Albanian National Awakening

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Crisis (1878–1881). Another view is that Albanian nationalism's roots "sprouted" in the reforms of the first decades of the 19th century but Albanian nationalism emerged properly in the 1830s and 1840s as a romantic movement for societal reform that was initially mainly driven by Albanians publishing from a broad, and it transformed into an overt political national movement in the 1870s. According to the view that the Rilindja evolved in the 1870s, because of religious ties of the Albanian majority of the population with the ruling Ottomans and the lack of an Albanian state in past, nationalism was less developed and the national movement was greatly delayed among Albanians in the 19th century compared to neighbouring southeast European nations, such as the Greeks, Serbs, Bulgarians and Romanians. The Rilindja was a continuation of the Albanian revolts and cultural activities for independence that took place during the entire Ottoman period. The centralist Tanzimat reforms, which were aimed at replacing local Albanian functionaries and suppression of Albanian culture sowed the seeds of the Rilindja. In that period an intellectual and merchant class with the new ideas that were emerging in Europe was shaped, empowering the existing struggle against the Ottoman rule. Political nationalism and economic liberalism were two modern platforms that inspired many Albanian intellectuals.

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implemented in Albania since the 1830s. They gave a blow to the ranks of the old military feudal class which had been weakened from Ottoman expeditions from 1822 to 1831. Parts of the feudal heads that had launched revolts were eliminated, others were exiled and those who could, had escaped from the country. All their properties were declared state-owned. This gave rise to new landowners who had connections to the Sublime Porte. Due to the Ottoman occupation, the ideology of Nationalism developed difficultly and were limited in Albanian-inhabited territories in the Balkan. They found more favorable development conditions outside, in the capital of the Empire,

1273:. Albanians loyal to the empire supported the Sublime Porte's military intervention. In April 1881, Dervish Pasha's 10,000 men captured Prizren and later crushed the resistance at Ulcinj. The League of Prizren's leaders and their families were arrested and deported. Frashëri, who originally received a death sentence, was imprisoned until 1885 and exiled until his death seven years later. In the three years it survived, the League of Prizren effectively made the Great Powers aware of the Albanian people and their national interests. Montenegro and 1997: 842:, but they still did not reach a period to be formulated in full policy of the National Movement. They were more expressed with literary works and studies of the Albanian people, history, language and culture. In their writings, the Rilindas fought to invoke feelings of love for the country by exalting patriotic traditions and episodes of history, especially that of the Skanderbeg era and folk culture; They devoted a lot of attention to native language and Albanian schools as a means to affirm individuality and national vindication. 1382:

closed down schools and publications. Montenegro held ambitions of future expansion into neighbouring Albanian-populated lands and supported a 1911 uprising by the mountain tribes against the Young Turks regime that grew into a widespread revolt. Unable to control the Albanians by force, the Ottoman government granted concessions on schools, military recruitment, and taxation and sanctioned the use of the Latin script for the Albanian language. The government refused, however, to unite the four Albanian-inhabited vilayets.

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textbooks and spread of Albanian schools was drafted. However this plan was not realized, because the Ottoman Government wouldn't finance the expenses for the establishment of such schools. Although this commission had gathered and delivered an alphabet in 1870, the writers from the North still used the Latin-based alphabet, whereas in Southern Albania writers used mostly the Greek letters. The turning point was the aftermath of the League of Prizren (1878) events when in 1879

1985:, Italy, Romania, and the United States supported the society's work. The Greeks, who dominated the education of Orthodox Albanians, joined the Turks in suppressing the Albanians' culture, especially Albanian-language education. In 1886 the ecumenical patriarch of Constantinople threatened to excommunicate anyone found reading or writing Albanian, and priests taught that God would not understand prayers uttered in Albanian. In 1844-5 however, Albanian intellectual 1756: 6940: 6519: 6433: 1293: 2061: 7395: 7278: 919: 2043: 871:

for war. Others were sent to neighbouring provinces to secure their presence by pointing out they are "brothers." To get ahead of the danger Of the new outbreak of popular hate, at the beginning of 1844, the Ottoman authorities urged urgent action. They concentrated large military forces at various points, especially in Bitola where the state was worse. By the end of March 1844, the new uprising erupted but was suppressed.

1250:, in fact, armed the Albanians and allowed them to levy taxes, and when the Ottoman army withdrew from areas awarded to Montenegro under the Treaty of Berlin, Roman Catholic Albanian tribesmen simply took control. The Albanians' successful resistance to the treaty forced the Great Powers to alter the border, returning Gusinje and Plav to the Ottoman Empire and granting Montenegro the Albanian-populated coastal town of 1937: 1948: 1862:, the ambassadors' conference initially decided to create an autonomous Albania under continued Ottoman rule, but with the protection of the Great Powers. This solution, as detailed in the Treaty of London, was abandoned in the summer of 1913 when it became obvious that the Ottoman Empire would, in the Second Balkan War, lose Macedonia and hence its overland connection with the Albanian-inhabited lands. 1289:, and Arabic scripts, implied different political and religious orientations opposed by one or another element of the population. In 1878 there were no Albanian-language schools in the most developed of the Albanian-inhabited areas and the choice for education was between Orthodox Church schools, where education was in Greek and Ottoman government schools where education was in Turkish. 3583:, "Flag, Albanian", p. 140: "The eagle was a common heraldic symbol for many Albanian dynasties in the Late Middle Ages and came to be a symbol of the Albanians in general. It is also said to have been the flag of Skanderbeg.... As a symbol of modern Albania, the flag began to be seen during the years of the national awakening and was in common use during the uprisings of 1909–1912." 1831: 5690:

Orthodox and three Catholics), it was decided that only two of the existing alphabets should remain in use—the Stamboul alphabet and the Bashkimi alphabet. In addition, some changes were made in both alphabets in order to reduce the differences between them. In the following years and after the creation of the Albanian state, the Bashkimi alphabet became the only one still in use.

1537: 1167:. The League of Prizren was set under the direction of a central committee that had the power to impose taxes and raise an army. The League of Prizren worked to gain autonomy for the Albanians and to thwart implementation of the Treaty of San Stefano, but not to create an independent Albania. The participants wanted to return to the status quo before the start of 1628: 1993:(English: The short Albanian Evëtor) which was an alphabet that included thirty three letters which were invented by himself. He avoided the use of Latin, Greek or Arabic alphabets and characters because of their religious associations and divisions. In November 1869, a Commission for the Alphabet of the Albanian Language was gathered in Istanbul. 4106:, p. 167. "Negovani’s actions caused institutional responses that ultimately intensified the contradictions facing the church and its imperial patron. In the end, Papa Kristo Negovani was murdered for his acts of defiance of the explicit orders of Karavangjelis, the Metropolitan of Kastoria, who condemned the use of Toskërisht during mass. 1179:. Other representatives, under Frashëri's leadership, focused on working toward Albanian autonomy and creating a sense of Albanian identity that would cut across religious and tribal lines. Because conservative Muslims constituted a majority of the representatives, the League of Prizren supported maintenance of Ottoman suzerainty. 771:), and Arslan Bey, along with other less powerful beys, began to prepare their forces to resist a probable Ottoman attack. Realising the seriousness of the situation and the danger of a general uprising, Reşid Mehmed Pasha invited the Albanian beys to a meeting on the pretext that they would be rewarded for their loyalty to the 4048:, p. 91. "In one case, a guerilla band executed Father Kristo Negovani (1875-1905) on 12 February 1905, two days after he had performed a church service in Albanian. To avenge his death, a guerilla leader named Bajo Topulli (1868-1930) waylaid and murdered Phiotos, the bishop of Görice, in September 1906. 5689:

At the initiative of the Bashkimi literary society, fifty Albanian intellectuals from across the country and the colonies abroad gathered in Manastir/Bitola at the November 1908 "Congress of the Alphabet." After long debates and the appointment smaller commission of eleven members (four Muslims, four

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Zhelyazkova, Antonina (2000). "Albanian Identities". Sofia: International Center for Minority Studies and Intercultural Relations. Page 24: "It is assumed that the beginning of the Albanian Revival was set by Naum Veqilharxhi's activity and his address to the Orthodox Albanians, which, along with his

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agreed to demands by the Young Turks to restore constitutional rule. Many Albanians participated in the Young Turks uprising, hoping that it would gain their people autonomy within the empire. The Young Turks lifted the Ottoman ban on Albanian-language schools and on writing the Albanian language. As

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in 1902, and banned Albanian-language books and correspondence. In Macedonia, where Bulgarian-, Greek-, and Serbian-backed guerrillas were fighting Ottoman authorities and one another for control, Muslim Albanians suffered attacks, and Albanian guerrilla groups retaliated. Albanian leaders meeting in

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in 1844, or to the collapse of the League of Prizren during the Eastern Crisis in 1881. Various compromise positions between these three theses have also emerged, such as one view positing that Albanian nationalism had foundations that dated earlier but "consolidated" as a movement during the Eastern

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The centralising reforms of the Ottoman government were implemented immediately with the deployment of civil and military personnel in Albania. This was met with resistance by the local population which first began with the refusal to execute orders and quickly transformed into armed rebellion. After

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After the fall of the Yanina Pashalik, the power and influence of the Albanian beys had faded. The remaining beys thus attempted to restore their rule. An assembly was held in Berat in 1828. In this Convention, the leaders were Zylyftar Poda and Shahin bej Delvina. The Ottoman Empire tried to prevent

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The Albanians refused to submit to the Young Turks' campaign to "Ottomanise" them by force. New Albanian uprisings began in Kosovo and the northern mountains in early April 1910. Ottoman forces quashed these rebellions after three months, outlawed Albanian organizations, disarmed entire regions, and

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In August 1878, the Congress of Berlin ordered a commission to trace a border between the Ottoman Empire and Montenegro. The congress also directed Greece and the Ottoman Empire to negotiate a solution to their border dispute. The Great Powers expected the Ottomans to ensure that the Albanians would

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area in larger scales than before. The actions of the Ottoman army were driven by terror and increased unhappiness in the local population, who were aptly anticipated to revolt again. Fugitive agitators circulated across the provinces to organise further rebellions, calling on the people to prepare

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to the Ottomans After fierce fighting, the rebels retreated to Drenica and the Ottomans seized control of Prizren, Gjakova and Peja Afterwards Ottoman forces incurred into Northern Albania and Macedonia. Ottoman forces were stopped for more than 20 days in the Agri Pass, from the Albanian forces of

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and sent a military expedition of 16,000 men led by Shefket Turgut Pasha. Simultaneously, forces under Idriz Seferi captured the Kaçanik pass. They successfully defended the pass from the Ottoman expeditionary force thus, forcing them to send a force of 40,000 men. After two weeks the pass was lost

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and the growing Greek nationalist ambitions fueled reaction among the Albanian intellectual elite. The son of one merchant family, Naum Veqilharxhi, started his work to write an alphabet intended to help Albanians overcome religious and political issues in 1824 or 1825. Veqilharxhi thought that the

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Volume 2 of History of the Balkans, Barbara Jelavich History of the Balkans: Twentieth Century, Barbara Jelavich Volume 12 of Publication series, Joint Committee on Eastern Europe Cambridge paperback library Author Barbara Jelavich Edition illustrated, reprint Publisher Cambridge University Press,

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as a way to express their ideas. It was imbued with the spirit of national liberation, with the nostalgia of the émigré and the rhetorical pathos of past heroic wars. This literary school developed the poetry most. Regarding the motifs and poetical forms, its hero was the ethical man, the fighting

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a consequence, Albanian intellectuals meeting in Bitola in 1908 chose the Latin alphabet as a standard script. The Young Turks, however, were set on maintaining the empire and not interested in making concessions to the myriad nationalist groups within its borders. After securing the abdication of

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In 1906 opposition groups in the Ottoman Empire emerged, one of which evolved into the Committee of Union and Progress, more commonly known as the Young Turks, which proposed restoring constitutional government in Constantinople, by revolution if necessary. In July 1908, a month after a Young Turk

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resorted to repression to maintain order. The authorities strove without success to control the political situation in the empire's Albanian-populated lands, arresting suspected nationalist activists. When the sultan refused Albanian demands for unification of the four Albanian-populated vilayets,

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death) and established the provisional government. Shefqet Turgut Pasha wanted to meet this threat and returned to the region with 8.000 soldiers. As soon as he reached Shkodër on 11 May, he issued a general proclamation which declared martial law and offered an amnesty for all rebels (except for

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At first the Ottoman authorities supported the League of Prizren, but the Sublime Porte pressed the delegates to declare themselves to be first and foremost Ottomans rather than Albanians. Some delegates supported this position and advocated emphasizing Muslim solidarity and the defense of Muslim

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Another view is that Albanian nationalism's roots "sprouted" in the reforms of the first decades of the 19th century, and that Albanian nationalism emerged properly in the 1830s and 1840s, when it was a romantic movement for societal reform that was initially mainly driven by Albanians publishing

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Formidable barriers frustrated Albanian leaders' efforts to instill in their people an Albanian rather than an Ottoman identity. Divided into four vilayets, Albanians had no common geographical or political nerve centre. The Albanians' religious differences forced nationalist leaders to give the

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Naum Veqilharxhi is considered the avant-garde and first ideologue of the National Awakening, because his work results in one of the first attempts for an original Albanian alphabet (1844 and 1845), as well as contains an embryo form of the ideas which would develop later on during the National

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established that independent Albania was a country with borders that gave the new state about 28,000 square kilometres of territory and a population of 800,000. Montenegro had to surrender Scutari after having lost 10,000 men in the process of taking the town. Serbia reluctantly succumbed to an

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By removing the Timar system, the Sublime Porte intended to strengthen its central government and reclaim the power of the Empire which had been severely weakened due to economic and social backwardness, from the exploitative system and from the ongoing uprisings of peoples. Reforms began to be

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Por n'atë kohë u muarën vesh propozimet e reja që po iu bënte qeveria turke malësorëvet të Mbishkodrës t'arratisur në Podgoricë...Premtimet ishin pak më të gjera nga ato që iu qenë bërë malësorëvet të Mbishkodrës, sepse parashikohej një falje e përgjithshme, hapja e shkollave shqipe me ndihmën

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History of the Balkans: Twentieth century Volume 2 of History of the Balkans, Barbara Jelavich History of the Balkans: Twentieth Century, Barbara Jelavich Volume 12 of Publication series, Joint Committee on Eastern Europe Cambridge paperback library Author Barbara Jelavich Edition illustrated,

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One of its members was Kostandin Kristoforidhi and the main purpose of the Commission was the creation of a unique alphabet for all the Albanians. In January 1870 the Commission ended its work of the standardization of the alphabet, which was mainly in Latin letters. A plan on the creation of

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In the ensuing years there were bursts of armed insurrections throughout Albania against the Ottoman centralising reforms, and especially against the burden of the new taxes imposed and against the obligatory military service. But, at the same time and within the bosom of these insurrections,

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for almost five centuries and the Ottoman authorities suppressed any expression of national unity or institutional national conscience by the Albanian people. There is some debate among experts regarding when the Albanian nationalist movement should be considered to have started. Some sources

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One of Serbia's primary war aims was to gain an Adriatic port, preferably Durrës. Austria-Hungary and Italy opposed giving Serbia an outlet to the Adriatic, which they feared would become a Russian port. They instead supported the creation of an autonomous Albania. Russia backed Serbia's and

4813:... ustanici su uspeli da ... ovladaju celim kosovskim vilajetom do polovine avgusta 1912, što znači da su tada imali u svojim rukama Prištinu, Novi Pazar, Sjenicu pa čak i Skoplje... U srednjoj i južnoj Albaniji ustanici su držali Permet, Leskoviku, Konicu, Elbasan, a u Makedoniji Debar... 1724:

agreed to fulfill the rebels' demands, except of the last one, on September 4, 1912. The autonomous system of administration and justice of the four vilayets with a substantial Albanian population was accepted by the Ottoman Empire, however they avoided granting autonomy to a unitary

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The southern branch of the League was formed at Gjinokastër (Argyrokastro), where Albanian leaders held a meeting at which the districts of Janina, Gjinokastër, Delvina, Përmet, Berat, Vlora (Valona), Filat, Margariti, Ajdonat, Parga, Preveza, Arta, Tepelena, Kolonja, and Korca were

2179:, with minor changes, and a modified version of the Bashkimi alphabet. Usage of the alphabet of Istanbul declined rapidly and it was essentially extinct over the following decades. The Bashkimi alphabet is at the origin of the official alphabet of the Albanian language in use today. 2426:

primer published in 1845, was the first programme document of the Albanian national movement. In it Veqilharxhi demanded Albanian schools and development of the Albanian language as a first step to the evolution of the Albanian people side by side with the other Balkan nations"

1378:, or beating with a stick, even for misdemeanors, banned carrying rifles, and denied the existence of an Albanian nationality. The new government also appealed for Islamic solidarity to break the Albanians' unity and used the Muslim clergy to try to impose the Arabic alphabet. 4715:

financiare të shtetit dhe mësimi i shqipes në shkollat turqishte. Taksat do të caktohëshin sipas gjendjes së popullit, shërbimi ushtarak do të kryhej në vilajetet shqiptare, nëpunësit e administratës duhej të dinin gjuhën dhe zakonet e vendit, armët mund të mbahëshin me lejë.

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ultimatum from Austria-Hungary, Germany, and Italy to withdraw from northern Albania. The treaty, however, left large areas with majority Albanian populations, notably Kosovo and western Macedonia, outside the new state and failed to solve the region's nationality problems.

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In Vlora, on the 15th/28th of November. That time the President was Ismail Kemal Bey, in which he spoke of the great perils facing Albania today, the delegates have all decided unanimously that Albania, as of today, should be on her own, free and independent.

5539:"Among the first published was the Primer of the Albanian language. Within a few years, grammar, geography, history readers, natural sciences, agriculture, and other books authored by Sami and Naim Frashëri, and by Jani Vreto were published by the Society." 1281:

national movement a purely secular character that alienated religious leaders. The most significant factor uniting the Albanians, their spoken language, lacked a standard literary form and even a standard alphabet. Each of the three available choices, the

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was opened on the initiative of individual teachers and other intellectuals on 7 March 1887 in Korce. Diamanti Tërpo, a citizen of the city, offered her house to serve as a school building. The first director and teacher of the school was Pandeli Sotiri.

1609:, the opening of Albanian language schools, and the restriction that military service was to be performed only in the territory of the vilayets with substantial Albanian population. Other demands included requiring administrative officers to learn the 1214:, which Albanian leaders considered Albanian territory. Serbia also gained some Albanian-inhabited lands. The Albanians, the vast majority loyal to the empire, vehemently opposed the territorial losses. Albanians also feared the possible occupation of 5786:"Le meurtre du prêtre: Acte fondateur de la mobilisation nationaliste albanaise à l'aube de la révolution Jeune Turque [The murder of the priest: Founding act of the Albanian nationalist mobilisation on the eve of the Young Turks revolution]" 1819:) with an advisory role to the government, consisting of 18 members of the Assembly. An ambassadorial conference that opened in London in December decided the major questions concerning the Albanians after the First Balkan War in its concluding 1522:

Malësor chieftains) if they immediately return to their homes. After Ottoman troops entered the area Tocci fled the empire abandoning his activities. After months of intense fighting, the rebels were trapped and decided to escape to Montenegro.

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continuous occupations had caused many problems to Albanian education. His work facilitated the diffusion of national awareness based on the unity of kin, identity of language and traditions. Some Albanian patriots, among them many from the

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sent an expeditionary force under the command of Reşid Mehmed Pasha to suppress the local Albanian beys. On hearing the news of the Ottoman forces' arrival, the three most powerful local chiefs, Zylyftar Poda, accompanied by the remains of

1071:. The delegates declared the formation of the League of Prizren which consisted of two branches: the Prizren branch and the southern branch. The Prizren branch was led by Iljas Dibra and it had representatives from the areas of Kirçova ( 1371:

in April 1909, the new authorities levied taxes, outlawed guerrilla groups and nationalist societies, and attempted to extend Constantinople's control over the northern Albanian mountain men. In addition, the Young Turks legalized the

4094:. para. 7. "Negovani... Au début de l'année 1905, avec son frère lui aussi pope et trois autres villageois, il est victime d'une bande grecque et devient le premier « martyr » de la cause nationale albanaise"; para. 8, 26. 4769:

In December 1911, a group of Albanian members of the Ottoman parliament, guided by Ismail Qemal, started a parliamentary debate in order to make Constantinople grant the Albanians national rights in the cultural and administrative

1254:. There the Albanians refused to surrender as well. Finally, the Great Powers blockaded Ulcinj by sea and pressured the Ottoman authorities to bring the Albanians under control. The Great Powers decided in 1881 to cede Greece only 1650:

and lasted from January until August 1912. Albanian soldiers and officers deserted the Ottoman military service and joined the insurgents. After a series of successes, Albanian revolutionaries managed to capture the city of

1059:-organized a secret committee to direct the Albanians' resistance. In May the group called for a general meeting of representatives from all the Albanian-populated lands. On June 10, 1878, about eighty delegates, mostly 2306: 992:

communities in Italy, built contacts with Italian democratic and revolutionary forces. This helped the Rilindja movement to expand beyond the frame of Albanian-Ottoman relations, and become an international issue. The

1171:. The main aim was to defend from immediate dangers. Among other things the League requested an official status for the Albanian language in the Albanian-inhabited territories and the foundation of Albanian schools. 3392:

This organization appealed for the administrative unification of the Albanian vilayets into a single province, the introduction of Albanian as an official language in Albanian regions and the foundation of Albanian

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Albanian leaders reorganized the League of Prizren and incited uprisings that brought the Albanian-populated lands, especially Kosovo, to near anarchy. The imperial authorities disbanded a successor organisation

1771:, however, erupted before a final settlement could be worked out. The Balkan allies—Serbia, Bulgaria, Montenegro and Greece—quickly drove the Ottomans to the walls of Constantinople. The Montenegrins surrounded 4079:"The nationalist cause was given impetus in 1905 when the Albanian priest and poet, Papa Kristo Negovani, was killed by Greek chauvinists after he had introduced the Albanian language into Orthodox liturgy." 4893:

ustanici su uspeli da slomiju otpor turske armije, da ovladaju celim kosovskim vilajetom do polovine avgusta 1912, što znači da su tada imali u svojim rukama Prištinu, Novi Pazar, Sjenicu pa čak i Skoplje

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There is some debate among experts regarding when the Albanian nationalist movement should be considered to have started. Some sources attribute its origins to the revolts against centralization in the

5804:

Aux origines du nationalisme albanais: La naissance d'une nation majoritairement musulmane en Europe [The origins of Albanian nationalism: The birth of a predominantly Muslim nation in Europe]

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or the publication of first the Albanian alphabet in 1844 as a symbolic date, until the collapse of the League of Prizren (1881) or the publication of Sami Frashëri's nationalist manifest in 1899

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In July 1913, the Great Powers opted to recognise an independent, neutral Albanian state ruled by a constitutional monarchy and under the protection of the Great Powers. The August 1913

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triggered profound anxiety among the Albanians meanwhile, and it spurred their leaders to organize a defense of the lands they inhabited. In the spring of 1878, influential Albanians in

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respect the new borders, ignoring that the sultan's military forces were too weak to enforce any settlement and that the Ottomans could only benefit by the Albanians' resistance. The

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governor and other appointed high officials have to know Albanian language and all other positions in the administration have to be reserved only for people of Albanian ethnicity

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separately, because they were not united and lacked central control. The Ottomans promised to meet most Albanian demands, limited mainly to Catholic highlanders like general

5823: 739: 2478:), took place during the 1830s and 1840s... at least in its beginnings, the Albanian national movement did not differ much from any other national movement in the region 1973:

founded a cultural and educational organization, the Society for the Printing of Albanian Writings, whose membership comprised Muslim, Catholic, and Orthodox Albanians.

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a predominant position in the Balkans and thereby upset the European balance of power. A peace conference to settle the dispute was held later in the year in Berlin.

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Albanian, and to a lesser degree the tragic man. Because its major purpose was to awaken national consciousness it was closely linked with the folklore tradition.

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Hurst, Michael (1969). "7. The Albanian National Awakening, 1878–1912. By Stavro Skendi. Princeton and London: Princeton University Press, 1968. Pp. 498. 110s".

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and introduced the Albanian language for the first time in Orthodox liturgy. For his efforts Negovani was killed by a Greek guerilla band on orders from Bishop

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Soon after this first meeting,....mainly under the influence of ... Abdyl Frashëri ... new agenda included ... the fonding of an autonomous Albanian Vilayet

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left a socio-economic impact on the Albanian society, with many Albanian intellectuals highlighting ideals of the Revolution and important figures such as

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areas, led by Prel Tuli, Mehmet Shpendi, and Marash Delia. Unable to repress their resistance, this column took another way to Scutari, passing from the

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In the Albanian case as we will see below, we can argue that Phase A, generally speaking, covers the period from the beginning of the Reforms of

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had been published in 1904. The dictionary had been drafted 25 years before its publication and was written in the Greek alphabet. In 1908, the

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Therefore, with only final point being ignored, on September 4, 1912, the government accepted proposals and the Albanian revolt was over

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A second session of the Assembly of Vlorë was held on December 4, 1912. During that session members of the assembly established the

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Montenegro's claims to Albanian-inhabited lands. Britain and Germany remained neutral. Chaired by Britain's foreign secretary, Sir

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Gjurmime në epokën e Rilindjes Kombëtare: çështje ekonomiko-shoqërore, politike e kulturore të Lëvizjes Kombëtare gjatë Rilindjes

142: 5249:

From its own members congress elected a senate (Pleqësi), composed of 18 members, which assumed advisory role to the government.

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On 23 June 1911, in the village of Gerče, in Montenegro, an assembly of the tribal leaders of the revolt was held to adopt the "

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region. On July 24, 1910, Ottoman forces entered the city of Scutari. During this period martial courts were put in action and

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Kopeček, Michal; Ersoy, Ahmed; Gorni, Maciej; Kechriotis, Vangelis; Manchev, Boyan; Trencsenyi, Balazs; Turda, Marius (2006),

2799: 2402: 2175:. However, the Congress was unable to make a clear decision and opted for a compromise solution of using both the widely used 6993: 6933: 6905: 6839: 5774: 5682: 5560: 5306: 5235: 5196: 4752: 4378: 4127: 3902: 3843: 3719: 3457: 3346: 3180: 3080: 2972: 2900: 2634: 2596: 2538: 3833: 3447: 7929: 6988: 6672: 6512: 6205: 5262: 4881: 4871: 4796: 4786: 3162: 1742: 298: 4117: 3701: 3328: 2470:

Misha, Piro. "Invention of a Nationalism: Myth and Amnesia". In Stephanie Schwandner-Sievers and Bernd J. Fischer (2002),

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Faced with growing international pressure "to pacify" the refractory Albanians, the sultan dispatched a large army under

2508: 1910:, a period characterised by a cultural, economic, political and social flourishing of Albanian consciousness within the 1482:

took place. A large number of firearms were collected and many villages and properties were burned by the Ottoman army.

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started an uprising against the Ottomans in the Kosovo vilayet. After subduing the Ottoman garrisons in towns such as

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formed the Society for the Publication of Albanian Writings. Members of the society Sami Frashëri, Naim Frashëri and

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Albanians to perform military service only in territory of four vilayets populated with Albanians, except in time of

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Skendi, Stavro (1953). "Beginnings of Albanian Nationalist and Autonomous Trends: The Albanian League, 1878-1881".

1195: 651: 539: 413: 180: 1634:

after being captured by Albanian revolutionaries in August, 1912 who defeated the Ottoman forces holding the city.

1529:". This memorandum was signed by 22 Albanian chieftains, four from each tribe of Hoti, Grudë and Skrel, five from 7852: 7721: 7266: 5409: 4957:

The Albanians once more raise against Ottoman Empire in May 1912 and took Macedonian capitol of Skopje by August

7877: 7506: 7501: 7455: 7060: 6478: 6220: 4925:

An Albanian uprising in Kosovo for independent schools in May 1912 led to capture of Skopje by rebels in August

3377:

The Modernization of Public Education in the Ottoman Empire, 1839-1908: Islamization, Autocracy, and Discipline

2029:, natural sciences and so on. After a long time struggling with obstacles coming from the Ottoman authorities, 1746: 1182: 693: 688: 338: 2245:"The Curious Case of Albanian Nationalism: the Crooked Line from a Scattered Array of Clans to a Nation-State" 7939: 7491: 7342: 7000: 6818: 6707: 6300: 6134: 6073: 4875: 4790: 643: 626:

from abroad; it transformed into an overt political national movement in the 1870s. On 20 December 1912, the

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attribute its origins to the revolts against centralisation in the 1830s, others to the publication of the

522: 423: 326: 1977:, the most-renowned Albanian poet, joined the society and wrote and edited textbooks. Albanian émigrés in 1277:

received much less Albanian-populated territory than they would have won without the league's resistance.

64: 7872: 7814: 7774: 7759: 7496: 7470: 7209: 7118: 7073: 7055: 6963: 6875: 6758: 6346: 6275: 6225: 532: 358: 44: 5451: 1406: 585:, is a period throughout the 19th and 20th century of a cultural, political, and social movement in the 7934: 7867: 7784: 7714: 7639: 7204: 7090: 7045: 7040: 6983: 6978: 6943: 6890: 6441: 6403: 6315: 6310: 2626: 998: 466: 398: 99: 94: 2528: 1063:

religious leaders, clan chiefs, and other influential people from the four Albanian-populated Ottoman

7233: 7078: 7050: 6973: 6627: 6502: 6436: 6393: 6104: 2707:(in Albanian). Albania: Akademia e Shkencave e RPS të Shqipërisë, Instituti i Historisë. p. 117. 2690:(in Albanian). Albania: Akademia e Shkencave e RPS të Shqipërisë, Instituti i Historisë. p. 116. 2438:

Pahumi, Nevila. "The Consolidation of Albanian Nationalism: The League of Prizren 1878-1881". Page 7.

1866: 1199: 879:, which assumed great proportions in two zones of Southern Albania: in the Gjirokastra region led by 698: 627: 593:

gathered strength to establish an independent cultural and political life, as well as the country of

348: 4018: 798:

to surrender (1831). The Albanian defeat ended a planned alliance between the Albanian beys and the

7842: 7649: 6968: 6398: 6285: 6144: 5210:... a provisional government, consisting of ten members and led by Vlora, was formed on 4 December. 2182:

A major role during the Albanian National Awakening was played by literature, which served to many

838:, other Balkan countries etc. The national ideas became apparent via popular uprisings against the 438: 433: 248: 7281: 5769:. Lanham, Maryland: Scarecrow Press (The Rowman & Littlefield Publishing Group Incorporated). 2299:

Albania – A country in transition: Aspects of changing identities in a south-east European country

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Researches in the highlands of Turkey; including visits to mounts Ida, Athos, Olympus, and Pelion

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signed on March 3, 1878, assigned Albanian-populated lands to Serbia, Montenegro, and Bulgaria.

