territories were acquired by the United States for the purpose of becoming new states on equal footing with already existing states. These islands were acquired as colonies rather than prospective states. The process was
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The purchase added 586,412 square miles (1,518,800 km) of new territory to the United States, an area about twice the size of Texas. Reactions to the purchase in the United States were mostly positive, as many believed the possession of Alaska would serve as a base to expand American trade in
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Before the election of 1844, Whig candidate Henry Clay and the presumed Democratic candidate, former president, Van Buren, both declared themselves opposed to the annexation of Texas, each hoping to keep the troublesome topic from becoming a campaign issue. This unexpectedly led to Van Buren being
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The second theme's origination is less precise. A popular expression of America's mission was elaborated by President Abraham Lincoln's description in his December 1, 1862, message to Congress. He described the United States as "the last, best hope of Earth". The "mission" of the United States was
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as "always full of grand and world-embracing schemes". O'Sullivan wrote an article in 1839 that, while not using the term "manifest destiny", did predict a "divine destiny" for the United States based upon values such as equality, rights of conscience, and personal enfranchisement "to establish on
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After major exploration and colonization to the western parts of the United States, resources and industry were needed to support such colonies. Colville scholar Dina Gilo-Whitaker outlines how during this process, promises of innovative technologies and abundant resources were made to indigenous
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These events related to the Mexican–American War and had an effect on the American people living in the Southern Plains at the time. A case study by David Beyreis depicts these effects through the operations of a fur trading and Indian trading business named Bent, St. Vrain and Company during the
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in 1836, but was still claimed by Mexico. This paved the way for the outbreak of the Mexican–American War on April 24, 1846. With American successes on the battlefield, by the summer of 1847 there were calls for the annexation of "All Mexico", particularly among Eastern Democrats, who argued that
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In the mid‑19th century, expansionism, especially southward toward Cuba, also faced opposition from those Americans who were trying to abolish slavery. As more territory was added to the United States in the following decades, "extending the area of freedom" in the minds of southerners also meant
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opposed territorial expansion based on the Democratic claim that the United States was destined to serve as a virtuous example to the rest of the world, and also had a divine obligation to spread its superordinate political system and a way of life throughout North American continent. Many in the
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described this view as summing "that God, at the proper stage in the march of history, called forth certain hardy souls from the old and privilege-ridden nations ... and that in bestowing his grace He also bestowed a peculiar responsibility". Americans presupposed that they were not only divinely
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O'Sullivan's original conception of manifest destiny was not a call for territorial expansion by force. He believed that the expansion of the United States would happen without the direction of the U.S. government or the involvement of the military. After Americans immigrated to new regions, they
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This debate brought to the forefront one of the contradictions of manifest destiny: on the one hand, while identitarian ideas inherent in manifest destiny suggested that Mexicans, as non-whites, would present a threat to white racial integrity and thus were not qualified to become Americans, the
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It was an oversight on the part of the United States, the giving up the island of Quadra and Vancouver, on the settlement of the boundary question. Yet, "what is to be, will be", as some realist has it; and we look for the restoration of that picturesque and rocky atom of our former territory as
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The United States, while intending never to acquire lands from the Indians otherwise than peaceably, and with their free consent, are fully determined, in that manner, progressively, and in proportion as their growing population may require, to reclaim from the state of nature, and to bring into
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wrote in 1963 that the concept of manifest destiny was born out of "a sense of mission to redeem the Old World by high example ... generated by the potentialities of a new earth for building a new heaven". Merk also states that manifest destiny was a heavily contested concept within the nation:
2060:". A more positive-sounding phrase devised by scholars at the end of the 20th century is "nation building", and State Department official Karin Von Hippel notes that the U.S. has "been involved in nation-building and promoting democracy since the middle of the 19th century and 'Manifest Destiny
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The desire for trade with China and other Asian countries was another ground for expansionism, with Americans seeing prospects of westward contact with Asia as fulfilling long-held Western hopes of finding new routes to Asia, and perceiving the Pacific as less unruly and dominated by Old World
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or across the Pacific, others saw the term as a call to example. Without an agreed-upon interpretation, much less an elaborated political philosophy, these conflicting views of America's destiny were never resolved. This variety of possible meanings was summed up by Ernest Lee Tuveson: "A vast
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Following the forced removal of many Indigenous Peoples, Americans increasingly believed that Native American ways of life would eventually disappear as the United States expanded. Humanitarian advocates of removal believed that American Indians would be better off moving away from whites. As
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The start of the Klondike Gold Rush brought 200,000 prospectors to Alaska. The gold rush greatly increased the U.S. government's commitment to developing the industrial infrastructure, and in turn attracting new residents to maintain it. The increase in gold seekers brought epidemics and land
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The Monroe Doctrine and "manifest destiny" formed a closely related nexus of principles: historian Walter McDougall calls manifest destiny a corollary of the Monroe Doctrine, because while the Monroe Doctrine did not specify expansion, expansion was necessary in order to enforce the doctrine.
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The concept and the term are also used by scholars in discussing the push to into the Amazon—the west—in Brazil. According to J. P. Dickenson, "There is an implicit identification in this Brazilian geopolitical writing of a manifest destiny....Brazil's 'Marcha para oeste' is as legitimate as
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ridiculed the concept in Congress, saying "I suppose the right of a manifest destiny to spread will not be admitted to exist in any nation except the universal Yankee nation." Winthrop was the first in a long line of critics who suggested that advocates of manifest destiny were citing "Divine
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I suggest for your consideration the propriety of setting apart an ample district west of the Mississippi, and without the limits of any state or territory now formed, to be guaranteed to the Indian tribes as long as they shall occupy it, each tribe having a distinct control over the portion
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Noted by Law Scholar and professor Robert J. Miller, Thomas Jefferson "Understood and utilized the Doctrine of Discovery through his political careers and was heavily involved in using the Doctrine against Indian tribes." Jefferson was "often immersed in Indian affairs through his legal and
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Yet Jackson was not the only president to elaborate on the principles underlying manifest destiny. Owing in part to the lack of a definitive narrative outlining its rationale, proponents offered divergent or seemingly conflicting viewpoints. While many writers focused primarily upon American
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conflicts between settlers and Indigenous Alaskans. According to Yupik historian Shari Huhndorf, "These changing demographics transformed social relationships between Native and the newcomers and soon led to Jim Crow-like segregation supported by a rapidly expanding territorial government."
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in 1854, which argued that the United States could seize Cuba by force if Spain refused to sell, this effectively killed the effort to acquire the island. The public now linked expansion with slavery; if manifest destiny had once enjoyed widespread popular approval, this was no longer true.
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Most Democrats were wholehearted supporters of expansion, whereas many Whigs (especially in the North) were opposed. Whigs welcomed most of the changes wrought by industrialization but advocated strong government policies that would guide growth and development within the country's existing
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in the Washington Administration, the U.S. government sought to expand into the west through the purchase of Native American land in treaties. Only the Federal Government could purchase Indian lands, and this was done through treaties with tribal leaders. Whether a tribe actually had a
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elected to maintain the North American continent, but also to "spread abroad the fundamental principles stated in the Bill of Rights". In many cases this meant neighboring colonial holdings and countries were seen as obstacles rather than the destiny God had provided the United States.
674:—was slight in support. It lacked national, sectional, or party following commensurate with its magnitude. The reason was it did not reflect the national spirit. The thesis that it embodied nationalism, found in much historical writing, is backed by little real supporting evidence.
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Manifest destiny had serious consequences for Native Americans, since continental expansion implicitly meant the occupation and annexation of Native American land, sometimes to expand slavery. This ultimately led to confrontations and wars with several groups of native peoples via
1712:, racial rhetoric increased during the era of manifest destiny. Americans increasingly believed that Native American ways of life would "fade away" as the United States expanded. As an example, this idea was reflected in the work of one of America's first great historians,
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period. The telling of this company shows that the idea of Manifest Destiny was not unanimously loved by all Americans and did not always benefit Americans. The case study goes on to show that this company could have ceased to exist in the name of territorial expansion.
1581:. Some opponents labeled the purchase as "Seward's Folly", or "Seward's Icebox", as they contended that the United States had acquired useless land. Nearly all Russian settlers left Alaska in the aftermath of the purchase; Alaska attracted few new settlers until the
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was attacked by anti-slavery spokesmen because it would add another slave state to the Union. Presidents Andrew Jackson and Martin Van Buren declined Texas's offer to join the United States in part because the slavery issue threatened to divide the Democratic Party.
1726:, Indians were "destined to melt and vanish before the advancing waves of Anglo-American power, which now rolled westward unchecked and unopposed". Parkman emphasized that the collapse of Indian power in the late 18th century had been swift and was a past event.
1081:, "the transcontinental railroads not only enabled but also accelerated it exponentially." Historian Boyd Cothran says that "modern transportation development and abundant resource exploitation gave rise to an appropriation of indigenous land, resources."
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Concerns in the United States that European powers were seeking to acquire colonies or greater influence in North America led to calls for expansion in order to prevent this. In his influential 1935 study of manifest destiny, done in conjunction with the
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and referred to buccaneers in the West Indies that preyed on Spanish commerce. While there had been some filibustering expeditions into Canada in the late 1830s, it was only by mid-century did filibuster become a definitive term. By then, declared the
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of South Carolina, who had approved of the annexation of Texas, was opposed to the annexation of Mexico, as well as the "mission" aspect of manifest destiny, for racial reasons. He made these views clear in a speech to Congress on January 4, 1848:
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Despite the earlier clamor for "All Oregon", the Oregon Treaty was popular in the United States and was easily ratified by the Senate. The most fervent advocates of manifest destiny had not prevailed along the northern border because, according to
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Although they were illegal, filibustering operations in the late 1840s and early 1850s were romanticized in the United States. The Democratic Party's national platform included a plank that specifically endorsed William Walker's filibustering in
1784:, argued that the future was devolved upon America since it had perfected the ideals of civil liberty, "a pure spiritual Christianity", and concluded, "My plea is not, Save America for America's sake, but, Save America for the world's sake."
577:
And that claim is by the right of our manifest destiny to overspread and to possess the whole of the continent which Providence has given us for the development of the great experiment of liberty and federated self-government entrusted to
9925:
1491:
because they feared it would lead to more free states and free territories. After the mass resignation of Southern senators and representatives at the beginning of the war, Congress was subsequently able to pass the Homestead Act.
985:
The 19th-century belief that the United States would eventually encompass all of North America is known as "continentalism". An early proponent of this idea, John Quincy Adams became a leading figure in U.S. expansion between the
1799:
and believe in the achievement of the manifest destiny of the Republic in its broadest sense." What was meant by "manifest destiny" in this context was not clearly defined, particularly since the Republicans lost the election.
623:
Providence" for justification of actions that were motivated by chauvinism and self-interest. Despite this criticism, expansionists embraced the phrase, which caught on so quickly that its origin was soon forgotten.
590:
would not spread democracy, thought O'Sullivan, British claims to the territory should be overruled. O'Sullivan believed that manifest destiny was a moral ideal (a "higher law") that superseded other considerations.
2023:
President Wilson continued the policy of interventionism in the Americas, and attempted to redefine both manifest destiny and America's "mission" on a broader, worldwide scale. Wilson led the United States into
679:
also held that "inferior races were doomed to subordinate status or extinction." and that this was used to justify "the enslavement of the blacks and the expulsion and possible extermination of the Indians".
535:
earth the moral dignity and salvation of man". This destiny was not explicitly territorial, but O'Sullivan predicted that the United States would be one of a "Union of many Republics" sharing those values.
2036:
This was the only time a president had used the phrase "manifest destiny" in his annual address. Wilson's version of manifest destiny was a rejection of expansionism and an endorsement (in principle) of
744:
as a struggle to determine if any nation with democratic ideals could survive; this has been called by historian Robert Johannsen "the most enduring statement of America's Manifest Destiny and mission".
2134:
Further, "sudden loss of salmon-based economies and spiritual traditions was a seismic shock to cultures and psyches of the people who collectively call themselves Salmon People." "Specifically, 'The
1077:. The transcontinental railroad system is often used in manifest destiny imagery like John Gast's painting, American Progress where multiple locomotives are seen traveling west. According to academic
5339:
595:
would set up new democratic governments, and then seek admission to the United States, as Texas had done. In 1845, O'Sullivan predicted that California would follow this pattern next, and that even
522:, sketched in 1874, was an influential columnist as a young man, but he is now generally remembered only for his use of the phrase "manifest destiny" to advocate the annexation of Texas and Oregon.
748:
The third theme can be viewed as a natural outgrowth of the belief that God had a direct influence in the foundation and further actions of the United States. Political scientist and historian
1421:
to acquire Cuba received the tentative support of the president. Pierce backed off and instead renewed the offer to buy the island, this time for $ 130 million. When the public learned of the
1945:, which also provided for a popularly elected legislature and a bill of rights, and authorized the election of a Resident Commissioner who has a voice (but no vote) in Congress. In 1934, the
1870:
to the United States. The terms of cession for the Philippines involved a payment of the sum of $ 20 million by the United States to Spain. The treaty was highly contentious and denounced by
1320:
After the Mexican–American War ended in 1848, disagreements over the expansion of slavery made further annexation by conquest too divisive to be official government policy. Some, such as
3823:
720:
We have it in our power to begin the world over again. A situation, similar to the present, hath not happened since the days of Noah until now. The birthday of a new world is at hand...
2691:
901:
in 1867, has been called the "age of manifest destiny". During this time, the United States expanded to the Pacific Ocean—"from sea to shining sea"—largely defining the borders of the
4775:(Seven Stories Press: New York, 2009), p. 332, re-printing Zinn's 1970 essay "Aggressive Liberalism", which attributes the quoted language not to Reuben Davis, but to Jefferson Davis.
863:
492:
complex of ideas, policies, and actions is comprehended under the phrase 'Manifest Destiny'. They are not, as we should expect, all compatible, nor do they come from any one source."
9470:
1664:
believed that, while the Indigenous people of America were intellectual equals to whites, they had to assimilate to and live like the whites or inevitably be pushed aside by them.
1259:
secondly, the annexation of Mexico was controversial because it would mean extending U.S. citizenship to millions of Mexicans, who were of dark skin and majority Catholic. Senator
1188:
483:, who spoke of "extending the area of freedom", typified the conflation of America's potential greatness, the nation's budding sense of Romantic self-identity, and its expansion.
9761:
1609:, "The land that is such an important part of our spirit, our culture, and our physical and economic well-being is becoming an often unpredictable and precarious place for us."
885:, was an early proponent of continentalism. Late in life he came to regret his role in helping U.S. slavery to expand, and became a leading opponent of the annexation of Texas.
1336:, England, that the connection between filibustering and slave power was clear proof of "the mass of corruption that underlay the whole system of American government". The
259:
3092:
Kauanui, J. Kēhaulani; Frichner, Tonya Gonnella (2018), "Tonya Gonnella Frichner on Developing the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples",
855:
extending the institution of slavery. That is why slavery became one of the central issues in the continental expansion of the United States before the Civil War.
508:
in 1845. However, other historians suggest the unsigned editorial titled "Annexation" in which it first appeared was written by journalist and annexation advocate
1667:
According to historian Jeffrey Ostler, Jefferson believed that once assimilation was no longer possible, he advocated for the extermination of Indigenous people.
976:
Till I came here, I had no idea of the fixed determination which there is in the heart of every American to extirpate the Indians and appropriate their territory.
826:
Not all Americans or their political leaders believed that the United States was a divinely favored nation, or thought that it ought to expand. For example, many
9751:
2470:
4797:
1811:. Whether or not this version of manifest destiny was consistent with the continental expansionism of the 1840s was debated at the time, and long afterwards.
1822:
in 1898, he said that "We need Hawaii just as much and a good deal more than we did California. It is manifest destiny." On the other hand, former President
777:
the expansion of European nations. Estes and international jurist Tonya Gonnella Frichner (of the Onondaga Nation) further link the doctrine of discovery to
9913:
9460:
5331:
5123:"Manifest destiny, American exceptionalism, and the city on a hill seen through Winthrop, O'Sullivan, and Bush: Opportunities for religious peacebuilding"
10152:
10142:
9861:
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1159:
of 1846 formally settled the dispute; Polk's administration succeeded in selling the treaty to Congress because the United States was about to begin the
1062:
4295:"Treaty with Russia for the Purchase of Alaska", Primary Documents in American History, The Library of Congress, April 25, 2017. Retrieved June 9, 2019.
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1846:
seated in restaurant looking at the bill of fare containing "Cuba steak", "Porto Rico pig", the "Philippine Islands" and the "Sandwich Islands" (Hawaii)
9819:
9328:
5313:
783:
and frame their arguments on the correlation between manifest destiny and Doctrine of Christian Discovery by using the statement made by Chief Justice
1297:
to the United States, both more sparsely populated than the rest of Mexico. Like the "All Oregon" movement, the "All Mexico" movement quickly abated.
831:
Whig party "were fearful of spreading out too widely", and they "adhered to the concentration of national authority in a limited area". In July 1848,
724:
Many Americans agreed with Paine, and came to believe that the United States' virtue was a result of its special experiment in freedom and democracy.
10172:
10092:
2041:, emphasizing that the United States had a mission to be a world leader for the cause of democracy. This U.S. vision of itself as the leader of the "
1198:, arguing that the efforts of early American fur traders and missionaries presaged American control of Oregon. She concluded the article as follows:
1250:
After the election of Polk, but before he took office, Congress approved the annexation of Texas. Polk moved to occupy a portion of Texas that had
9897:
9490:
2053:
431:
1885:, passed unanimously by the U.S. Senate before the war, which proclaimed Cuba "free and independent", forestalled annexation of the island. The
10127:
9885:
9510:
320:
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1807:, the Republicans recaptured the White House and held on to it for the next 16 years. During that time, manifest destiny was cited to promote
5265:
Guiry, Eric J.; Buckley, Michael; Orchard, Trevor J.; Hawkins, Alicia L.; Needs-Howarth, Suzanne; Holm, Erling; Szpak, Paul (March 6, 2020).
1792:
1129:). Presidential candidate Polk used this popular outcry to his advantage, and the Democrats called for the annexation of "All Oregon" in the
760:
198:
10157:
9495:
9485:
4469:, "I believe the Indian then to be in body and mind equal to the white man," (Jefferson letter to the Marquis de Chastellux, June 7, 1785).
1761:, a member of the House of Representatives from Mississippi, articulated one of the most expansive visions of manifest destiny on record:
1065:, Albert Weinberg wrote: "the expansionism of the arose as a defensive effort to forestall the encroachment of Europe in North America".
1053:
from Spain to the United States and extending the U.S. border with Spanish Mexico all the way to the Pacific Ocean. And he formulated the
902:
6663:
1729:
Indian removal policies led to the current day reservation system which allocated territories to individual tribes. According to scholar
1146:
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923:
as a bargaining chip to force the British to abandon their fortifications in the Northwestern United States and support for the various
17:
10137:
8693:
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6502:
3420:
2955:
Hilgard O’Reilly Sternberg, “‘Manifest Destiny’ and the Brazilian Amazon: A Backdrop to Contemporary Security and Development Issues.”
1808:
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summarizes that "American imperialism did not represent an American consensus; it provoked bitter dissent within the national polity".
395:
255:
245:
161:
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The assertion of its mission to redeem the world by the spread of republican government and more generally the "American way of life".
