History of Albania

2286:, the Albanian national hero. The League was a military alliance of feudal lords in Albania forged in Lezhë on 2 March 1444, initiated and organised under Venetian patronage with Skanderbeg as leader of the regional Albanian and Serbian chieftains united against the Ottoman Empire. The main members of the league were the Arianiti, Balšić, Dukagjini, Muzaka, Spani, Thopia and Crnojevići. For 25 years, from 1443 to 1468, Skanderbeg's 10,000-man army marched through Ottoman territory winning against consistently larger and better supplied Ottoman forces. Threatened by Ottoman advances in their homeland, Hungary, and later Naples and Venice – their former enemies – provided the financial backbone and support for Skanderbeg's army. By 1450 it had certainly ceased to function as originally intended, and only the core of the alliance under Skanderbeg and Araniti Comino continued to fight on. After Skanderbeg's death in 1468, the sultan "easily subdued Albania," but Skanderbeg's death did not end the struggle for independence, and fighting continued until the Ottoman 4912:, Albania's rulers implemented new elements of the Stalinist economic system. In 1949, Albania adopted the basic elements of the Soviet fiscal system, under which state enterprises paid direct contributions to the treasury from their profits and kept only a share authorized for self-financed investments and other purposes. In 1951, the Albanian government launched its first five-year plan, which emphasized exploiting the country's oil, chromite, copper, nickel, asphalt, and coal resources; expanding electricity production and the power grid; increasing agricultural output; and improving transportation. The government began a program of rapid industrialization after the APL's Second Party Congress and a campaign of forced collectivization of farmland in 1955. At the time, private farms still produced about 87% of Albania's agricultural output, but by 1960 the same percentage came from collective or state farms. 2294: 5494: 4303: 5820: 1056: 3664:

entailed practically little violence. According to US estimates, 20 people were killed and 35 were injured in the northern theatre, while 6 people were killed and 15 were injured in the southern theater. In fact, only Zogu and his meagre group put up any resistance at all. However, fundamental concerns remained unanswered, and Noli's power grab was unstable to say the least. A far more unified group than Noli's was required to execute a new order; it also required crucial political and financial backing from overseas, as well as talented lawmakers prepared to make the necessary sacrifices and concessions. Noli formed his own administration, a small cabinet, on 16 June 1924, with representatives from all factions involved in the June rebellion, including the army, beys, liberals, progressives, and the Shkodra lobby.

4675: 2187:). He appointed Gazzo Chinardo as his Vicar-General and hoped to take up his expedition against Constantinople again. Throughout 1272 and 1273 he sent huge provisions to the towns of Durrës and Vlorë. This alarmed the Byzantine Emperor, Michael VIII Palaiologos, who began sending letters to local Albanian nobles, trying to convince them to stop their support for Charles of Anjou and to switch sides. However, the Albanian nobles placed their trust on Charles, who praised them for their loyalty. Throughout its existence the Kingdom saw armed conflict with the Byzantine empire. The kingdom was reduced to a small area in Durrës. Even before the city of Durrës was captured, it was landlocked by Karl Thopia's principality. Declaring himself as Angevin descendant, with the capture of 5817: 5114:

States, British, Soviet, and Yugoslav intelligence agencies in planning the assassination of Hoxha himself. "He was buried like a dog", the dictator wrote in the Albanian edition of his book, 'The Titoites'. Hoxha went into semi-retirement in early 1983, and Alia assumed responsibility for Albania's administration. Alia traveled extensively around Albania, standing in for Hoxha at major events and delivering addresses laying down new policies and intoning litanies to the enfeebled president. Alia succeeded to the presidency and became legal secretary of the APL two days later. In due course, he became a dominant figure in the Albanian media, and his slogans appeared painted in crimson letters on signboards across the country.

2930: 1375: 5827:. A.M. Hakkert, 1993, p. 231: "The leading dans of both groups buried their dead under a circular tumulus of soil in the second millennium BC The main reservoir of the Greek speakers was central Albania and Epirus, and it was from there that the founders of Mycenaean civilization came to Mycenae, c. 1600 BC, and buried their nobles in Grave Circle B. Further waves of immigrants passing through and from Epirus people the Greek peninsula and islands the last wave, called Dorians, settling from 1100 onwards. The lands they left in central Albania were occupied during the so-called Dark Age (U10-800BC) by Illyrians, whose main habitat was in the area now called Bosnia," 2140: 1102: 4931:'s programs of "peaceful coexistence" and "different roads to socialism" because they appeared to pose the threat that Yugoslavia might again try to take control of Albania. Hoxha and Shehu were also alarmed at the prospect that Moscow might prefer less dogmatic rulers in Albania. Tirana and Belgrade renewed diplomatic relations in December 1953, but Hoxha refused Khrushchev's repeated appeals to rehabilitate posthumously the pro-Yugoslav Xoxe as a gesture to Tito. The Albanian duo instead tightened their grip on their country's domestic life and let the propaganda war with the Yugoslavs grind on. 5138: 4177: 3199: 1129: 5775: 2717:. His diplomatic and administrative skills, his interest in modernist ideas and concepts, his popular religiousness, his religious neutrality, his win over the bands terrorizing the area, his ferocity and harshness in imposing law and order, and his looting practices towards persons and communities in order to increase his proceeds cause both the admiration and the criticism of his contemporaries. His court was in Ioannina, but the territory he governed incorporated most of Epirus and the western parts of Thessaly and Greek Macedonia in Northern Greece. 2467: 2227: 1964: 1775: 4570: 6379:, p. 780: "As for Albania, its separate identity was real enough, even though it had not truly broken with Constantinople; all the same, the rulers of Arbanon around ἄρχον, Progon and his sons Dhimitër and Gjin, based at Kruja, retained a considerable degree of autonomy, even though Progon bore no title grander than ἄρχων (archon); and the title of πανὑπερσεβαστός (panhypersebastos), borne by Dhimitër at the start of the thirteenth century, can only be seen as a sign of his dependence on the Byzantines." 42: 2726: 2420: 11202: 10466: 898: 4112: 1756: 2812: 4493: 1118: 9048: 1386: 3726:

Noli subsequently stated that his party "had the majority when we put the agrarian reforms on our programme. When it came to putting them in place, we were in the minority." The takeover of wealthy owners' property, particularly in central Albania, would be the principal source of additional land for the peasants. Each farmer was to receive 4–6 hectares of land for a household of up to 10 individuals. Families with more than 10 members would receive eight hectares of land.

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whereby Italy and Albania entered into a defensive alliance. The Albanian government and economy were subsidised by Italian loans, the Albanian army was trained by Italian military instructors, and Italian colonial settlement was encouraged. Despite strong Italian influence, Zog refused to completely give in to Italian pressure. In 1931 he openly stood up to the Italians, refusing to renew the 1926 Treaty of Tirana. After Albania signed trade agreements with

11045: 10624: 10538: 4835: 3420: 1975: 4412: 3649: 3902:'s daughter, and Verlaci withdrew his support for the king and began plotting against him. Zog had accumulated a great number of enemies over the years, and the Albanian tradition of blood vengeance required them to try to kill him. Zog surrounded himself with guards and rarely appeared in public. The king's loyalists disarmed all of Albania's tribes except for his own Mati tribesmen and their allies, the Dibra. Nevertheless, on a visit to 11845: 11500: 5269: 3305: 11383: 1592: 4640:(previously the National Liberation Movement then the National Liberation Front) appeared on the electoral lists, and the communists used propaganda and terror tactics to gag the opposition. Official ballot tallies showed that 92% of the electorate voted and that 93% of the voters chose the Democratic Front ticket. The assembly convened in January 1946, annulled the monarchy, and transformed Albania into a "people's republic." 2547:. However, Skanderbeg did not receive any of the help which had been promised to him by the popes or the Italian states, Venice, Naples and Milan. He died in 1468, leaving no clear successor. After his death the rebellion continued, but without its former success. The loyalties and alliances created and nurtured by Skanderbeg faltered and fell apart and the Ottomans reconquered the territory of Albania, culminating with the 4188: 1360: 1987: 2789: 1581: 4484:(National Front). Balli Kombëtar was a movement that recruited supporters from both the large landowners and peasantry. It opposed King Zog's return and called for the creation of a republic and the introduction of some economic and social reforms. The Balli Kombëtar's leaders acted conservatively, however, fearing that the occupiers would carry out reprisals against them or confiscate the landowners' estates. 3722:

radical," Austin calls it "a really ambitious program, ....had it been implemented, it would have led to a revolutionary change of country," and Fischer writes, "Every Western Democrat would be proud of Noli's program, but the Prime Minister lacked two crucial elements, without which no one could carry out such a long series of radical reforms: financial support and support from the governmental cabinet."

4350:, it largely consisted of Geg guerrillas, supplied mainly with weapons from the allies, who withdrew their support for the NLM after the communists renounced Albania's claims on Kosovo. The capital Tirana was liberated by the partisans on 17 November 1944 after a 20-day battle. The communist partizans entirely liberated Albania from German occupation on 29 November 1944, pursuing the German army until 2405:, the capital of the Sanjak, gave the Ottoman army time to assemble large forces from other parts of the empire and to subdue the main revolt by the end of 1436. Because the rebel leaders acted autonomously without a central leadership, their lack of coordination of the revolt contributed greatly to their final defeat. Ottoman forces conducted a number of massacres in the aftermath of the revolt. 2482:

live and die with their hereditary prince", and that "in the assembly of the states of Epirus, Skanderbeg was elected general of the Turkish war and each of the allies engaged to furnish his respective proportion of men and money". Under a red flag bearing Skanderbeg's heraldic emblem, an Albanian force held off Ottoman campaigns for twenty-five years and overcame a number of the major sieges:

4753: 2117:, Golem (ruler of Arbanon at the time) and Theodore Petraliphas, who were initially Michael's allies, defected to John III in 1252. He is last mentioned in the sources among other local leaders, in a meeting with George Akropolites in Durrës in 1256. Arbanon was a beneficiary of the Via Egnatia trade road, which brought wealth and benefits from the more developed Byzantine civilization. 2506: 3038: 3950:

agreements with Yugoslavia and Greece, and Mussolini had suspended all payments to Tirana. An Italian attempt to intimidate the Albanians by sending a fleet of warships to Albania failed because the Albanians only allowed the forces to land unarmed. Mussolini then attempted to buy off the Albanians. In 1935 he presented the Albanian government 3 million gold francs as a gift.

4288:) were administered by Albanians. But this was even a consequence of borders that Italy and Germany agreed on when dividing their spheres of influence. Some small portions of territories with Albanian majority remained outside the new borders and contact between the two parts was practically impossible: the Albanian population under the Bulgarian rule was heavily oppressed. 4924:. In July 1953, Hoxha handed over the foreign affairs and defense portfolios to loyal followers, but he kept both the top party post and the premiership until 1954, when Shehu became Albania's prime minister. The Soviet Union, responding with an effort to raise the Albanian leaders' morale, elevated diplomatic relations between the two countries to the ambassadorial level. 1880:, to become the launchpad for an overland invasion of the Byzantine Empire. The Byzantines, however, managed to recover most of Albania by 1274, leaving only Valona and Dyrrhachium in Charles' hands. Finally, when Charles launched his much-delayed advance, it was stopped at the Siege of Berat in 1280–1281. Albania would remain largely part of the Byzantine empire until the 3630: 4431:, and did not participate in the antifascist struggle until Germany invaded the Soviet Union in 1941. The party at first had little mass appeal, and even its youth organization netted recruits. In mid-1942, however, party leaders increased their popularity by calling the young peoples to fight for the liberation of their country, that was occupied by 3384:) and nearby lands and a protectorate over Albania in exchange for entering the war against Austria-Hungary. Serbia and Montenegro were promised much of northern Albania, and Greece was promised much of the country's southern half. The treaty left a tiny Albanian state that would be represented by Italy in its relations with the other major powers. 3895:, but King Zog retained the dictatorial powers he had enjoyed as president. Zogu I remained a conservative, but initiated reforms. For example, in an attempt at social modernisation the custom of adding one's region to one's name was dropped. He also made donations of land to international organisations for the building of schools and hospitals. 1277:, and the islands of Corcyra and Pharos. His state stretched from Narona in Dalmatia south to the river Aoos and Corcyra. During his reign, the Ardiaean Kingdom reached the height of its power. The army and fleet made it a major regional power in the Balkans and the southern Adriatic. The king regained control of the Adriatic with his warships ( 5645:, the candidate of the ruling Socialist Party (PS), as the new president of Albania. On 24 July 2022, Bajram Begaj was sworn in as Albania's ninth president. On 19 July 2022, Albania started the negotiations with the European Union. Also in 6 December, in Tirana was held the EU-Western Balkans Summit. It was the first EU Summit hold in Tirana. 667:. Under the Ardiaei the greatest known Illyrian kingdom emerged in the 3rd century BC encompassing also northern Albania in its core territory. It became a formidable power both on land and sea by assembling a great army and fleet, and directly ruling over a large area made up of different Illyrian tribes and cities that stretched from the 4092:, Italy saw itself becoming a second-rate member of the Axis. The imminent birth of an Albanian royal child meanwhile threatened to give Zog a lasting dynasty. After Hitler invaded Czechoslovakia (15 March 1939) without notifying Mussolini in advance, the Italian dictator decided to proceed with his own annexation of Albania. Italy's King 4723:

average annual rate of increase of Albania's national income was 29 percent higher than the world average and 56 percent higher than the European average. Also during this period, because of the monopolised socialist economy, Albania was the only country in the world that imposed no imposts or taxes on its people whatsoever.

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the nationalists not to oppose the communists' advance, and the Allies evacuated Kupi to Italy. Before the end of November, the main German troops had withdrawn from Tirana, and the communists took control of the capital by fighting what was left of the German army. A provisional government the communists had formed at

4127:. The invasion force was divided into three groups, which were to land successively. The most important was the first group, which was divided in four columns, each assigned to a landing area at a harbor and an inland target on which to advance. Despite some stubborn resistance by some patriots, especially at 4689:

emerged as communist leaders in Albania, and are recognized by most western nations. They began to concentrate primarily on securing and maintaining their power base by killing all their political adversaries, and secondarily on preserving Albania's independence and reshaping the country according to

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The National Liberation War of the Albanian people started with the Italian invasion in Albania on 7 April 1939 and ended on 28 November 1944. During the antifascist national liberation war, the Albanian people fought against Italy and Germany, which occupied the country. In the 1939–1941 period, the

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On 31 January, Zogu was elected president for a seven-year term. Opposition parties and civil liberties disappeared; opponents of the regime were murdered; and the press suffered strict censorship. Zogu ruled Albania using four military governors responsible to him alone. He appointed clan chieftains

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Noli went on to say that once normalcy was restored, a national election would be held with secret and direct voting to decide the people's support. Noli planned to rule by decree for ten to twelve months, believing that the country's past elections did not reflect the desires of the Albanian people.

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Fan Noli, an idealist, rejected demands for new elections on the grounds that Albania needed a "paternal" government. On 19 June, Noli's coalition administration proposed a twenty-point reform program that, if completed, would have resulted in a country-wide revolution. Jacques calls the program "too

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murder on Zogu's Mati clansmen, who continued to practice blood vengeance. After the walkout, discontent mounted, and in June 1924 a peasant-backed insurgency had won control of Tirana. Because few people were willing to risk their lives in its defense, the government's fall was remarkably simple and

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Skanderbeg's long struggle to keep Albania free became highly significant to the Albanian people, as it strengthened their solidarity, made them more conscious of their national identity, and served later as a great source of inspiration in their struggle for national unity, freedom and independence.

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Hoxha and Shehu continued their harangue against the Soviet Union and Yugoslavia at the APL's Fourth Party Congress in February 1961. During the congress, the Albanian government announced the broad outlines of the country's Third Five-Year Plan from 1961 to 65, which allocated 54% of all investment

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Despite these gestures, Tirana was dissatisfied with Moscow's economic policy toward Albania. Hoxha and Shehu apparently decided in May or June 1960 that Albania was assured of Chinese support, and they openly sided with the People's Republic of China when sharp polemics erupted between the People's

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In 1967, the authorities conducted a violent campaign to extinguish religious practice in Albania, claiming that religion had divided the Albanian nation and kept it mired in backwardness. Student agitators combed the countryside, forcing Albanians to quit practicing their faith. Despite complaints,

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had been instrumental in the creation of an independent Albanian state. At the outbreak of war, Italy had seized the chance to occupy the southern half of Albania, to avoid it being captured by the Austro-Hungarians. That success did not last long, as post-war domestic problems, Albanian resistance,

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Albania achieved a degree of statehood after the First World War, in part because of the diplomatic intercession of the United States government. The country suffered from a debilitating lack of economic and social development, however, and its first years of independence were fraught with political

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It was supposed that those Albanoi from 1042 were Normans from Sicily, called by an archaic name (the Albanoi were an independent tribe from Southern Italy). The following instance is indisputable. It comes from the same Attaliates, who wrote that the Albanians (Arbanitai) were involved in the 1078

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During the period of socialist construction of Albania, the country saw rapid economic growth. For the first time, Albania was beginning to produce the major part of its own commodities domestically, which in some areas were able to compete in foreign markets. During the period of 1960 to 1970, the

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so they could remain in power and develop the nation's economy. A total of 43,000 people have been imprisoned or executed in forty-five years by the Stalinist regime. According to the Albanian Association of Former Political Prisoners, 6,000 people were executed by the Stalinist regime from 1945 to

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The communist partisans defeated the last Balli Kombëtar forces in southern Albania by mid-summer 1944 and encountered only scattered resistance from the Balli Kombëtar and Legality when they entered central and northern Albania by the end of July. The British military mission urged the remnants of

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Albanian cabinet in January 1922. The individuals in the photograph from left to right are: Mehmet Konica, Albanian delegate to the League of Nations; Spiro J. Koleka, Minister of Public Works; Fan S. Noli, Minister of Foreign Affairs; Ismail H. Tatzati, Minister of War; Xhafer Ypi, