186:
298:
The history of research concerning Angel phase and
Mississippian archaeology is chiefly focused on the study of shell-tempered pottery. The first accounts of the process of shell-tempered pottery in the Southeast were described by Dumont. In his historical account, Dumont described how women were in
278:
According to pottery deposits throughout the Angel site, only half the area was occupied for Angel 2. The dating of human remains buried at the site and Angel 3 pottery suggest that the majority of the site (north, west, east, and interior areas) was in use during Angel 3. There appeared to be more
176:
The context in which these artifact markers are found contributes to whether the chronology can be deemed viable and acceptable as a temporal scale. To ensure that this is true, a series of eliminations of questionable layers is conducted to create a sample that represents undisturbed archaeological
135:
region. It is considered more plain than other Ohio-Mississippi confluence assemblages. Second, there is a trend toward greater plainness as time progresses. From early Angel 2 phase to late Angel 3 phase, the percentage of decorated sherds relative to all sherds declined from 3% to 0.6%. This
271:
The proposed Angel 1 phase (Stephan–Steinkamp phase, 1100 to 1200?), is represented only by pottery sherds in the vicinity of, but not in, the Angel Mounds site. Mound A was constructed in the early 13th century, during the Angel 2 phase. The pottery found at the top of the mound dates to only
324:
became an essential step towards answering more complex questions, instead of being only the final result of a study. "The second major change in
Mississippian studies is that pottery analysis is addressing new questions – compositional, technological, functional and stylistic…" Compositional
245:
All four mound sites (above) include painted and incised sherds that are very rare, ranging from less than one percent near
Kincaid to about three or four percent of the assemblage at Wickliffe. Some common pottery styles found in these sites include: Angel Negative Painted, Kincaid Negative
227:
have been grouped together into a "Kincaid focus" set, due to similarities in pottery assemblages and site plans. Most striking are the comparisons between the
Kincaid and Angel sites, which include analogous site plans, stylistic similarities in artifacts, and geographic proximity. These
319:
Radiocarbon dating was used together with analysis of regional trends of assemblages to fill in aspects of the temporal range of the Angel Mounds site. As the discipline of archaeology changed, the focus of research in
Mississippian archaeology changed with it. Chronology by
165:-level base at the time of maximum usage. Rim thickness and handle variation are markers that gradually shift in pottery styles over time. They can be associated with the general early period, with the loop handle shifting toward the strap handle later. The appearance of a
371:
Stylistic advances in
Mississippian pottery related to the Southwestern Ceremonial Complex group defined by Waring and Holder. Mississippian pottery, especially from Angel and Kincaid, has been grouped with Southeastern pottery because they shared the same motifs.
98:
in its region, the Angel phase collection consists of well over 2.5 million individually catalogued objects. The count is rising yearly with continued excavation and research. Characteristic to Angel phase mounds in particular, the assemblage is overwhelmingly
299:
charge of the process. He described in rich detail the skill and elements involved in the creation of shell-tempered pottery. Pottery of the region has been studied by archeologists both to define chronology of sites and to understand cultural relationships.
267:
deposits, this was the earliest Middle
Mississippian occupation of Angel. During this phase at Angel, pottery design indicates that this was the same time period as when Middle Wickliffe transitioned to Late Wickliffe phase, as well as Angelly.
126:
From a regional perspective, certain patterns and comparisons can be observed between other assemblages and among time periods. First, the simplicity or plainness of the Angel collection is similar to comparable assemblages from the
118:
Chipped-stone artifacts and debris are uncommon at Angel phase mounds, consisting of less than 1% of all artifacts. Ground-stone artifacts are fewer, representing about one-seventh the frequency of their chipped counterparts.
667:
307:
and
Wickliffe into the "Kincaid focus". The geographic distribution of Angel and Caborn-Welborn settlements, their classifications, and their relationships with each other were examined by Thomas J. Green and
2335:
647:
486:
353:
studies conducted by
Steponaitis, Bronitsky and Hamer to assess the resistance of fine shell-tempered versus coarse shell-tempered pottery to thermal and mechanical stresses.
942:
635:
282:
Archaeologists theorize that by 1450 CE with the collapse of the Angel chiefdom, many of the Angel people had relocated downriver to the confluence of the Ohio and
1511:
3342:
3413:
2368:
523:
448:
389:
157:
that occur in the assemblage. These markers are chosen because they either appear to follow a continuous change over time, which allows classification by
1073:
309:
170:
2325:
788:
1531:
917:
628:
364:"Smith noted that a number of innovations in pottery technology are associated with the cultivation, storage, processing and preparation of maize."
112:
1373:
231:
The 300-400 year span in which these types of artifacts and sites are found is called the "Angel phase". It is broken up into three subphases:
166:
2390:
2088:
108:
2911:
1521:
250:
and ranges from the smoothed surface and coarser temper of
Mississippi Ware to the more polished surface and finer temper of Bell Ware (31).
107:. (Hilgeman, 2000:25). Of this vast quantity, 98% are plain or decorated with relatively common designs. The common decorations such as
3387:
1564:
621:
3327:
3016:
591:
3454:
3444:
3086:
2876:
2361:
1574:
3449:
2981:
2776:
1195:
1191:
332:
microscopic examination of paste and temper in order to identify non-local vessels and improve the classification of sherds; and
2851:
2786:
2766:
564:
3439:
2991:
836:
758:
2354:
1035:
263:
Many of the structures in the site were built in the early Angel 2 phase (1200 to 1325). According to the stratigraphy of
32:. Angel phase archaeological sites date from c. 1050 - 1350 CE and are located on the northern and southern sides of the
3372:
3347:
3297:
2761:
2209:
1213:
1025:
1000:
932:
778:
3121:
2901:
2726:
1333:
962:
937:
841:
212:
60:
545:
502:
470:
411:
2866:
1778:
1015:
3367:
3332:
3136:
3006:
2856:
2811:
2285:
1123:
856:
275:
Kincaid's largest platform mound, which is similar to Angel Mound A (MX10), was also used only until about 1300.