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9386:
8257:
1875:
1804:
972:, one of the British negotiators at Ghent, remarked, after coming to understand the American position on taking the Indians' land:
858:
Before and during the Civil War both sides claimed that America's destiny was rightfully their own. Lincoln opposed anti-immigrant
399:
203:
3221:
2028:
with the argument that "The world must be made safe for democracy." In his 1920 message to Congress after the war, Wilson stated:
10132:
9521:
6064:
Dunning, Mike (2001). "Manifest Destiny and the Trans-Mississippi South: Natural Laws and the Extension of Slavery into Mexico".
5061:, pp. 112–129 examines the influence of manifest destiny in the 20th century, particularly as articulated by Woodrow Wilson.
213:
10035:
4240:
Wilm, Julius (2018). "The Indians Must Yield: Antebellum Free Land, The Homestead Act, and the Displacement of Native Peoples".
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9321:
6603:
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Pinheiro, John C (2003). "'Religion Without Restriction': Anti-catholicism, All Mexico, and the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo".
927:
residing there. The result of this overoptimism was a series of defeats in 1812 in part due to the wide use of poorly-trained
398:
of the United States borders at the time on the continent. The concept became one of several major campaign issues during the
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3574:
3317:
3064:
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2312:
2124:
1632:
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924:
193:
4410:
Molhotra, Rajiv (2009). "American Exceptionalism and the Myth of the American Frontiers". In Rajani Kannepalli Kanth (ed.).
1913:. The Supreme Court ruled that full constitutional rights did not automatically extend to all areas under American control.
1125:. Advocates of manifest destiny protested and called for the annexation of the entire Oregon Country up to the Alaska line (
9907:
9430:
9391:
8298:
6466:
5167:
4867:
3464:
3057:
Our history Is the future: Standing Rock versus the Dakota Access Pipeline, and the long tradition of indigenous resistance
1969:
The belief in an American mission to promote and defend democracy throughout the world, as expounded by Jefferson and his "
1636:
1495:
In some areas, the Homestead Act resulted in the direct removal of Indigenous communities. According to American historian
2004:
declined in usage, as territorial expansion ceased to be promoted as being a part of America's "destiny". Under President
698:" sermon of 1630, in which he called for the establishment of a virtuous community that would be a shining example to the
9269:
6493:
3993:
3139:""China and the Pursuit of America's Destiny: Nineteenth-Century Imagining and Why Immigration Restriction Took So Long""
2056:
and elsewhere. In this usage, "manifest destiny" is interpreted as the underlying cause of what is denounced by some as "
1033:
as far west as the Rocky Mountains, and provided for the joint occupation of the region known in American history as the
235:
4936:
2383:
554:, not only because Texas desired this, but because it was "our manifest destiny to overspread the continent allotted by
42:
9891:
9579:
9396:
8313:
8034:
7743:
6187:
5105:
5043:
4677:
4197:
4024:
3977:
3800:
3746:
3368:
3109:
2800:; Hudson 2001; O'Sullivan biographer Robert D. Sampson disputes Hudson's claim for a variety of reasons (See note 7 at
2537:
2510:
2480:
2367:
1993:
1648:
313:
208:
9721:
1344:" narratives thereafter, indicated the degree to which manifest destiny had become part of the sectional controversy.
406:
won and the phrase "Manifest Destiny" was coined within a year. The concept was used by Democrats to justify the 1846
10122:
9314:
8688:
8282:
8183:
6399:
2659:
1746:
1434:
1251:
1220:
1175:, "the compass of manifest destiny pointed west and southwest, not north, despite the use of the term 'continentalism
1094:
338:
240:
63:
3936:
Beyreis, David (June 1, 2018). "The Chaos of Conquest: The Bents and the Problem of American Expansion, 1846–1849".
10097:
10023:
9771:
9480:
9425:
9408:
9366:
9361:
8645:
6598:
815:
set the stage for the continental expansion of the United States. Many began to see this as the beginning of a new
403:
3478:
1561:
to $ 7.2 million and on March 30, the treaty was ratified by the U.S. Senate. The transfer ceremony took place in
1548:(present-day Alaska) on fears that the territory would be easily be lost in any future war between Russia and the
10045:
9591:
8698:
7938:
6656:
2724:
2710:
2175:
Critics at the time of the country's growing desire for expansion doubted the country's ability to rule such an
1788:
1130:
1030:
3332:
Stuart and Weeks call this period the "era of manifest destiny" and the "age of manifest destiny", respectively.
2088:
9955:
9678:
9465:
8191:
6588:
4719:
Lewis, David Rich (Summer 1995). "Native Americans and the Environment: A Survey of Twentieth-Century Issues".
1958:
671:
646:
565:
O'Sullivan's second use of the phrase became extremely influential. On December 27, 1845, in his newspaper the
446:, originally a major supporter of the concept underlying manifest destiny, had changed his mind and repudiated
5072:
2933:
Winthrop quote: Weingberg, p. 143; O'Sullivan's death, later discovery of phrase's origin: Stephanson, p. xii.
1413:
tried to suppress the expeditions. When the Democrats recaptured the White House in 1852 with the election of
939:
in 1813 ended the Indian raids and removed the main reason for threatening annexation. To end the War of 1812
799:
conflicts than the Atlantic and therefore a more inviting area for the new nation to expand its influence in.
10107:
10102:
10018:
9786:
8683:
8678:
8635:
8365:
7948:
5662:
5266:
2763:
1758:
488:
306:
9835:
Intergovernmental Committee on Intellectual Property, Genetic Resources, Traditional Knowledge, and Folklore
5361:
2123:
Many studies suggest environmental changes that directly impact Indigenous communities due to the result of
951:(former treasury secretary and a leading expert on Indians) and the other American diplomats negotiated the
9970:
9945:
8277:
8247:
8113:
7981:
7671:
6583:
6045:
3684:
1961:, provided for the structure of the island's civilian government, and granted the people U.S. citizenship.
419:
383:
7156:
3563:
As long as grass grows: the indigenous fight for environmental justice, from colonization to Standing Rock
1433:
continued to garner headlines in the late 1850s, but to little effect. Expansionism was among the various
1347:
Without official government support the most radical advocates of manifest destiny increasingly turned to
102:
9766:
9626:
9500:
8138:
8133:
8082:
8077:
7332:
7085:
5856:
5830:
4944:
2269:
1927:
1532:
The final U.S. territorial expansion of the North American mainland came in 1867 when the U.S. purchased
1430:
1370:
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1294:
1010:
10063:
9295:
8262:
8054:
7893:
6649:
5565:
5193:
2017:
1057:
of 1823, which warned Europe that the Western Hemisphere was no longer open for European colonization.
827:
764:
632:
607:
427:
349:, and that this belief was both obvious ("manifest") and certain ("destiny"). The belief was rooted in
85:
4397:
Outsourcing Culture: How American Culture has Changed From "We the People" Into a One World Government
1002:
The whole continent of North America appears to be destined by Divine Providence to be peopled by one
10167:
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9455:
9236:
8328:
7873:
7803:
7525:
2226:
1923:
1838:
1570:
1503:
1074:
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with Britain. O'Sullivan argued that the United States had the right to claim "the whole of Oregon":
458:, declaring it "one of the most unjust ever waged by a stronger against a weaker nation". Historian
38:
3849:
A Country of Vast Designs: James K. Polk, the Mexican War and the Conquest of the American Continent
1930:
in 1899; it won no support from any government anywhere and collapsed when its leader was captured.
558:
for the free development of our yearly multiplying millions". Overcoming Whig opposition, Democrats
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9796:
8895:
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8630:
8148:
8067:
8044:
6337:
6202:
5790:
5616:
5590:
4813:
1954:
1946:
1851:
1212:
Manifest destiny played an important role in the expansion of Texas and American relationship with
1160:
654:
600:
455:
423:
107:
8062:
6533:
5458:
Don't tread on me: a 400-year history of America at war, from Indian fighting to terrorist hunting
4908:
Military History of the United States; v. 2. Garland reference library of the humanities; vol. 933
4554:
1046:
382:
Manifest destiny remained heavily divisive in politics, causing constant conflict with regards to
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9776:
8986:
8976:
8905:
8534:
8267:
8237:
8123:
8108:
7991:
7986:
7928:
7888:
7555:
6486:
5991:
5529:
4014:
1950:
1090:
959:
south of the Great Lakes. They explained the American policy toward acquisition of Indian lands:
928:
683:
619:
570:
472:
407:
350:
277:
6130:
Sampson, Robert D (2002). "The Pacifist-reform Roots of John L. O'Sullivan's Manifest Destiny".
6044:
3683:
2587:
9975:
9926:
Treaty on Intellectual Property, Genetic Resources and Associated Traditional Knowledge (GRATK)
9574:
9505:
9371:
9306:
9049:
8971:
8872:
8800:
8620:
8615:
8554:
8481:
8333:
8252:
8221:
7976:
7322:
7206:
6905:
6855:
6573:
6518:
4669:
4306:
Huhndorf, Shari (2016). "Colonizing Alaska: Race, Nation, and the Remaking of Native America".
4183:
2232:
1942:
1931:
1871:
1855:
1692:
1647:. The United States continued the European practice of recognizing only limited land rights of
1541:
1245:
1038:
562:
in 1845. O'Sullivan's first usage of the phrase "manifest destiny" attracted little attention.
111:
6412:
Slavery and the American West: The Eclipse of Manifest Destiny and the Coming of the Civil War
5483:
5477:
5095:
5033:
4974:
4911:
4849:
4828:
4657:
4466:
4094:
3765:
3736:
3634:
Miles, Edwin A. (September 1957). "'Fifty-four Forty or Fight'—An American Political Legend".
3358:
3309:
3235:
Slavery and the American West: The Eclipse of Manifest Destiny and the Coming of the Civil War
3125:
The Rise of the American Conservation Movement: Power, Privilege, and Environmental Protection
2984:
Justin B. Litke, "Varieties of American Exceptionalism: Why John Winthrop Is No Imperialist",
2918:
2821:
2805:
2340:
9980:
9601:
9403:
9246:
9026:
8996:
8948:
8805:
8650:
8544:
8526:
8308:
8168:
8118:
8087:
8024:
7966:
7701:
7565:
7342:
7236:
6770:
6715:
6593:
6578:
6471:
5434:
Crenshaw, Ollinger (1941). "The Knights of the Golden Circle: The Career of George Bickley".
5122:
4449:
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3194:
2860:
2797:
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2560:
2527:
2500:
1723:
1348:
1325:
1183:
1122:
882:
832:
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in 1846, although he came to believe that the outcome would be beneficial to both countries.
596:
582:
That is, O'Sullivan believed that Providence had given the United States a mission to spread
519:
501:
368:
According to historian William Earl Weeks, there were three basic tenets behind the concept:
294:
123:
6244:
4700:
4479:
4213:
3790:
3434:
2796:. Linda S. Hudson has argued that it was coined by writer Jane McManus Storm; Greenburg, p.
2304:
442:) rejected the concept and campaigned against these actions. By 1843, former U.S. President
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9661:
9550:
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9223:
9084:
9021:
9011:
8981:
8963:
8847:
8511:
8435:
8272:
8143:
8029:
8006:
7646:
7540:
7181:
5281:
3721:
Lyon Rathbun, Lyon "The debate over annexing Texas and the emergence of manifest destiny."
2273:
2196:
2057:
1981:, the Americans "were imbued with a sense of manifest destiny," says historian John Dower.
1606:
1586:
1565:
on October 18. Russian and American soldiers paraded in front of the governor's house; the
1496:
1358:
956:
936:
527:
476:
362:
354:
230:
176:
4050:
James Mitchell Clarke, "Antonio Melendrez: Nemesis of William Walker in Baja California."
2426:
Empire of the People: Settler Colonialism and the Foundations of Modern Democratic Thought
2095:
1627:
1405:
Filibustering continued to be a major concern for presidents after Polk. Whigs presidents
1093:
between the United States and Britain, when the phrase "manifest destiny" originated. The
8:
9656:
9555:
9376:
9231:
9132:
9127:
9089:
9079:
9016:
9006:
9001:
8943:
8925:
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8862:
8842:
8792:
8777:
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8625:
8592:
8574:
8486:
8385:
8318:
8211:
8153:
8103:
7585:
7378:
7196:
6568:
4294:
2165:
2160:
Critics have condemned manifest destiny as an ideology used to justify dispossession and
2128:
2009:
1819:
1730:
1622:
1594:
1333:
1329:
1110:
1078:
1019:
991:
932:
859:
779:
713:
611:
583:
387:
81:
71:
7773:
6317:
5985:
5966:
Building the continental empire: American expansion from the Revolution to the Civil War
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8039:
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5012:
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4612:
4533:
4342:
4164:
3998:
3899:
3651:
3518:
3401:
3280:
2210:
2052:"Manifest destiny" is sometimes used by critics of U.S. foreign policy to characterize
2038:
2005:
1917:
never be annexed. That was the principle thrown overboard by the imperialism of 1899."
1779:
1750:
1590:
1582:
1484:
1472:
1172:
1118:
987:
808:
756:
741:
737:
587:
459:
391:
89:
7176:
3127:(Duke University Press, 2016) p. 109; for details on many minorities see pp. 110–157..
2600:
1394:, a near second in fame and success, spent his efforts trying to secure Cuba from the
1255:
bringing Mexico into the Union was the best way to ensure future peace in the region.
9866:
9475:
9338:
9256:
9180:
9122:
8935:
8890:
8867:
8832:
8824:
8767:
8749:
8660:
8491:
8473:
8443:
8360:
7720:
7641:
7626:
7621:
7411:
7246:
7226:
6735:
6672:
6558:
6513:
6437:
6416:
6395:
6376:
6341:
6301:
6280:
6259:
6226:
6183:
6165:
6139:
6110:
6081:
6077:
6016:
5995:
5970:
5949:
5904:
5881:
5860:
5815:
5794:
5769:
5748:
5727:
5708:
5687:
5666:
5641:
5620:
5594:
5569:
5533:
5506:
5487:
5462:
5424:
5398:
5309:
5297:
5236:
5222:
5154:
5142:
5101:
5039:
4915:
4673:
4616:
4604:
4555:"Founders Online: From Thomas Jefferson to William Henry Harrison, 27 February 1 ..."
4537:
4523:
4375:
4334:
4277:
4267:
4193:
4156:
4020:
3973:
3827:
3796:
3742:
3616:
3606:
3580:
3570:
3364:
3313:
3284:
3158:
3105:
3070:
3060:
2655:
2564:
2533:
2506:
2476:
2363:
2308:
2205:
1978:
1970:
1557:
1553:
1217:
1213:
1042:
940:
878:
823:", people in other countries would seek to establish their own democratic republics.
615:
555:
551:
443:
415:
166:
76:
9711:
6910:
538:
Six years later, in 1845, O'Sullivan wrote another essay titled "Annexation" in the
9995:
9965:
9960:
9919:
9841:
9356:
9157:
9137:
9104:
9094:
9041:
8837:
8607:
8582:
8496:
8448:
8375:
8370:
8323:
8206:
8163:
8128:
7878:
7616:
7590:
7470:
7357:
7352:
7312:
7241:
7186:
7133:
7105:
7020:
6553:
6538:
6457:
6102:
6073:
6051:
6009:
Weinberg, Albert Katz; Walter Hines Page School of International Relations (1935).
5443:
5289:
5214:
5134:
4876:
4862:
4753:
4728:
4665:
4596:
4515:
4446:
Blood and Soil: A World History of Genocide and Extermination from Sparta to Darfur
4367:
4120:
3690:
3643:
3603:
Remembering the Modoc War: redemptive violence and the making of American innocence
3393:
3360:
History of the United States of America During the Administrations of James Madison
3272:
3150:
3097:
2942:
J. P. Dickenson, "Development in Brazilian Amazonia: Background to new frontiers."
2430:
2049:, although rarely would it be described as "manifest destiny", as Wilson had done.
1949:
put the Philippines on a path to independence, which was realized in 1946 with the
1918:
1882:
1823:
1815:
1718:
1661:
1656:
1422:
1410:
1228:
1224:
1194:
919:
One of the goals of the War of 1812 was to threaten to annex the British colony of
866:", June 6, 1852, provides the most cogent expression of his reflective patriotism.
842:
820:
812:
749:
725:
695:
559:
547:
531:
451:
439:
411:
342:
289:
128:
117:
6462:
5637:
Mistress of Manifest Destiny: a biography of Jane McManus Storm Cazneau, 1807–1878
2652:
Mistress of Manifest Destiny: A Biography of Jane McManus Storm Cazneau, 1807–1878
1438:
1840s had seemed Heaven-sent, proved to have been a bomb wrapped up in idealism."
1391:
9903:
9342:
9185:
9112:
8915:
8857:
8782:
8757:
8708:
8668:
8506:
8463:
8355:
8072:
7845:
7798:
7696:
7681:
7595:
7545:
7383:
7272:
7090:
7005:
6825:
6790:
6563:
6548:
6431:
6410:
6370:
6295:
6274:
6241:
When the Eagle Screamed: The Romantic Horizon in American Expansionism, 1800-1860
6219:
6159:
6010:
5964:
5943:
5875:
5850:
5809:
5784:
5763:
5742:
5702:
5681:
5656:
5635:
5584:
5559:
5548:
5456:
5392:
4903:
4820:
4187:
3967:
3817:
3303:
2554:
2353:
2298:
2282:
2215:
2013:
1886:
1850:
In 1898, the United States intervened in the Cuban insurrection and launched the
1796:
1713:
1545:
1515:
1418:
1414:
1290:
1286:
1260:
1054:
1050:
952:
948:
898:
816:
435:
250:
171:
96:
3456:
3305:
American Foreign Relations since 1600: A Guide to the Literature, Second Edition
2640:. Jane Cazneau Omeka Net. Jane Cazneau Omeka website. Retrieved October 25, 2020
1520:
10013:
9985:
9826:
9673:
9641:
9606:
9567:
9213:
9205:
9190:
9175:
9170:
8458:
8345:
7923:
7883:
7828:
7778:
7753:
7728:
7686:
7656:
7216:
6860:
6528:
5765:
Promised land, crusader state: the American encounter with the world since 1776
4584:
2148:
access to the vast timber stands located on many western Indian Reservations."
1974:
1644:
1618:
1566:
1549:
1488:
1463:
1406:
1395:
1337:
1301:
1141:
1114:
1098:
1034:
1026:
969:
836:
792:
662:
480:
378:
The faith in the nation's divinely ordained destiny to succeed in this mission.
6356:
Manifestly Uncertain Destiny: The Debate over American Expansionism, 1803–1848
3584:
3276:
3074:
1277:
10086:
9636:
9420:
9165:
9142:
9064:
8900:
8739:
8564:
8516:
8412:
8158:
7868:
7818:
7748:
7631:
7575:
7460:
7419:
7393:
7388:
7373:
7347:
7317:
7297:
7251:
7231:
7221:
7166:
7161:
7095:
7075:
7060:
6930:
6920:
6865:
6835:
6810:
6765:
6725:
6543:
6143:
6114:
6085:
5301:
5146:
4608:
4338:
4281:
4160:
3786:
3620:
3162:
2140:
1984:
1910:
1775:
1562:
1164:
1156:
784:
691:
606:
Ironically, O'Sullivan's term became popular only after it was criticized by
358:
346:
283:
9450:
9264:
9147:
8953:
8772:
8453:
8392:
8380:
7933:
7918:
7913:
7908:
7758:
7706:
7691:
7651:
7580:
7560:
7550:
7535:
7506:
7494:
7485:
7440:
7430:
7211:
7171:
7146:
7141:
7110:
7080:
7055:
7040:
7015:
6990:
6985:
6980:
6830:
6315:
Hofstadter, Richard (1965). "Cuba, the Philippines, and Manifest Destiny".
5922:
Unquiet Eagle: Memory and Desire in the Idea of American Freedom, 1815–1860
4865:(1937). "Was the Presidential Election of 1900 a Mandate on Imperialism?".
4263:
4145:"That Settles It: The Debate and Consequences of the Homestead Act of 1862"
3816:
Calhoun, John Caldwell; Cook, Shirley Bright; Wilson, Clyde Norman (1959).
3566:
3154:
2434:
2046:
1989:
1890:
1670:
On 27 February 1803, Jefferson wrote in a letter to William Henry Harrison:
1321:
1102:
1015:
920:
729:
709:
704:
509:
447:
9646:
6613:
5447:
4361:
3263:
Fornieri, Joseph R. (April–June 2010). "Lincoln's Reflective Patriotism".
3101:
1741:
1699:, an 1868 lithograph illustrating the westward expansion of white settlers
9545:
9195:
9054:
8549:
8397:
7996:
7903:
7863:
7823:
7733:
7666:
7502:
7498:
7480:
7475:
7465:
7455:
7450:
7445:
7425:
7407:
7403:
7398:
7337:
7327:
7302:
7287:
7282:
7267:
7151:
7030:
7010:
7000:
6880:
6760:
6710:
6012:
Manifest destiny: a study of nationalist expansionism in American history
5208:
5190:
Democracy by Force: U.S. Military Intervention in the Post-Cold War World
4768:
4702:
The conspiracy of Pontiac and the Indian war after the conquest of Canada
4600:
4509:
4371:
4125:
4108:
3792:
Religion of a Different Color: Race and the Mormon Struggle for Whiteness
2424:
2169:
2025:
1905:
1901:
1863:
1859:
1827:
1722:
was published in 1851. Parkman wrote that after the French defeat in the
1537:
1341:
914:
894:
132:
6332:
Race and Manifest Destiny: The origins of American racial Anglo-Saxonism
6180:
A Failed Vision of Empire: The Collapse of Manifest Destiny, (1845–1872)
5218:
4957:
4760:(Appleton-Century-Crofts, Inc.: New York, 1950), p. 277, n. 38, quoting
4519:
4346:
4322:
4168:
4144:
4055:
3522:
3509:
Linebarger, Paul M. A. (1963). "Twenty SAIS Years, An Informal Memoir".
2973:
Race and Manifest Destiny: The Origins of American Racial Anglo-Saxonism
2696:
The United States Democratic Review Volume 0006 Issue 23 (November 1839)
2559:. Oxford History of the United States. Oxford University Press. p.
2008:
the role of the United States in the New World was defined, in the 1904
1957:
established Guam alongside Puerto Rico as an unincorporated unorganized
1373:, who launched several expeditions to Mexico and Central America, ruled
10000:
9683:
8716:
8673:
8402:
8350:
8303:
8216:
8001:
7971:
7961:
7833:
7813:
7768:
7530:
7415:
7292:
6925:
6122:
5811:
The great father: the United States government and the American Indians
5138:
4888:
4740:
3903:
3655:
3405:
3384:
Gates, Charles M. (1940). "The West in American Diplomacy, 1812–1815".
2960:
2472:
A Wicked War: Polk, Clay, Lincoln, and the 1846 U.S. Invasion of Mexico
2384:"America's Manifest Destiny | The American Experience in the Classroom"
2220:
2042:
1977:, continues to have an influence on American political ideology. Under
1652:
1502:
According to historian Hannah Anderson, the Homestead Act also lead to
1106:
995:
944:
84:
is an allegorical representation of the modernization of the new west.
6197:
The American idea of mission: concepts of national purpose and destiny
5683:
The power of projections: how maps reflect global politics and history
5293:
5035:
Hegemony Or Empire?: The Redefinition of Us Power Under George W. Bush
4109:"Manifest Mirth: The Humorous Critique of Manifest Destiny, 1846–1858"
3178:
A City Upon a Hill: How Sermons Changed the Course of American History
3138:
2728:
2718:
1934:
denounced the war and any form of future overseas expansion, writing,
1922:
be nothing but a blessing to any people and to any land." The nascent
9651:
9621:
9562:
9059:
8810:
8721:
8559:
8178:
8016:
7793:
7763:
7738:
7636:
7600:
7307:
7191:
7100:
7070:
7065:
7045:
6885:
6850:
4904:"The War of 1898, and U.S. Interventions, 1898–1934: An Encyclopedia"
2451:
1843:
1476:
1387:
1374:
874:
699:
6641:
6363:
Manifest Destiny and Mission in American History: A Reinterpretation
6106:
4880:
4732:
4631:"December 8, 1829: First Annual Message to Congress | Miller Center"
3647:
3397:
2793:
2067:
1941:
In 1917, all Puerto Ricans were made full American citizens via the
1306:
Manifest Destiny and Mission in American History: A Reinterpretation
1073:
Manifest destiny played an important role in the development of the
839:'s expansionist interpretation of America's future as "mendacious".
599:
would eventually request annexation as well. He was critical of the
515:
9611:
7783:
7676:
7570:
7277:
7120:
7115:
7025:
6895:
6890:
6840:
6800:
6785:
6755:
6730:
6720:
5835:. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press. p. 646.
5017:
2000:
After the turn of the 19th century to the 20th century, the phrase
1378:
6372:
Manifest Destiny's underworld: filibustering in antebellum America
6161:
Agents of Manifest Destiny: the lives and times of the filibusters
5611:
Manifest design: anxious aggrandizement in late Jacksonian America
4802:. Office of the Secretary of State of Missouri. 1895. p. 245.
4016:
Manifest Destiny's Underworld: Filibustering in Antebellum America
1163:, and the president and others argued it would be foolish to also
1101:, and thousands of Americans migrated there in the 1840s over the
955:
in 1814 with Britain. They rejected the British plan to set up an
670:
From the outset Manifest Destiny—vast in program, in its sense of
9584:
9471:
Coordinator of Indigenous Organizations of the Amazon River Basin
9241:
8338:
7035:
6995:
6950:
6945:
6915:
6875:
6805:
6775:
6750:
6705:
6700:
5267:"Deforestation caused abrupt shift in Great Lakes nitrogen cycle"
4585:"The Doctrine of Discovery: The International Law of Colonialism"
3890:
Gilley, Billy H. (1979). "'Polk's War' and the Louisiana Press".
687:
9336:
6211:
Historical Dictionary of the Jacksonian Era and Manifest Destiny
4589:
The Indigenous Peoples' Journal of Law, Culture & Resistance
3738:
Historical Dictionary of the Jacksonian Era and Manifest Destiny
1528:, showing the Alaskan acquisition in an inset in the upper right
1365:
1113:, and instead proposed a boundary line farther south, along the
889:
The phrase "manifest destiny" is most often associated with the
9762:
Ministry for the Development of the Russian Far East and Arctic
8587:
7050:
6935:
6845:
6820:
6815:
6740:
6695:
5899:
United States expansionism and British North America, 1775–1871
5877:
Manifest Destiny: American expansionism and the empire of right
2556:
What Hath God Wrought: The Transformation of America, 1815–1848
2176:
1533:
1468:
1117:, which would have made most of what later became the state of
372:
The assumption of the unique moral virtue of the United States.
6501:
4242:
Settlers as Conquerors: Free Land Policy in Antebellum America
3969:
Slavery and the American West: The Eclipse of Manifest Destiny
2144:
of diabetes, heart disease, and a decreased life expectancy."
1926:, desirous of independence, resisted the United States in the
1377:, and was captured by the Royal Navy before being executed in
8407:
7808:
6940:
6900:
6795:
6745:
5658:
Manifest Destiny and empire: American antebellum expansionism
2135:
1126:
6392:
Prophetic Worlds: Indians and Whites on the Columbia Plateau
3917:
Brent, Robert A. (1969). "Mississippi and the Mexican War".
2603:. Encyclopedia.com taken from Dictionary of American History
2045:" would grow stronger in the 20th century after the end of
1988:
The U.S.'s intentions to influence the area (especially the
9898:
UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (UNDRIP)
6780:
3734:
3605:. Chapel Hill, NC: The University of North Carolina Press.
3355:
from the American continent." Jefferson To William Duane."
2846:
Robert W. Johannsen, "The Meaning of Manifest Destiny", in
2168:
displacement of Indigenous Americans in order to carry out
1897:
1867:
1708:
historian Reginald Horsman argued in his influential study
1578:
759:'s 1997 analysis of the political polarization between the
5264:
5250:
Cothran, Boyd (2014). "The Angels of Peace and Progress".
2923:. Vol. 86. United States Congress. 1846. p. 134.
1031:
border between British North America and the United States
931:
rather than regular troops. The American victories at the
6319:
The paranoid style in American politics: and other essays
5550:
The movement for the acquisition of all Mexico, 1846–1848
3429:
3363:. Library of America, 1891, reprinted 1986. p. 528.
2103:
1938:'Destiny' is not as manifest as it was a few weeks ago."
1858:, Spain relinquished sovereignty over Cuba and ceded the
1025:
Adams did much to further this idea. He orchestrated the
716:
provided an opportunity to create a new, better society:
131:(1835-1836) which resulted in a decisive victory for the
3479:"1820s – Continentalism | Savages & Scoundrels"
2099:
1475:
settlers in North Dakota in front of their homestead, a
1332:
on January 24, 1859, delivered an impassioned speech at
5726:. The University of North Carolina Press. p. 448.
4216:. The U.S. National Archives and Records Administration
2708:
1089:
Manifest destiny played its most important role in the
6433:
Thomas Ap Catesby Jones: commodore of Manifest Destiny
5945:
Redeemer nation: the idea of America's millennial role
5362:"Manifest Destiny | Causes & Effects | Britannica"
5013:"Puerto Ricans nranted U.S. citizenship March 2, 1917"
2139:
habitat." "Scholars such as environmental sociologist
1795:
platform proclaimed: "We reaffirm our approval of the
811:
in 1803, which doubled the size of the United States,
59:
Cultural belief of 19th-century American expansionists
2957:
Yearbook. Conference of Latin Americanist Geographers
2529:
American Expansionism, 1783–1860: A Manifest Destiny?
1109:(in office 1841–1845) to divide the region along the
9461:
Confederation of Indigenous Nationalities of Ecuador
6463:
Collection: "Manifest Destiny and the American West"
5987:
Andrew Jackson: Symbol for an Age: Symbol for an Age
5505:. New York: Kessinger Publishing, LLC. p. 384.
2725:"A Divine Destiny for America by John L. O'Sullivan"
2186:
1597:
before becoming the modern State of Alaska in 1959.
1105:. The British rejected a proposal by U.S. President
1018:
as it looked prior to 1840. Painting from memory by
450:
because it meant the expansion of slavery in Texas.
9886:
Indigenous and Tribal Peoples Convention (ILO C169)
6294:Heidler, David Stephen; Heidler, Jeanne T. (2003).
5586:
Manifest Design: American Exceptionalism and Empire
5561:
Manifest manhood and the antebellum American empire
5332:"Sioux leader says Amazon is Dakotas 120 years ago"
5097:
Embracing Defeat: Japan in the Wake of World War II
4260:
An indigenous peoples' history of the United States
4214:"Teaching With Documents:The Homestead Act of 1862"
3642:(2). Organization of American Historians: 291–309.
3096:, University of Minnesota Press, pp. 123–131,
2835:
Manifest design: American exceptionalism and Empire
2502:
Ulysses S. Grant: Triumph Over Adversity, 1822–1865
1774:experienced a brief revival. Protestant missionary
1063:
Walter Hines Page School of International Relations
819:
mission: If the United States was successful as a "
6604:Acquisition of the Northern Mariana Islands (1986)
6358:. PhD dissertation, Kansas State University, 2011.
6329:
6316:
6251:
6218:
6194:
5919:
5896:
5840:Rossiter, Clinton (1950). "The American Mission".
5608:
5524:Hard facts: setting and form in the American novel
5521:
5482:. The University of North Carolina Press. p.
4414:. Palgrave MacMillan. pp. 180, 184, 189, 199.
3852:. New York: Simon & Schuster 2009, pp. 414–415
3237:. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.
2784:See Julius Pratt, "The Origin Of 'Manifest Destiny
2418:
2416:
1854:to force Spain out. According to the terms of the
1766:mission of this Republic and its ultimate destiny.
337:" was a phrase that represented the belief in the
9914:UN Declaration on the Rights of Peasants (UNDROP)
5394:The Early American Republic: A Documentary Reader
4472:
4323:"A History of Schooling for Alaska Native People"
3815:
3343:Habits of Empire: A History of American Expansion
2991:
2068:Environmental consequences for indigenous peoples
586:("the great experiment of liberty"). Because the
10084:
5786:Manifest Destiny and Mission in American History
5032:David, Charles Philippe; Grondin, David (2006).
4937:"Ruling America's Colonies: The 'Insular Cases'"
4664:, University of Minnesota Press, pp. 1–54,
4189:A Historical Atlas of America's Manifest Destiny
2592:
1736:
1556:entered into negotiations with Russian minister
1351:. Originally filibuster had come from the Dutch
9820:African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights
9491:International Work Group for Indigenous Affairs
6221:West of Emerson: the design of Manifest Destiny
4424:
3091:
2429:. University Press of Kansas. pp. 101–26.
2413:
869:
845:served in the war with Mexico and later wrote:
9511:Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization
6293:
3560:
3222:"U.S. Grant, Memoir on the Mexican War (1885)"
3210:. Santa Barbara, Calif: ABC-CLIO. p. 145.
2749:
2020:as a core value associated with the doctrine.
1770:As the Civil War faded into history, the term
802:
682:The origin of the first theme, later known as
9322:
6657:
6487:
4359:
3297:
2408:Out of Many: A History of the American People
2164:. Critics argue it resulted in the forceful
2098:. Consider transferring direct quotations to
1097:had provided for the joint occupation of the
314:
9496:National Indigenous Organization of Colombia
9486:Indigenous Peoples Council on Biocolonialism
5207:Norgaard, Karie Marie (September 13, 2019).
5031:
4764:, 35 Cong., 2 sess., p. 705 (Feb. 2, 1859);
4308:Cornell Paperbacks, Cornell University Press
4257:
4019:. Univ of North Carolina Press. p. 11.
3972:. Univ of North Carolina Press. p. 43.
2756:United States Magazine and Democratic Review
2300:John Quincy Adams and American Global Empire
1544:decided to relinquish control of the ailing
1285:The controversy was eventually ended by the
1140:American westward expansion is idealized in
1068:
361:. It was one of the earliest expressions of
92:are displaced from their ancestral homeland.
5679:
5426:The Meaning of the Times and Other Speeches
5073:"The Religious Origins of Manifest Destiny"
4758:A Diplomatic History of the American People
4655:
4425:Finkelman, Paul; Kennon, Donald R. (2008).
3449:
1585:began in 1896. Originally organized as the
1147:Westward the Course of Empire Takes Its Way
1037:and in British and Canadian history as the
526:O'Sullivan was an influential advocate for
384:slavery in these new states and territories
23:
10153:Territorial evolution of the United States
10143:Political terminology of the United States
9329:
9315:
6664:
6650:
6503:Territorial expansion of the United States
6494:
6480:
6361:Merk, Frederick, and Lois Bannister Merk.
6314:
5873:
5429:. Indianapolis: The Bobbs–Merrill Company.
5329:
5187:
5120:
5058:
4427:Congress and the Emergence of Sectionalism
3508:
2689:
2494:
2492:
2358:(illustrated ed.). ABC-CLIO. p.
1964:
1889:(1902) then established Cuba as a virtual
1878:He was defeated in landslide by McKinley.
1874:, who tried to make it a central issue in
1526:territorial expansion of the United States
891:territorial expansion of the United States
651:A New Map of Texas, Oregon, and California
321:
307:
24:
9752:National Commission on Indigenous Peoples
5761:
5740:
5654:
5557:
5422:
4986:
4934:
4841:
4394:
4320:
4124:
3861:
3741:. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 139.
3535:
3496:
3021:
2892:
2880:
2853:
2847:
2638:"Who Coined the Phrase Manifest Destiny?"
2468:
2402:
2400:
2332:
2330:
2328:
2326:
2324:
2303:. University Press of Kentucky. pp.
10173:Internal migrations in the United States
10093:1845 establishments in the United States
9742:National Institute of Indigenous Peoples
6408:
6272:
6216:
6209:Cheathem, Mark R. and Terry Corps, eds.
6092:
6008:
5839:
5433:
5206:
5175:
5174:; Wilson's version of manifest destiny:
4799:Official Manual of the State of Missouri
4670:10.5749/minnesota/9780816665778.003.0001
4409:
4305:
4142:
4039:
3965:
3822:. Univ of South Carolina Press. p.
3710:The Mexican War—was it Manifest Destiny?
3636:The Mississippi Valley Historical Review
3539:
3262:
3247:
3232:
3033:
2876:
2750:O'Sullivan, John L. (July–August 1845).
2446:
2444:
2292:
2290:
1983:
1973:", and continued by Lincoln, Wilson and
1837:
1740:
1691:
1626:
1519:
1509:
1467:
1364:
1276:
1135:
1009:
873:
645:
641:
514:
500:Most historians credit newspaper editor
357:, implying the inevitable spread of the
345:were destined to expand westward across
116:
95:
70:
32:This is an accepted version of this page
9862:UN Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues
6599:Treaty of the Danish West Indies (1917)
6327:
6129:
6063:
5941:
5926:. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
5848:
5606:
5582:
5454:
5249:
4698:
4503:
4501:
4499:
4443:
4066:
4052:California Historical Society Quarterly
3935:
3773:
3600:
3208:James K. Polk: A Biographical Companion
2865:Encyclopedia of American Foreign Policy
2801:
2621:
2598:
2498:
2489:
2355:James K. Polk: A Biographical Companion
1833:
546:. In this article he urged the U.S. to
14:
10085:
9732:Indigenous and Northern Affairs Canada
6389:
6375:. University of North Carolina Press.
6164:. University of North Carolina Press.
6043:Victor, Frances Fuller (August 1869).
6042:
5930:
5917:
5903:. University of North Carolina Press.
5894:
5828:
5807:
5640:. Texas State Historical Association.
5633:
5546:
5519:
5500:
5475:
4861:
4784:
4714:
4712:
4582:
4578:
4576:
4574:
4549:
4547:
4507:
4462:
3954:
3889:
3873:
3769:
3735:Mark R. Cheathem; Terry Corps (2016).
3682:Victor, Frances Fuller (August 1869).
3681:
3669:
3596:
3594:
3205:
3175:
3009:
2654:. Texas State Historical Association.
2649:
2397:
2351:
2321:
994:in the 1840s. In 1811, Adams wrote to
893:from 1812 to 1867. This era, from the
618:". On January 3, 1846, Representative
106:, was a decisive battle action of the
10128:History of United States expansionism
9617:Lands inhabited by indigenous peoples
9516:Zapatista Army of National Liberation
9310:
8427:
8243:Bibliography of the American frontier
6671:
6645:
6475:
6429:
6249:
6192:
6158:Brown, Charles Henry (January 1980).
6157:
5962:
5411:
5390:
5330:San Martín, Inés (October 17, 2019).
5319:from the original on October 9, 2022.