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Assertion of unitary, independent national states in Central and Southeast Europe (1821-1923)

2890: 1526: 1339: 1044: 1025: 989: 980: 847: 505: 7706: 5046:. Vol. 2. United Kingdom: The Press Syndicate of University of Cambridge. p. 293. 5007:. Vol. 2. United Kingdom: The Press Syndicate of University of Cambridge. p. 293. 2724:(in Albanian). Akademia e Shkencave e RPS të Shqipërisë, Instituti i Historisë. p. 127. 1594:

The Memorandum was submitted to the representatives of Great Powers in Cetinje, Montenegro.

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Historia e qytetërimit shqiptar: nga kohet e lashta deri ne fund të Luftës së Dytë Botërore

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autonomous system of administration and justice of four vilayets populated with Albanians (

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In 1911, the Albanian National Committee was formed. In a meeting of the committee held in

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National Development in Romania and Southeastern Europe: Papers in Honor of Cornelia Bodea

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On August 9, 1912, Albanian rebels presented a new list of demands (the so-called list of

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Entangled Histories of the Balkans: Volume One: National Ideologies and Language Policies

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Akte të rilindjes kombëtare shqiptare 1878-1912 (Memorandume, vendime, protesta, thirrje)

1931: 1787: 875:

preliminary national claims started to spread. These claims came forth especially in the

779: 368: 316: 2656:. Albania: Akademia e Shkencave e RPS të Shqipërisë, Instituti i Historisë. p. 110. 1202:

ignored the league's memorandum. The congress ceded to Montenegro the cities of Bar and

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employing officials who know local language and customs, but not necessarily Albanians,

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who had attained Albanian national sentiments abroad returned to his native village of

1305: 1191: 984: 713: 500: 225: 53: 6109: 2148: 1996: 1401: 1198:, demanding that all Albanians be united in a single autonomous Ottoman province. The 283: 152: 7819: 7804: 7618: 7574: 7556: 7327: 7246: 7227: 7158: 7153: 7143: 6154: 6078: 5898: 5873: 5855: 5848: 5829: 5808: 5770: 5749: 5678: 5586: 5556: 5457: 5415: 5302: 5294: 5268: 5231: 5192: 5096: 5047: 5008: 4946: 4914: 4603: 4476: 4448: 4402: 4374: 4366: 4123: 4068: 4064:

Nihil obstat: religion, politics, and social change in East-Central Europe and Russia

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Albania in the Twentieth Century, A History: Volume I: Albania and King Zog, 1908-39

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the rise of local beys, which presented a menace to centralised power. In 1830, the

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Politika Ballkanike e Rusisë dhe çështja shqiptare: nga origjina deri në ditët tona

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Albanian intellectuals in the nineteenth century began devising a single, standard

1951: 1907: 1837:

and his cabinet during the celebration of the first anniversary of independence in

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escalated into widespread insurrection and mutiny within the imperial army, Sultan

1223: 1211: 1002: 960: 939: 839: 835: 614: 586: 293: 215: 157: 4756: 3214:, vol. 1, Budapest, Hungary: Central European University Press, p. 348, 2014: 2010: 1974: 1970: 1915: 1899: 7892: 7579: 7418: 7365: 7148: 7005: 6114: 6007: 5883:

Sette, Alessandro. "L'Albania nella strategia diplomatica italiana (1871-1915)",

5764: 5580: 4677: 4442: 4396: 3988: 3070: 3053: 3021: 2821: 2616: 2582: 2555: 2132: 1602: 1510: 1331: 1029: 927: 814: 795: 590: 205: 200: 2744:. Tirana, Albania: Ndërmarrja shtetërore e botimeve "Naim Frashëri". p. 16. 1242:. A border tribesman at the time described the frontier as "floating on blood." 851: 7798: 7794: 6748: 6174: 5582:

Rreth alfabetit të shqipes: me rastin e 100-vjetorit të Kongresit të Manastirit

2964:

Rreth alfabetit të shqipes: me rastin e 100-vjetorit të Kongresit të Manastirit

2160: 2156: 1911: 1824: 1656: 1647: 1598: 1597:

Ottoman representatives managed to deal with the leaders of Albanian rebels in

1498: 1438: 1368: 1363: 1318: 1301: 1048: 1005:. The Albanians' fear that the lands they inhabited would be partitioned among 935: 923: 855: 818: 673: 605: 268: 220: 210: 4709: 2336: 2261: 2244: 1136: 7923: 7423: 7312: 7096: 5916: 5552:

Pilgrimage, Politics and Place-Making in Eastern Europe: Crossing the Borders

5092:

Discourses of collective identity in Central and Southeast Europe (1770–1945)

4480: 3211:

Discourses of collective identity in Central and Southeast Europe (1770–1945)

2930: 2140: 2084: 1834: 1804: 1721: 1713: 1463: 1374: 1247: 880: 791: 772: 759: 510: 7789: 5825:

The Crescent and the Eagle: Ottoman rule, Islam and the Albanians, 1874–1913

5411:

Islam in the Balkans: Religion and Society Between Europe and the Arab World

3361:

The Crescent and the Eagle: Ottoman Rule, Islam and the Albanians, 1874-1913

2152: 1889: 1690:

establishment of new licees and agricultural schools in the bigger districts

7837: 7181: 6800: 5843: 2588: 2206: 1884: 1514: 1446: 1442: 1423: 1412: 1347: 1259: 1124: 994: 884: 490: 7882: 7403: 5919: 5734: 5040:"Clearing the Decks: Ending the Tripolitanian War and the Albanian Revolt" 5001:"Clearing the Decks: Ending the Tripolitanian War and the Albanian Revolt" 2078: 1969:

and making demands that it be used in schools. In Constantinople in 1879,

2892:

Bittersweet Europe: Albanian and Georgian Discourses on Europe, 1878-2008

1755: 1458: 1160: 7355: 7286: 6027: 3310: 2144: 2102: 2096: 2026: 2018: 1894: 1807:

until his resignation on 22 January 1914. The Assembly established the

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rebellion in Macedonia supported by an Albanian uprising in Kosovo and

1346:

that aroused a nationalist response with the Albanian guerilla band of

1322: 1292: 1270: 1218:

by Greece. The League of Prizren organized armed resistance efforts in

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From Empire to Republic: Turkish Nationalism and the Armenian Genocide

1772: 1502: 1227: 1190:

In July 1878, the league sent a memorandum to the Great Powers at the

1164: 1116: 7131: 6250: 6047: 6022: 5989: 5230:. Frankfurt am Main, Germany: Vittorio Klosterman GmbH. p. 185. 5224:"The Albanian legal and constitutional system between the World Wars" 5191:. Frankfurt am Main, Germany: Vittorio Klosterman GmbH. p. 185. 5185:"The Albanian legal and constitutional system between the World Wars" 5095:, vol. 2, Budapest, Hungary: Central European University Press, 3706:

Edition 2, illustrated Publisher C. Hurst & Co. Publishers, 2000

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which was part of the Albanian National Awakening agenda during the

1471: 1140: 7375: 7360: 6590: 6042: 6037: 6017: 6012: 5937: 5745:

Reinstating the Ottomans, Alternative Balkan Modernities: 1800–1912

4599:

The Falcon and the Eagle: Montenegro and Austria-Hungary, 1908-1914

1978: 1450: 1343: 1286: 1255: 1239: 1148: 1108: 1088: 1080: 1014: 976: 918: 867: 831: 799: 5169:. Tirana: Akademia e Shkencave të RPS të Shqipërisë. p. 261. 4523: 2042: 1838: 1783: 1156: 997:

actually served as an inspiration for the movement. The 1877–1878

7862: 7350: 7241: 6360: 6032: 6002: 5997: 5968: 5926: 5548: 5537:. Vol. 12. Canadian and International Education. p. 16. 1947: 1936: 1918:, the most renowned representatives of the Albanian Renaissance. 1850: 1606: 1590:

all Albanian property damaged by Ottoman troops to be compensated

1552: 1454: 1427: 1235: 1231: 1219: 1207: 1068: 1064: 783: 768: 660:

List of wars involving Albania § Ottoman Albania (1479–1912)

631: 594: 471: 84: 1906:

The Albanian Renaissance is one of the most valuable periods in

1475: 7408: 7370: 3041:. Editura Academiei Republicii Socialiste România. p. 171. 2494:. In Stephanie Schwandner-Sievers and Bernd J. Fischer (2002), 2454:. In Stephanie Schwandner-Sievers and Bernd J. Fischer (2002), 2128: 1823:

of May 1913. The Albanian delegation in London was assisted by

1716:

for those Ottoman officers who attempted to suppress the revolt

1652: 1631: 1274: 1251: 1215: 1100: 1096: 1092: 1076: 1072: 1060: 1037: 1018: 1010: 2796:

Naum Veqilharxhi, the father of Albanian alphabet and ABC-book

2673:(in Albanian). Shtëpia Botuese e Librit Shkollor. p. 116. 2399:

Naum Veqilharxhi, the father of Albanian alphabet and ABC-book

1943:, the newspaper of the Albanian minority in Romania from 1889. 802:

nobility, who were similarly seeking autonomy. Instead of the

7754: 7736: 7413: 3072:

History of the Balkans: From Mohammed the Conqueror to Stalin

3036: 1982: 1536: 1506: 1467: 1282: 1132: 1128: 1104: 775:. The beys however, were all killed along with their guards. 4682:(in Serbian). Institut za istoriju u Banjaluci. p. 273. 3980: 1914:. The period is directly connected with Jorgji Panariti and 1803:. It was a government that consisted of ten members, led by 1627: 6595: 4473:

Historia e popullit shqiptar në katër vëllime (in Albanian)

3207: 2618:

History of the Balkans: Eighteenth and nineteenth centuries

1830: 846:

two local uprisings that burst in the beginning of 1833 in

3908: 2510:

The Balkan Wars, 1912–1913: prelude to the First World War

2466: 2464: 2446: 2444: 2163:. There was much debate and the contending alphabets were 7623: 5534:

Albania's National Renaissance: Aspirations for Schooling

1682: 1613:, and that the possession of weapons would be permitted. 2931:

Thoma Murzaku; Instituti i Studimeve Ballkanike (1999).

2255:. Ankara University, Faculty of Political Science: 195. 1269:

to suppress the League of Prizren and deliver Ulcinj to

1194:, which was called to settle the unresolved problems of 5450:

Michelson, Paul E.; Treptow, Kurt W. (1 January 2002).

3226:

the first political ideologue of the Albanian Revival..

2791:

Naum Veqilharxhi, babai i alfabetit dhe abetares shqipe

2461: 2441: 2394:

Naum Veqilharxhi, babai i alfabetit dhe abetares shqipe

2305:. Baden-Baden: Nomos-Verlag. p. 15. Archived from 1564:

election of the deputies of Albanian ethnicity for the

1434:

In 1910, due to the new centralisation policies of the

1115:

consisted of sixteen representatives from the areas of

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Modernisierung durch Transfer zwischen den Weltkriegen

5189:

Modernisierung durch Transfer zwischen den Weltkriegen

4342: 1707:

the development of trade, agriculture and public works

5854:. Modern Library Chronicles. New York: Random House. 4939:"The Balkan Wars and creation of Independent Albania" 4541: 3742: 3740: 3030: 2935:. Shtëpia Botuese "Mesonjetorja e Parë". p. 177. 2924: 1509:, proclaimed the independence of Albania, raised the 1441:

government towards Albanians, local Albanian leaders

5549:

Professor John Eade; Mr Mario Katić (28 June 2014).

4187: 2878:. Shtëpia Botuese e Librit Universitar. p. 427. 2667:

Frashëri, Kristo; Pollo, Stefanaq (1 January 1983).

1710:

general amnesty for all Albanians involved in revolt

1497:, it was decided to organise an Albanian uprising. 6545: 5324: 5034: 4995: 4365:reprint Publisher Cambridge University Press, 1983 4247: 3441: 3439: 3437: 1580:men who are ethnic Albanians to serve army only in 1489:from 2 to 4 February 1911, under the leadership of 1021:fueled the rise of the Albanian national movement. 5847: 5712: 5164: 4710:"Vendi që zë Skënderbeu në historinë e Shqipërisë" 3956: 3737: 3373: 2873: 2861:Te huajt per shqiperine dhe shqiptaret. Edicioni 2 2826:. Akademia e Shkencave e Shqipërisë. p. 184. 1704:freedom to establish private schools and societies 767:'s faction, Veli Bey (whose power base was around 30:"Rilindja" redirects here. For the newspaper, see 5475: 5473: 4330: 4259: 4235: 4211: 3398: 3333:, Edition 2, C. Hurst & Co. Publishers, 2000 3068: 3023:Çështja kombëtare në faqe të shtypit të Rilindjes 2918:Çështja kombëtare në faqe të shtypit të Rilindjes 2721:Historia e Shqipërisë: Vitet 30 të shek. XIX-1912 2704:Historia e Shqipërisë: Vitet 30 të shek. XIX-1912 2687:Historia e Shqipërisë: Vitet 30 të shek. XIX-1912 27:19th and 20th-century revival of Albanian culture 7921: 5702: 5700: 5698: 5449: 4835: 4833: 4558: 4556: 4359: 4357: 4296: 4294: 4292: 4290: 4288: 4286: 4165: 4163: 3944: 3434: 2025:and other works in Albanian that dealt with the 5044:History of the Ottoman Empire and modern Turkey 5005:History of the Ottoman Empire and modern Turkey 3986: 3889:Edition 2, C. Hurst & Co. Publishers, 2000 3885:Leften Stavros Stavrianos, Traian Stoianovich, 3857: 3855: 3781: 3725: 3700:Leften Stavros Stavrianos, Traian Stoianovich, 3526: 3327:Leften Stavros Stavrianos, Traian Stoianovich, 3191: 3189: 2421: 2419: 2249:The Turkish Yearbook of International Relations 2139:(unity) club, and prominent delegates included 1055:, one of the first political ideologues of the 5619: 5617: 5542: 5470: 5336: 5165:Pollo, Stefanaq; Selami Pulaha (1978). "175". 5146: 5124: 5122: 5070: 4974: 4850: 4848: 4732: 4645: 4635: 4633: 4631: 4579: 4577: 4575: 4573: 4571: 4506: 4504: 4424: 4422: 4420: 4418: 4306: 4271: 4175: 4148: 4067:. Durham: Duke University Press. p. 206. 3835:Isolationist States in an Interdependent World 3771: 3769: 3767: 3449:Isolationist States in an Interdependent World 3422: 3051: 2867: 1328:Secret Committee for the Liberation of Albania 1001:dealt a decisive blow to Ottoman power in the 572: 7722: 5953: 5695: 5641: 5604: 5602: 5512: 5502: 5500: 5485: 5433: 5431: 5414:. Univ of South Carolina Press. p. 247. 5355: 5353: 5351: 5264:A Biographical Dictionary of Albanian History 4962: 4945:. New Delhi: Anmol publications. p. 53. 4936: 4911:Macedonia: warlords and rebels in the Balkans 4830: 4720: 4691: 4689: 4657: 4553: 4354: 4318: 4283: 4199: 4160: 4136: 4087: 4085: 3920: 3752: 3478: 3106: 3104: 3062: 3013: 2960: 2909: 2888: 2666: 2295: 2031:the first secular school of Albanian language 733: 540: 5389: 5171:Vendimi është hartuar shqip dhe turqisht ... 4041: 4039: 3932: 3852: 3808: 3787: 3490: 3270: 3236: 3234: 3186: 3133: 3131: 2988: 2986: 2984: 2813: 2787: 2763:Naum Veqilharxhi and the birth of the nation 2434: 2432: 2416: 2390: 2366:Naum Veqilharxhi and the birth of the nation 2242: 1853:, as recognised by the Great Powers in 1913. 1827:, MP, a passionate advocate of their cause. 910:Rise of nationalism under the Ottoman Empire 5653: 5614: 5574: 5572: 5312: 5119: 4845: 4818: 4750: 4628: 4568: 4501: 4415: 4056: 4054: 3764: 3646: 3622: 3598: 3550: 3514: 3466: 3410: 3352: 3258: 3058:. Shtëpia Botuese "8 Nëntori". p. 146. 3019: 2915: 2754: 2357: 2238: 2236: 2234: 2232: 2230: 2228: 2226: 1790:. The complete text of the declaration was: 1385: 1036:blocked the arrangement because it awarded 983:. During that time, the destruction of the 778:The last Albanian pashalik to fall was the 7729: 7715: 5960: 5946: 5629: 5599: 5497: 5456:. Center for Romanian Studies. p. 5. 5428: 5348: 5134: 4866: 4781: 4686: 4616: 4493:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 4223: 4082: 4028:) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 3968: 3827: 3825: 3823: 3658: 3634: 3562: 3538: 3358: 3246: 3143: 3101: 3045: 2954: 2882: 2486: 2484: 2115:One year earlier, the Albanian dictionary 1533:, three from Klemendi and two from Shalë. 1321:) founded in 1897, executed its president 740: 726: 547: 533: 5897:. Princeton: Princeton University Press. 5524: 5289:History of the Balkans: Twentieth century 4036: 4024:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 3794:. London: Psychology Press. p. 173. 3670: 3586: 3502: 3367: 3231: 3128: 3089: 3075:. East European Monographs. p. 365. 2981: 2858: 2840: 2429: 2260: 1751:Massacres of Albanians in the Balkan Wars 604:, Albania remained under the rule of the 7028: 6883: 5569: 4991: 4989: 4904: 4595: 4470: 4115: 4097: 4051: 3917:, pp. 90–91, 104–105, 108–113, 139. 3867: 3682: 3610: 3291:American Slavic and East European Review 3116: 3037:Viorica Moisuc; Ion Calafeteanu (1980). 2852: 2819: 2734: 2649: 2611: 2243:Rrapaj, Jonilda; Kolasi, Klevis (2013). 2223: 1995: 1946: 1935: 1888: 1844: 1829: 1780:assembly of Muslim and Christian leaders 1754: 1693:reorganisation and modernisation of the 1626: 1535: 1418: 1405: 1291: 1181: 917: 6291:Albanian resistance during World War II 5868:Schwandner-Sievers and Fischer (eds.), 5842: 5821: 5718: 5659: 5623: 5437: 5395: 5342: 5318: 5152: 5128: 5088: 5076: 4980: 4854: 4824: 4738: 4651: 4639: 4602:. Purdue University Press. p. 77. 4583: 4510: 4440: 4428: 4336: 4312: 4277: 4265: 4241: 4217: 4193: 4181: 4154: 4045: 3974: 3950: 3926: 3914: 3861: 3820: 3788:Waller, Michael; Drezov, Kyril (2001). 3775: 3758: 3731: 3676: 3652: 3628: 3604: 3592: 3556: 3532: 3520: 3508: 3484: 3472: 3416: 3404: 3264: 3240: 3137: 3095: 2580: 2553: 2481: 2291: 2289: 2287: 1543:— one of the leaders of the 1911 revolt 1517:it was raised for the first time after 1206:and areas around the mountain towns of 1024:The first postwar treaty, the abortive 14: 7922: 7277: 5890: 5800: 5783: 5706: 5647: 5635: 5608: 5578: 5530: 5518: 5506: 5491: 5479: 5407: 5383: 5371: 5359: 5330: 5140: 4968: 4839: 4726: 4695: 4679:Austro-Ugarska i Mladoturci: 1908-1912 4663: 4622: 4562: 4466: 4464: 4348: 4324: 4300: 4253: 4229: 4205: 4169: 4142: 4091: 3962: 3938: 3873: 3814: 3746: 3688: 3664: 3640: 3616: 3568: 3544: 3496: 3428: 3297:(2). Cambridge University Press: 221. 3288: 3276: 3252: 3195: 3149: 3122: 3110: 2992: 2876:Historia e popullit shqiptar, 395-1875 2127:was held by Albanian intellectuals in 1296:Ethnic distribution of Albanians 1898. 854:were repressed, uprisings occurred in 786:rule ended when an Ottoman army under 7710: 5941: 5915: 5870:Albanian Identities: Myth and History 5762: 5741: 5555:. Ashgate Publishing. pp. 109–. 5260: 5221: 5182: 4986: 4880:(in Serbian). Vol. 2. Belgrade: 4795:(in Serbian). Vol. 2. Belgrade: 4744: 4675: 4547: 4475:. Tiranë, Albania. pp. 440–441. 4394: 4103: 4060: 3831: 3580: 3445: 2846: 2717: 2700: 2683: 2526: 2522: 2520: 2518: 2322: 2296:Kaser, Karl; Kressing, Frank (2002). 1670:, that can be summarized as follows: 1547:Requests of the memorandum included: 5967: 5677:. BRILL. 13 June 2013. p. 504. 4882:Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts 4803:from the original on 31 January 2011 4797:Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts 4596:Treadway, John D. (1 January 1998). 3004: 2945: 2758:Naum Veqilharxhi dhe lindja e kombit 2501: 2361:Naum Veqilharxhi dhe lindja e kombit 2284: 1743:Albanian Declaration of Independence 1568:according to the proportional system 1186:League of Prizren, group photo, 1878 630:in London recognized an independent 5872:, Indiana University Press (2002), 4913:. London: I.B. Tauris. p. 29. 4461: 3987:Ac01384562], [Anonymus (1984). 2798:] (in Albanian), archived from 2554:Vickers, Miranda (1 January 1999). 2401:] (in Albanian), archived from 1350:killing the Metropolitan of Korçë, 1326:Bitola during 1905 established the 955:, others to the publication of the 333:International Commission of Control 24: 5261:Elsie, Robert (24 December 2012). 4907:"The rise of Albanian nationalism" 3838:. Ashgate Publishing. p. 64. 3452:. Ashgate Publishing. p. 63. 2718:Pollo, Stefanaq (1 January 1983). 2701:Pollo, Stefanaq (1 January 1983). 2684:Pollo, Stefanaq (1 January 1983). 2515: 2135:). The Congress was hosted by the 1616: 1555:for all participants in the revolt 1505:chieftains on 26/27 April 1911 in 1457:, the Ottoman government declared 965:standardized alphabet for Albanian 668:Rise of nationalism in the Balkans 619:standardized alphabet for Albanian 25: 7951: 6231:Principality of Albania (1914–25) 6216:Provisional Government of Albania 5735:Library of Congress Country Study 5386:, pp. 133–139, 147–148, 368. 5374:, pp. 119–121, 123, 145–147. 4943:Encyclopaedia of the Muslim World 4753:"Albania and Albanian Identities" 4395:Akçam, Taner (4 September 2004). 4351:, pp. 409–410, 413–415, 471. 3905:. page 504-505 (Length 970 pages) 2212:Dissolution of the Ottoman Empire 1801:Provisional Government of Albania 914:National Awakening in the Balkans 7393: 7276: 7095: 6939: 6938: 6518: 6517: 6432: 6431: 6359: 5918: 5766:Historical Dictionary of Albania 5748:. New York: Palgrave MacMillan. 5665: 5443: 5401: 5281: 5254: 5215: 5176: 5158: 5089:Kopeček, Michal (January 2006), 5082: 5028: 4930: 4898: 4860: 4775: 4707: 4701: 4669: 4589: 4516: 4434: 4388: 4109: 3791:Kosovo: The politics of delusion 2889:Adrian Brisku (30 August 2013). 2788:Fedhon Meksi (21 October 2011), 2391:Fedhon Meksi (21 October 2011), 2095: 2077: 2059: 2041: 824: 634:within its present-day borders. 63: 5894:The Albanian national awakening 5727: 5408:Norris, H.T. (1 January 1993). 4676:Mikić, Đorđe (1 January 1983). 3879: 3694: 3574: 3321: 3282: 3201: 3155: 2998: 2939: 2781: 2748: 2728: 2711: 2694: 2677: 2660: 2643: 2605: 2584:The Albanians: a modern history 2574: 2557:The Albanians: A Modern History 2547: 2023:Primer of the Albanian language 1736: 1655:, the administrative centre of 1587:confiscated arms to be returned 1304:continued to crumble after the 374:Italian protectorate (southern) 7614:Orders, decorations and medals 6221:Albania during the Balkan Wars 4937:Bahl, Taru; M.H. Syed (2003). 4874:. In Antonije Isaković (ed.). 4789:. In Antonije Isaković (ed.). 4751:Zhelyazkova, Antonina (2000). 4441:Pearson, Owen (22 July 2005). 3749:, pp. 67–68, 99, 103–107. 3164:The Diplomacy of the Great War 2895:. Berghahn Books. p. 47. 2765:] (in Albanian), Pashtriku 2527:Tozer, Henry Fanshawe (2009). 2384: 2368:] (in Albanian), Pashtriku 2351: 2316: 1788:Albania an independent country 1763:photographed in November 1912. 1747:Albania during the Balkan Wars 1558:demand for recognition of the 1169:Russo-Turkish War of 1877–1878 1111:. The southern branch, led by 13: 1: 6261:Albanian Republic (1925–1928) 6135:Massacre of the Albanian Beys 5333:, pp. 119–120, 129, 140. 5309:Length 476 pages page 87 link 4787:"Albanski pokreti 1908-1912." 3407:, pp. 45, 60–61, 65, 67. 