3277:
3071:
3046:
2966:
2658:
2402:
1798:
1363:
748:
738:
589:
Sherri L. Hilgeman and Mark R. Schurr,"Radiocarbon dating of the Angel site and phase in regional perspective"
2115:
1882:
1867:
1743:
1506:
1318:
866:
803:
783:
140:
assemblages that deemphasized painting as a mode of decoration from prior to 1200 CE compared to afterward.
3282:
2831:
2146:
2125:
1684:
1644:
1428:
1050:
1005:
912:
881:
228:
connections have led some experts to hypothesize that the builders and residents were of the same society.
123:
remains are, however, a significant portion of the assemblage, with specimen counts attributing about 20%.
103:, with vessels and pottery fragments occupying just under 70% of the total count, or more than 1.8 million
3377:
3146:
2731:
2716:
2590:
2078:
2052:
1877:
1813:
1763:
1088:
1055:
662:
533:
494:
458:
399:
2986:
2741:
1674:
1559:
1541:
1393:
1328:
41:
3204:
3156:
1433:
763:
2678:
3091:
2946:
2916:
2475:
2377:
1837:
1609:
1579:
1313:
95:
68:
25:
185:
3382:
3116:
3106:
3066:
2941:
2673:
2608:
2295:
2105:
1985:
1932:
1793:
1468:
1463:
1423:
321:
158:
598:, Glenn Black Archaeological Laboratory, Indiana University, 25 July 1996, accessed 26 June 2008
3051:
2771:
2618:
2561:
2495:
2480:
2278:
1960:
1526:
1258:
1118:
1010:
995:
922:
367:
Hally's use of vessel morphology and surface to describe how the vessel's function was altered.
287:
92:
462:
452:
403:
393:
3245:
3179:
3126:
3021:
2921:
2688:
2653:
2643:
2584:
1253:
1218:
861:
651:
613:
537:
527:
80:
72:
21:
2816:
2668:
2540:
2248:
1443:
1278:
808:
753:
588:
286:
rivers. A new Late Mississippian cultural group subsequently emerged and are known as the
8:
3307:
2603:
2530:
2505:
2470:
2450:
2253:
2214:
2161:
1912:
1862:
1847:
1783:
1768:
1721:
1483:
1203:
1103:
990:
361:
the difference between ceremonial pottery and utilitarian pottery by Sears and Childress;
303:, et al. (1951:229) grouped the lower Ohio Valley Mississippian towns of Angel, Kincaid,
48:
561:
272:
Angel 2. This suggests that the mound was no longer in use for Angel 3 (1325 to 1450).
3392:
2936:
2931:
2791:
2638:
2574:
2555:
2490:
2485:
2417:
2300:
1942:
1857:
1758:
1711:
1614:
1594:
1501:
1418:
1353:
1288:
696:
132:
2510:
3418:
3219:
2926:
2683:
2663:
2445:
2151:
2141:
2047:
1902:
1788:
1753:
1701:
1669:
1634:
1629:
1569:
1551:
1516:
1458:
1408:
1368:
1283:
1078:
1040:
985:
768:
731:
541:
498:
466:
407:
312:
in a series of publications; the key Angel phase sites in their work were Angel and
3362:
3199:
3151:
3101:
3041:
2956:
2881:
2871:
2846:
2801:
2648:
2598:
2579:
2569:
2520:
2515:
2183:
2178:
2166:
2110:
2100:
1927:
1731:
1649:
1584:
1293:
1140:
1113:
1083:
886:
876:
247:
216:
194:
52:
3255:
3209:
2961:
2906:
2896:
2756:
2535:
2465:
2460:
2440:
2407:
2290:
2231:
2188:
2171:
2156:
1917:
1887:
1619:
1383:
1348:
1338:
1298:
1020:
967:
927:
851:
813:
686:
595:
568:
347:
313:
300:
3337:
3322:
3312:
2951:
2781:
2736:
2633:
2545:
2500:
2330:
2263:
2258:
2226:
2193:
1975:
1842:
1689:
1413:
1263:
1238:
1228:
743:
3214:
2346:
3433:
3194:
3189:
3081:
3031:
3026:
3011:
3001:
2996:
2746:
2623:
2435:
2412:
2273:
2093:
2022:
1980:
1937:
1897:
1872:
1726:
1659:
1654:
1624:
1473:
1448:
1358:
1308:
1223:
1160:
1093:
846:
793:
701:
576:
491:
Caborn-Welborn - Constructing a New Society after the Angel Chiefdom Collapse
343:
detailed information on manufacture of pottery by Million and van der Leeuw;
279:
activity and a more populous occupation during Angel 3 than during Angel 2.
3397:
3352:
3302:
3292:
3272:
3240:
3141:
3096:
3076:
2861:
2841:
2806:
2721:
2706:
2525:
2397:
2320:
2120:
2083:
1952:
1852:
1803:
1706:
1664:
1438:
1403:
1268:
1243:
1170:
1155:
1145:
1133:
1045:
1030:
947:
902:
646:
283:
224:
198:
162:
76:
44:
136:
trend is in line with regional trends in Tennessee-Cumberland and Western
3250:
3131:
3111:
2976:
2836:
2826:
2711:
2455:
2221:
2073:
2017:
1965:
1679:
1536:
1323:
1233:
1177:
1128:
798:
773:
726:
711:
29:
3287:
3184:
3056:
2971:
2796:
1970:
1922:
1892:
1832:
1639:
1398:
1208:
1150:
1108:
1098:
952:
831:
339:
Breakthroughs in Mississippian archaeology technology studies include:
204:
33:
2886:
3061:
2891:
2042:
2032:
2012:
1907:
1716:
1604:
1496:
1273:
957:
871:
304:
220:
128:
56:
3260:
3224:
3174:
3036:
2821:
2268:
2236:
1453:
1378:
721:
716:
208:
137:
64:
3267:
2751:
2628:
2550:
2243:
2057:
2037:
1491:
1388:
706:
100:
37:
2613:
1824:
1694:
1343:
1248:
335:
more recent studies focused on resources and exchange patterns.
264:
643:
3357:
2027:
1773:
1303:
1165:
120:
104:
211:, Kentucky, and Indiana, the Mississippian-culture towns of
169:
sherd demarcates an earlier period, and the appearance of a
3317:
246:
Painted, and Matthews Incised (32). This pottery is shell
562:
Mississippian Settlement Patterns in Southwestern Indiana
20:
describes a 300–400-year cultural manifestation of the
153:
The chronology of Angel pottery is based upon certain
350:
improves the workability of shell-tempered clay; and
329:
the first thin-section analyses conducted by Porter;
443:
441:
3431:
610:, Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 2000.
2376:
438:
180:
2362:
629:
518:
516:
514:
479:
67:. Additional sites range from the mouth of
560:Green, Thomas J., and Cheryl Ann Munson. "
189:Mississippian sites on the Lower Ohio River
2369:
2355:
636:
622:
253:
2877:Hopewell Culture National Historical Park
511:
86:
522:
447:
388:
184:
91:One of the most extensive Mississippian
485:
382:
3432:
293:
2350:
617:
148:
3348:Norse colonization of North America
13:
652:Mississippian and related cultures
235:Jonathan Creek (1000/1100-1200CE),
161:, or they are absent/present in a
61:Kincaid Mounds State Historic Site
28:, as defined in the discipline of
14:
3466:
573:Mississippian Settlement Patterns
3455:Archaeological sites in Kentucky
3445:Archaeological sites in Illinois
645:
241:Tinsley Hill (1300-1450CE) (30).
173:sherd indicates a later period.
3450:Archaeological sites in Indiana
3368:Southeastern Ceremonial Complex
2286:Southeastern Ceremonial Complex
608:Pottery and Chronology at Angel
529:Pottery and Chronology at Angel
454:Pottery and Chronology at Angel
395:Pottery and Chronology at Angel
24:of the central portions of the
668:Timeline of Mississippi valley
582:
554:
429:
420:
51:; northwestern Kentucky, with
1:
1868:Grand Village of the Illinois
375:
258:
3440:Middle Mississippian culture
3333:Mi'kmaq hieroglyphic writing
3283:Eastern Agricultural Complex
1645:Grand Village of the Natchez
357:Functional studies include:
7:
2717:Bandelier National Monument
2591:List of Mississippian sites
2378:Pre-Columbian North America
663:List of Mississippian sites
534:University of Alabama Press
495:University of Alabama Press
459:University of Alabama Press
400:University of Alabama Press
316:, a small site near Angel.
181:Spatiotemporal distribution
75:, west to the mouth of the
10:
3471:
3137:West Oak Forest Earthlodge
2742:The Bluff Point Stoneworks
2451:Ancestral Pueblo (Anasazi)
579:: Academic, 1978, 293–330.
238:Angelly (1200-1300CE), and
192:
42:National Historic Landmark
3406:
3378:Three Sisters agriculture
3233:
3165:
2697:
2426:
2384:
2313:
2202:
2134:
2066:
2005:
1998:
1951:
1823:
1812:
1742:
1593:
1550:
1482:
1190:
1064:
976:
895:
822:
685:
676:
658:
143:
2917:Lehner Mammoth-Kill Site
2476:Buttermilk Creek complex
1580:Naval Live Oaks Cemetery
575:. Ed. Bruce D. Smith.
26:United States of America
3117:Town Creek Indian Mound
3087:Sierra de San Francisco
2942:Meadowcroft Rockshelter
2210:Ballgame (Southeastern)
2106:Long-nosed god maskette
1986:SunWatch Indian Village
1933:Roche-a-Cri Petroglyphs
1794:Ka-Do-Ha Indian Village
346:Stimmel's finding that
254:Regional manifestations
2772:Coso Rock Art District
2659:Santa Rosa-Swift Creek
2562:List of Hopewell sites
1961:Alligator Effigy Mound
1575:Hickory Ridge Cemetery
1527:Leon-Jefferson culture
923:Caborn-Welborn culture
594:June 13, 2008, at the
288:Caborn-Welborn culture
190:
87:Angel phase assemblage
3180:Arlington Springs Man
3022:Portsmouth Earthworks
690:and Upper Mississippi
188:
81:Posey County, Indiana
73:Perry County, Indiana
22:Mississippian culture
3388:Transoceanic contact
3278:Container Revolution
2852:Gila Cliff Dwellings
2817:Etowah Indian Mounds
2249:Earth/fertility cult
1953:Fort Ancient culture
837:Dogtooth Bend Mounds
823:Lower Ohio River and
809:Steed-Kisker culture
606:Hilgeman, Sherri L.
3308:Green Corn Ceremony
3122:Turkey River Mounds
2912:Lake Jackson Mounds
2732:Blue Spring Shelter
2254:Green Corn Ceremony
1814:Upper Mississippian
1764:Blue Spring Shelter
1484:Fort Walton culture
938:Hovey Lake District
294:History of research
3393:Underwater panther
3067:Rosenstock Village
2937:Marmes Rockshelter
2922:L'Anse aux Meadows
2336:de Soto Expedition
2301:Underwater panther
2147:Central Algonquian
1858:Fisher Mound Group
1502:Apalachee Province
1469:Waddells Mill Pond
567:2012-07-22 at the
325:studies include:
191:
149:Artifact seriation
3427:
3426:
3419:Pre-Columbian era
3220:Spirit Cave mummy
3017:Plum Bayou Mounds
2927:Lynch Quarry Site
2446:Ancient Beringian
2344:
2343:
2309:
2308:
1994:
1993:
1610:Atchafalaya Basin
1552:Pensacola culture
1517:Fort Walton Mound
1409:Punk Rock Shelter
1369:Mouse Creek phase
1192:South Appalachian
1186:
1185:
1065:Central and Lower
1006:Castalian Springs
996:Brentwood Library
896:Middle Ohio River
749:Emerald Acropolis
310:Cheryl Ann Munson
171:Parkin Punctuated
113:fabric impressing
47:near present-day
3462:
3363:Projectile point
3200:Leanderthal Lady
3127:Upward Sun River
3102:Stallings Island
3092:Shell ring sites
3042:Recapture Canyon
2957:Moorehead Circle
2802:El Fin del Mundo
2787:Cueva de la Olla
2593:
2580:Maritime Archaic
2564:
2394:
2371:
2364:
2357:
2348:
2347:
2111:Mill Creek chert
2101:Duck River cache
2003:
2002:
1821:
1820:
1585:Pensacola people
1379:Muscogee (Creek)
1219:Bell Field Mound
933:Hovey Lake-Klein
887:Wickliffe Mounds
862:Rowlandton Mound
779:Lunsford-Pulcher
683:
682:
650:
649:
638:
631:
624:
615:
614:
599:
586:
580:
558:
552:
551:
524:Hilgeman, Sherri
520:
509:
508:
483:
477:
476:
449:Hilgeman, Sherri
445:
436:
433:
427:
424:
418:
417:
390:Hilgeman, Sherri
386:
195:Wickliffe Mounds
53:Wickliffe Mounds
3470:
3469:
3465:
3464:
3463:
3461:
3460:
3459:
3430:
3429:
3428:
3423:
3414:Genetic history
3402:
3256:Ceremonial pipe
3229:
3210:Minnesota Woman
3167:
3161:
2982:Ocmulgee Mounds
2962:Morrison Mounds
2907:Kolomoki Mounds
2897:Kimball Village
2757:Candelaria Cave
2699:
2693:
2674:Suwannee Valley
2609:Old Cordilleran
2589:
2560:
2428:
2422:
2388:
2380:
2375:
2345:
2340:
2326:Clarksdale bell
2305:
2291:Stone box grave
2232:Ceremonial pipe
2198:
2157:Mobilian Jargon
2130:
2062:
1990:
1947:
1815:
1808:
1745:
1738:
1596:
1589:
1546:
1478:
1424:Rucker's Bottom
1214:Beaverdam Creek
1194:
1182:
1066:
1060:
1021:Hiwassee Island
978:
972:
963:Welborn Village
891:
852:Millstone Bluff
825:Confluence area
824:
818:
814:Sugarloaf Mound
754:Emmons Cemetery
689:
687:American Bottom
678:
672:
654:
644:
642:
603:
602:
596:Wayback Machine
587:
583:
569:Wayback Machine
559:
555:
548:
521:
512:
505:
484:
480:
473:
446:
439:
435:Hilgeman, p.30.
434:
430:
426:(Hilgeman:2000)
425:
421:
414:
387:
383:
378:
348:sodium chloride
301:Fay-Cooper Cole
296:
261:
256:
201:
183:
151:
146:
115:are very rare.
89:
12:
11:
5:
3468:
3458:
3457:
3452:
3447:
3442:
3425:
3424:
3422:
3421:
3416:
3411:
3407:
3404:
3403:
3401:
3400:
3395:
3390:
3385:
3380:
3375:
3370:
3365:
3360:
3355:
3350:
3345:
3340:
3338:Mound Builders
3335:
3330:
3325:
3323:Medicine wheel
3320:
3315:
3313:Horned Serpent
3310:
3305:
3300:
3295:
3290:
3285:
3280:
3275:
3270:
3265:
3264:
3263:
3253:
3248:
3243:
3237:
3235:
3231:
3230:
3228:
3227:
3222:
3217:
3212:
3207:
3202:
3197:
3192:
3187:
3182:
3177:
3171:
3169:
3163:
3162:
3160:
3159:
3154:
3149:
3144:
3139:
3134:
3129:
3124:
3119:
3114:
3109:
3104:
3099:
3094:
3089:
3084:
3079:
3074:
3069:
3064:
3059:
3054:
3052:Roberts Island
3049:
3044:
3039:
3034:
3029:
3024:
3019:
3014:
3009:
3004:
2999:
2994:
2989:
2987:Old Stone Fort
2984:
2979:
2974:
2969:
2964:
2959:
2954:
2952:Moaning Cavern
2949:
2944:
2939:
2934:
2929:
2924:
2919:
2914:
2909:
2904:
2902:Kincaid Mounds
2899:
2894:
2889:
2884:
2879:
2874:
2869:
2864:
2859:
2854:
2849:
2844:
2839:
2834:
2829:
2824:
2819:
2814:
2809:
2804:
2799:
2794:
2789:
2784:
2782:Cuarenta Casas
2779:
2774:
2769:
2764:
2759:
2754:
2749:
2744:
2739:
2737:Bluefish Caves
2734:
2729:
2724:
2719:
2714:
2709:
2703:
2701:
2698:Archaeological
2695:
2694:
2692:
2691:
2686:
2681:
2676:
2671:
2666:
2661:
2656:
2651:
2646:
2641:
2636:
2631:
2626:
2621:
2616:
2611:
2606:
2601:
2596:
2595:
2594:
2582:
2577:
2572:
2567:
2566:
2565:
2553:
2548:
2543:
2538:
2533:
2528:
2523:
2518:
2513:
2508:
2503:
2498:
2496:Caloosahatchee
2493:
2488:
2483:
2481:Caborn-Welborn
2478:
2473:
2468:
2463:
2458:
2453:
2448:
2443:
2438:
2432:
2430:
2427:Archaeological
2424:
2423:
2421:
2420:
2415:
2410:
2405:
2400:
2395:
2385:
2382:
2381:
2374:
2373:
2366:
2359:
2351:
2342:
2341:
2339:
2338:
2333:
2331:Mound Builders
2328:
2323:
2318:
2317:Related topics
2314:
2311:
2310:
2307:
2306:
2304:
2303:
2298:
2293:
2288:
2283:
2282:
2281:
2279:Village bundle
2271:
2266:
2264:Platform mound
2261:
2259:Horned Serpent
2256:
2251:
2246:
2241:
2240:
2239:
2229:
2224:
2219:
2218:
2217:
2206:
2204:
2200:
2199:
2197:
2196:
2191:
2186:
2181:
2176:
2175:
2174:
2164:
2159:
2154:
2149:
2144:
2138:
2136:
2132:
2131:
2129:
2128:
2126:Stone statuary
2123:
2118:
2113:
2108:
2103:
2098:
2097:
2096:
2091:
2086:
2076:
2070:
2068:
2064:
2063:
2061:
2060:
2055:
2050:
2045:
2040:
2035:
2030:
2025:
2020:
2015:
2009:
2007:
2000:
1996:
1995:
1992:
1991:
1989:
1988:
1983:
1978:
1976:Leo Petroglyph
1973:
1968:
1963:
1957:
1955:
1949:
1948:
1946:
1945:
1940:
1935:
1930:
1925:
1920:
1915:
1913:Moccasin Bluff
1910:
1905:
1900:
1895:
1890:
1885:
1880:
1875:
1870:
1865:
1863:Gentleman Farm
1860:
1855:
1850:
1848:Carcajou Point
1845:
1840:
1835:
1829:
1827:
1818:
1810:
1809:
1807:
1806:
1801:
1796:
1791:
1786:
1781:
1779:Caddoan Mounds
1776:
1771:
1766:
1761:
1756:
1750:
1748:
1740:
1739:
1737:
1736:
1734:
1729:
1724:
1719:
1714:
1709:
1704:
1699:
1698:
1697:
1687:
1682:
1677:
1672:
1667:
1662:
1657:
1652:
1647:
1642:
1637:
1632:
1627:
1622:
1617:
1612:
1607:
1601:
1599:
1591:
1590:
1588:
1587:
1582:
1577:
1572:
1567:
1565:Dauphin Island
1562:
1556:
1554:
1548:
1547:
1545:
1544:
1539:
1534:
1529:
1524:
1519:
1514:
1509:
1504:
1499:
1494:
1488:
1486:
1480:
1479:
1477:
1476:
1471:
1466:
1461:
1456:
1451:
1446:
1441:
1436:
1431:
1426:
1421:
1416:
1411:
1406:
1401:
1396:
1391:
1386:
1381:
1376:
1371:
1366:
1361:
1356:
1351:
1346:
1341:
1336:
1331:
1326:
1321:
1316:
1311:
1306:
1301:
1296:
1291:
1286:
1281:
1276:
1271:
1266:
1261:
1256:
1251:
1246:
1241:
1239:Bussell Island
1236:
1231:
1226:
1221:
1216:
1211:
1206:
1200:
1198:
1188:
1187:
1184:
1183:
1181:
1180:
1175:
1174:
1173:
1168:
1158:
1153:
1148:
1143:
1138:
1137:
1136:
1126:
1121:
1116:
1111:
1106:
1101:
1096:
1091:
1086:
1081:
1076:
1070:
1068:
1062:
1061:
1059:
1058:
1053:
1048:
1043:
1038:
1033:
1028:
1023:
1018:
1013:
1008:
1003:
998:
993:
991:Beasley Mounds
988:
982:
980:
974:
973:
971:
970:
965:
960:
955:
950:
945:
940:
935:
930:
925:
920:
915:
910:
905:
899:
897:
893:
892:
890:
889:
884:
879:
874:
869:
864:
859:
854:
849:
844:
842:Kincaid Mounds
839:
834:
828:
826:
820:
819:
817:
816:
811:
806:
801:
796:
791:
786:
781:
776:
771:
766:
761:
759:Horseshoe Lake
756:
751:
746:
744:Dickson Mounds
741:
736:
735:
734:
729:
724:
719:
714:
704:
699:
693:
691:
680:
674:
673:
671:
670:
665:
659:
656:
655:
641:
640:
633:
626:
618:
612:
611:
601:
600:
581:
553:
546:
510:
503:
487:Pollack, David
478:
471:
437:
428:
419:
412:
380:
379:
377:
374:
369:
368:
365:
362:
355:
354:
351:
344:
337:
336:
333:
330:
295:
292:
260:
257:
255:
252:
243:
242:
239:
236:
182:
179:
177:stratigraphy.
150:
147:
145:
142:
88:
85:
69:Anderson River
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3467:
3456:
3453:
3451:
3448:
3446:
3443:
3441:
3438:
3437:
3435:
3420:
3417:
3415:
3412:
3409:
3408:
3405:
3399:
3396:
3394:
3391:
3389:
3386:
3384:
3381:
3379:
3376:
3374:
3371:
3369:
3366:
3364:
3361:
3359:
3356:
3354:
3351:
3349:
3346:
3344:
3341:
3339:
3336:
3334:
3331:
3329:
3326:
3324:
3321:
3319:
3316:
3314:
3311:
3309:
3306:
3304:
3301:
3299:
3298:Falcon dancer
3296:
3294:
3291:
3289:
3286:
3284:
3281:
3279:
3276:
3274:
3271:
3269:
3266:
3262:
3259:
3258:
3257:
3254:
3252:
3249:
3247:
3244:
3242:
3239:
3238:
3236:
3234:Miscellaneous
3232:
3226:
3223:
3221:
3218:
3216:
3213:
3211:
3208:
3206:
3205:Melbourne Man
3203:
3201:
3198:
3196:
3195:La Brea Woman
3193:
3191:
3190:Kennewick Man
3188:
3186:
3183:
3181:
3178:
3176:
3173:
3172:
3170:
3164:
3158:
3155:
3153:
3150:
3148:
3145:
3143:
3140:
3138:
3135:
3133:
3130:
3128:
3125:
3123:
3120:
3118:
3115:
3113:
3110:
3108:
3105:
3103:
3100:
3098:
3095:
3093:
3090:
3088:
3085:
3083:
3082:Serpent Mound
3080:
3078:
3075:
3073:
3070:
3068:
3065:
3063:
3060:
3058:
3055:
3053:
3050:
3048:
3045:
3043:
3040:
3038:
3035:
3033:
3032:Pueblo Bonito
3030:
3028:
3027:Poverty Point
3025:
3023:
3020:
3018:
3015:
3013:
3012:Pinson Mounds
3010:
3008:
3005:
3003:
3002:Painted Bluff
3000:
2998:
2995:
2993:
2990:
2988:
2985:
2983:
2980:
2978:
2975:
2973:
2970:
2968:
2965:
2963:
2960:
2958:
2955:
2953:
2950:
2948:
2945:
2943:
2940:
2938:
2935:
2933:
2930:
2928:
2925:
2923:
2920:
2918:
2915:
2913:
2910:
2908:
2905:
2903:
2900:
2898:
2895:
2893:
2890:
2888:
2885:
2883:
2882:Horr's Island
2880:
2878:
2875:
2873:
2870:
2868:
2865:
2863:
2860:
2858:
2855:
2853:
2850:
2848:
2845:
2843:
2840:
2838:
2835:
2833:
2830:
2828:
2825:
2823:
2820:
2818:
2815:
2813:
2812:Effigy Mounds
2810:
2808:
2805:
2803:
2800:
2798:
2795:
2793:
2790:
2788:
2785:
2783:
2780:
2778:
2777:Crystal River
2775:
2773:
2770:
2768:
2765:
2763:
2760:
2758:
2755:
2753:
2750:
2748:
2745:
2743:
2740:
2738:
2735:
2733:
2730:
2728:
2725:
2723:
2720:
2718:
2715:
2713:
2710:
2708:
2705:
2704:
2702:
2696:
2690:
2689:Weeden Island
2687:
2685:
2682:
2680:
2677:
2675:
2672:
2670:
2667:
2665:
2662:
2660:
2657:
2655:
2654:Safety Harbor
2652:
2650:
2647:
2645:
2644:Poverty Point
2642:
2640:
2637:
2635:
2632:
2630:
2627:
2625:
2624:Paleo-Indians
2622:
2620:
2617:
2615:
2612:
2610:
2607:
2605:
2602:
2600:
2597:
2592:
2588:
2587:
2586:
2585:Mississippian
2583:
2581:
2578:
2576:
2573:
2571:
2568:
2563:
2559:
2558:
2557:
2554:
2552:
2549:
2547:
2544:
2542:
2539:
2537:
2534:
2532:
2529:
2527:
2524:
2522:
2519:
2517:
2514:
2512:
2509:
2507:
2504:
2502:
2499:
2497:
2494:
2492:
2489:
2487:
2484:
2482:
2479:
2477:
2474:
2472:
2469:
2467:
2464:
2462:
2459:
2457:
2454:
2452:
2449:
2447:
2444:
2442:
2439:
2437:
2434:
2433:
2431:
2425:
2419:
2416:
2414:
2411:
2409:
2406:
2404:
2401:
2399:
2396:
2393:
2392:
2387:
2386:
2383:
2379:
2372:
2367:
2365:
2360:
2358:
2353:
2352:
2349:
2337:
2334:
2332:
2329:
2327:
2324:
2322:
2319:
2316:
2315:
2312:
2302:
2299:
2297:
2294:
2292:
2289:
2287:
2284:
2280:
2277:
2276:
2275:
2274:Sacred bundle
2272:
2270:
2267:
2265:
2262:
2260:
2257:
2255:
2252:
2250:
2247:
2245:
2242:
2238:
2235:
2234:
2233:
2230:
2228:
2225:
2223:
2220:
2216:
2213:
2212:
2211:
2208:
2207:
2205:
2201:
2195:
2192:
2190:
2187:
2185:
2182:
2180:
2177:
2173:
2170:
2169:
2168:
2165:
2163:
2160:
2158:
2155:
2153:
2150:
2148:
2145:
2143:
2140:
2139:
2137:
2133:
2127:
2124:
2122:
2119:
2117:
2114:
2112:
2109:
2107:
2104:
2102:
2099:
2095:
2094:Wulfing cache
2092:
2090:
2087:
2085:
2082:
2081:
2080:
2079:Copper plates
2077:
2075:
2072:
2071:
2069:
2065:
2059:
2056:
2054:
2053:Three Sisters
2051:
2049:
2046:
2044:
2041:
2039:
2036:
2034:
2031:
2029:
2026:
2024:
2023:Little barley
2021:
2019:
2016:
2014:
2011:
2010:
2008:
2004:
2001:
1997:
1987:
1984:
1982:
1981:Serpent Mound
1979:
1977:
1974:
1972:
1969:
1967:
1964:
1962:
1959:
1958:
1956:
1954:
1950:
1944:
1943:Summer Island
1941:
1939:
1936:
1934:
1931:
1929:
1926:
1924:
1921:
1919:
1916:
1914:
1911:
1909:
1906:
1904:
1901:
1899:
1896:
1894:
1891:
1889:
1886:
1884:
1881:
1879:
1876:
1874:
1871:
1869:
1866:
1864:
1861:
1859:
1856:
1854:
1851:
1849:
1846:
1844:
1841:
1839:
1836:
1834:
1831:
1830:
1828:
1826:
1822:
1819:
1817:
1811:
1805:
1802:
1800:
1797:
1795:
1792:
1790:
1787:
1785:
1782:
1780:
1777:
1775:
1772:
1770:
1767:
1765:
1762:
1760:
1757:
1755:
1752:
1751:
1749:
1747:
1746:Mississippian
1741:
1735:
1733:
1730:
1728:
1725:
1723:
1720:
1718:
1715:
1713:
1710:
1708:
1705:
1703:
1700:
1696:
1693:
1692:
1691:
1688:
1686:
1683:
1681:
1678:
1676:
1673:
1671:
1668:
1666:
1663:
1661:
1658:
1656:
1653:
1651:
1648:
1646:
1643:
1641:
1638:
1636:
1633:
1631:
1628:
1626:
1623:
1621:
1618:
1616:
1613:
1611:
1608:
1606:
1603:
1602:
1600:
1598:
1597:Mississippian
1592:
1586:
1583:
1581:
1578:
1576:
1573:
1571:
1568:
1566:
1563:
1561:
1558:
1557:
1555:
1553:
1549:
1543:
1540:
1538:
1535:
1533:
1530:
1528:
1525:
1523:
1520:
1518:
1515:
1513:
1512:Corbin–Tucker
1510:
1508:
1505:
1503:
1500:
1498:
1495:
1493:
1490:
1489:
1487:
1485:
1481:
1475:
1472:
1470:
1467:
1465:
1462:
1460:
1457:
1455:
1452:
1450:
1447:
1445:
1442:
1440:
1437:
1435:
1432:
1430:
1427:
1425:
1422:
1420:
1419:Roods Landing
1417:
1415:
1412:
1410:
1407:
1405:
1402:
1400:
1397:
1395:
1392:
1390:
1387:
1385:
1382:
1380:
1377:
1375:
1372:
1370:
1367:
1365:
1362:
1360:
1359:Moccasin Bend
1357:
1355:
1352:
1350:
1347:
1345:
1342:
1340:
1337:
1335:
1332:
1330:
1327:
1325:
1322:
1320:
1317:
1315:
1312:
1310:
1307:
1305:
1302:
1300:
1297:
1295:
1292:
1290:
1289:Hoojah Branch
1287:
1285:
1282:
1280:
1277:
1275:
1272:
1270:
1267:
1265:
1262:
1260:
1257:
1255:
1252:
1250:
1247:
1245:
1242:
1240:
1237:
1235:
1232:
1230:
1227:
1225:
1222:
1220:
1217:
1215:
1212:
1210:
1207:
1205:
1202:
1201:
1199:
1197:
1196:Mississippian
1193:
1189:
1179:
1176:
1172:
1169:
1167:
1164:
1163:
1162:
1159:
1157:
1154:
1152:
1149:
1147:
1144:
1142:
1139:
1135:
1132:
1131:
1130:
1127:
1125:
1122:
1120:
1119:Menard-Hodges
1117:
1115:
1112:
1110:
1107:
1105:
1102:
1100:
1097:
1095:
1092:
1090:
1087:
1085:
1082:
1080:
1077:
1075:
1072:
1071:
1069:
1063:
1057:
1056:Swallow Bluff
1054:
1052:
1049:
1047:
1044:
1042:
1039:
1037:
1034:
1032:
1029:
1027:
1024:
1022:
1019:
1017:
1014:
1012:
1009:
1007:
1004:
1002:
999:
997:
994:
992:
989:
987:
984:
983:
981:
977:Tennessee and
975:
969:
966:
964:
961:
959:
956:
954:
951:
949:
946:
944:
941:
939:
936:
934:
931:
929:
926:
924:
921:
919:
916:
914:
911:
909:
906:
904:
901:
900:
898:
894:
888:
885:
883:
880:
878:
875:
873:
870:
868:
865:
863:
860:
858:
855:
853:
850:
848:
847:Marshall Site
845:
843:
840:
838:
835:
833:
830:
829:
827:
821:
815:
812:
810:
807:
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797:
795:
792:
790:
787:
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777:
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772:
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750:
747:
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742:
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737:
733:
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723:
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718:
715:
713:
710:
709:
708:
705:
703:
700:
698:
695:
694:
692:
688:
684:
681:
679:Mississippian
675:
669:
666:
664:
661:
660:
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653:
648:
639:
634:
632:
627:
625:
620:
619:
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609:
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585:
578:
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570:
566:
563:
557:
549:
547:0-8173-1035-5
543:
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535:
531:
530:
525:
519:
517:
515:
506:
504:0-8173-5126-4
500:
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492:
488:
482:
474:
472:0-8173-1035-5
468:
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460:
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455:
450:
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442:
432:
423:
415:
413:0-8173-1035-5
409:
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401:
397:
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385:
381:
373:
366:
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358:
352:
349:
345:
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340:
334:
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328:
327:
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317:
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311:
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291:
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273:
269:
266:
251:
249:
240:
237:
234:
233:
232:
229:
226:
222:
218:
214:
210:
206:
203:In the lower
200:
196:
187:
178:
174:
172:
168:
167:Ramey Incised
164:
163:stratigraphic
160:
156:
141:
139:
134:
130:
124:
122:
116:
114:
110:
106:
102:
97:
94:
84:
82:
78:
74:
70:
66:
62:
58:
54:
50:
46:
43:
39:
35:
31:
27:
23:
19:
3398:Water glyphs
3353:Oasisamerica
3343:N.A.G.P.R.A.
3303:Folsom point
3293:Effigy mound
3273:Clovis point
3241:Aridoamerica
3142:Wickiup Hill
3097:Spiro Mounds
3077:Salmon Ruins
3072:Russell Cave
2867:Helen Blazes
2862:Grimes Point
2842:Fort Juelson
2832:Fort Ancient
2807:El Vallecito
2767:Chaco Canyon
2707:Angel Mounds
2669:Steed-Kisker
2619:Paleo-Arctic
2541:Glacial Kame
2526:Fort Ancient
2418:Post-Classic
2389:
2321:Chevron bead
2227:Burial mound
2121:Shell gorget
2089:Spiro plates
2084:Rogan plates
1903:Knoll Spring
1878:Hartley Fort
1838:Beattie Park
1722:Transylvania
1560:Bottle Creek
1522:Lake Jackson
1404:Pisgah phase
1334:Little Egypt
1284:Garden Creek
1269:Dallas phase
1156:Tipton phase
1134:Nodena phase
1031:Mound Bottom
1016:Fewkes Group
1001:Brick Church
907:
903:Angel Mounds
769:Kuhn Station
764:John Chapman
607:
584:
572:
556:
528:
490:
481:
453:
431:
422:
394:
384:
370:
356:
338:
318:
297:
281:
277:
274:
270:
262:
244:
230:
225:Angel Mounds
202:
199:Angel Mounds
175:
154:
152:
125:
117:
109:cord marking
90:
45:Angel Mounds
36:in southern
17:
15:
3383:Thunderbird
3251:Black drink
3215:Peñon woman
3152:Winterville
3132:Velda Mound
3112:Taos Pueblo
3007:Parkin Park
2992:Orwell site
2977:Nodena site
2872:Holly Bluff
2847:Four Mounds
2837:Fort Center
2762:Casa Grande
2712:Anzick site
2604:Monongahela
2531:Fort Walton
2506:Coles Creek
2471:Belle Glade
2456:Anishinaabe
2296:Thunderbird
2222:Black drink
2074:Emmons mask
2018:Chenopodium
2006:Agriculture
1928:Plum Island
1883:Hotel Plaza
1732:Winterville
1712:Scott Place
1650:Holly Bluff
1570:Fort Walton
1324:Lamar phase
1178:Walls phase
1074:Belle Meade
1067:Mississippi
1011:Dunbar Cave
913:Annis Mound
908:Angel phase
882:Ware Mounds
877:Twin Mounds
727:Ramey state
712:Monks Mound
536:. pp.
461:. pp.
402:. pp.
96:assemblages
30:archaeology
18:Angel phase
3434:Categories
3328:Metallurgy
3288:Eden point
3185:Buhl Woman
3057:Rock Eagle
3047:River Styx
2972:Mummy Cave
2967:Moundville
2947:Mesa Verde
2932:Marksville
2679:Tchefuncte
2639:Plaquemine
2575:Las Palmas
2491:Calf Creek
2486:Cades Pond
2033:Marshelder
1918:Oak Forest
1888:Hoxie Farm
1702:Pocahontas
1595:Plaquemine
1532:Letchworth
1464:Town Creek
1399:Park Mound
1364:Moundville
1349:Mandeville
1339:Long Swamp
1299:Jere Shine
1151:Quigualtam
1099:Chucalissa
986:Backusburg
979:Cumberland
968:Yankeetown
953:Slack Farm
928:Ellerbusch
832:Adams site
739:Cloverdale
376:References
314:Ellerbusch
259:Chronology
207:valley in
205:Ohio River
193:See also:
133:Cumberland
49:Evansville
40:, such as
34:Ohio River
3373:Stickball
3062:Rock Hawk
2892:Key Marco
2684:Troyville
2664:St. Johns
2649:Red Ocher
2408:Formative
2162:Muskogean
2135:Languages
2048:Sunflower
1908:Mero site
1843:Blood Run
1497:Apalachee
1444:Summerour
1384:Nacoochee
1141:Owl Creek
1036:Riverview
1026:Link Farm
918:Bone Bank
872:Turk Site
867:Towosahgy
732:Woodhenge
322:seriation
217:Wickliffe
159:seriation
129:Tennessee
57:Tolu Site
3261:Chanunpa
3246:Ballgame
3225:Vero man
3175:Anzick-1
3147:Windover
3107:SunWatch
3037:Rassawek
2857:Glenwood
2747:Brewster
2599:Mogollon
2570:La Jolla
2556:Hopewell
2516:Deptford
2429:cultures
2269:Red Horn
2237:Chanunpa
2215:Northern
2203:Religion
2184:Timucuan
2152:Cherokee
1938:Schwerdt
1898:Juntunen
1873:Griesmer
1816:cultures
1769:Bluffton
1655:Jaketown
1620:Fitzhugh
1474:Wilbanks
1454:Tomotley
1429:Savannah
1394:Ocmulgee
1374:Mulberry
1309:Joe Bell
1229:Biltmore
1224:Bessemer
1089:Campbell
1051:Old Town
857:Orr-Herl
794:Orendorf
789:Mitchell
722:Mound 72
717:Mound 34
702:Big Eddy
592:Archived
577:New York
565:Archived
526:(2000).
489:(2004).
451:(2000).
392:(2000).
248:tempered
209:Illinois
138:Kentucky
93:artifact
65:Illinois
55:and the
3410:Related
3268:Chunkey
3168:remains
3157:Wupatki
2997:Paquime
2887:Huápoca
2752:Cahokia
2722:Bastian
2629:Patayan
2551:Hohokam
2536:Fremont
2511:ComondĂş
2466:Baytown
2461:Avonlea
2441:Alachua
2413:Classic
2403:Archaic
2391:Periods
2244:Chunkey
2189:Tunican
2167:Natchez
2142:Caddoan
2116:Pottery
2067:Artwork
2058:Tobacco
2038:Pumpkin
1999:Culture
1853:Fifield
1784:Gahagan
1759:Belcher
1744:Caddoan
1727:Venable
1690:Natchez
1675:Mazique
1630:Fosters
1625:Flowery
1615:Emerald
1492:Anhaica
1449:Taskigi
1414:Rembert
1389:Nikwasi
1354:McMahan
1329:Liddell
1204:Adamson
1114:Janet's
1104:Denmark
1079:Boone's
1041:Sellars
948:Prather
707:Cahokia
697:Aztalan
463:232–233
213:Kincaid
155:markers
101:ceramic
38:Indiana
2827:Folsom
2792:Cutler
2727:Benson
2614:Oneota
2546:Glades
2521:Folsom
2501:Clovis
2398:Lithic
2179:Siouan
2172:Taensa
2043:Squash
1966:Clover
1825:Oneota
1799:Keller
1789:Hughes
1754:Battle
1695:Taensa
1680:Medora
1670:Mangum
1665:Julice
1660:Jordan
1507:Cayson
1439:Sixtoe
1434:Shiloh
1344:Mabila
1279:Etowah
1259:Citico
1249:Chiaha
1244:Chauga
1161:Tunica
1146:Parkin
1129:Nodena
1124:Murphy
1094:Carson
943:Murphy
799:Sleeth
784:McCune
774:Larson
677:Middle
544:
501:
469:
410:
284:Wabash
265:midden
223:, and
144:Styles
121:Faunal
105:sherds
77:Wabash
59:; and
3358:Piasa
3166:Human
2797:Eaker
2700:sites
2634:Plano
2436:Adena
2194:Yuchi
2028:Maize
2013:Beans
1971:Dodge
1923:Palos
1893:Huber
1833:Anker
1804:Spiro
1774:Caddo
1707:Routh
1640:Glass
1635:Ghost
1537:Velda
1459:Toqua
1319:Lamar
1304:Joara
1294:Irene
1264:Coosa
1254:Chota
1234:Blair
1209:Avery
1171:Yazoo
1166:Koroa
1109:Eaker
1046:Obion
804:Starr
3318:Kiva
1717:Sims
1685:Mott
1605:Anna
1314:King
1274:Dyar
1084:Boyd
958:Tolu
571:".
542:ISBN
499:ISBN
467:ISBN
408:ISBN
305:Tolu
221:Tolu
197:and
111:and
16:The
2822:Eva
1542:Yon
404:222
79:in
71:in
63:in
3436::
540:.
538:21
532:.
513:^
497:.
493:.
465:.
457:.
440:^
406:.
398:.
290:.
219:,
215:,
83:.
2370:e
2363:t
2356:v
637:e
630:t
623:v
550:.
507:.
475:.
416:.
131:-
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