5093:
5010:
4998:
4901:
4718:
4360:Watt-Cloutier, Sheila (May 1, 2018).
4253:
4251:
4235:
4233:
4231:
4181:
4138:
4136:
4106:
4078:
4060:
3916:
3785:
3633:
3556:
3554:
3552:
3550:
3548:
3383:
3356:
3252:. New York: Chelsea House Publishers.
3136:
3087:
3085:
3083:
3054:
3050:
3048:
3046:
3044:
3042:
2817:
2743:
2441:
2296:
2287:
1992:construction and control) led to the
712:echoed this notion, arguing that the
426:. In contrast, the large majority of
8299:Cuisine of the Western United States
6467:University of Michigan Museum of Art
6046:"Manifest Destiny in the West"
5983:
5782:
5700:
4970:
4868:Mississippi Valley Historical Review
4845:
4824:
4623:
4496:
4327:Journal of American Indian Education
4239:
4090:
3761:
3685:"Manifest Destiny in the West"
3386:Mississippi Valley Historical Review
3250:Manifest Destiny: Westward Expansion
3190:
2997:
2674:
2583:
2552:
2422:
2336:
2262:"John Gast, American Progress, 1872"
2256:
2254:
2125:European colonization and settlement
2071:
1651:. In a policy formulated largely by
1483:the land for five years. Before the
736:further elaborated during Lincoln's
542:, in which he first used the phrase
10158:United States federal Indian policy
6584:Treaty of Cession of Tutuila (1900)
6368:
6036:
5721:
5547:Fuller, John Douglas Pitts (1936).
5342:from the original on August 3, 2020
4709:
4571:
4544:
4012:
3672:, p. 104; compass quote p. 84.
3591:
2525:
2162:genocide against indigenous peoples
1612:
1552:. In 1865, U.S. Secretary of State
1207:
702:. In his influential 1776 pamphlet
56:
9892:Convention on Biological Diversity
8035:Confederate Gulch and Diamond City
6589:Treaty of Cession of Manuʻa (1904)
6458:President Polk's Inaugural Address
6394:. University of Washington Press.
6254:The Presidency of William McKinley
6225:. University of California Press.
6031:
4248:
4228:
4133:
3545:
3080:
3039:
2861:"Exceptionalism: Manifest Destiny"
1994:separation of Panama from Colombia
1635:tribal territories color-coded by
626:
127:, was the final battle during the
57:
10189:
10138:19th century in the United States
9920:High Seas Treaty (BBNJ Agreement)
8283:Timeline of the American Old West
6451:
5655:Johannsen, Robert Walter (1997).
5210:Salmon and Acorns Feed Our People
5121:Cunningham, Steven Clark (2021).
5070:
4910:, Taylor & Francis, pp.
4656:O'Brien, Jean M. (May 31, 2010),
4366:. University of Minnesota Press.
3467:from the original on May 9, 2015.
3265:Perspectives on Political Science
3143:Journal of Asian American Studies
2702:
2251:
1289:, which added the territories of
1252:declared independence from Mexico
1095:Anglo-American Convention of 1818
980:
386:. It is also associated with the
365:in the United States of America.
64:Manifest Destiny (disambiguation)
10178:White supremacy in North America
10059:
10058:
9772:Government of the Sakha Republic
9481:Indigenous Environmental Network
9362:Free, prior and informed consent
9291:
9290:
6612:
6182:. University of Nebraska Press.
6078:10.1111/j.0022-3840.2001.00111.x
5852:John L. O'Sullivan and his times
5680:Klinghoffer, Arthur Jay (2006).
5412:Bryan, William Jennings (1899).
5354:
5323:
5258:
5243:
5200:
5181:
5161:
5114:
5087:
5064:
5052:
5025:
5004:
4992:
4980:
4964:
4928:
4895:
4855:
4834:
4806:
4790:
4778:
4747:
4692:
4649:
4508:Ostler, Jeffrey (May 28, 2019).
4456:
4437:
4418:
3457:"Continental and Continentalism"
2908:Volume 7 Issue 1 (Jan 1848) p. 2
2904:"Prospectus of the New Series",
2189:
2076:
2054:interventions in the Middle East
1573:raised amid peals of artillery.
1457:
1315:
1239:
686:, was often traced to America's
10113:American political catchphrases
10046:Persecution of Uyghurs in China
9908:Fair Access and Benefit-Sharing
9592:Dakota Access Pipeline protests
7939:First transcontinental railroad
5948:. University of Chicago Press.
5011:Glass, Andrew (March 2, 2008).
4823:; context not clearly defined,
4484:. Thomas Jefferson's Monticello
4403:
4388:
4353:
4314:
4299:
4288:
4206:
4175:
4100:
4084:
4072:
4044:
4033:
4006:
3986:
3959:
3948:
3929:
3910:
3883:
3867:
3855:
3840:
3809:
3779:
3755:
3728:
3715:
3702:
3675:
3662:
3627:
3529:
3502:
3489:
3471:
3413:
3377:
3348:
3335:
3326:
3291:
3256:
3241:
3226:
3214:
3199:
3184:
3169:
3130:
3117:
3094:Speaking of Indigenous Politics
3027:
3015:
3003:
2978:
2965:
2949:
2936:
2927:
2911:
2898:
2886:
2870:
2840:
2827:
2811:
2778:
2683:
2668:
2643:
2631:
2615:
2577:
2546:
2519:
1789:1892 U.S. presidential election
1487:, Southern leaders opposed the
1131:1844 U.S. presidential election
1123:their colonies in North America
396:annexation of lands to the west
10133:International relations theory
9956:2009 Peruvian political crisis
9466:Congress of Aboriginal Peoples
5744:The Invention of Communication
5686:. Greenwood Publishing Group.
5663:Texas A&M University Press
5436:The American Historical Review
4399:. Outskirts Press. p. 97.
4258:Dunbar-Ortiz, Roxanne (2014).
3919:Journal of Mississippi History
2711:"A Divine Destiny For America"
2692:"The Great Nation of Futurity"
2532:. Routledge. pp. 62, 70.
2505:. Voyageur Press. p. 30.
2462:
2376:
2345:
1959:territory of the United States
1778:, in his best-seller of 1885,
957:Indian state in U.S. territory
908:
740:, in which he interpreted the
13:
1:
10148:Politics of the United States
9787:Council of Indigenous Peoples
6594:Annexation of Oklahoma (1906)
6409:Morrison, Michael A. (1999).
6354:McDonough, Matthew Davitian.
6193:Burns, Edward McNall (1957).
6095:Journal of the Early Republic
5832:The Black Abolitionist Papers
5808:Prucha, Francis Paul (1995).
5762:McDougall, Walter A. (1997).
5724:Manifest Destiny's Underworld
5704:Works of Thomas Jefferson, IX
5423:Beveridge, Albert J. (1908).
5100:. W. W. Norton. p. 217.
5038:. Ashgate. pp. 129–130.
4935:Torruella, Juan (Fall 2013).
4412:The Challenge of Eurocentrism
4395:Greenwood, Robert E. (2007).
4107:Burge, Daniel (August 2016).
3966:Morrison, Michael A. (2000).
3876:, pp. 119, 122, 162 and
3819:The Papers of John C. Calhoun
3723:Rhetoric & Public Affairs
3561:Gilio-Whitaker, Dina (2019).
3233:Morrison, Michael A. (1997).
2833:Quoted in Thomas R. Hietala,
2475:. Vintage Books. p. 51.
2239:
2155:
1737:Beyond mainland North America
1084:
638:America's Manifest Destiny."
359:Republican form of governance
9971:Expulsion of the Chagossians
8114:Battle of the Little Bighorn
6579:Tripartite Convention (1899)
6390:Miller, Christopher (1985).
6273:Graebner, Norman A. (1968).
6243:(U of Oklahoma Press, 2000)
5963:Weeks, William Earl (1996).
5942:Tuveson, Ernest Lee (1980).
5895:Stuart, Reginald C. (1988).
5391:Adams, Sean Patrick (2008).
5213:. Rutgers University Press.
5075:. National Humanities Center
4945:Yale Law & Policy Review
4143:Anderson, Hannah L. (2011).
4113:Western Historical Quarterly
3483:www.savagesandscoundrels.org
2988:, 54 (Spring 2012), 197–213.
2975:(Harvard UP, 1981) pp. 2, 3.
2709:O'Sullivan, John L. (1839).
2297:Weeks, William Earl (2002).
2244:
1818:advocated annexation of the
1814:For example, when President
1417:, a filibustering effort by
1189:Manifest Destiny in the West
1182:In 1869, American historian
870:Era of continental expansion
495:
454:served in and condemned the
256:Involvement in regime change
18:Annexation (O'Sullivan)
7:
9767:Government of Bashkortostan
9632:American Indian reservation
9501:Native American Rights Fund
8139:First Battle of Adobe Walls
8083:Long Branch Saloon gunfight
8078:Gunfight at the O.K. Corral
6569:Annexation of Hawaii (1898)
6258:. Regents Press of Kansas.
6015:. The Johns Hopkins Press.
5984:Ward, John William (1962).
5937:. Baker and Taylor Company.
5874:Stephanson, Anders (1996).
5857:Kent State University Press
5701:Ford, Paul L., ed. (2010).
5607:Hietala, Thomas R. (1985).
5583:Hietala, Thomas R. (2003).
4902:Beede, Benjamin R. (1994),
3206:Byrnes, Mark Eaton (2001).
2986:Journal of Church and State
2792:, (1927) 32#4, pp. 795–798
2599:Hidalgo, Dennis R. (2003).
2352:Byrnes, Mark Eaton (2001).
2270:City University of New York
2182:
1589:, the area was renamed the
1381:by the Honduran government.
1223:from Mexico and, after the
881:, painted above in 1816 by
803:Alternative interpretations
569:, O'Sullivan addressed the
110:(1846–1848) as part of the
10:
10194:
9722:Fundação Nacional do Índio
7894:Great Western Cattle Trail
6328:Horsman, Reginald (1981).
6066:Journal of Popular Culture
5741:Mattelart, Armand (1996).
5566:Cambridge University Press
5558:Greenberg, Amy S. (2005).
5383:
5274:Limnology and Oceanography
5194:Cambridge University Press
5188:Von Hippel, Karin (2000).
4699:Parkman, Francis (1913) .
4583:Miller, Robert J. (2017).
2959:vol. 13, 1987, pp. 25–35.
2790:American Historical Review
2469:Greenberg, Amy S. (2013).
2406:John Mack Faragher et al.
1616:
1536:. In the aftermath of the
1513:
1461:
1243:
912:
633:March to the West (Brazil)
630:
465:
422:, culminating in the 1846
400:1844 presidential election
339:19th-century United States
112:US conquest of California.
61:
10054:
9938:
9875:
9850:
9807:
9699:
9692:
9533:
9456:Assembly of First Nations
9441:
9349:
9286:
9255:
9222:
9204:
9156:
9103:
9035:
8962:
8934:
8881:
8823:
8791:
8748:
8730:
8707:
8659:
8606:
8573:
8525:
8472:
8434:
8423:
8291:
8230:
8177:
8096:
8053:
8015:
7982:Lost Dutchman's Gold Mine
7947:
7854:
7804:Rocky Mountain Rendezvous
7719:
7609:
7526:Frederick Russell Burnham
7516:
7366:
7260:
7129:
6966:
6959:
6686:
6679:
6621:
6610:
6524:Louisiana Purchase (1803)
6509:
6436:. Naval Institute Press.
6178:Burge, Daniel J. (2022).
5829:Ripley, Peter C. (1985).
5634:Hudson, Linda S. (2001).
5501:Greene, Laurence (2008).
4819:October 18, 2007, at the
4721:American Indian Quarterly
4514:. Yale University Press.
4321:Barnhardt, Carol (2001).
3708:Ramon Eduardo Ruiz, ed.,
3565:. Boston, Massachusetts:
3277:10.1080/10457091003685019
3137:Chang, Gordon H. (2012).
2762:(1): 5–11. Archived from
2650:Hudson, Linda S. (2001).
1719:The Conspiracy of Pontiac
1710:Race and Manifest Destiny
1504:environmental degradation
1435:issues that played a role
1075:transcontinental railroad
1069:Transcontinental railroad
903:continental United States
487:expansionism, be it into
103:Battle of Río San Gabriel
10123:History of North America
9946:Chechen–Russian conflict
9797:Bureau of Indian Affairs
7323:"Mysterious Dave" Mather
6559:Guano Islands Act (1856)
6534:Adams–Onís Treaty (1819)
6529:Red River Cession (1818)
6514:Thirteen Colonies (1776)
6365:. New York: Knopf, 1963.
6338:Harvard University Press
6250:Gould, Lewis L. (1980).
6203:Rutgers University Press
6151:
5849:Sampson, Robert (2003).
5791:Harvard University Press
5783:Merk, Frederick (1963).
5747:. U of Minnesota Press.
5617:Cornell University Press
5605:Previously published as
5591:Cornell University Press
4433:. pp. 15, 141, 254.
4182:Favor, Lesli J. (2005).
3795:. Oxford UP. p. 6.
3248:Mountjoy, Shane (2009).
2906:The American Whig Review
2499:Simpson, Brooks (2014).
2096:summarize the quotations
1955:Guam Organic Act of 1950
1924:revolutionary government
1745:Newspaper reporting the
1281:Growth from 1840 to 1850
1165:fight the British Empire
1029:, which established the
821:shining city upon a hill
655:Samuel Augustus Mitchell
571:ongoing boundary dispute
39:latest accepted revision
10098:American exceptionalism
9991:Little Danes experiment
9777:Government of Tatarstan
9444:political organizations
8124:Battle of Washita River
8109:Battle of Glorieta Pass
7987:Lost Ship of the Desert
7929:Southern Emigrant Trail
7889:Great Platte River Road
7556:George Armstrong Custer
7348:William "Bill" Tilghman
6861:Nootka (Nuu-chah-nulth)
6554:Gadsden Purchase (1853)
6539:Texas Annexation (1845)
6430:Smith, Gene A. (2000).
6369:May, Robert E. (2002).
6217:Fresonke, Kris (2003).
5992:Oxford University Press
5931:Strong, Josiah (1885).
5814:. U of Nebraska Press.
5722:May, Robert E. (2004).
5530:Oxford University Press
5520:Fisher, Philip (1985).
5476:Cheery, Conrad (1998).
5455:Crocker, H. W. (2006).
5094:Dower, John W. (2000).
4013:May, Robert E. (2004).
2920:The Congressional Globe
2410:, (2nd ed. 1997) p. 413
2127:, according to scholar
1965:Legacy and consequences
1928:Philippine–American War
1091:Oregon boundary dispute
1047:Transcontinental Treaty
791:According to historian
690:heritage, particularly
684:American exceptionalism
473:American exceptionalism
408:Oregon boundary dispute
351:American exceptionalism
144:expansion and influence
9976:High Arctic relocation
9878:Declarations of Rights
9575:Cultural appropriation
9506:Survival International
8334:Rocky Mountain oysters
6574:Treaty of Paris (1898)
6564:Alaska Purchase (1867)
6549:Mexican Cession (1848)
6519:Treaty of Paris (1783)
6239:Goetzmann, William H.
6213:(2nd ed. 2016), 544 pp
5553:. Johns Hopkins Press.
4184:"6. Settling the West"
4054:12.4 (1933): 318–322.
3601:Cothran, Boyd (2014).
3176:Witham, Larry (2007).
3155:10.1353/jaas.2012.0012
2859:McCrisken, Trevor B.,
2452:"29. Manifest Destiny"
2435:10.2307/j.ctt22rbjjz.8
2281:June 15, 2014, at the
2266:Picturing U.S. History
2233:Young America movement
2227:The White Man's Burden
2034:
1997:
1932:William Jennings Bryan
1893:of the United States.
1872:William Jennings Bryan
1847:
1768:
1754:
1716:, whose landmark book
1700:
1686:
1676:
1639:
1542:Alexander II of Russia
1540:in the 1850s, Emperor
1529:
1479:
1446:should be the rule of
1382:
1349:military filibustering
1282:
1271:
1246:All of Mexico Movement
1205:
1151:
1049:in 1819, transferring
1022:
1008:
978:
966:
925:Native American tribes
886:
852:
774:
722:
676:
658:
580:
523:
504:with coining the term
136:
114:
93:
9981:Human rights in Tibet
9708:Aotearoa-New Zealand
9602:Fortress conservation
9404:Traditional knowledge
9367:Intellectual property
8169:Wounded Knee Massacre
8119:Battle of San Jacinto
8088:Variety Hall shootout
8063:Battle of Coffeyville
8045:Pike's Peak Gold Rush
8025:Black Hills Gold Rush
7702:Thomas William Sweeny
7566:Samuel P. Heintzelman
7343:John Horton Slaughter
7237:Richens Lacey Wootton
6771:Five Civilized Tribes
5918:Somkin, Fred (1967).
4558:founders.archives.gov
4450:Yale University Press
4444:Kiernan, Ben (2007).
4431:Ohio University Press
3357:Adams, Henry (1986).
3102:10.5749/j.ctv8j71d.14
2867:(2002), Vol. 2, p. 68
2030:
1987:
1841:
1763:
1744:
1724:French and Indian War
1695:
1681:
1672:
1630:
1523:
1510:Acquisition of Alaska
1471:
1368:
1280:
1266:
1221:declared independence
1200:
1184:Frances Fuller Victor
1139:
1013:
1000:
974:
961:
913:Further information:
899:acquisition of Alaska
883:Charles Robert Leslie
877:
850:additional territory.
847:
769:
718:
668:
649:
642:Themes and influences
575:
567:New York Morning News
518:
246:Foreign interventions
214:Military bases abroad
162:Territorial evolution
124:Battle of San Jacinto
120:
99:
74:
10108:American nationalism
10103:American imperialism
10005:Residential schools
9951:Sri Lankan Civil War
9693:Legal representation
9662:Urban Indian reserve
9551:Internal colonialism
9442:Non-governmental and
9397:in the United States
9224:Washington Territory
8964:New Mexico Territory
8329:Pacific Northwestern
8248:Cowboys and cowgirls
8030:California Gold Rush
8007:Seven Cities of Gold
7992:Montezuma's treasure
7799:One-room schoolhouse
7647:George E. Goodfellow
7541:Texas Jack Omohundro
7384:"Curly Bill" Brocius
7182:Liver-Eating Johnson
7157:Tomás Vélez Cachupín
6711:Assiniboine (Nakota)
6544:Oregon Treaty (1846)
5842:The American Scholar
5768:. Houghton Mifflin.
5168:"Safe for democracy"
4844:, pp. 112–113;
4662:Firsting and Lasting
4601:10.2139/ssrn.3541299
4452:. pp. 328, 330.
4372:10.5749/j.ctt2204r9f
4363:The Right to Be Cold
3308:. ABC-CLIO. p.
3055:Estes, Nick (2021),
2946:109 (1989): 141-155.
2766:on November 25, 2005
2721:on October 16, 2004.
2197:United States portal
2058:American imperialism
1947:Tydings–McDuffie Act
1852:Spanish–American War
1834:Spanish–American War
1697:Across The Continent
1607:Sheila Watt-Cloutier
1587:Department of Alaska
1569:was lowered and the
1497:Roxanne Dunbar-Ortiz
1359:New-York Daily Times
1161:Mexican–American War
1045:. He negotiated the
937:Battle of the Thames
864:Eulogy to Henry Clay
601:Mexican–American War
584:republican democracy
528:Jacksonian democracy
477:Romantic nationalism
456:Mexican–American War
424:Mexican–American War
392:Indigenous Americans
363:American imperialism
355:Romantic nationalism
209:Military deployments
108:Mexican–American War
90:Indigenous Americans
62:For other uses, see
9556:Settler colonialism
8212:Pleasant Valley War
8154:Sand Creek massacre
8104:Battle of the Alamo
7977:Long Tom's treasure
7672:Octaviano Larrazolo
7586:Ranald S. Mackenzie
7536:"Buffalo Bill" Cody
7247:"Old Bill" Williams
7197:William John Murphy
6415:. UNC Press Books.
6300:. Greenwood Press.
5707:. Cosmo Press Inc.
5448:10.1086/ahr/47.1.23
5415:Republic or Empire?
5397:. Wiley–Blackwell.
5286:2020LimOc..65.1921G
5219:10.2307/j.ctvscxrxd
4840:McKinley quoted in
4520:10.2307/j.ctvgc629z
4149:The History Teacher
4081:, pp. 144–152.
3725:4#3 (2001): 459–93.
3461:Sociology Index.com
3180:. New York: Harper.
2731:on October 16, 2004
2553:Howe, D.W. (2007).
2423:Dahl, Adam (2018).
2129:Dina Gilio-Whitaker
2089:too many quotations
2010:Roosevelt Corollary
1919:Albert J. Beveridge
1896:The acquisition of
1731:Dina Gilio-Whitaker
1623:California genocide
1595:Territory of Alaska
1340:and the continued "
1229:annexation of Texas
1144:'s famous painting
1079:Dina Gilio-Whitaker
1020:Alfred Jacob Miller
992:Polk administration
933:Battle of Lake Erie
905:as they are today.
780:Johnson v. McIntosh
714:American Revolution
612:Polk administration
471:the era, including
241:Non-interventionism
199:Military operations
29:Page version status
10041:Stolen Generations
9842:BBNJ ABS Committee
9597:Discovery doctrine
9541:Civilizing mission
9382:Self-determination
9037:Oklahoma Territory
8222:Sutton–Taylor feud
8202:Lincoln County War
8197:Johnson County War
8097:Military conflicts
8040:Klondike Gold Rush
7841:Westward expansion
7662:Zephaniah Kingsley
7436:John Wesley Hardin
7333:George Scarborough
7313:"Wild Bill" Hickok
7202:John Wesley Powell
6088:. Fulltext: Ebsco.
5366:www.britannica.com
5139:10.1111/soc4.12946
4787:, pp. 107–108
4637:. October 20, 2016
4511:Surviving Genocide
4126:10.1093/whq/whw087
3999:The New York Times
3300:Beisner, Robert L.
3000:, pp. 315–319
2971:Reginald Horsman,
2944:Revista Geográfica
2690:O'Sullivan, John.
2601:"Manifest Destiny"
2526:Joy, Mark (2014).
2211:Civilizing mission
2170:colonial expansion
2039:self-determination
2006:Theodore Roosevelt
1998:
1876:the 1900 election.
1860:Philippine Islands
1848:
1820:Republic of Hawaii
1809:overseas expansion
1755:
1751:Republic of Hawaii
1701:
1649:Indigenous peoples
1640:
1591:District of Alaska
1583:Klondike Gold Rush
1530:
1485:American Civil War
1480:
1383:
1283:
1152:
1043:Columbia Districts
1023:
988:Louisiana Purchase
887:
833:Alexander Stephens
809:Louisiana Purchase
742:American Civil War
738:Gettysburg Address
659:
588:British government
524:
520:John L. O'Sullivan
460:Daniel Walker Howe
295:America's Backyard
137:
115:
94:
35:
10080:
10079:
10065:Indigenous rights
9934:
9933:
9867:Indigenous Caucus
9808:Intergovernmental
9657:Russian republics
9627:Autonomous okrugs
9476:Cultural Survival
9304:
9303:
9282:
9281:
9278:
9277:
9257:Wyoming Territory
8825:Montana Territory
8661:Florida Territory
8474:Arizona Territory
8361:Western lifestyle
8192:Earp-Clanton feud
8134:Chimayó Rebellion
8068:Battle of Lincoln
7874:Butterfield Trail
7824:Vigilante justice
7715:
7714:
7642:John Joel Glanton
7627:Jonathan R. Davis
7622:William H. Boring
7227:Trinidad Swilling
6816:Lenape (Delaware)
6741:Chippewa (Ojibwe)
6673:American frontier
6639:
6638:
6443:978-1-55750-848-5
6422:978-0-8078-4796-1
6382:978-0-8078-2703-1
6347:978-0-674-94805-1
6307:978-0-313-32308-9
6286:978-0-672-50986-5
6279:. Bobbs–Merrill.
6265:978-0-7006-0206-3
6232:978-0-520-23185-6
6171:978-0-8078-1361-4
6022:978-0-404-14706-8
6001:978-0-19-992320-5
5976:978-1-56663-135-8
5955:978-0-226-81921-1
5910:978-0-8078-1767-4
5887:978-0-8090-1584-9
5880:. Hill and Wang.
5866:978-0-87338-745-3
5821:978-0-8032-8734-1
5800:978-0-674-54805-3
5775:978-0-395-83085-7
5754:978-0-8166-2697-7
5733:978-0-8078-5581-2
5714:978-1-61640-210-5
5693:978-0-275-99135-7
5672:978-0-89096-756-0
5647:978-0-87611-179-6
5626:978-0-8014-1735-1
5600:978-0-8014-8846-7
5575:978-0-521-84096-5
5539:978-0-19-503528-5
5512:978-1-4366-9531-2
5493:978-0-8078-4754-1
5468:978-1-4000-5363-6
5404:978-1-4051-6098-8
5294:10.1002/lno.11428
5228:978-0-8135-8422-5
5127:Sociology Compass
4921:978-0-8240-5624-7
4863:Bailey, Thomas A.
4812:Republican Party
4529:978-0-300-24526-4
4381:978-1-4529-5796-8
4273:978-0-8070-0040-3
3892:Louisiana History
3864:, pp. 87–95.
3846:Merry, Robert W.
3833:978-1-57003-306-3
3712:(Harcourt, 1963).
3612:978-1-4696-1861-6
3576:978-0-8070-7378-0
3319:978-1-57607-080-2
3066:979-8-200-34888-6
3024:, pp. 18–19.
2570:978-0-19-972657-8
2314:978-0-8131-9058-7
2276:on June 15, 2014.
2206:Christian mission
2121:
2120:
1979:Douglas MacArthur
1971:Empire of Liberty
1909:validated by the
1558:Eduard de Stoeckl
1554:William H. Seward
1429:Filibusters like
1218:Republic of Texas
941:John Quincy Adams
879:John Quincy Adams
728:, in a letter to
616:right of conquest
610:opponents of the
552:Republic of Texas
540:Democratic Review
444:John Quincy Adams
343:American settlers
331:
330:
167:American frontier
77:American Progress
47:23 September 2024
26:
16:(Redirected from
10185:
10168:1840s quotations
10163:1840s neologisms
10062:
10061:
9996:Mapuche conflict
9966:Chiapas conflict
9961:Alta controversy
9939:Historical cases
9697:
9696:
9679:Rainbow Warriors
9669:Manifest destiny
9357:Ancestral domain
9331:
9324:
9317:
9308:
9307:
9294:
9293:
9105:Oregon Territory
9042:Indian Territory
8608:Dakota Territory
8432:
8431:
8425:
8424:
8324:New Mexico chile
8207:Mason County War
8164:Texas Revolution
8129:Bear Flag Revolt
7879:California Trail
7789:Manifest destiny
7721:Frontier culture
7617:John Jacob Astor
7591:Charley Reynolds
7491:Younger Brothers
7471:Joaquin Murrieta
7358:Harry C. Wheeler
7353:James Timberlake
7242:Henry Wickenburg
7187:Meriwether Lewis
7106:Touch the Clouds
6968:Native Americans
6964:
6963:
6666:
6659:
6652:
6643:
6642:
6630:Manifest destiny
6616:
6496:
6489:
6482:
6473:
6472:
6447:
6426:
6405:
6386:
6351:
6335:
6324:
6322:
6311:
6297:Manifest Destiny
6290:
6276:Manifest destiny
6269:
6257:
6236:
6224:
6206:
6200:
6175:
6147:
6138:(1–3): 129–144.
6126:
6089:
6060:
6052:Overland Monthly
6048:
6037:Journal articles
6026:
6005:
5980:
5959:
5938:
5927:
5925:
5914:
5902:
5891:
5870:
5845:
5836:
5825:
5804:
5779:
5758:
5737:
5718:
5697:
5676:
5651:
5630:
5614:
5604:
5579:
5554:
5543:
5527:
5516:
5497:
5479:God's New Israel
5472:
5451:
5430:
5419:
5408:
5377:
5376:
5374:
5372:
5358:
5352:
5351:
5349:
5347:
5327:
5321:
5320:
5318:
5280:(8): 1921–1935.
5271:
5262:
5256:
5255:
5252:American Studies
5247:
5241:
5240:
5204:
5198:
5197:
5185:
5179:
5165:
5159:
5158:
5118:
5112:
5111:
5091:
5085:
5084:
5082:
5080:
5068:
5062:
5056:
5050:
5049:
5029:
5023:
5022:
5008:
5002:
4996:
4990:
4984:
4978:
4968:
4962:
4961:
4941:
4932:
4926:
4925:
4899:
4893:
4892:
4859:
4853:
4838:
4832:
4810:
4804:
4803:
4794:
4788:
4782:
4776:
4754:Thomas A. Bailey
4751:
4745:
4744:
4716:
4707:
4706:
4696:
4690:
4689:
4688:
4686:
4653:
4647:
4646:
4644:
4642:
4635:millercenter.org
4627:
4621:
4620:
4580:
4569:
4568:
4566:
4564:
4551:
4542:
4541:
4505:
4494:
4493:
4491:
4489:
4481:American Indians
4476:
4470:
4460:
4454:
4453:
4441:
4435:
4434:
4422:
4416:
4415:
4407:
4401:
4400:
4392:
4386:
4385:
4357:
4351:
4350:
4318:
4312:
4311:
4303:
4297:
4292:
4286:
4285:
4255:
4246:
4245:
4237:
4226:
4225:
4223:
4221:
4210:
4204:
4203:
4179:
4173:
4172:
4140:
4131:
4130:
4128:
4104:
4098:
4088:
4082:
4076:
4070:
4064:
4058:
4048:
4042:
4037:
4031:
4030:
4010:
4004:
4003:
4002:. March 4, 1854.
3994:"A Critical Day"
3990:
3984:
3983:
3963:
3957:
3952:
3946:
3945:
3933:
3927:
3926:
3914:
3908:
3907:
3887:
3881:
3871:
3865:
3859:
3853:
3844:
3838:
3837:
3813:
3807:
3806:
3783:
3777:
3759:
3753:
3752:
3732:
3726:
3719:
3713:
3706:
3700:
3699:
3691:Overland Monthly
3687:
3679:
3673:
3668:Treaty popular:
3666:
3660:
3659:
3631:
3625:
3624:
3598:
3589:
3588:
3558:
3543:
3533:
3527:
3526:
3506:
3500:
3495:Adams quoted in
3493:
3487:
3486:
3475:
3469:
3468:
3453:
3447:
3446:
3444:
3442:
3433:. Archived from
3417:
3411:
3410:quote on p. 507.
3409:
3381:
3375:
3374:
3352:
3346:
3345:(2008) pp 73–79.
3339:
3333:
3330:
3324:
3323:
3295:
3289:
3288:
3260:
3254:
3253:
3245:
3239:
3238:
3230:
3224:
3218:
3212:
3211:
3203:
3197:
3188:
3182:
3181:
3173:
3167:
3166:
3134:
3128:
3123:Dorceta Taylor,
3121:
3115:
3114:
3089:
3078:
3077:
3052:
3037:
3036:, pp. 19–20
3031:
3025:
3019:
3013:
3012:, pp. 68–69
3007:
3001:
2995:
2989:
2982:
2976:
2969:
2963:
2953:
2947:
2940:
2934:
2931:
2925:
2924:
2915:
2909:
2902:
2896:
2890:
2884:
2874:
2868:
2857:
2851:
2844:
2838:
2831:
2825:
2815:
2809:
2787:
2782:
2776:
2775:
2773:
2771:
2747:
2741:
2740:
2738:
2736:
2727:. Archived from
2722:
2717:. Archived from
2706:
2700:
2699:
2687:
2681:
2672:
2666:
2665:
2647:
2641:
2635:
2629:
2619:
2613:
2612:
2610:
2608:
2596:
2590:
2581:
2575:
2574:
2550:
2544:
2543:
2523:
2517:
2516:
2496:
2487:
2486:
2466:
2460:
2459:
2458:. USHistory.org.
2456:American History
2448:
2439:
2438:
2420:
2411:
2404:
2395:
2394:
2392:
2390:
2380:
2374:
2373:
2349:
2343:
2334:
2319:
2318:
2294:
2285:
2277:
2272:. Archived from
2258:
2199:
2194:
2193:
2192:
2177:extensive empire
2166:settler-colonial
2116:
2113:
2107:
2080:
2079:
2072:
2063:
2002:manifest destiny
1951:Treaty of Manila
1937:
1883:Teller Amendment
1824:Grover Cleveland
1816:William McKinley
1793:Republican Party
1772:manifest destiny
1704:social stress."
1662:Thomas Jefferson
1657:Secretary of War
1637:linguistic group
1613:Native Americans
1423:Ostend Manifesto
1411:Millard Fillmore
1225:Texas Revolution
1208:Mexico and Texas
1195:Overland Monthly
1178:
990:in 1803 and the
843:Ulysses S. Grant
813:Thomas Jefferson
761:Democratic Party
750:Clinton Rossiter
726:Thomas Jefferson
696:City upon a Hill
544:manifest destiny
532:Julian Hawthorne
506:manifest destiny
452:Ulysses S. Grant
440:Ulysses S. Grant
404:Democratic Party
390:displacement of
388:settler-colonial
335:Manifest destiny
323:
316:
309:
290:American Century
194:Military history
157:Manifest destiny
139:
138:
129:Texas revolution
21:
10193:
10192:
10188:
10187:
10186:
10184:
10183:
10182:
10083:
10082:
10081:
10076:
10071:Minority rights
10050:
10036:San controversy
9930:
9904:Nagoya Protocol
9877:
9871:
9854:
9852:
9846:
9809:
9803:
9701:
9688:
9529:
9443:
9437:
9345:
9343:minority rights
9335:
9305:
9300:
9274:
9251:
9218:
9200:
9152:
9099:
9039:
9031:
8958:
8930:
8877:
8819:
8787:
8744:
8726:
8709:Idaho Territory
8703:
8655:
8602:
8569:
8521:
8468:
8419:
8314:Native American
8287:
8238:Arizona Rangers
8226:
8181:
8173:
8092:
8073:Frisco shootout
8049:
8011:
7957:Dead man's hand
7943:
7856:
7850:
7846:Wild West shows
7754:Cattle rustling
7711:
7697:Sedona Schnebly
7682:Sylvester Mowry
7605:
7596:Philip Sheridan
7546:James C. Cooney
7518:
7512:
7404:Dalton Brothers
7362:
7273:Charlie Bassett
7256:
7177:John C. Frémont
7131:
7125:
7091:Snapping Turtle
6955:
6906:Southern Paiute
6871:Pend d'Oreilles
6856:Northern Paiute
6682:
6675:
6670:
6640:
6635:
6617:
6608:
6505:
6500:
6454:
6444:
6423:
6402:
6383:
6348:
6308:
6287:
6266:
6233:
6172:
6154:
6107:10.2307/3124986
6039:
6034:
6032:Further reading
6029:
6023:
6002:
5977:
5969:. Ivan R. Dee.
5956:
5911:
5888:
5867:
5822:
5801:
5776:
5755:
5734:
5715:
5694:
5673:
5648:
5627:
5601:
5576:
5540:
5513:
5494:
5469:
5461:. Crown Forum.
5405:
5386:
5381:
5380:
5370:
5368:
5360:
5359:
5355:
5345:
5343:
5328:
5324:
5316:
5269:
5263:
5259:
5248:
5244:
5229:
5205:
5201:
5186:
5182:
5166:
5162:
5119:
5115:
5108:
5092:
5088:
5078:
5076:
5071:Scott, Donald.
5069:
5065:
5059:Stephanson 1996
5057:
5053:
5046:
5030:
5026:
5009:
5005:
4997:
4993:
4985:
4981:
4969:
4965:
4939:
4933:
4929:
4922:
4900:
4896:
4881:10.2307/1891336
4860:
4856:
4839:
4835:
4821:Wayback Machine
4811:
4807:
4796:
4795:
4791:
4783:
4779:
4773:The Zinn Reader
4752:
4748:
4733:10.2307/1185599
4717:
4710:
4697:
4693:
4684:
4682:
4680:
4654:
4650:
4640:
4638:
4629:
4628:
4624:
4581:
4572:
4562:
4560:
4553:
4552:
4545:
4530:
4506:
4497:
4487:
4485:
4478:
4477:
4473:
4461:
4457:
4442:
4438:
4423:
4419:
4408:
4404:
4393:
4389:
4382:
4358:
4354:
4319:
4315:
4304:
4300:
4293:
4289:
4274:
4256:
4249:
4238:
4229:
4219:
4217:
4212:
4211:
4207:
4200:
4180:
4176:
4141:
4134:
4105:
4101:
4089:
4085:
4077:
4073:
4065:
4061:
4049:
4045:
4038:
4034:
4027:
4011:
4007:
3992:
3991:
3987:
3980:
3964:
3960:
3953:
3949:
3934:
3930:
3915:
3911:
3888:
3884:
3872:
3868:
3860:
3856:
3845:
3841:
3834:
3814:
3810:
3803:
3784:
3780:
3760:
3756:
3749:
3733:
3729:
3720:
3716:
3707:
3703:
3680:
3676:
3667:
3663:
3648:10.2307/1887191
3632:
3628:
3613:
3599:
3592:
3577:
3559:
3546:
3534:
3530:
3507:
3503:
3494:
3490:
3477:
3476:
3472:
3455:
3454:
3450:
3440:
3438:
3437:on July 5, 2017
3423:The War of 1812
3419:
3418:
3414:
3398:10.2307/1896318
3382:
3378:
3371:
3353:
3349:
3341:Walter Nugent,
3340:
3336:
3331:
3327:
3320:
3296:
3292:
3261:
3257:
3246:
3242:
3231:
3227:
3219:
3215:
3204:
3200:
3189:
3185:
3174:
3170:
3135:
3131:
3122:
3118:
3112:
3090:
3081:
3067:
3053:
3040:
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3028:
3020:
3016:
3008:
3004:
2996:
2992:
2983:
2979:
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2917:
2916:
2912:
2903:
2899:
2891:
2887:
2879:, p. 145;
2875:
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2828:
2816:
2812:
2785:
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2707:
2703:
2688:
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2648:
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2620:
2616:
2606:
2604:
2597:
2593:
2582:
2578:
2571:
2551:
2547:
2540:
2524:
2520:
2513:
2497:
2490:
2483:
2467:
2463:
2450:
2449:
2442:
2421:
2414:
2405:
2398:
2388:
2386:
2382:
2381:
2377:
2370:
2350:
2346:
2335:
2322:
2315:
2295:
2288:
2283:Wayback Machine
2260:
2259:
2252:
2247:
2242:
2237:
2216:Frontier Thesis
2195:
2190:
2188:
2185:
2158:
2117:
2111:
2108:
2102:or excerpts to
2093:
2081:
2077:
2070:
2061:
2018:interventionism
2014:Monroe Doctrine
1967:
1935:
1887:Platt Amendment
1856:Treaty of Paris
1836:
1797:Monroe doctrine
1739:
1714:Francis Parkman
1633:Native American
1625:
1615:
1546:Russian America
1518:
1516:Alaska Purchase
1512:
1466:
1460:
1419:John A. Quitman
1415:Franklin Pierce
1330:Sarah P. Remond
1318:
1291:Alta California
1287:Mexican Cession
1261:John C. Calhoun
1248:
1242:
1216:. In 1836, the
1210:
1176:
1173:Reginald Stuart
1087:
1071:
1055:Monroe Doctrine
983:
953:Treaty of Ghent
949:Albert Gallatin
917:
911:
872:
805:
644:
635:
629:
627:Brazil's Amazon
620:Robert Winthrop
530:, described by
502:John O'Sullivan
498:
468:
436:Abraham Lincoln
327:
265:
251:Monroe Doctrine
218:
181:
172:Alaska Purchase
143:
142:History of U.S.
67:
60:
55:
54:
53:
52:
51:
50:
34:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
10191:
10181:
10180:
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10038:
10033:
10028:
10027:
10026:
10021:
10016:
10011:
10003:
9998:
9993:
9988:
9986:Indian removal
9983:
9978:
9973:
9968:
9963:
9958:
9953:
9948:
9942:
9940:
9936:
9935:
9932:
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9929:
9928:
9922:
9916:
9910:
9900:
9894:
9888:
9881:
9879:
9873:
9872:
9870:
9869:
9864:
9858:
9856:
9851:Indigenous-led
9848:
9847:
9845:
9844:
9839:
9838:
9837:
9829:
9827:Arctic Council
9824:
9823:
9822:
9816:African Union
9813:
9811:
9805:
9804:
9802:
9801:
9800:
9799:
9791:
9790:
9789:
9781:
9780:
9779:
9774:
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9764:
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9746:
9745:
9744:
9736:
9735:
9734:
9726:
9725:
9724:
9716:
9715:
9714:
9712:Te Puni Kōkiri
9705:
9703:
9694:
9690:
9689:
9687:
9686:
9681:
9676:
9674:Plastic shaman
9671:
9666:
9665:
9664:
9659:
9654:
9649:
9644:
9642:Indian reserve
9639:
9634:
9629:
9624:
9614:
9609:
9607:Green grabbing
9604:
9599:
9594:
9589:
9588:
9587:
9582:
9580:Sports mascots
9572:
9571:
9570:
9568:Bioprospecting
9560:
9559:
9558:
9553:
9543:
9537:
9535:
9531:
9530:
9528:
9527:
9518:
9513:
9508:
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9498:
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9488:
9483:
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9473:
9468:
9463:
9458:
9453:
9447:
9445:
9439:
9438:
9436:
9435:
9434:
9433:
9431:in New Zealand
9428:
9418:
9417:
9416:
9411:
9401:
9400:
9399:
9394:
9389:
9379:
9374:
9369:
9364:
9359:
9353:
9351:
9347:
9346:
9337:International
9334:
9333:
9326:
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9311:
9302:
9301:
9299:
9298:
9287:
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9283:
9280:
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9250:
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9228:
9226:
9220:
9219:
9217:
9216:
9214:Salt Lake City
9210:
9208:
9206:Utah Territory
9202:
9201:
9199:
9198:
9193:
9188:
9183:
9178:
9173:
9168:
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9024:
9019:
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8752:
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8724:
8719:
8713:
8711:
8705:
8704:
8702:
8701:
8696:
8691:
8686:
8684:Prospect Bluff
8681:
8676:
8671:
8665:
8663:
8657:
8656:
8654:
8653:
8648:
8643:
8638:
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8456:
8451:
8446:
8440:
8438:
8429:
8421:
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8418:
8417:
8416:
8415:
8410:
8405:
8400:
8390:
8389:
8388:
8383:
8378:
8373:
8363:
8358:
8353:
8348:
8346:Gothic Western
8343:
8342:
8341:
8336:
8331:
8326:
8321:
8316:
8311:
8306:
8295:
8293:
8289:
8288:
8286:
8285:
8280:
8275:
8270:
8265:
8260:
8255:
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8240:
8234:
8232:
8228:
8227:
8225:
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8214:
8209:
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8199:
8194:
8188:
8186:
8175:
8174:
8172:
8171:
8166:
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8156:
8151:
8146:
8141:
8136:
8131:
8126:
8121:
8116:
8111:
8106:
8100:
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8085:
8080:
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8059:
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8048:
8047:
8042:
8037:
8032:
8027:
8021:
8019:
8013:
8012:
8010:
8009:
8004:
7999:
7994:
7989:
7984:
7979:
7974:
7969:
7964:
7959:
7953:
7951:
7945:
7944:
7942:
7941:
7936:
7931:
7926:
7924:Santa Fe Trail
7921:
7916:
7911:
7906:
7901:
7896:
7891:
7886:
7884:Chisholm Trail
7881:
7876:
7871:
7866:
7860:
7858:
7852:
7851:
7849:
7848:
7843:
7838:
7837:
7836:
7829:Western saloon
7826:
7821:
7816:
7811:
7806:
7801:
7796:
7791:
7786:
7781:
7776:
7771:
7766:
7761:
7756:
7751:
7746:
7741:
7736:
7731:
7729:American bison
7725:
7723:
7717:
7716:
7713:
7712:
7710:
7709:
7704:
7699:
7694:
7689:
7687:Emperor Norton
7684:
7679:
7674:
7669:
7664:
7659:
7657:Andrew Jackson
7654:
7649:
7644:
7639:
7634:
7629:
7624:
7619:
7613:
7611:
7607:
7606:
7604:
7603:
7598:
7593:
7588:
7583:
7578:
7573:
7568:
7563:
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7553:
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7543:
7538:
7533:
7528:
7522:
7520:
7514:
7513:
7511:
7510:
7488:
7483:
7478:
7473:
7468:
7463:
7458:
7453:
7448:
7443:
7438:
7433:
7428:
7423:
7401:
7396:
7391:
7386:
7381:
7376:
7370:
7368:
7364:
7363:
7361:
7360:
7355:
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7345:
7340:
7335:
7330:
7325:
7320:
7315:
7310:
7305:
7300:
7295:
7290:
7285:
7280:
7275:
7270:
7264:
7262:
7258:
7257:
7255:
7254:
7249:
7244:
7239:
7234:
7229:
7224:
7219:
7217:Jedediah Smith
7214:
7209:
7204:
7199:
7194:
7189:
7184:
7179:
7174:
7169:
7164:
7159:
7154:
7149:
7144:
7138:
7136:
7127:
7126:
7124:
7123:
7118:
7113:
7108:
7103:
7098:
7093:
7088:
7083:
7078:
7073:
7068:
7063:
7058:
7053:
7048:
7043:
7038:
7033:
7028:
7023:
7018:
7013:
7008:
7003:
6998:
6993:
6988:
6983:
6978:
6972:
6970:
6961:
6960:Notable people
6957:
6956:
6954:
6953:
6951:Yuma (Quechan)
6948:
6943:
6938:
6933:
6928:
6923:
6918:
6913:
6911:Tohono Oʼodham
6908:
6903:
6898:
6893:
6888:
6883:
6878:
6873:
6868:
6863:
6858:
6853:
6848:
6843:
6838:
6833:
6828:
6823:
6818:
6813:
6808:
6803:
6798:
6793:
6788:
6783:
6778:
6773:
6768:
6763:
6758:
6753:
6748:
6743:
6738:
6733:
6728:
6723:
6718:
6713:
6708:
6703:
6698:
6692:
6690:
6688:Native Nations
6684:
6683:
6680:
6677:
6676:
6669:
6668:
6661:
6654:
6646:
6637:
6636:
6634:
6633:
6622:
6619:
6618:
6611:
6609:
6607:
6606:
6601:
6596:
6591:
6586:
6581:
6576:
6571:
6566:
6561:
6556:
6551:
6546:
6541:
6536:
6531:
6526:
6521:
6516:
6510:
6507:
6506:
6499:
6498:
6491:
6484:
6476:
6470:
6469:
6460:
6453:
6452:External links
6450:
6449:
6448:
6442:
6427:
6421:
6406:
6400:
6387:
6381:
6366:
6359:
6352:
6346:
6325:
6312:
6306:
6291:
6285:
6270:
6264:
6247:
6237:
6231:
6214:
6207:
6190:
6188:978-1496228079
6176:
6170:
6153:
6150:
6149:
6148:
6127:
6090:
6072:(2): 111–127.
6061:
6038:
6035:
6033:
6030:
6028:
6027:
6021:
6006:
6000:
5981:
5975:
5960:
5954:
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5928:
5915:
5909:
5892:
5886:
5871:
5865:
5846:
5837:
5826:
5820:
5805:
5799:
5780:
5774:
5759:
5753:
5738:
5732:
5719:
5713:
5698:
5692:
5677:
5671:
5652:
5646:
5631:
5625:
5599:
5580:
5574:
5555:
5544:
5538:
5517:
5511:
5503:The Filibuster
5498:
5492:
5473:
5467:
5452:
5431:
5420:
5409:
5403:
5387:
5385:
5382:
5379:
5378:
5353:
5322:
5257:
5242:
5227:
5199:
5180:
5178:, p. 471.
5160:
5133:(12): e12946.
5113:
5107:978-0393345247
5106:
5086:
5063:
5051:
5045:978-1409495628
5044:
5024:
5003:
4991:
4987:Beveridge 1908
4979:
4963:
4927:
4920:
4894:
4854:
4842:McDougall 1997
4833:
4805:
4789:
4777:
4746:
4727:(3): 423–450.
4708:
4691:
4679:978-0816665778
4678:
4648:
4622:
4570:
4543:
4528:
4495:
4471:
4455:
4436:
4417:
4402:
4387:
4380:
4352:
4313:
4298:
4287:
4272:
4247:
4227:
4205:
4199:978-1404202016
4198:
4174:
4155:(1): 117–137.
4132:
4119:(3): 283–302.
4099:
4083:
4071:
4069:, p. 150.
4059:
4043:
4032:
4026:978-0807855812
4025:
4005:
3985:
3979:978-0807864326
3978:
3958:
3947:
3938:Kansas History
3928:
3909:
3882:
3866:
3862:McDougall 1997
3854:
3839:
3832:
3808:
3802:978-0199754076
3801:
3787:Reeve, W. Paul
3778:
3754:
3748:978-1442273207
3747:
3727:
3714:
3701:
3674:
3661:
3626:
3611:
3590:
3575:
3544:
3542:, p. 109.
3538:, p. 74;
3536:McDougall 1997
3528:
3501:
3497:McDougall 1997
3488:
3470:
3448:
3412:
3392:(4): 499–510.
3376:
3370:978-0940450356
3369:
3347:
3334:
3325:
3318:
3298:Hanson, Kurt;
3290:
3271:(2): 108–117.
3255:
3240:
3225:
3213:
3198:
3183:
3168:
3149:(2): 145–169.
3129:
3116:
3111:978-1452957142
3110:
3079:
3065:
3038:
3026:
3022:Johannsen 1997
3014:
3002:
2990:
2977:
2964:
2948:
2935:
2926:
2910:
2897:
2893:Johannsen 1997
2885:
2881:Johannsen 1997
2869:
2852:
2848:Johannsen 1997
2839:
2826:
2810:
2777:
2742:
2701:
2682:
2667:
2660:
2642:
2630:
2614:
2591:
2576:
2569:
2545:
2539:978-1317878452
2538:
2518:
2512:978-0760346969
2511:
2488:
2482:978-0307475992
2481:
2461:
2440:
2412:
2396:
2375:
2369:978-1576070567
2368:
2344:
2320:
2313:
2286:
2249:
2248:
2246:
2243:
2241:
2238:
2236:
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2223:
2218:
2213:
2208:
2202:
2201:
2200:
2184:
2181:
2157:
2154:
2119:
2118:
2084:
2082:
2075:
2069:
2066:
1975:George W. Bush
1966:
1963:
1835:
1832:
1738:
1735:
1645:Indian removal
1619:Indian removal
1614:
1611:
1550:United Kingdom
1514:Main article:
1511:
1508:
1489:Homestead Acts
1464:Homestead Acts
1462:Main article:
1459:
1456:
1431:William Walker
1407:Zachary Taylor
1396:Spanish Empire
1371:William Walker
1338:Wilmot Proviso
1317:
1314:
1302:Frederick Merk
1244:Main article:
1241:
1238:
1209:
1206:
1142:Emanuel Leutze
1115:Columbia River
1099:Oregon Country
1086:
1083:
1070:
1067:
1035:Oregon Country
1027:Treaty of 1818
982:
981:Continentalism
979:
970:Henry Goulburn
929:state militias
910:
907:
871:
868:
837:President Polk
804:
801:
793:Dorceta Taylor
672:continentalism
663:Frederick Merk
643:
640:
631:Main article:
628:
625:
497:
494:
481:Andrew Jackson
467:
464:
430:and prominent
380:
379:
376:
373:
329:
328:
326:
325:
318:
311:
303:
300:
299:
298:
297:
292:
287:
280:
278:Exceptionalism
272:
271:
267:
266:
264:
263:
253:
248:
243:
238:
236:Foreign policy
233:
225:
224:
223:Foreign policy
220:
219:
217:
216:
211:
206:
201:
196:
188:
187:
183:
182:
180:
179:
174:
169:
164:
159:
151:
150:
146:
145:
58:
36:
30:
27:
25:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
10190:
10179:
10176:
10174:
10171:
10169:
10166:
10164:
10161:
10159:
10156:
10154:
10151:
10149:
10146:
10144:
10141:
10139:
10136:
10134:
10131:
10129:
10126:
10124:
10121:
10119:
10116:
10114:
10111:
10109:
10106:
10104:
10101:
10099:
10096:
10094:
10091:
10090:
10088:
10073:
10072:
10067:
10066:
10057:
10056:
10053:
10047:
10044:
10042:
10039:
10037:
10034:
10032:
10029:
10025:
10024:United States
10022:
10020:
10017:
10015:
10012:
10010:
10007:
10006:
10004:
10002:
9999:
9997:
9994:
9992:
9989:
9987:
9984:
9982:
9979:
9977:
9974:
9972:
9969:
9967:
9964:
9962:
9959:
9957:
9954:
9952:
9949:
9947:
9944:
9943:
9941:
9937:
9927:
9923:
9921:
9917:
9915:
9911:
9909:
9905:
9901:
9899:
9895:
9893:
9889:
9887:
9883:
9882:
9880:
9874:
9868:
9865:
9863:
9860:
9859:
9857:
9853:international
9849:
9843:
9840:
9836:
9833:
9832:
9830:
9828:
9825:
9821:
9818:
9817:
9815:
9814:
9812:
9806:
9798:
9795:
9794:
9792:
9788:
9785:
9784:
9782:
9778:
9775:
9773:
9770:
9768:
9765:
9763:
9760:
9759:
9757:
9753:
9750:
9749:
9747:
9743:
9740:
9739:
9737:
9733:
9730:
9729:
9727:
9723:
9720:
9719:
9717:
9713:
9710:
9709:
9707:
9706:
9704:
9698:
9695:
9691:
9685:
9682:
9680:
9677:
9675:
9672:
9670:
9667:
9663:
9660:
9658:
9655:
9653:
9650:
9648:
9645:
9643:
9640:
9638:
9637:Indian colony
9635:
9633:
9630:
9628:
9625:
9623:
9620:
9619:
9618:
9615:
9613:
9610:
9608:
9605:
9603:
9600:
9598:
9595:
9593:
9590:
9586:
9583:
9581:
9578:
9577:
9576:
9573:
9569:
9566:
9565:
9564:
9561:
9557:
9554:
9552:
9549:
9548:
9547:
9544:
9542:
9539:
9538:
9536:
9532:
9525:
9524:
9519:
9517:
9514:
9512:
9509:
9507:
9504:
9502:
9499:
9497:
9494:
9492:
9489:
9487:
9484:
9482:
9479:
9477:
9474:
9472:
9469:
9467:
9464:
9462:
9459:
9457:
9454:
9452:
9449:
9448:
9446:
9440:
9432:
9429:
9427:
9424:
9423:
9422:
9421:Treaty rights
9419:
9415:
9412:
9410:
9407:
9406:
9405:
9402:
9398:
9395:
9393:
9390:
9388:
9385:
9384:
9383:
9380:
9378:
9375:
9373:
9370:
9368:
9365:
9363:
9360:
9358:
9355:
9354:
9352:
9348:
9344:
9340:
9332:
9327:
9325:
9320:
9318:
9313:
9312:
9309:
9297:
9289:
9288:
9285:
9271:
9268:
9266:
9263:
9262:
9260:
9258:
9254:
9248:
9245:
9243:
9240:
9238:
9237:Port Townsend
9235:
9233:
9230:
9229:
9227:
9225:
9221:
9215:
9212:
9211:
9209:
9207:
9203:
9197:
9194:
9192:
9189:
9187:
9184:
9182:
9179:
9177:
9174:
9172:
9169:
9167:
9164:
9163:
9161:
9159:
9155:
9149:
9146:
9144:
9141:
9139:
9136:
9134:
9131:
9129:
9126:
9124:
9121:
9119:
9116:
9114:
9111:
9110:
9108:
9106:
9102:
9096:
9093:
9091:
9088:
9086:
9083:
9081:
9078:
9076:
9073:
9071:
9068:
9066:
9065:Oklahoma City
9063:
9061:
9058:
9056:
9053:
9051:
9048:
9047:
9045:
9043:
9038:
9034:
9028:
9025:
9023:
9020:
9018:
9015:
9013:
9010:
9008:
9005:
9003:
9000:
8998:
8995:
8993:
8990:
8988:
8985:
8983:
8980:
8978:
8975:
8973:
8970:
8969:
8967:
8965:
8961:
8955:
8952:
8950:
8949:Virginia City
8947:
8945:
8942:
8941:
8939:
8937:
8933:
8927:
8924:
8922:
8919:
8917:
8914:
8912:
8909:
8907:
8906:Nebraska City
8904:
8902:
8901:Fort Robinson
8899:
8897:
8896:Fort Atkinson
8894:
8892:
8889:
8888:
8886:
8884:
8880:
8874:
8873:Virginia City
8871:
8869:
8866:
8864:
8861:
8859:
8856:
8854:
8851:
8849:
8846:
8844:
8841:
8839:
8836:
8834:
8831:
8830:
8828:
8826:
8822:
8816:
8815:
8812:
8809:
8807:
8804:
8802:
8799:
8798:
8796:
8794:
8790:
8784:
8781:
8779:
8776:
8774:
8771:
8769:
8766:
8764:
8761:
8759:
8756:
8755:
8753:
8751:
8747:
8741:
8740:Fort Dearborn
8738:
8737:
8735:
8733:
8729:
8723:
8720:
8718:
8715:
8714:
8712:
8710:
8706:
8700:
8697:
8695:
8692:
8690:
8689:St. Augustine
8687:
8685:
8682:
8680:
8677:
8675:
8672:
8670:
8667:
8666:
8664:
8662:
8658:
8652:
8649:
8647:
8646:Standing Rock
8644:
8642:
8639:
8637:
8634:
8632:
8629:
8627:
8624:
8622:
8619:
8617:
8614:
8613:
8611:
8609:
8605:
8599:
8596:
8594:
8591:
8589:
8586:
8584:
8581:
8580:
8578:
8576:
8572:
8566:
8565:San Francisco
8563:
8561:
8558:
8556:
8553:
8551:
8548:
8546:
8543:
8541:
8538:
8536:
8533:
8532:
8530:
8528:
8524:
8518:
8515:
8513:
8510:
8508:
8505:
8503:
8500:
8498:
8495:
8493:
8490:
8488:
8485:
8483:
8482:Canyon Diablo
8480:
8479:
8477:
8475:
8471:
8465:
8462:
8460:
8457:
8455:
8452:
8450:
8447:
8445:
8442:
8441:
8439:
8437:
8433:
8430:
8426:
8422:
8414:
8413:Snap fastener
8411:
8409:
8406:
8404:
8401:
8399:
8396:
8395:
8394:
8391:
8387:
8386:Texas country
8384:
8382:
8379:
8377:
8374:
8372:
8369:
8368:
8367:
8366:Western music
8364:
8362:
8359:
8357:
8356:Western genre
8354:
8352:
8349:
8347:
8344:
8340:
8337:
8335:
8332:
8330:
8327:
8325:
8322:
8320:
8317:
8315:
8312:
8310:
8307:
8305:
8302:
8301:
8300:
8297:
8296:
8294:
8290:
8284:
8281:
8279:
8276:
8274:
8271:
8269:
8266:
8264:
8261:
8259:
8256:
8254:
8251:
8249:
8246:
8244:
8241:
8239:
8236:
8235:
8233:
8229:
8223:
8220:
8218:
8215:
8213:
8210:
8208:
8205:
8203:
8200:
8198:
8195:
8193:
8190:
8189:
8187:
8185:
8180:
8176:
8170:
8167:
8165:
8162:
8160:
8159:Seminole Wars
8157:
8155:
8152:
8150:
8147:
8145:
8142:
8140:
8137:
8135:
8132:
8130:
8127:
8125:
8122:
8120:
8117:
8115:
8112:
8110:
8107:
8105:
8102:
8101:
8099:
8095:
8089:
8086:
8084:
8081:
8079:
8076:
8074:
8071:
8069:
8066:
8064:
8061:
8060:
8058:
8056:
8052:
8046:
8043:
8041:
8038:
8036:
8033:
8031:
8028:
8026:
8023:
8022:
8020:
8018:
8014:
8008:
8005:
8003:
8000:
7998:
7995:
7993:
7990:
7988:
7985:
7983:
7980:
7978:
7975:
7973:
7970:
7968:
7965:
7963:
7960:
7958:
7955:
7954:
7952:
7950:
7946:
7940:
7937:
7935:
7932:
7930:
7927:
7925:
7922:
7920:
7917:
7915:
7912:
7910:
7907:
7905:
7902:
7900:
7897:
7895:
7892:
7890:
7887:
7885:
7882:
7880:
7877:
7875:
7872:
7870:
7869:Bozeman Trail
7867:
7865:
7862:
7861:
7859:
7853:
7847:
7844:
7842:
7839:
7835:
7832:
7831:
7830:
7827:
7825:
7822:
7820:
7819:Train robbery
7817:
7815:
7812:
7810:
7807:
7805:
7802:
7800:
7797:
7795:
7792:
7790:
7787:
7785:
7782:
7780:
7777:
7775:
7772:
7770:
7767:
7765:
7762:
7760:
7757:
7755:
7752:
7750:
7749:Cowboy poetry
7747:
7745:
7742:
7740:
7737:
7735:
7732:
7730:
7727:
7726:
7724:
7722:
7718:
7708:
7705:
7703:
7700:
7698:
7695:
7693:
7690:
7688:
7685:
7683:
7680:
7678:
7675:
7673:
7670:
7668:
7665:
7663:
7660:
7658:
7655:
7653:
7650:
7648:
7645:
7643:
7640:
7638:
7635:
7633:
7632:George Flavel
7630:
7628:
7625:
7623:
7620:
7618:
7615:
7614:
7612:
7608:
7602:
7599:
7597:
7594:
7592:
7589:
7587:
7584:
7582:
7579:
7577:
7576:Calamity Jane
7574:
7572:
7569:
7567:
7564:
7562:
7559:
7557:
7554:
7552:
7549:
7547:
7544:
7542:
7539:
7537:
7534:
7532:
7529:
7527:
7524:
7523:
7521:
7515:
7508:
7504:
7500:
7496:
7492:
7489:
7487:
7484:
7482:
7479:
7477:
7474:
7472:
7469:
7467:
7464:
7462:
7461:Frank McLaury
7459:
7457:
7454:
7452:
7449:
7447:
7444:
7442:
7439:
7437:
7434:
7432:
7429:
7427:
7424:
7421:
7417:
7413:
7409:
7405:
7402:
7400:
7397:
7395:
7394:Billy Clanton
7392:
7390:
7389:Butch Cassidy
7387:
7385:
7382:
7380:
7377:
7375:
7374:Billy the Kid
7372:
7371:
7369:
7365:
7359:
7356:
7354:
7351:
7349:
7346:
7344:
7341:
7339:
7336:
7334:
7331:
7329:
7326:
7324:
7321:
7319:
7318:Bat Masterson
7316:
7314:
7311:
7309:
7306:
7304:
7301:
7299:
7298:Henry Garfias
7296:
7294:
7291:
7289:
7286:
7284:
7281:
7279:
7276:
7274:
7271:
7269:
7266:
7265:
7263:
7259:
7253:
7252:Brigham Young
7250:
7248:
7245:
7243:
7240:
7238:
7235:
7233:
7232:Ora Rush Weed
7230:
7228:
7225:
7223:
7222:Jack Swilling
7220:
7218:
7215:
7213:
7210:
7208:
7205:
7203:
7200:
7198:
7195:
7193:
7190:
7188:
7185:
7183:
7180:
7178:
7175:
7173:
7170:
7168:
7167:Davy Crockett
7165:
7163:
7162:William Clark
7160:
7158:
7155:
7153:
7150:
7148:
7145:
7143:
7140:
7139:
7137:
7135:
7128:
7122:
7119:
7117:
7114:
7112:
7109:
7107:
7104:
7102:
7099:
7097:
7096:Standing Bear
7094:
7092:
7089:
7087:
7084:
7082:
7079:
7077:
7074:
7072:
7069:
7067:
7064:
7062:
7061:Quanah Parker
7059:
7057:
7054:
7052:
7049:
7047:
7044:
7042:
7039:
7037:
7034:
7032:
7029:
7027:
7024:
7022:
7019:
7017:
7014:
7012:
7009:
7007:
7004:
7002:
6999:
6997:
6994:
6992:
6989:
6987:
6984:
6982:
6979:
6977:
6974:
6973:
6971:
6969:
6965:
6962:
6958:
6952:
6949:
6947:
6944:
6942:
6939:
6937:
6934:
6932:
6929:
6927:
6924:
6922:
6919:
6917:
6914:
6912:
6909:
6907:
6904:
6902:
6899:
6897:
6894:
6892:
6889:
6887:
6884:
6882:
6879:
6877:
6874:
6872:
6869:
6867:
6864:
6862:
6859:
6857:
6854:
6852:
6849:
6847:
6844:
6842:
6839:
6837:
6834:
6832:
6829:
6827:
6824:
6822:
6819:
6817:
6814:
6812:
6809:
6807:
6804:
6802:
6799:
6797:
6794:
6792:
6789:
6787:
6784:
6782:
6779:
6777:
6774:
6772:
6769:
6767:
6764:
6762:
6759:
6757:
6754:
6752:
6749:
6747:
6744:
6742:
6739:
6737:
6734:
6732:
6729:
6727:
6724:
6722:
6719:
6717:
6714:
6712:
6709:
6707:
6704:
6702:
6699:
6697:
6694:
6693:
6691:
6689:
6685:
6678:
6674:
6667:
6662:
6660:
6655:
6653:
6648:
6647:
6644:
6632:
6631:
6627:
6624:
6623:
6620:
6615:
6605:
6602:
6600:
6597:
6595:
6592:
6590:
6587:
6585:
6582:
6580:
6577:
6575:
6572:
6570:
6567:
6565:
6562:
6560:
6557:
6555:
6552:
6550:
6547:
6545:
6542:
6540:
6537:
6535:
6532:
6530:
6527:
6525:
6522:
6520:
6517:
6515:
6512:
6511:
6508:
6504:
6497:
6492:
6490:
6485:
6483:
6478:
6477:
6474:
6468:
6464:
6461:
6459:
6456:
6455:
6445:
6439:
6435:
6434:
6428:
6424:
6418:
6414:
6413:
6407:
6403:
6401:0-295-98302-7
6397:
6393:
6388:
6384:
6378:
6374:
6373:
6367:
6364:
6360:
6357:
6353:
6349:
6343:
6339:
6334:
6333:
6326:
6321:
6320:
6313:
6309:
6303:
6299:
6298:
6292:
6288:
6282:
6278:
6277:
6271:
6267:
6261:
6256:
6255:
6248:
6246:
6242:
6238:
6234:
6228:
6223:
6222:
6215:
6212:
6208:
6204:
6199:
6198:
6191:
6189:
6185:
6181:
6177:
6173:
6167:
6163:
6162:
6156:
6155:
6145:
6141:
6137:
6133:
6128:
6124:
6120:
6116:
6112:
6108:
6104:
6100:
6096:
6091:
6087:
6083:
6079:
6075:
6071:
6067:
6062:
6058:
6054:
6053:
6047:
6041:
6040:
6024:
6018:
6014:
6013:
6007:
6003:
5997:
5993:
5989:
5988:
5982:
5978:
5972:
5968:
5967:
5961:
5957:
5951:
5947:
5946:
5940:
5936:
5935:
5929:
5924:
5923:
5916:
5912:
5906:
5901:
5900:
5893:
5889:
5883:
5879:
5878:
5872:
5868:
5862:
5858:
5854:
5853:
5847:
5843:
5838:
5834:
5833:
5827:
5823:
5817:
5813:
5812:
5806:
5802:
5796:
5792:
5788:
5787:
5781:
5777:
5771:
5767:
5766:
5760:
5756:
5750:
5746:
5745:
5739:
5735:
5729:
5725:
5720:
5716:
5710:
5706:
5705:
5699:
5695:
5689:
5685:
5684:
5678:
5674:
5668:
5664:
5660:
5659:
5653:
5649:
5643:
5639:
5638:
5632:
5628:
5622:
5618:
5613:
5612:
5602:
5596:
5592:
5588:
5587:
5581:
5577:
5571:
5567:
5563:
5562:
5556:
5552:
5551:
5545:
5541:
5535:
5531:
5526:
5525:
5518:
5514:
5508:
5504:
5499:
5495:
5489:
5485:
5481:
5480:
5474:
5470:
5464:
5460:
5459:
5453:
5449:
5445:
5441:
5437:
5432:
5428:
5427:
5421:
5417:
5416:
5410:
5406:
5400:
5396:
5395:
5389:
5388:
5367:
5363:
5357:
5341:
5337:
5333:
5326:
5315:
5311:
5307:
5303:
5299:
5295:
5291:
5287:
5283:
5279:
5275:
5268:
5261:
5253:
5246:
5238:
5234:
5230:
5224:
5220:
5216:
5212:
5211:
5203:
5195:
5191:
5184:
5177:
5176:Weinberg 1935
5173:
5169:
5164:
5156:
5152:
5148:
5144:
5140:
5136:
5132:
5128:
5124:
5117:
5109:
5103:
5099:
5098:
5090:
5074:
5067:
5060:
5055:
5047:
5041:
5037:
5036:
5028:
5020:
5019:
5014:
5007:
5000:
4995:
4989:, p. 123
4988:
4983:
4976:
4972:
4967:
4959:
4955:
4951:
4947:
4946:
4938:
4931:
4923:
4917:
4913:
4909:
4905:
4898:
4890:
4886:
4882:
4878:
4874:
4870:
4869:
4864:
4858:
4851:
4847:
4843:
4837:
4830:
4826:
4822:
4818:
4815:
4809:
4801:
4800:
4793:
4786:
4781:
4774:
4770:
4767:
4763:
4759:
4755:
4750:
4742:
4738:
4734:
4730:
4726:
4722:
4715:
4713:
4704:
4703:
4695:
4681:
4675:
4671:
4667:
4663:
4659:
4652:
4636:
4632:
4626:
4618:
4614:
4610:
4606:
4602:
4598:
4594:
4590:
4586:
4579:
4577:
4575:
4559:
4556:
4550:
4548:
4539:
4535:
4531:
4525:
4521:
4517:
4513:
4512:
4504:
4502:
4500:
4483:
4482:
4475:
4468:
4464:
4459:
4451:
4447:
4440:
4432:
4428:
4421:
4413:
4406:
4398:
4391:
4383:
4377:
4373:
4369:
4365:
4364:
4356:
4348:
4344:
4340:
4336:
4332:
4328:
4324:
4317:
4309:
4302:
4296:
4291:
4283:
4279:
4275:
4269:
4265:
4261:
4254:
4252:
4243:
4236:
4234:
4232:
4215:
4209:
4201:
4195:
4191:
4190:
4185:
4178:
4170:
4166:
4162:
4158:
4154:
4150:
4146:
4139:
4137:
4127:
4122:
4118:
4114:
4110:
4103:
4096:
4092:
4087:
4080:
4075:
4068:
4063:
4057:
4053:
4047:
4041:
4040:Crenshaw 1941
4036:
4028:
4022:
4018:
4017:
4009:
4001:
4000:
3995:
3989:
3981:
3975:
3971:
3970:
3962:
3956:
3951:
3943:
3939:
3932:
3925:(3): 202–214.
3924:
3920:
3913:
3905:
3901:
3897:
3893:
3886:
3879:
3875:
3870:
3863:
3858:
3851:
3850:
3843:
3835:
3829:
3825:
3821:
3820:
3812:
3804:
3798:
3794:
3793:
3788:
3782:
3775:
3771:
3767:
3763:
3758:
3750:
3744:
3740:
3739:
3731:
3724:
3718:
3711:
3705:
3697:
3693:
3692:
3686:
3678:
3671:
3665:
3657:
3653:
3649:
3645:
3641:
3637:
3630:
3622:
3618:
3614:
3608:
3604:
3597:
3595:
3586:
3582:
3578:
3572:
3568:
3564:
3557:
3555:
3553:
3551:
3549:
3541:
3540:Weinberg 1935
3537:
3532:
3524:
3520:
3516:
3512:
3505:
3499:, p. 78.
3498:
3492:
3484:
3480:
3474:
3466:
3462:
3458:
3452:
3436:
3432:
3431:
3426:
3424:
3416:
3407:
3403:
3399:
3395:
3391:
3387:
3380:
3372:
3366:
3362:
3361:
3351:
3344:
3338:
3329:
3321:
3315:
3311:
3307:
3306:
3301:
3294:
3286:
3282:
3278:
3274:
3270:
3266:
3259:
3251:
3244:
3236:
3229:
3223:
3217:
3209:
3202:
3196:
3192:
3187:
3179:
3172:
3164:
3160:
3156:
3152:
3148:
3144:
3140:
3133:
3126:
3120:
3113:
3107:
3103:
3099:
3095:
3088:
3086:
3084:
3076:
3072:
3068:
3062:
3058:
3051:
3049:
3047:
3045:
3043:
3035:
3034:Rossiter 1950
3030:
3023:
3018:
3011:
3006:
2999:
2994:
2987:
2981:
2974:
2968:
2962:
2958:
2952:
2945:
2939:
2930:
2922:
2921:
2914:
2907:
2901:
2894:
2889:
2882:
2878:
2877:Weinberg 1935
2873:
2866:
2862:
2856:
2849:
2843:
2837:(2003) p. 255
2836:
2830:
2823:
2819:
2814:
2807:
2803:
2799:
2795:
2791:
2781:
2765:
2761:
2757:
2753:
2746:
2730:
2726:
2720:
2716:
2712:
2705:
2697:
2693:
2686:
2680:
2676:
2671:
2663:
2661:0-87611-179-7
2657:
2653:
2646:
2639:
2634:
2627:
2623:
2618:
2602:
2595:
2589:
2585:
2580:
2572:
2566:
2562:
2558:
2557:
2549:
2541:
2535:
2531:
2530:
2522:
2514:
2508:
2504:
2503:
2495:
2493:
2484:
2478:
2474:
2473:
2465:
2457:
2453:
2447:
2445:
2436:
2432:
2428:
2427:
2419:
2417:
2409:
2403:
2401:
2385:
2379:
2371:
2365:
2361:
2357:
2356:
2348:
2342:
2338:
2333:
2331:
2329:
2327:
2325:
2316:
2310:
2306:
2302:
2301:
2293:
2291:
2284:
2280:
2275:
2271:
2267:
2263:
2257:
2255:
2250:
2234:
2231:
2228:
2224:
2222:
2219:
2217:
2214:
2212:
2209:
2207:
2204:
2203:
2198:
2187:
2180:
2178:
2173:
2171:
2167:
2163:
2153:
2149:
2145:
2142:
2141:Kari Norgaard
2137:
2132:
2130:
2126:
2115:
2105:
2101:
2097:
2091:
2090:
2085:This section
2083:
2074:
2073:
2065:
2059:
2055:
2050:
2048:
2044:
2040:
2033:
2029:
2027:
2021:
2019:
2015:
2011:
2007:
2003:
1995:
1991:
1986:
1982:
1980:
1976:
1972:
1962:
1960:
1956:
1952:
1948:
1944:
1939:
1933:
1929:
1925:
1920:
1914:
1912:
1911:Insular Cases
1907:
1903:
1899:
1894:
1892:
1888:
1884:
1879:
1877:
1873:
1869:
1865:
1861:
1857:
1853:
1845:
1842:A cartoon of
1840:
1831:
1829:
1825:
1821:
1817:
1812:
1810:
1806:
1805:1896 election
1801:
1798:
1794:
1790:
1785:
1783:
1782:
1777:
1776:Josiah Strong
1773:
1767:
1762:
1760:
1752:
1748:
1743:
1734:
1732:
1727:
1725:
1721:
1720:
1715:
1711:
1705:
1698:
1694:
1690:
1685:
1680:
1675:
1671:
1668:
1665:
1663:
1658:
1654:
1650:
1646:
1638:
1634:
1629:
1624:
1620:
1610:
1608:
1602:
1598:
1596:
1592:
1588:
1584:
1580:
1574:
1572:
1571:American flag
1568:
1564:
1563:Sitka, Alaska
1559:
1555:
1551:
1547:
1543:
1539:
1535:
1527:
1522:
1517:
1507:
1505:
1500:
1498:
1493:
1490:
1486:
1478:
1474:
1470:
1465:
1458:Homestead Act
1455:
1453:
1449:
1445:
1439:
1436:
1432:
1427:
1424:
1420:
1416:
1412:
1408:
1403:
1399:
1397:
1393:
1392:Narciso López
1389:
1380:
1376:
1372:
1367:
1363:
1361:
1360:
1354:
1350:
1345:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1331:
1327:
1326:filibustering
1323:
1316:Filibusterism
1313:
1309:
1307:
1303:
1298:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1279:
1275:
1270:
1265:
1262:
1256:
1253:
1247:
1240:All of Mexico
1237:
1233:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1219:
1215:
1204:
1199:
1197:
1196:
1191:
1190:
1185:
1180:
1174:
1168:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1157:Oregon Treaty
1149:
1148:
1143:
1138:
1134:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1111:49th parallel
1108:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1082:
1080:
1076:
1066:
1064:
1058:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1039:New Caledonia
1036:
1032:
1028:
1021:
1017:
1012:
1007:
1005:
999:
997:
993:
989:
977:
973:
971:
965:
960:
958:
954:
950:
946:
942:
938:
934:
930:
926:
922:
916:
906:
904:
900:
896:
892:
884:
880:
876:
867:
865:
861:
856:
851:
846:
844:
840:
838:
834:
829:
824:
822:
818:
814:
810:
800:
796:
794:
789:
786:
785:John Marshall
782:
781:
773:
768:
766:
762:
758:
754:
751:
746:
743:
739:
733:
731:
727:
721:
717:
715:
711:
707:
706:
701:
697:
693:
692:John Winthrop
689:
685:
680:
675:
673:
667:
664:
656:
652:
648:
639:
634:
624:
621:
617:
613:
609:
604:
602:
598:
592:
589:
585:
579:
574:
572:
568:
563:
561:
560:annexed Texas
557:
553:
549:
545:
541:
536:
533:
529:
521:
517:
513:
511:
507:
503:
493:
490:
484:
482:
478:
474:
463:
461:
457:
453:
449:
445:
441:
437:
433:
429:
425:
421:
417:
413:
410:and the 1845
409:
405:
401:
397:
393:
389:
385:
377:
374:
371:
370:
369:
366:
364:
360:
356:
352:
348:
347:North America
344:
340:
336:
324:
319:
317:
312:
310:
305:
304:
302:
301:
296:
293:
291:
288:
286:
285:
284:Pax Americana
281:
279:
276:
275:
274:
273:
269:
268:
261:
260:Latin America
257:
254:
252:
249:
247:
244:
242:
239:
237:
234:
232:
229:
228:
227:
226:
222:
221:
215:
212:
210:
207:
205:
202:
200:
197:
195:
192:
191:
190:
189:
185:
184:
178:
175:
173:
170:
168:
165:
163:
160:
158:
155:
154:
153:
152:
148:
147:
141:
140:
134:
130:
126:
125:
119:
113:
109:
105:
104:
98:
91:
87:
83:
79:
78:
73:
69:
65:
48:
44:
40:
33:
28:
19:
10070:
10064:
10019:South Africa
9876:Treaties and
9748:Philippines
9700:Governmental
9668:
9522:
9451:Amazon Watch
9426:in Australia
9387:in Australia
9270:Fort Laramie
9265:Fort Bridger
9050:Broken Arrow
8801:Independence
8398:Cowboy boots
8393:Western wear
8273:Mountain men
7934:Tanner Trail
7919:Pony Express
7914:Oregon Trail
7909:Mormon Trail
7788:
7779:Homesteading
7744:Cattle drive
7707:Peter Lebeck
7692:Annie Oakley
7652:Doc Holliday
7581:Luther Kelly
7561:Alexis Godey
7551:George Crook
7486:Sundance Kid
7441:Johnny Ringo
7431:Bill Downing
7212:Levi Ruggles
7172:Donner Party
7147:John Bozeman
7142:Daniel Boone
7081:Sitting Bull
7056:Plenty Coups
6991:Chief Joseph
6986:Bloody Knife
6981:Black Kettle
6681:1776 to 1912
6629:
6628:
6625:
6432:
6411:
6391:
6371:
6362:
6355:
6331:
6318:
6296:
6275:
6253:
6240:
6220:
6210:
6196:
6179:
6160:
6135:
6131:
6101:(1): 69–96.
6098:
6094:
6069:
6065:
6056:
6050:
6011:
5986:
5965:
5944:
5933:
5921:
5898:
5876:
5851:
5844:(20): 19–20.
5841:
5831:
5810:
5785:
5764:
5743:
5723:
5703:
5682:
5657:
5636:
5610:
5585:
5560:
5549:
5523:
5502:
5478:
5457:
5442:(1): 23–50.
5439:
5435:
5425:
5414:
5393:
5371:February 24,
5369:. Retrieved
5365:
5356:
5344:. Retrieved
5335:
5325:
5277:
5273:
5260:
5251:
5245:
5209:
5202:
5196:. p. 1.
5189:
5183:
5172:1920 message
5163:
5130:
5126:
5116:
5096:
5089:
5077:. Retrieved
5066:
5054:
5034:
5027:
5016:
5006:
4994:
4982:
4966:
4952:(1): 65–68.
4949:
4943:
4930:
4907:
4897:
4875:(1): 43–52.
4872:
4866:
4857:
4836:
4808:
4798:
4792:
4780:
4772:
4765:
4761:
4757:
4749:
4724:
4720:
4705:. p. 9.
4701:
4694:
4683:, retrieved
4661:
4651:
4639:. Retrieved
4634:
4625:
4592:
4588:
4561:. Retrieved
4557:
4510:
4486:. Retrieved
4480:
4474:
4458:
4445:
4439:
4426:
4420:
4411:
4405:
4396:
4390:
4362:
4355:
4330:
4326:
4316:
4307:
4301:
4290:
4264:Beacon Press
4259:
4241:
4218:. Retrieved
4208:
4188:
4177:
4152:
4148:
4116:
4112:
4102:
4086:
4074:
4067:Crocker 2006
4062:
4051:
4046:
4035:
4015:
4008:
3997:
3988:
3968:
3961:
3950:
3941:
3937:
3931:
3922:
3918:
3912:
3895:
3891:
3885:
3877:
3869:
3857:
3847:
3842:
3818:
3811:
3791:
3781:
3774:Hietala 2003
3757:
3737:
3730:
3722:
3717:
3709:
3704:
3695:
3689:
3677:
3664:
3639:
3635:
3629:
3602:
3567:Beacon Press
3562:
3531:
3514:
3510:
3504:
3491:
3482:
3473:
3460:
3451:
3441:September 4,
3439:. Retrieved
3435:the original
3428:
3422:
3415:
3389:
3385:
3379:
3359:
3350:
3342:
3337:
3328:
3304:
3293:
3268:
3264:
3258:
3249:
3243:
3234:
3228:
3216:
3207:
3201:
3186:
3177:
3171:
3146:
3142:
3132:
3124:
3119:
3093:
3056:
3029:
3017:
3005:
2993:
2985:
2980:
2972:
2967:
2956:
2951:
2943:
2938:
2929:
2919:
2913:
2905:
2900:
2895:, p. 10
2888:
2883:, p. 9.
2872:
2864:
2855:
2842:
2834:
2829:
2813:
2802:Sampson 2003
2789:
2780:
2768:. Retrieved
2764:the original
2759:
2755:
2752:"Annexation"
2745:
2733:. Retrieved
2729:the original
2719:the original
2715:New Humanist
2714:
2704:
2695:
2685:
2670:
2651:
2645:
2633:
2622:Tuveson 1980
2617:
2605:. Retrieved
2594:
2579:
2555:
2548:
2528:
2521:
2501:
2471:
2464:
2455:
2425:
2407:
2387:. Retrieved
2378:
2354:
2347:
2299:
2274:the original
2265:
2174:
2159:
2150:
2146:
2133:
2122:
2112:January 2023
2109:
2094:Please help
2086:
2051:
2047:World War II
2035:
2031:
2022:
2001:
1999:
1990:Panama Canal
1968:
1940:
1915:
1895:
1891:protectorate
1880:
1849:
1813:
1802:
1786:
1780:
1771:
1769:
1764:
1759:Reuben Davis
1756:
1728:
1717:
1709:
1706:
1702:
1696:
1687:
1682:
1677:
1673:
1669:
1666:
1641:
1603:
1599:
1575:
1567:Russian flag
1531:
1501:
1494:
1481:
1451:
1447:
1443:
1440:
1428:
1404:
1400:
1384:
1357:
1352:
1346:
1322:John Quitman
1319:
1310:
1305:
1299:
1295:Nuevo México
1284:
1272:
1267:
1257:
1249:
1234:
1211:
1201:
1193:
1187:
1181:
1169:
1153:
1145:
1103:Oregon Trail
1088:
1072:
1059:
1024:
1016:Fort Laramie
1003:
1001:
984:
975:
967:
962:
921:Lower Canada
918:
888:
857:
853:
848:
841:
825:
817:providential
806:
797:
790:
778:
775:
770:
755:
747:
734:
730:James Monroe
723:
719:
710:Thomas Paine
705:Common Sense
703:
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677:
669:
660:
650:
636:
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581:
576:
566:
564:
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539:
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525:
510:Jane Cazneau
505:
499:
485:
469:
448:expansionism
402:, where the
381:
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334:
332:
282:
204:List of wars
156:
122:
101:
75:
68:
46:
37:This is the
31:
10118:Geopolitics
10031:Rubber boom
10014:New Zealand
9546:Colonialism
9372:Land rights
9196:San Antonio
9133:Oregon City
9128:McMinnville
9055:Fort Gibson
8987:Fort Sumner
8977:Albuquerque
8944:Carson City
8848:Fort Benton
8806:Kansas City
8778:Leavenworth
8699:Tallahassee
8550:Los Angeles
8535:Bakersfield
8512:Window Rock
8319:New Mexican
8309:Californian
8258:Ghost towns
8149:Mexican War
8144:Indian Wars
8017:Gold rushes
7997:Paul Bunyan
7904:Meek Cutoff
7864:Barlow Road
7734:Barbed wire
7667:Seth Kinman
7481:Soapy Smith
7476:Belle Starr
7466:Tom McLaury
7456:Tom Ketchum
7451:Frank James
7446:Jesse James
7426:Bill Doolin
7399:Ike Clanton
7338:John Selman
7328:Bass Reeves
7303:Pat Garrett
7288:Virgil Earp
7283:Morgan Earp
7268:Elfego Baca
7207:Juan Rivera
7152:Jim Bridger
7031:Ganundalegi
7016:Crazy Snake
7011:Crazy Horse
6132:Mid-America
5934:Our Country
5079:October 26,
4785:Strong 1885
4769:Howard Zinn
4762:Cong. Globe
4463:Prucha 1995
4333:(1): 1–30.
3955:Ripley 1985
3944:(2): 74–98.
3898:(1): 5–23.
3874:Fuller 1936
3770:Fuller 1936
3764:, pp.
3670:Stuart 1988
3517:(1): 4–40.
3511:SAIS Review
3010:Somkin 1967
2586:, pp.
2339:, pp.
2026:World War I
1906:Philippines
1902:Puerto Rico
1864:Puerto Rico
1828:imperialism
1781:Our Country
1538:Crimean War
1524:Historical
1452:enlightened
1369:Filibuster
1342:Slave Power
1203:inevitable.
915:War of 1812
909:War of 1812
895:War of 1812
694:'s famous "
432:Republicans
420:slave state
231:Imperialism
177:Ceded lands
149:Colonialism
133:Texian army
10087:Categories
10001:Oka Crisis
9684:Two-spirit
9409:ecological
9339:Indigenous
9181:Fort Worth
9118:The Dalles
9085:Tishomingo
8972:Alamogordo
8863:Livingston
8843:Deer Lodge
8763:Dodge City
8717:Fort Boise
8674:Negro Fort
8641:Rapid City
8636:Pine Ridge
8631:Fort Yates
8555:Sacramento
8527:California
8487:Fort Grant
8403:Cowboy hat
8371:New Mexico
8351:Weird West
8304:Chuckwagon
8217:Sheep Wars
8179:Range wars
8002:Pecos Bill
7972:Johnny Kaw
7967:John Henry
7962:Dime novel
7857:and trails
7834:Tack piano
7814:Stagecoach
7769:Ghost town
7531:Kit Carson
7519:and scouts
7379:Black Bart
7293:Wyatt Earp
7021:Dasoda-hae
7006:Crazy Bear
6976:Black Hawk
4999:Bryan 1899
4973:, p.
4848:, p.
4827:, p.
4658:"Firsting"
4465:, p.
4262:. Boston:
4093:, p.
4079:Weeks 1996
3585:1044542033
3193:, p.
3075:1298342402
3059:, Tantor,
2820:, p.
2818:Adams 2008
2677:, p.
2624:, p.
2240:References
2221:Lebensraum
2156:Criticisms
2104:Wikisource
2043:Free World
1904:, and the
1747:annexation
1653:Henry Knox
1617:See also:
1454:nations."
1353:vrijbuiter
1334:Warrington
1300:Historian
1186:published
1119:Washington
1107:John Tyler
1085:All Oregon
1014:The first
996:his father
968:A shocked
945:Henry Clay
835:denounced
765:Whig Party
661:Historian
556:Providence
412:annexation
186:Militarism
80:(1872) by
9652:Rancherie
9647:Ranchería
9622:Bantustan
9563:Biopiracy
9392:in Canada
9247:Vancouver
9123:La Grande
9090:Tuskahoma
9080:Tahlequah
9060:Fort Sill
9027:Tucumcari
8997:Las Vegas
8926:Whiteclay
8921:Valentine
8853:Fort Peck
8811:St. Louis
8768:Ellsworth
8722:Fort Hall
8694:St. Marks
8679:Pensacola
8593:Telluride
8560:San Diego
8545:Jamestown
8502:Tombstone
8444:Anchorage
8292:Influence
8263:Gunfights
8055:Gunfights
7899:Lolo Pass
7855:Transport
7794:Moonshine
7784:Land rush
7774:Gunfights
7764:Fast draw
7739:Boot Hill
7637:C. S. Fly
7601:Al Sieber
7308:Jack Helm
7192:Joe Mayer
7130:Explorers
7101:Ten Bears
7086:Smallwood
7071:Sacagawea
7066:Red Cloud
7046:Manuelito
7041:Kiliahote
6891:Seminoles
6851:Nez Perce
6716:Blackfoot
6465:from the
6144:0026-2927
6115:0275-1275
6086:0022-3840
5346:August 4,
5310:216424098
5302:0024-3590
5254:(1): 113.
5237:240934811
5155:243957310
5147:1751-9020
4971:Merk 1963
4846:Merk 1963
4825:Merk 1963
4617:159258234
4609:1556-5068
4538:166826195
4488:April 26,
4339:0021-8731
4282:868199534
4192:. Rosen.
4161:0018-2745
4091:Merk 1963
3762:Merk 1963
3621:897015863
3425:, Essays"
3285:159805704
3191:Merk 1963
3163:1096-8598
2998:Ford 2010
2675:Merk 1963
2584:Ward 1962
2389:April 10,
2337:Merk 1963
2245:Citations
2100:Wikiquote
2087:contains
1943:Jones Act
1844:Uncle Sam
1757:In 1859,
1473:Norwegian
1388:Nicaragua
1375:Nicaragua
807:With the
767:is that:
700:Old World
496:Etymology
434:(such as
82:John Gast
9612:Homeland
9523:more ...
9377:Language
9296:Category
9186:Gonzales
9138:Portland
9075:Pawhuska
9070:Okmulgee
9022:Santa Fe
9012:Mogollon
8982:Cimarron
8911:Ogallala
8883:Nebraska
8868:Missoula
8833:Billings
8793:Missouri
8732:Illinois
8621:Deadwood
8616:Bismarck
8598:Trinidad
8575:Colorado
8492:Prescott
8449:Iditarod
8376:Red Dirt
7949:Folklore
7759:Cow town
7677:Nat Love
7571:Tom Horn
7517:Soldiers
7278:Roy Bean
7134:pioneers
7121:Washakie
7116:Victorio
7026:Geronimo
7001:Degataga
6896:Shoshone
6841:Muscogee
6826:Maricopa
6801:Kumeyaay
6791:Kickapoo
6786:Hualapai
6756:Comanche
6731:Cheyenne
6721:Cahuilla
6626:Concept:
6323:. Knopf.
5340:Archived
5314:Archived
5018:Politico
4958:23736226
4817:Archived
4814:platform
4685:June 10,
4641:June 10,
4563:June 10,
4347:24398586
4244:: 17–39.
4220:June 29,
4169:41304034
3789:(2015).
3523:45348230
3465:Archived
3302:(2003).
2794:in JSTOR
2607:June 11,
2279:Archived
2229:" (1899)
2183:See also
1996:in 1903.
1593:and the
1379:Honduras
1127:54°40ʹ N
1121:part of
935:and the
860:nativism
763:and the
757:Faragher
394:and the
270:Concepts
86:Columbia
43:reviewed
9783:Taiwan
9758:Russia
9738:Mexico
9728:Canada
9718:Brazil
9585:Redface
9414:medical
9242:Seattle
9232:Everett
9191:Lubbock
9176:El Paso
9171:Abilene
9113:Astoria
9017:Roswell
9007:Mesilla
9002:Lincoln
8891:Chadron
8838:Bozeman
8783:Wichita
8758:Abilene
8651:Yankton
8497:Phoenix
8464:Skagway
8339:Tex-Mex
8278:Outlaws
7367:Outlaws
7076:Seattle
7036:Irataba
6996:Cochise
6946:Yavapai
6916:Tonkawa
6876:Pequots
6806:Kutenai
6776:Hidatsa
6751:Cocopah
6736:Chinook
6706:Arikara
6701:Arapaho
6123:3124986
5384:Sources
5282:Bibcode
4912:119–121
4889:1891336
4766:but see
4741:1185599
3904:4231864
3766:144–147
3656:1887191
3406:1896318
2770:May 20,
2735:May 20,
2588:136–137
2341:215–216
2305:183–184
2012:to the
1803:In the
1787:In the
1753:in 1898
1749:of the
1477:sod hut
1192:in the
1150:(1861).
1051:Florida
897:to the
688:Puritan
466:Context
10009:Canada
9924:2024:
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9912:2018:
9902:2010:
9896:2007:
9890:1992:
9884:1989:
9855:bodies
9810:bodies
9702:bodies
9534:Issues
9350:Rights
9166:Austin
9095:Wewoka
8992:Gallup
8936:Nevada
8858:Helena
8750:Kansas
8669:Angola
8588:Denver
8583:Creede
8540:Fresno
8507:Tucson
8459:Seward
8436:Alaska
8428:Places
8381:Tejano
8268:Lawmen
7610:Others
7420:Emmett
7261:Lawmen
7051:Massai
6936:Yakama
6931:Washoe
6921:Umpqua
6886:Pueblo
6866:Pawnee
6846:Navajo
6836:Mohave
6821:Mandan
6811:Lakota
6766:Dakota
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6696:Apache
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657:, 1846
597:Canada
489:Mexico
9831:WIPO
9158:Texas
9143:Salem
8916:Omaha
8626:Fargo
8408:Jeans
8253:Gangs
8231:Lists
8184:feuds
7809:Rodeo
6941:Yaqui
6901:Sioux
6831:Modoc
6796:Kiowa
6746:Caddo
6152:Books
6119:JSTOR
5317:(PDF)
5306:S2CID
5270:(PDF)
5233:S2CID
5151:S2CID
4954:JSTOR
4940:(PDF)
4885:JSTOR
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4534:S2CID
4343:JSTOR
4165:JSTOR
3900:JSTOR
3652:JSTOR
3519:JSTOR
3402:JSTOR
3281:S2CID
2136:Karuk
1448:right
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1304:, in
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548:annex
428:Whigs
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9040:and
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8517:Yuma
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