2217: 1991:Evëtori Shqip Fort i Shkurtër 1921: 1175:lands, including present-day 648:Albanian Revolts of 1833–1839 644:Massacre of the Albanian Beys 637: 6266:Albanian Kingdom (1928–1939) 6241:Autonomous Province of Korçë 5850:The Balkans: A Short History 4872:"Albanski pokreti 1908–1912" 4256:, pp. 364–365, 392–404. 4196:, pp. 150–155, 159–161. 3990:Albania, general information 3965:, pp. 200–204, 206–212. 3722:. page 503. Length 970 pages 2738:Rilindja Kombëtare Shqiptare 895: 883:and in that of Berat led by 752: 652:Albanian Revolt of 1843–1844 424:German occupation of Albania 7: 7930:Albanian National Awakening 6301:Orthography Congress (1972) 6296:Communist Albania (1946–91) 6276:Italian invasion of Albania 6226:Republic of Central Albania 6206:Declaration of Independence 6150:Albanian National Awakening 5267:. I.B.Tauris. p. 201. 5038:; Ezel Kural Shaw (2002) . 4999:; Ezel Kural Shaw (2002) . 3374:Selçuk Akşin Somel (2001). 2874:Petrika Thëngjilli (1999). 2190: 561:Albanian National Awakening 359:Republic of Central Albania 299:Declaration of Independence 10: 7956: 6271:Union with Italian kingdom 5721:, pp. 87–91, 127–131. 4447:. I.B.Tauris. p. 11. 4401:. Zed Books. p. 129. 4116:Jelavich, Barbara (1983). 3349:Length 970 pages. page 502 3069:Georges Castellan (1992). 3007:Historia e shqipes letrare 2948:Historia e shqipes letrare 2627:Cambridge University Press 2560:. I.B.Tauris. p. 24. 2492:Invention of a Nationalism 2452:Invention of a Nationalism 1967:Albanian literary language 1925: 1882: 1873: 1786:in November 1912 declared 1740: 1720:The revolt ended when the 1620: 1399: 1389: 899: 890: 641: 467:1997 Albanian civil unrest 244:Revolts of 1833–1839 133:Angevin Kingdom of Albania 29: 7745: 7666: 7632: 7565: 7534: 7479: 7448: 7441: 7384: 7341: 7295: 7218: 7180: 7171: 7130: 7126: 7117: 7019: 6951: 6927: 6874: 6848: 6827: 6788: 6784: 6775: 6731: 6693: 6655: 6609: 6536: 6471: 6467: 6458: 6412: 6381: 6377: 6368: 6357: 6329: 6193: 6092: 6056: 5988: 5979: 5935: 5887:, 102, I (2018): 321–378. 5801:Clayer, Nathalie (2007). 5784:Clayer, Nathalie (2005). 4471:Frashëri, Kristo (1984). 3026:. 8 Nëntori. p. 217. 2920:. 8 Nëntori. p. 180. 2820:Frashëri, Kristo (2008). 2735:Frashëri, Kristo (1962). 2650:Frashëri, Kristo (1983). 2581:Vickers, Miranda (1999). 2337:10.1017/S0018246X00004416 2262:10.1501/intrel_0000000290 2117:(Fjalori i Gjuhës Shqipe) 1659:within the Ottoman rule. 1426:with his rebels entering 628:Conference of Ambassadors 577:), commonly known as the 249:Revolt of 1843–1844 18:Albanian National Revival 6286:The Holocaust in Albania 6145:Uprising of Dervish Cara 5822:Gawrych, George (2006). 4339:, pp. 177–179, 183. 4268:, pp. 170–177, 183. 4244:, pp. 170–173, 183. 4220:, pp. 163–166, 169. 3953:, pp. 131, 135–136. 3734:, pp. 62–63, 66–68. 3535:, pp. 46–47, 63–64. 3431:, pp. 89–92, 94–95. 3009:. Grafikos. p. 180. 2967:. Logos-A. p. 156. 2950:. Grafikos. p. 102. 2653:Historia e Shqipërise II 1386:Revolts of 1910 and 1911 922:The 4 Ottoman vilayets ( 434:Second League of Prizren 7740:during the 19th century 6125:Islamization of Albania 6115:Kanun of Lekë Dukagjini 6069:Principality of Arbanon 5925:Topics related to the 5891:Skendi, Stavro (1967). 5579:Lloshi, Xhevat (2008). 4905:Phillips, John (2004). 4061:Ramet, Sabrina (1998). 3052:Gazmend Shpuza (1980). 2121:Kostandin Kristoforidhi 2004:in a rare photo (1908). 1878: 1640:Albanian Revolt of 1912 1623:Albanian Revolt of 1912 1392:Albanian Revolt of 1910 656:Albanian Revolt of 1847 429:World War II in Albania 186:Islamization of Albania 176:Principality of Mirdita 138:Principality of Albania 128:Principality of Arbanon 80:Origin of the Albanians 6306:Post-Communist Albania 6281:German Nazi occupation 6236:World War I in Albania 6105:Skanderbeg's rebellion 5763:Elsie, Robert (2010). 5585:. Logos-A. p. 9. 5482:, pp. 18–19, 240. 5222:Giaro, Tomasz (2007). 5183:Giaro, Tomasz (2007). 4119:History of the Balkans 3887:The Balkans since 1453 3761:, pp. 62, 66, 68. 3703:The Balkans since 1453 3380:. BRILL. p. 210. 3330:The Balkans since 1453 2961:Xhevat Lloshi (2008). 2325:The Historical Journal 2005: 2000:The Commission of the 1962: 1944: 1903: 1854: 1842: 1816: 1797: 1764: 1635: 1544: 1431: 1416: 1297: 1187: 1177:Bosnia and Herzegovina 947: 672:Nationalism under the 573: 568: 404:Principality (Regency) 354:World War I in Albania 322:Provisional Government 7604:Epitaph of Gllavenica 5885:Nuova Rivista Storica 5828:. London: IB Tauris. 5345:, pp. 20, 86–91. 4868:Bogdanović, Dimitrije 4783:Bogdanović, Dimitrije 4524:"Historia e Malësisë" 3832:Turku, Helga (2009). 3499:, pp. 38–39, 51. 3487:, pp. 49, 61–63. 3446:Turku, Helga (2009). 3279:, pp. 43–44, 54. 3198:, pp. 35–38, 47. 2670:Historia e Shqipërisë 1999: 1950: 1939: 1892: 1848: 1833: 1792: 1758: 1630: 1539: 1422: 1409: 1400:Further information: 1295: 1185: 1045:Treaty of San Stefano 1026:Treaty of San Stefano 981:Jean-Jacques Rousseau 921: 900:Further information: 622:Crisis (1878–1881). 7940:Albanian nationalism 7036:Archaeological sites 6546:Vetting Institutions 6246:Italian protectorate 6160:Congress of Manastir 6140:Revolts of 1833–1839 4759:on 27 September 2011 4565:, pp. 412, 440. 3864:, pp. 8, 21–23. 3167:, BiblioBazaar 2009 3020:Ahmet Kondo (1982). 3005:Raka, Fadil (2005). 2946:Raka, Fadil (2005). 2916:Ahmet Kondo (1982). 2863:. Lulu. p. 299. 2533:. pp. 167–169. 2202:Albanian nationalism 2125:Congress of Monastir 1841:on 28 November 1913. 1584:during the peacetime 1267:Dervish Turgut Pasha 1258:and the district of 906:Albanian Nationalism 579:Albanian Renaissance 394:Italian protectorate 32:Rilindja (newspaper) 7257:Research institutes 6819:State Supreme Audit 6256:Republic of Mirdita 5807:. Paris: Karthala. 5742:Blumi, Isa (2011). 5709:, pp. 111–128. 5650:, pp. 371–372. 5531:Thomas, J. (1983). 5521:, pp. 256–262. 5494:, pp. 257–258. 5155:, pp. 199–200. 5079:, pp. 201–202. 4983:, pp. 194–195. 4971:, pp. 435–436. 4842:, pp. 436–437. 4741:, pp. 190–196. 4729:, pp. 427–437. 4666:, pp. 416–417. 4654:, pp. 186–187. 4327:, pp. 405–408. 4303:, pp. 405–406. 4280:, pp. 179–182. 4208:, pp. 370–372. 4184:, pp. 149–155. 4172:, pp. 339–344. 4157:, pp. 140–149. 4145:, pp. 335–339. 3941:, pp. 195–198. 3929:, pp. 125–127. 3817:, pp. 105–106. 2496:Albanian Identities 2472:Albanian Identities 2456:Albanian Identities 1989:published his work 1867:Treaty of Bucharest 788:Mehmed Reshid Pasha 602:rise of nationalism 472:Republic of Albania 419:Albania under Italy 389:Congress of Lushnjë 369:Republic of Mirdita 327:Congress of Trieste 317:Independent Albania 7074:Adriatic Sea Coast 7001:Telecommunications 6708:Capital punishment 6601:Prosecutor General 6170:Malissori uprising 6130:Albanian Pashaliks 6084:House of Kastrioti 6074:Kingdom of Albania 5929:National Awakening 5398:, pp. 22, 91. 4870:(November 2000) . 4785:(November 2000) . 4315:, pp. 177–179 3607:, pp. 60, 68. 3183:. Length 360 pages 2859:Piro TASE (2010). 2802:on 2 December 2014 2405:on 2 December 2014 2197:History of Albania 2067:Parashqevi Qiriazi 2006: 1963: 1961:published in 1845. 1952:Naum Veqilharxhi's 1945: 1904: 1855: 1843: 1765: 1722:Ottoman government 1701:in secular schools 1666:), related to the 1636: 1566:Ottoman Parliament 1560:Albanian ethnicity 1545: 1491:Nikolla bey Ivanaj 1480:summary executions 1432: 1417: 1410:Guerrilla fighter 1330:. In 1905, priest 1306:Congress of Berlin 1298: 1200:Congress of Berlin 1192:Congress of Berlin 1188: 985:Pashalik of Yanina 948: 574:Rilindja Kombëtare 379:Congress of Durrës 239:National Awakening 7935:History of Kosovo 7917: 7916: 7911: 7910: 7738:National revivals 7704: 7703: 7662: 7661: 7658: 7657: 7530: 7529: 7437: 7436: 7429:Cognac Skënderbeu 7236: 7188: 7113: 7112: 7109: 7108: 7101:Images of Albania 7069: 7068: 6928:Natural resources 6919:Hydropower plants 6914: 6913: 6771: 6770: 6767: 6766: 6576: 6575: 6513:Political parties 6508:Foreign relations 6454: 6453: 6450: 6449: 6355: 6354: 6311:1997 Civil Unrest 6155:League of Prizren 6079:Despotate of Arta 5776:978-0-8108-6188-6 5684:978-90-04-25076-5 5562:978-1-4724-1592-9 5307:978-0-521-27459-3 5237:978-3-465-04017-0 5198:978-3-465-04017-0 5036:Shaw, Stanford J. 4997:Shaw, Stanford J. 4379:978-0-521-27459-3 4129:978-0-521-27459-3 3903:978-1-85065-551-0 3845:978-0-7546-7932-5 3778:, pp. 80–81. 3720:978-1-85065-551-0 3667:, pp. 65–68. 3655:, pp. 62–63. 3643:, pp. 61–64. 3631:, pp. 61–62. 3571:, pp. 55–82. 3559:, pp. 60–65. 3547:, pp. 69–70. 3523:, pp. 47–48. 3475:, pp. 48–49. 3459:978-0-7546-7932-5 3419:, pp. 53–60. 3347:978-1-85065-551-0 3267:, pp. 45–46. 3255:, pp. 36–37. 3181:978-1-110-00529-1 3152:, pp. 43–44. 3113:, pp. 33–34. 3082:978-0-88033-222-4 2974:978-9989-58-268-4 2902:978-0-85745-985-5 2755:Enis Sulstarova, 2636:978-0-521-27458-6 2613:Jelavich, Barbara 2598:978-1-86064-541-9 2540:978-1-115-99203-9 2507:Richard C. Hall, 2358:Enis Sulstarova, 2161:Gjergj D. Qiriazi 2108: 2090: 2072: 2054: 2002:Manastir Congress 1959:Albanian alphabet 1928:Albanian language 1761:Assembly of Vlorë 1731:League of Prizren 1699:Albanian language 1695:religious schools 1611:Albanian language 1572:Albanian language 1541:Sokol Baci Ivezaj 1495:Sokol Baci Ivezaj 999:Russo-Turkish War 973:French Revolution 944:League of Prizren 902:League of Prizren 750: 749: 676: 557: 556: 444:Socialist Albania 409:Albanian Republic 364:Republic of Korçë 264:League of Prizren 196:Sanjak of Scutari 191:Sanjak of Albania 16:(Redirected from 7947: 7731: 7724: 7717: 7708: 7707: 7689: 7682: 7675: 7446: 7445: 7397: 7280: 7279: 7232: 7184: 7178: 7177: 7128: 7127: 7124: 7123: 7099: 7079:Ionian Sea Coast 7026: 7025: 6942: 6941: 6881: 6880: 6835:Shopping centers 6804: 6786: 6785: 6782: 6781: 6759:Border crossings 6633:Cities and towns 6543: 6542: 6521: 6520: 6469: 6468: 6465: 6464: 6435: 6434: 6379: 6378: 6375: 6374: 6363: 6185:Kimza Government 5986: 5985: 5962: 5955: 5948: 5939: 5938: 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3432: 3426: 3420: 3414: 3408: 3402: 3396: 3395: 3371: 3365: 3364: 3359:George Gawrych. 3356: 3350: 3325: 3319: 3318: 3286: 3280: 3274: 3268: 3262: 3256: 3250: 3244: 3238: 3229: 3228: 3205: 3199: 3193: 3184: 3159: 3153: 3147: 3141: 3135: 3126: 3120: 3114: 3108: 3099: 3093: 3087: 3086: 3066: 3060: 3059: 3049: 3043: 3042: 3034: 3028: 3027: 3017: 3011: 3010: 3002: 2996: 2990: 2979: 2978: 2958: 2952: 2951: 2943: 2937: 2936: 2928: 2922: 2921: 2913: 2907: 2906: 2886: 2880: 2879: 2871: 2865: 2864: 2856: 2850: 2844: 2838: 2837: 2817: 2811: 2810: 2809: 2807: 2785: 2779: 2778: 2772: 2770: 2752: 2746: 2745: 2743: 2732: 2726: 2725: 2715: 2709: 2708: 2698: 2692: 2691: 2681: 2675: 2674: 2664: 2658: 2657: 2647: 2641: 2640: 2609: 2603: 2602: 2578: 2572: 2571: 2551: 2545: 2544: 2524: 2513: 2505: 2499: 2488: 2479: 2468: 2459: 2448: 2439: 2436: 2427: 2423: 2414: 2413: 2412: 2410: 2388: 2382: 2381: 2375: 2373: 2355: 2349: 2348: 2320: 2314: 2313: 2312:on 13 June 2007. 2311: 2304: 2293: 2282: 2281: 2264: 2240: 2149:Mit'hat Frashëri 2106: 2099: 2088: 2081: 2070: 2063: 2052: 2049:Naum Veqilharxhi 2045: 1987:Naum Veqilharxhi 1908:Albanian culture 1821:Treaty of London 1769:First Balkan War 1727:Albanian vilayet 1676:Albanian vilayet 1668:Albanian vilayet 1642:was one of many 1527:Greçë Memorandum 1075:), Kalkandelen ( 1057:National Revival 1003:Balkan Peninsula 961:Naum Veqilharxhi 940:Albanian vilayet 840:Tanzimat reforms 780:Scutari Pashalik 742: 735: 728: 671: 664: 663: 615:Naum Veqilharxhi 587:Albanian history 583:Albanian Revival 576: 549: 542: 535: 414:Albanian Kingdom 335: 294:Albanian Vilayet 231:Massacre of the 216:Manastir Vilayet 158:Venetian Albania 67: 57: 39: 38: 21: 7955: 7954: 7950: 7949: 7948: 7946: 7945: 7944: 7920: 7919: 7918: 7913: 7912: 7907: 7741: 7735: 7705: 7700: 7692: 7685: 7678: 7671: 7654: 7640:Public holidays 7628: 7561: 7526: 7475: 7433: 7380: 7337: 7291: 7214: 7167: 7105: 7065: 7015: 7006:Posta Shqiptare 6947: 6923: 6910: 6870: 6844: 6823: 6802: 6763: 6749:Organized crime 6727: 6689: 6651: 6605: 6572: 6532: 6446: 6442:Protected areas 6408: 6364: 6351: 6325: 6316:NATO membership 6199: 6197: 6189: 6110:League of Lezhë 6098: 6096: 6088: 6062: 6060: 6052: 5975: 5966: 5931: 5924: 5917: 5905: 5862: 5836: 5815: 5777: 5756: 5730: 5725: 5717: 5713: 5705: 5696: 5685: 5671: 5670: 5666: 5658: 5654: 5646: 5642: 5634: 5630: 5622: 5615: 5607: 5600: 5593: 5577: 5570: 5563: 5547: 5543: 5529: 5525: 5517: 5513: 5505: 5498: 5490: 5486: 5478: 5471: 5464: 5448: 5444: 5436: 5429: 5422: 5406: 5402: 5394: 5390: 5382: 5378: 5370: 5366: 5358: 5349: 5341: 5337: 5329: 5325: 5317: 5313: 5286: 5282: 5275: 5259: 5255: 5242: 5240: 5238: 5220: 5216: 5203: 5201: 5199: 5181: 5177: 5163: 5159: 5151: 5147: 5139: 5135: 5127: 5120: 5107: 5105: 5103: 5087: 5083: 5075: 5071: 5058: 5056: 5054: 5033: 5029: 5019: 5017: 5015: 4994: 4987: 4979: 4975: 4967: 4963: 4953: 4935: 4931: 4921: 4903: 4899: 4886: 4884: 4877:Knjiga o Kosovu 4865: 4861: 4853: 4846: 4838: 4831: 4823: 4819: 4806: 4804: 4792:Knjiga o Kosovu 4780: 4776: 4762: 4760: 4749: 4745: 4737: 4733: 4725: 4721: 4708:Abas, Ermenji. 4706: 4702: 4694: 4687: 4674: 4670: 4662: 4658: 4650: 4646: 4638: 4629: 4621: 4617: 4610: 4594: 4590: 4582: 4569: 4561: 4554: 4546: 4542: 4532: 4530: 4528:www.malesia.org 4522: 4521: 4517: 4509: 4502: 4486: 4485: 4469: 4462: 4455: 4439: 4435: 4427: 4416: 4409: 4393: 4389: 4362: 4355: 4347: 4343: 4335: 4331: 4323: 4319: 4311: 4307: 4299: 4284: 4276: 4272: 4264: 4260: 4252: 4248: 4240: 4236: 4228: 4224: 4216: 4212: 4204: 4200: 4192: 4188: 4180: 4176: 4168: 4161: 4153: 4149: 4141: 4137: 4130: 4114: 4110: 4102: 4098: 4090: 4083: 4075: 4059: 4052: 4044: 4037: 4023: 4014: 4013: 4004: 4003: 3996: 3994: 3985: 3981: 3973: 3969: 3961: 3957: 3949: 3945: 3937: 3933: 3925: 3921: 3913: 3909: 3884: 3880: 3872: 3868: 3860: 3853: 3846: 3830: 3821: 3813: 3809: 3802: 3786: 3782: 3774: 3765: 3757: 3753: 3745: 3738: 3730: 3726: 3699: 3695: 3687: 3683: 3675: 3671: 3663: 3659: 3651: 3647: 3639: 3635: 3627: 3623: 3615: 3611: 3603: 3599: 3591: 3587: 3579: 3575: 3567: 3563: 3555: 3551: 3543: 3539: 3531: 3527: 3519: 3515: 3507: 3503: 3495: 3491: 3483: 3479: 3471: 3467: 3460: 3444: 3435: 3427: 3423: 3415: 3411: 3403: 3399: 3388: 3372: 3368: 3357: 3353: 3326: 3322: 3303:10.2307/2491677 3287: 3283: 3275: 3271: 3263: 3259: 3251: 3247: 3239: 3232: 3222: 3206: 3202: 3194: 3187: 3161:Arthur Bullard, 3160: 3156: 3148: 3144: 3136: 3129: 3121: 3117: 3109: 3102: 3094: 3090: 3083: 3067: 3063: 3050: 3046: 3035: 3031: 3018: 3014: 3003: 2999: 2991: 2982: 2975: 2959: 2955: 2944: 2940: 2929: 2925: 2914: 2910: 2903: 2887: 2883: 2872: 2868: 2857: 2853: 2845: 2841: 2834: 2818: 2814: 2805: 2803: 2786: 2782: 2768: 2766: 2753: 2749: 2741: 2733: 2729: 2716: 2712: 2699: 2695: 2682: 2678: 2665: 2661: 2648: 2644: 2637: 2629:. p. 349. 2610: 2606: 2599: 2579: 2575: 2568: 2552: 2548: 2541: 2525: 2516: 2506: 2502: 2489: 2482: 2469: 2462: 2449: 2442: 2437: 2430: 2424: 2417: 2408: 2406: 2389: 2385: 2371: 2369: 2356: 2352: 2321: 2317: 2309: 2302: 2294: 2285: 2241: 2224: 2220: 2193: 2133:North Macedonia 2131:(in modern-day 2113: 2112: 2111: 2110: 2109: 2105: 2100: 2092: 2091: 2087: 2082: 2074: 2073: 2069: 2064: 2056: 2055: 2051: 2046: 1955:Vithkuqi script 1934: 1926:Main articles: 1924: 1887: 1881: 1876: 1849:The borders of 1759:Members of the 1753: 1741:Main articles: 1739: 1664:Fourteen Points 1646:revolts in the 1625: 1619: 1617:Revolts of 1912 1603:Scutari Vilayet 1511:flag of Albania 1411: 1404: 1402:Battle of Deçiq 1398: 1390:Main articles: 1388: 1332:Kristo Negovani 1030:Austria-Hungary 938:), proposed as 916: 898: 893: 827: 796:Mustafa Reshiti 755: 746: 709:North Macedonia 670: 662: 642:Main articles: 640: 591:Albanian people 553: 517: 516: 515: 485: 477: 476: 457: 449: 448: 399:June Revolution 331: 312: 304: 303: 284:Battle of Deçiq 206:Scutari Vilayet 201:Sanjak of Dibra 181:Ottoman Albania 171: 163: 162: 153:League of Lezhë 113: 105: 104: 75: 55: 48: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 7953: 7943: 7942: 7937: 7932: 7915: 7914: 7909: 7908: 7906: 7905: 7900: 7895: 7890: 7885: 7880: 7875: 7870: 7865: 7860: 7855: 7850: 7845: 7840: 7835: 7827: 7822: 7817: 7812: 7807: 7802: 7792: 7787: 7782: 7777: 7772: 7767: 7762: 7757: 7752: 7746: 7743: 7742: 7734: 7733: 7726: 7719: 7711: 7702: 7701: 7699: 7698: 7691: 7690: 7683: 7676: 7668: 7667: 7664: 7663: 7660: 7659: 7656: 7655: 7653: 7652: 7647: 7642: 7636: 7634: 7630: 7629: 7627: 7626: 7621: 7616: 7611: 7606: 7601: 7589: 7577: 7571: 7569: 7563: 7562: 7560: 7559: 7554: 7549: 7544: 7538: 7536: 7532: 7531: 7528: 7527: 7525: 7524: 7519: 7514: 7509: 7504: 7499: 7494: 7489: 7483: 7481: 7477: 7476: 7474: 7473: 7468: 7463: 7458: 7452: 7450: 7443: 7439: 7438: 7435: 7434: 7432: 7431: 7426: 7421: 7416: 7411: 7406: 7401: 7390: 7388: 7382: 7381: 7379: 7378: 7373: 7368: 7363: 7358: 7353: 7347: 7345: 7339: 7338: 7336: 7335: 7330: 7325: 7320: 7315: 7310: 7305: 7299: 7297: 7293: 7292: 7290: 7289: 7284: 7274: 7269: 7264: 7259: 7254: 7249: 7244: 7239: 7238: 7237: 7224: 7222: 7216: 7215: 7213: 7212: 7207: 7202: 7197: 7191: 7189: 7175: 7169: 7168: 7166: 7161: 7156: 7154:Noble families 7151: 7146: 7141: 7136: 7134: 7121: 7115: 7114: 7111: 7110: 7107: 7106: 7104: 7103: 7093: 7088: 7076: 7070: 7067: 7066: 7064: 7063: 7058: 7053: 7048: 7043: 7038: 7032: 7030: 7023: 7017: 7016: 7014: 7013: 7008: 7003: 6998: 6986: 6981: 6976: 6971: 6966: 6961: 6955: 6953: 6952:Infrastructure 6949: 6948: 6946: 6936: 6931: 6929: 6925: 6924: 6922: 6921: 6915: 6912: 6911: 6909: 6908: 6903: 6898: 6893: 6887: 6885: 6878: 6872: 6871: 6869: 6868: 6863: 6858: 6852: 6850: 6846: 6845: 6843: 6842: 6837: 6831: 6829: 6825: 6824: 6822: 6821: 6816: 6811: 6806: 6798: 6792: 6790: 6779: 6773: 6772: 6769: 6768: 6765: 6764: 6762: 6761: 6756: 6751: 6746: 6741: 6735: 6733: 6729: 6728: 6726: 6725: 6720: 6715: 6713:Assassinations 6710: 6705: 6699: 6697: 6691: 6690: 6688: 6687: 6682: 6677: 6665: 6659: 6657: 6653: 6652: 6650: 6645: 6640: 6635: 6630: 6628:Municipalities 6625: 6620: 6615: 6613: 6607: 6606: 6604: 6603: 6598: 6593: 6588: 6583: 6577: 6574: 6573: 6571: 6570: 6565: 6560: 6555: 6549: 6547: 6540: 6534: 6533: 6531: 6530: 6525: 6515: 6510: 6505: 6503:Prime Minister 6500: 6488: 6475: 6473: 6462: 6456: 6455: 6452: 6451: 6448: 6447: 6445: 6444: 6439: 6429: 6424: 6418: 6416: 6410: 6409: 6407: 6406: 6401: 6396: 6391: 6385: 6383: 6372: 6366: 6365: 6358: 6356: 6353: 6352: 6350: 6349: 6344: 6339: 6333: 6331: 6327: 6326: 6324: 6323: 6318: 6313: 6308: 6303: 6298: 6293: 6288: 6283: 6278: 6273: 6268: 6263: 6258: 6253: 6248: 6243: 6238: 6233: 6228: 6223: 6218: 6213: 6208: 6202: 6200: 6198:(1912–present) 6191: 6190: 6188: 6187: 6182: 6180:Revolt of 1912 6177: 6175:Taksim meeting 6172: 6167: 6165:Revolt of 1910 6162: 6157: 6152: 6147: 6142: 6137: 6132: 6127: 6122: 6120:Arbëni Council 6117: 6112: 6107: 6101: 6099: 6094:Ottoman period 6090: 6089: 6087: 6086: 6081: 6076: 6071: 6065: 6063: 6054: 6053: 6051: 6050: 6045: 6040: 6035: 6030: 6025: 6020: 6015: 6010: 6005: 6000: 5994: 5992: 5983: 5977: 5976: 5965: 5964: 5957: 5950: 5942: 5936: 5933: 5932: 5910: 5909: 5903: 5888: 5881: 5866: 5860: 5840: 5834: 5819: 5813: 5798: 5781: 5775: 5760: 5754: 5739: 5729: 5726: 5724: 5723: 5711: 5694: 5683: 5664: 5662:, p. 166. 5652: 5640: 5638:, p. 371. 5628: 5626:, p. 165. 5613: 5611:, p. 370. 5598: 5591: 5568: 5561: 5541: 5523: 5511: 5509:, p. 255. 5496: 5484: 5469: 5462: 5442: 5427: 5420: 5400: 5388: 5376: 5364: 5362:, p. 119. 5347: 5335: 5323: 5321:, p. 200. 5311: 5280: 5273: 5253: 5236: 5214: 5197: 5175: 5157: 5145: 5143:, p. 463. 5133: 5131:, p. 197. 5118: 5101: 5081: 5069: 5052: 5027: 5013: 4985: 4973: 4961: 4951: 4929: 4919: 4897: 4859: 4857:, p. 195. 4844: 4829: 4827:, p. 192. 4817: 4774: 4743: 4731: 4719: 4700: 4698:, p. 419. 4685: 4668: 4656: 4644: 4642:, p. 187. 4627: 4625:, p. 416. 4615: 4608: 4588: 4586:, p. 186. 4567: 4552: 4550:, p. 444. 4540: 4515: 4513:, p. 178. 4500: 4460: 4453: 4433: 4431:, p. 177. 4414: 4407: 4387: 4353: 4341: 4329: 4317: 4305: 4282: 4270: 4258: 4246: 4234: 4232:, p. 362. 4222: 4210: 4198: 4186: 4174: 4159: 4147: 4135: 4128: 4108: 4096: 4081: 4073: 4050: 4035: 3979: 3977:, p. 147. 3967: 3955: 3943: 3931: 3919: 3907: 3878: 3866: 3851: 3844: 3819: 3807: 3800: 3780: 3763: 3751: 3736: 3724: 3693: 3681: 3669: 3657: 3645: 3633: 3621: 3609: 3597: 3585: 3573: 3561: 3549: 3537: 3525: 3513: 3501: 3489: 3477: 3465: 3458: 3433: 3421: 3409: 3397: 3386: 3366: 3351: 3320: 3281: 3269: 3257: 3245: 3230: 3220: 3200: 3185: 3154: 3142: 3127: 3125:, pp. 43. 3115: 3100: 3088: 3081: 3061: 3044: 3029: 3012: 2997: 2995:, p. 139. 2980: 2973: 2953: 2938: 2923: 2908: 2901: 2881: 2866: 2851: 2839: 2832: 2812: 2780: 2747: 2727: 2710: 2693: 2676: 2659: 2642: 2635: 2604: 2597: 2591:. p. 24. 2573: 2566: 2546: 2539: 2514: 2500: 2480: 2460: 2440: 2428: 2415: 2383: 2350: 2331:(2): 380–383. 2315: 2283: 2221: 2219: 2216: 2215: 2214: 2209: 2204: 2199: 2192: 2189: 2157:Shahin Kolonja 2101: 2094: 2093: 2083: 2076: 2075: 2065: 2058: 2057: 2047: 2040: 2039: 2038: 2037: 2036: 2021:published the 1957:was the first 1923: 1920: 1912:Ottoman Empire 1883:Main article: 1880: 1877: 1875: 1872: 1825:Aubrey Herbert 1738: 1735: 1718: 1717: 1711: 1708: 1705: 1702: 1691: 1688: 1685: 1679: 1657:Kosovo vilayet 1648:Ottoman Empire 1621:Main article: 1618: 1615: 1599:Kosovo Vilayet 1592: 1591: 1588: 1585: 1578: 1575: 1569: 1562: 1556: 1513:(according to 1499:Terenzio Tocci 1387: 1384: 1369:Abdül Hamid II 1364:Abdül Hamid II 1319:League of Peja 1310:Abdül Hamid II 1302:Ottoman Empire 1113:Abdyl Frashëri 1087:), Viçitirin ( 1083:), Mitroviça ( 1053:Abdyl Frashëri 1049:Constantinople 1034:United Kingdom 897: 894: 892: 889: 877:revolt of 1847 826: 823: 821:were created. 782:. The Bushati 754: 751: 748: 747: 745: 744: 737: 730: 722: 719: 718: 717: 716: 711: 706: 701: 696: 691: 686: 678: 677: 674:Ottoman Empire 639: 636: 606:Ottoman Empire 555: 554: 552: 551: 544: 537: 529: 526: 525: 519: 518: 514: 513: 508: 503: 498: 493: 487: 486: 483: 482: 479: 478: 475: 474: 469: 464: 462:Post-communism 458: 455: 454: 451: 450: 447: 446: 441: 439:Liberation Day 436: 431: 426: 421: 416: 411: 406: 401: 396: 391: 386: 381: 376: 371: 366: 361: 356: 351: 349:Peasant Revolt 346: 341: 336: 329: 324: 319: 313: 310: 309: 306: 305: 302: 301: 296: 291: 289:Revolt of 1912 286: 281: 279:Revolt of 1911 276: 274:Revolt of 1910 271: 269:League of Peja 266: 261: 259:Revolt of 1847 256: 254:Revolt of 1845 251: 246: 241: 236: 228: 223: 221:Kosovo Vilayet 218: 213: 211:Janina Vilayet 208: 203: 198: 193: 188: 183: 178: 172: 169: 168: 165: 164: 161: 160: 155: 150: 148:Principalities 145: 140: 135: 130: 125: 123:Bulgarian rule 120: 118:Byzantine rule 114: 111: 110: 107: 106: 103: 102: 97: 92: 87: 82: 76: 73: 72: 69: 68: 60: 59: 50: 49: 42: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7952: 7941: 7938: 7936: 7933: 7931: 7928: 7927: 7925: 7904: 7901: 7899: 7896: 7894: 7891: 7889: 7886: 7884: 7881: 7879: 7876: 7874: 7871: 7869: 7866: 7864: 7861: 7859: 7856: 7854: 7851: 7849: 7846: 7844: 7841: 7839: 7836: 7834: 7833: 7828: 7826: 7823: 7821: 7818: 7816: 7813: 7811: 7808: 7806: 7803: 7800: 7796: 7793: 7791: 7788: 7786: 7783: 7781: 7778: 7776: 7773: 7771: 7768: 7766: 7763: 7761: 7758: 7756: 7753: 7751: 7748: 7747: 7744: 7739: 7732: 7727: 7725: 7720: 7718: 7713: 7712: 7709: 7697: 7694: 7693: 7688: 7684: 7681: 7677: 7674: 7670: 7669: 7665: 7651: 7650:Copyright law 7648: 7646: 7643: 7641: 7638: 7637: 7635: 7631: 7625: 7622: 7620: 7617: 7615: 7612: 7610: 7609:Sign language 7607: 7605: 7602: 7600: 7598: 7593: 7590: 7588: 7586: 7581: 7578: 7576: 7573: 7572: 7570: 7568: 7564: 7558: 7555: 7553: 7550: 7548: 7545: 7543: 7540: 7539: 7537: 7535:Entertainment 7533: 7523: 7522:Indoor arenas 7520: 7518: 7515: 7513: 7510: 7508: 7505: 7503: 7500: 7498: 7495: 7493: 7490: 7488: 7487:Weightlifting 7485: 7484: 7482: 7478: 7472: 7469: 7467: 7464: 7462: 7459: 7457: 7456:National team 7454: 7453: 7451: 7447: 7444: 7440: 7430: 7427: 7425: 7422: 7420: 7417: 7415: 7412: 7410: 7407: 7405: 7402: 7400: 7396: 7392: 7391: 7389: 7387: 7383: 7377: 7374: 7372: 7369: 7367: 7364: 7362: 7359: 7357: 7354: 7352: 7349: 7348: 7346: 7344: 7340: 7334: 7333:Sworn virgins 7331: 7329: 7326: 7324: 7321: 7319: 7316: 7314: 7311: 7309: 7306: 7304: 7301: 7300: 7298: 7294: 7288: 7285: 7283: 7275: 7273: 7270: 7268: 7265: 7263: 7260: 7258: 7255: 7253: 7250: 7248: 7245: 7243: 7240: 7235: 7231: 7230: 7229: 7226: 7225: 7223: 7221: 7217: 7211: 7208: 7206: 7203: 7201: 7198: 7196: 7193: 7192: 7190: 7187: 7183: 7179: 7176: 7174: 7170: 7165: 7162: 7160: 7157: 7155: 7152: 7150: 7147: 7145: 7142: 7140: 7137: 7135: 7133: 7129: 7125: 7122: 7120: 7116: 7102: 7098: 7094: 7092: 7089: 7087: 7085: 7080: 7077: 7075: 7072: 7071: 7062: 7059: 7057: 7054: 7052: 7049: 7047: 7044: 7042: 7039: 7037: 7034: 7033: 7031: 7027: 7024: 7022: 7018: 7012: 7009: 7007: 7004: 7002: 6999: 6997: 6995: 6990: 6987: 6985: 6982: 6980: 6977: 6975: 6972: 6970: 6967: 6965: 6962: 6960: 6957: 6956: 6954: 6950: 6945: 6937: 6935: 6932: 6930: 6926: 6920: 6917: 6916: 6907: 6904: 6902: 6899: 6897: 6894: 6892: 6889: 6888: 6886: 6882: 6879: 6877: 6873: 6867: 6864: 6862: 6859: 6857: 6854: 6853: 6851: 6847: 6841: 6838: 6836: 6833: 6832: 6830: 6826: 6820: 6817: 6815: 6812: 6810: 6807: 6805: 6799: 6797: 6794: 6793: 6791: 6787: 6783: 6780: 6778: 6774: 6760: 6757: 6755: 6752: 6750: 6747: 6745: 6742: 6740: 6737: 6736: 6734: 6730: 6724: 6721: 6719: 6716: 6714: 6711: 6709: 6706: 6704: 6701: 6700: 6698: 6696: 6692: 6686: 6683: 6681: 6678: 6676: 6674: 6669: 6666: 6664: 6661: 6660: 6658: 6654: 6649: 6646: 6644: 6641: 6639: 6636: 6634: 6631: 6629: 6626: 6624: 6621: 6619: 6616: 6614: 6612: 6608: 6602: 6599: 6597: 6594: 6592: 6589: 6587: 6584: 6582: 6579: 6578: 6569: 6566: 6564: 6561: 6559: 6556: 6554: 6551: 6550: 6548: 6544: 6541: 6539: 6535: 6529: 6526: 6524: 6516: 6514: 6511: 6509: 6506: 6504: 6501: 6499: 6497: 6492: 6491:Head of state 6489: 6487: 6485: 6480: 6477: 6476: 6474: 6470: 6466: 6463: 6461: 6457: 6443: 6440: 6438: 6430: 6428: 6425: 6423: 6420: 6419: 6417: 6415: 6411: 6405: 6402: 6400: 6397: 6395: 6392: 6390: 6387: 6386: 6384: 6380: 6376: 6373: 6371: 6367: 6362: 6348: 6345: 6343: 6340: 6338: 6335: 6334: 6332: 6328: 6322: 6319: 6317: 6314: 6312: 6309: 6307: 6304: 6302: 6299: 6297: 6294: 6292: 6289: 6287: 6284: 6282: 6279: 6277: 6274: 6272: 6269: 6267: 6264: 6262: 6259: 6257: 6254: 6252: 6249: 6247: 6244: 6242: 6239: 6237: 6234: 6232: 6229: 6227: 6224: 6222: 6219: 6217: 6214: 6212: 6209: 6207: 6204: 6203: 6201: 6196: 6192: 6186: 6183: 6181: 6178: 6176: 6173: 6171: 6168: 6166: 6163: 6161: 6158: 6156: 6153: 6151: 6148: 6146: 6143: 6141: 6138: 6136: 6133: 6131: 6128: 6126: 6123: 6121: 6118: 6116: 6113: 6111: 6108: 6106: 6103: 6102: 6100: 6095: 6091: 6085: 6082: 6080: 6077: 6075: 6072: 6070: 6067: 6066: 6064: 6059: 6055: 6049: 6046: 6044: 6041: 6039: 6036: 6034: 6031: 6029: 6026: 6024: 6021: 6019: 6016: 6014: 6011: 6009: 6006: 6004: 6001: 5999: 5996: 5995: 5993: 5991: 5987: 5984: 5982: 5978: 5974: 5970: 5963: 5958: 5956: 5951: 5949: 5944: 5943: 5940: 5934: 5928: 5921: 5914: 5906: 5904:9781400847761 5900: 5896: 5895: 5889: 5886: 5882: 5879: 5878:0-253-21570-6 5875: 5871: 5867: 5863: 5861:0-679-64087-8 5857: 5852: 5851: 5845: 5844:Mazower, Mark 5841: 5837: 5835:9781845112875 5831: 5827: 5826: 5820: 5816: 5814:9782845868168 5810: 5806: 5805: 5799: 5795: 5791: 5787: 5782: 5778: 5772: 5768: 5767: 5761: 5757: 5755:9780230119086 5751: 5747: 5746: 5740: 5738: 5736: 5732: 5731: 5720: 5715: 5708: 5703: 5701: 5699: 5691: 5686: 5680: 5676: 5675: 5668: 5661: 5656: 5649: 5644: 5637: 5632: 5625: 5620: 5618: 5610: 5605: 5603: 5594: 5592:9789989582684 5588: 5584: 5583: 5575: 5573: 5564: 5558: 5554: 5553: 5545: 5536: 5535: 5527: 5520: 5515: 5508: 5503: 5501: 5493: 5488: 5481: 5476: 5474: 5465: 5463:9789739432375 5459: 5455: 5454: 5446: 5440:, p. 20. 5439: 5434: 5432: 5423: 5421:9780872499775 5417: 5413: 5412: 5404: 5397: 5392: 5385: 5380: 5373: 5368: 5361: 5356: 5354: 5352: 5344: 5339: 5332: 5327: 5320: 5315: 5308: 5304: 5300: 5299:0-521-27459-1 5296: 5291: 5290: 5284: 5276: 5274:9781780764313 5270: 5266: 5265: 5257: 5250: 5239: 5233: 5229: 5225: 5218: 5211: 5200: 5194: 5190: 5186: 5179: 5172: 5168: 5161: 5154: 5149: 5142: 5137: 5130: 5125: 5123: 5115: 5104: 5102:963-7326-60-X 5098: 5094: 5093: 5085: 5078: 5073: 5066: 5055: 5053:0-521-29166-6 5049: 5045: 5041: 5037: 5031: 5016: 5014:0-521-29166-6 5010: 5006: 5002: 4998: 4992: 4990: 4982: 4977: 4970: 4965: 4958: 4954: 4952:81-261-1419-3 4948: 4944: 4940: 4933: 4926: 4922: 4920:1-86064-841-X 4916: 4912: 4908: 4901: 4894: 4883: 4879: 4878: 4873: 4869: 4863: 4856: 4851: 4849: 4841: 4836: 4834: 4826: 4821: 4814: 4802: 4798: 4794: 4793: 4788: 4784: 4778: 4771: 4758: 4754: 4747: 4740: 4735: 4728: 4723: 4716: 4711: 4704: 4697: 4692: 4690: 4681: 4680: 4672: 4665: 4660: 4653: 4648: 4641: 4636: 4634: 4632: 4624: 4619: 4611: 4609:9781557531469 4605: 4601: 4600: 4592: 4585: 4580: 4578: 4576: 4574: 4572: 4564: 4559: 4557: 4549: 4544: 4529: 4525: 4519: 4512: 4507: 4505: 4496: 4490: 4482: 4478: 4474: 4467: 4465: 4456: 4454:9781845110130 4450: 4446: 4445: 4437: 4430: 4425: 4423: 4421: 4419: 4410: 4408:9781842775271 4404: 4400: 4399: 4391: 4385: 4382: 4380: 4376: 4372: 4371:0-521-27459-1 4368: 4360: 4358: 4350: 4345: 4338: 4333: 4326: 4321: 4314: 4309: 4302: 4297: 4295: 4293: 4291: 4289: 4287: 4279: 4274: 4267: 4262: 4255: 4250: 4243: 4238: 4231: 4226: 4219: 4214: 4207: 4202: 4195: 4190: 4183: 4178: 4171: 4166: 4164: 4156: 4151: 4144: 4139: 4131: 4125: 4121: 4120: 4112: 4105: 4100: 4093: 4088: 4086: 4076: 4074:9780822320708 4070: 4066: 4065: 4057: 4055: 4047: 4042: 4040: 4031: 4027: 4020: 4008: 3992: 3991: 3983: 3976: 3971: 3964: 3959: 3952: 3947: 3940: 3935: 3928: 3923: 3916: 3911: 3904: 3900: 3896: 3895:1-85065-551-0 3892: 3888: 3882: 3876:, p. 89. 3875: 3870: 3863: 3858: 3856: 3847: 3841: 3837: 3836: 3828: 3826: 3824: 3816: 3811: 3803: 3801:9781135278533 3797: 3793: 3792: 3784: 3777: 3772: 3770: 3768: 3760: 3755: 3748: 3743: 3741: 3733: 3728: 3721: 3717: 3713: 3712:1-85065-551-0 3709: 3705: 3704: 3697: 3691:, p. 82. 3690: 3685: 3679:, p. 68. 3678: 3673: 3666: 3661: 3654: 3649: 3642: 3637: 3630: 3625: 3619:, p. 52. 3618: 3613: 3606: 3601: 3595:, p. 61. 3594: 3589: 3582: 3577: 3570: 3565: 3558: 3553: 3546: 3541: 3534: 3529: 3522: 3517: 3511:, p. 49. 3510: 3505: 3498: 3493: 3486: 3481: 3474: 3469: 3461: 3455: 3451: 3450: 3442: 3440: 3438: 3430: 3425: 3418: 3413: 3406: 3401: 3394: 3389: 3387:90-04-11903-5 3383: 3379: 3378: 3370: 3363:. p. 47. 3362: 3355: 3348: 3344: 3340: 3339:1-85065-551-0 3336: 3332: 3331: 3324: 3317: 3312: 3308: 3304: 3300: 3296: 3292: 3285: 3278: 3273: 3266: 3261: 3254: 3249: 3243:, p. 44. 3242: 3237: 3235: 3227: 3223: 3221:963-7326-52-9 3217: 3213: 3212: 3204: 3197: 3192: 3190: 3182: 3178: 3174: 3173:1-110-00529-6 3170: 3166: 3165: 3158: 3151: 3146: 3140:, p. 45. 3139: 3134: 3132: 3124: 3119: 3112: 3107: 3105: 3098:, p. 38. 3097: 3092: 3084: 3078: 3074: 3073: 3065: 3057: 3056: 3048: 3040: 3033: 3025: 3024: 3016: 3008: 3001: 2994: 2989: 2987: 2985: 2976: 2970: 2966: 2965: 2957: 2949: 2942: 2934: 2927: 2919: 2912: 2904: 2898: 2894: 2893: 2885: 2877: 2870: 2862: 2855: 2848: 2843: 2835: 2833:9789995610135 2829: 2825: 2824: 2816: 2801: 2797: 2793: 2792: 2784: 2777: 2776:Renaissance. 2764: 2760: 2759: 2751: 2740: 2739: 2731: 2723: 2722: 2714: 2706: 2705: 2697: 2689: 2688: 2680: 2672: 2671: 2663: 2655: 2654: 2646: 2638: 2632: 2628: 2624: 2620: 2619: 2614: 2608: 2600: 2594: 2590: 2586: 2585: 2577: 2569: 2567:9781860645419 2563: 2559: 2558: 2550: 2542: 2536: 2532: 2531: 2523: 2521: 2519: 2512: 2511: 2504: 2497: 2493: 2487: 2485: 2477: 2473: 2467: 2465: 2457: 2453: 2450:Misha, Piro. 2447: 2445: 2435: 2433: 2422: 2420: 2404: 2400: 2396: 2395: 2387: 2380: 2379:Renaissance. 2367: 2363: 2362: 2354: 2346: 2342: 2338: 2334: 2330: 2326: 2319: 2308: 2301: 2300: 2292: 2290: 2288: 2280: 2278: 2272: 2268: 2263: 2258: 2254: 2250: 2246: 2239: 2237: 2235: 2233: 2231: 2229: 2227: 2222: 2213: 2210: 2208: 2205: 2203: 2200: 2198: 2195: 2194: 2188: 2185: 2180: 2178: 2174: 2170: 2166: 2162: 2158: 2154: 2150: 2146: 2142: 2141:Gjergj Fishta 2138: 2134: 2130: 2126: 2122: 2118: 2104: 2098: 2086: 2085:Gjergj Fishta 2080: 2068: 2062: 2050: 2044: 2035: 2032: 2028: 2024: 2020: 2016: 2015:Naim Frashëri 2012: 2011:Sami Frashëri 2003: 1998: 1994: 1992: 1988: 1984: 1980: 1976: 1975:Naim Frashëri 1972: 1971:Sami Frashëri 1968: 1960: 1956: 1953: 1949: 1942: 1938: 1933: 1929: 1919: 1917: 1916:Kolë Idromeno 1913: 1909: 1901: 1900:Kolë Idromeno 1897: 1896: 1891: 1886: 1871: 1868: 1863: 1861: 1852: 1847: 1840: 1836: 1835:Ismail Qemali 1832: 1828: 1826: 1822: 1818: 1814: 1810: 1806: 1805:Ismail Qemali 1802: 1796: 1791: 1789: 1785: 1781: 1776: 1774: 1770: 1762: 1757: 1752: 1748: 1744: 1734: 1732: 1728: 1723: 1715: 1714:court martial 1712: 1709: 1706: 1703: 1700: 1696: 1692: 1689: 1686: 1684: 1680: 1677: 1673: 1672: 1671: 1669: 1665: 1660: 1658: 1654: 1649: 1645: 1641: 1633: 1629: 1624: 1614: 1612: 1608: 1604: 1600: 1595: 1589: 1586: 1583: 1579: 1576: 1573: 1570: 1567: 1563: 1561: 1557: 1554: 1550: 1549: 1548: 1542: 1538: 1534: 1532: 1528: 1523: 1520: 1516: 1512: 1508: 1504: 1501:gathered the 1500: 1496: 1492: 1488: 1483: 1481: 1477: 1473: 1469: 1465: 1460: 1456: 1452: 1448: 1444: 1440: 1437: 1429: 1425: 1421: 1414: 1408: 1403: 1397: 1393: 1383: 1379: 1377: 1376: 1370: 1365: 1361: 1355: 1353: 1349: 1345: 1341: 1337: 1333: 1329: 1324: 1320: 1316: 1311: 1307: 1303: 1294: 1290: 1288: 1284: 1278: 1276: 1272: 1268: 1263: 1261: 1257: 1253: 1249: 1248:Sublime Porte 1243: 1241: 1237: 1233: 1229: 1225: 1221: 1217: 1213: 1209: 1205: 1201: 1197: 1193: 1184: 1180: 1178: 1172: 1170: 1166: 1162: 1158: 1154: 1150: 1146: 1142: 1138: 1134: 1130: 1126: 1122: 1118: 1114: 1110: 1106: 1102: 1099:), Manastir ( 1098: 1094: 1090: 1086: 1082: 1079:), Pristine ( 1078: 1074: 1070: 1066: 1062: 1058: 1054: 1050: 1046: 1041: 1039: 1035: 1031: 1027: 1022: 1020: 1016: 1012: 1008: 1004: 1000: 996: 991: 986: 982: 978: 974: 969: 966: 962: 958: 957:first attempt 954: 945: 941: 937: 933: 929: 925: 920: 915: 911: 907: 903: 888: 886: 882: 881:Zenel Gjoleka 878: 872: 869: 865: 861: 857: 853: 849: 843: 841: 837: 833: 825:Early revolts 822: 820: 816: 812: 810: 805: 801: 797: 793: 792:Rozafa Castle 790:besieged the 789: 785: 781: 776: 774: 770: 766: 761: 760:Sublime Porte 743: 738: 736: 731: 729: 724: 723: 721: 720: 715: 712: 710: 707: 705: 702: 700: 697: 695: 692: 690: 687: 685: 682: 681: 680: 679: 675: 669: 666: 665: 661: 657: 653: 649: 645: 635: 633: 629: 623: 620: 616: 612: 611:first attempt 607: 603: 600:Prior to the 598: 596: 592: 588: 584: 580: 575: 570: 566: 562: 550: 545: 543: 538: 536: 531: 530: 528: 527: 524: 521: 520: 512: 509: 507: 504: 502: 499: 497: 494: 492: 489: 488: 481: 480: 473: 470: 468: 465: 463: 460: 459: 453: 452: 445: 442: 440: 437: 435: 432: 430: 427: 425: 422: 420: 417: 415: 412: 410: 407: 405: 402: 400: 397: 395: 392: 390: 387: 385: 382: 380: 377: 375: 372: 370: 367: 365: 362: 360: 357: 355: 352: 350: 347: 345: 342: 340: 337: 334: 330: 328: 325: 323: 320: 318: 315: 314: 308: 307: 300: 297: 295: 292: 290: 287: 285: 282: 280: 277: 275: 272: 270: 267: 265: 262: 260: 257: 255: 252: 250: 247: 245: 242: 240: 237: 235: 234: 229: 227: 224: 222: 219: 217: 214: 212: 209: 207: 204: 202: 199: 197: 194: 192: 189: 187: 184: 182: 179: 177: 174: 173: 167: 166: 159: 156: 154: 151: 149: 146: 144: 141: 139: 136: 134: 131: 129: 126: 124: 121: 119: 116: 115: 109: 108: 101: 98: 96: 93: 91: 88: 86: 83: 81: 78: 77: 74:Early History 71: 70: 66: 62: 61: 58: 52: 51: 46: 41: 40: 37: 33: 19: 7831: 7749: 7687:Bibliography 7594: 7592:Coat of arms 7582: 7480:Other sports 7303:Folk beliefs 7267:Universities 7195:Architecture 7139:Demographics 7081: 6991: 6840:Supermarkets 6814:Trade unions 6695:Human rights 6670: 6611:Subdivisions 6581:Constitution 6493: 6481: 6427:Biodiversity 6321:EU Accession 6195:Independence 6149: 5893: 5884: 5869: 5849: 5824: 5803: 5793: 5790:Balkanologie 5789: 5765: 5744: 5733: 5719:Gawrych 2006 5714: 5688: 5673: 5667: 5660:Gawrych 2006 5655: 5643: 5631: 5624:Gawrych 2006 5581: 5551: 5544: 5533: 5526: 5514: 5487: 5452: 5445: 5438:Gawrych 2006 5410: 5403: 5396:Gawrych 2006 5391: 5379: 5367: 5343:Gawrych 2006 5338: 5326: 5319:Gawrych 2006 5314: 5288: 5283: 5263: 5256: 5248: 5241:. Retrieved 5227: 5217: 5209: 5202:. Retrieved 5188: 5178: 5170: 5166: 5160: 5153:Gawrych 2006 5148: 5136: 5129:Gawrych 2006 5113: 5106:, retrieved 5091: 5084: 5077:Gawrych 2006 5072: 5064: 5057:. Retrieved 5043: 5030: 5018:. Retrieved 5004: 4981:Gawrych 2006 4976: 4964: 4956: 4942: 4932: 4924: 4910: 4900: 4892: 4885:. Retrieved 4876: 4862: 4855:Gawrych 2006 4825:Gawrych 2006 4820: 4812: 4805:. Retrieved 4791: 4777: 4768: 4761:. Retrieved 4757:the original 4746: 4739:Gawrych 2006 4734: 4722: 4713: 4703: 4678: 4671: 4659: 4652:Gawrych 2006 4647: 4640:Gawrych 2006 4618: 4598: 4591: 4584:Gawrych 2006 4543: 4533:20 September 4531:. Retrieved 4527: 4518: 4511:Gawrych 2006 4472: 4443: 4436: 4429:Gawrych 2006 4397: 4390: 4363: 4344: 4337:Gawrych 2006 4332: 4320: 4313:Gawrych 2006 4308: 4278:Gawrych 2006 4273: 4266:Gawrych 2006 4261: 4249: 4242:Gawrych 2006 4237: 4225: 4218:Gawrych 2006 4213: 4201: 4194:Gawrych 2006 4189: 4182:Gawrych 2006 4177: 4155:Gawrych 2006 4150: 4138: 4118: 4111: 4099: 4063: 4046:Gawrych 2006 3995:. Retrieved 3993:. p. 33 3989: 3982: 3975:Gawrych 2006 3970: 3958: 3951:Gawrych 2006 3946: 3934: 3927:Gawrych 2006 3922: 3915:Gawrych 2006 3910: 3886: 3881: 3869: 3862:Gawrych 2006 3834: 3810: 3790: 3783: 3776:Gawrych 2006 3759:Gawrych 2006 3754: 3732:Gawrych 2006 3727: 3702: 3696: 3684: 3677:Gawrych 2006 3672: 3660: 3653:Gawrych 2006 3648: 3636: 3629:Gawrych 2006 3624: 3612: 3605:Gawrych 2006 3600: 3593:Gawrych 2006 3588: 3576: 3564: 3557:Gawrych 2006 3552: 3540: 3533:Gawrych 2006 3528: 3521:Gawrych 2006 3516: 3509:Gawrych 2006 3504: 3492: 3485:Gawrych 2006 3480: 3473:Gawrych 2006 3468: 3448: 3424: 3417:Gawrych 2006 3412: 3405:Gawrych 2006 3400: 3391: 3376: 3369: 3360: 3354: 3329: 3323: 3316:represented. 3314: 3294: 3290: 3284: 3272: 3265:Gawrych 2006 3260: 3248: 3241:Gawrych 2006 3225: 3210: 3203: 3163: 3157: 3145: 3138:Gawrych 2006 3118: 3096:Gawrych 2006 3091: 3071: 3064: 3054: 3047: 3038: 3032: 3022: 3015: 3006: 3000: 2963: 2956: 2947: 2941: 2932: 2926: 2917: 2911: 2891: 2884: 2875: 2869: 2860: 2854: 2849:, p. 56 2842: 2822: 2815: 2804:, retrieved 2800:the original 2795: 2790: 2783: 2774: 2767:, retrieved 2762: 2757: 2750: 2737: 2730: 2720: 2713: 2703: 2696: 2686: 2679: 2669: 2662: 2652: 2645: 2617: 2607: 2589:I. B. Tauris 2587:. New York: 2583: 2576: 2556: 2549: 2529: 2509: 2503: 2495: 2491: 2490:Piro Misha. 2475: 2471: 2455: 2451: 2407:, retrieved 2403:the original 2398: 2393: 2386: 2377: 2370:, retrieved 2365: 2360: 2353: 2328: 2324: 2318: 2307:the original 2298: 2276: 2274: 2252: 2248: 2207:Albanophobia 2183: 2181: 2176: 2172: 2168: 2164: 2136: 2116: 2114: 2022: 2007: 1990: 1964: 1940: 1905: 1893: 1885:Albanian art 1864: 1856: 1798: 1793: 1777: 1766: 1737:Independence 1719: 1663: 1661: 1637: 1596: 1593: 1546: 1524: 1519:Skanderbeg's 1515:Robert Elsie 1484: 1447:Idriz Seferi 1443:Isa Boletini 1433: 1424:Idriz Seferi 1413:Isa Boletini 1380: 1373: 1356: 1348:Bajo Topulli 1340:Karavangelis 1314: 1299: 1279: 1264: 1244: 1189: 1173: 1056: 1042: 1023: 995:Risorgimento 970: 949: 873: 844: 828: 817:and that of 808: 803: 777: 756: 683: 624: 599: 582: 578: 560: 558: 496:Constitution 456:Contemporary 344:Principality 238: 232: 170:Early modern 143:Serbian rule 36: 7200:Photography 7186:(galleries) 7061:Lighthouses 6934:Oil and gas 6856:Agriculture 6656:Legislature 6528:Visa policy 6414:Environment 6097:(1385–1912) 6061:(1190–1385) 6058:Middle Ages 5707:Skendi 1967 5648:Skendi 1967 5636:Skendi 1967 5609:Skendi 1967 5519:Lloshi 2008 5507:Lloshi 2008 5492:Lloshi 2008 5480:Lloshi 2008 5384:Skendi 1967 5372:Skendi 1967 5360:Skendi 1967 5331:Skendi 1967 5141:Skendi 1967 4969:Skendi 1967 4840:Skendi 1967 4727:Skendi 1967 4696:Skendi 1967 4664:Skendi 1967 4623:Skendi 1967 4563:Skendi 1967 4349:Skendi 1967 4325:Skendi 1967 4301:Skendi 1967 4254:Skendi 1967 4230:Skendi 1967 4206:Skendi 1967 4170:Skendi 1967 4143:Skendi 1967 4092:Clayer 2005 4015:|work= 3963:Skendi 1967 3939:Skendi 1967 3874:Skendi 1967 3815:Skendi 1967 3747:Skendi 1967 3689:Skendi 1967 3665:Skendi 1967 3641:Skendi 1967 3617:Skendi 1967 3569:Skendi 1967 3545:Skendi 1967 3497:Skendi 1967 3429:Skendi 1967 3277:Skendi 1967 3253:Skendi 1967 3196:Skendi 1967 3150:Skendi 1967 3123:Skendi 1967 3111:Skendi 1967 2993:Skendi 1967 2107:(1866–1937) 2089:(1871–1940) 2071:(1880–1970) 2053:(1797–1854) 1860:Edward Grey 1782:meeting in 1697:and use of 1459:martial law 1308:and Sultan 1196:Turkish War 1137:Gjirokastër 1051:—including 885:Rapo Hekali 794:and forced 704:Herzegovina 339:Balkan Wars 311:Late modern 54:History of 7924:Categories 7873:Lithuanian 7775:Belarusian 7547:Television 7507:Volleyball 7502:Basketball 7356:Fustanella 7318:Secularism 7287:Albanology 7272:Publishers 7252:Literature 6994:structures 6861:Healthcare 6803:(currency) 6685:Opposition 6586:Corruption 6479:Government 6028:Dassaretii 5737:of Albania 5728:Literature 5243:24 January 5204:24 January 5108:18 January 5059:10 January 5020:10 January 4763:10 January 4548:Elsie 2010 4104:Blumi 2011 3581:Elsie 2010 2847:Elsie 2010 2806:1 December 2769:1 December 2409:1 December 2372:1 December 2218:References 2153:Sotir Peçi 2145:Ndre Mjeda 2103:Ndre Mjeda 2027:humanities 2019:Jani Vreto 1932:literature 1922:Literature 1895:Motra Tone 1574:in schools 1466:, Shoshë, 1436:Young Turk 1323:Haxhi Zeka 1271:Montenegro 1145:Paramythia 1103:), Debar ( 1095:), Gilan ( 1091:), Üsküp ( 1007:Montenegro 638:Background 589:where the 7903:Ukrainian 7878:Norwegian 7853:Icelandic 7848:Hungarian 7785:Bulgarian 7492:Athletics 7404:Tavë kosi 7296:Tradition 7262:Libraries 7220:Education 7029:Monuments 7011:Squatting 6989:Highrises 6884:Operators 6866:Companies 6723:Ombudsman 6663:Elections 6538:Judiciary 6472:Executive 6389:Mountains 6382:Landscape 6370:Geography 6251:Vlora War 6048:Taulantii 6023:Bylliones 5990:Illyrians 4887:9 January 4807:9 January 4489:cite book 4481:255273594 4017:ignored ( 4007:cite book 2623:Cambridge 2615:(1999) . 2498:. 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6789:Finance 6777:Economy 6754:Prisons 6680:Members 6437:Habitat 6422:Climate 6404:Islands 6337:Origins 6033:Enchele 6008:Amantes 6003:Albanoi 5998:Ardiaei 5981:History 5969:Albania 3311:2491677 1874:Culture 1851:Albania 1817:Pleqësi 1773:Scutari 1607:amnesty 1582:Albania 1553:amnesty 1503:Mirditë 1455:Ferizaj 1439:Ottoman 1430:in 1910 1428:Ferizaj 1352:Photios 1336:Negovan 1236:Preveza 1232:Prizren 1228:Scutari 1220:Gusinje 1208:Gusinje 1165:Delvinë 1117:Kolonjë 1069:Prizren 928:Scutari 891:History 868:Çamëria 864:Delvinë 850:and in 848:Kolonjë 815:Scutari 809:vilayet 800:Bosnian 784:dynasty 769:Yannina 684:Albania 632:Albania 595:Albania 501:Economy 85:Illyria 56:Albania 7888:Polish 7863:Jewish 7795:Celtic 7770:Basque 7557:Cinema 7442:Sports 7409:Kabuni 7399:Gjellë 7371:Opinga 7328:Nevruz 7149:Tribes 7144:Census 7132:People 7051:Tekkes 6944:Mining 6876:Energy 6828:Retail 6744:Police 6394:Rivers 6211:Anthem 5971: 5901: 5876: 5858: 5832: 5811: 5796:(1–2). 5773: 5752: 5681: 5589: 5559: 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1133:Parga 1129:Berat 1121:Korçë 1105:Debar 963:at a 953:1830s 946:1878. 860:Vlorë 856:Berat 852:Dibër 836:Italy 773:Porte 617:at a 511:Names 7755:Arab 7585:list 7580:Flag 7424:Wine 7419:Beer 7414:Raki 7366:Brez 7308:Besa 6891:KESH 6801:Lek 6718:LGBT 6648:Maps 6618:NUTS 6596:SPAK 6496:list 5899:ISBN 5874:ISBN 5856:ISBN 5830:ISBN 5809:ISBN 5771:ISBN 5750:ISBN 5679:ISBN 5587:ISBN 5557:ISBN 5458:ISBN 5416:ISBN 5303:ISBN 5295:ISBN 5269:ISBN 5245:2011 5232:ISBN 5206:2011 5193:ISBN 5110:2011 5097:ISBN 5061:2011 5048:ISBN 5022:2011 5009:ISBN 4947:ISBN 4915:ISBN 4889:2011 4809:2011 4765:2011 4604:ISBN 4535:2016 4495:link 4477:OCLC 4449:ISBN 4403:ISBN 4375:ISBN 4367:ISBN 4124:ISBN 4069:ISBN 4030:link 4026:link 4019:help 3999:2012 3899:ISBN 3891:ISBN 3840:ISBN 3796:ISBN 3716:ISBN 3708:ISBN 3454:ISBN 3382:ISBN 3343:ISBN 3335:ISBN 3216:ISBN 3177:ISBN 3169:ISBN 3077:ISBN 2969:ISBN 2897:ISBN 2828:ISBN 2808:2014 2771:2014 2631:ISBN 2593:ISBN 2562:ISBN 2535:ISBN 2411:2014 2374:2014 2171:and 2013:and 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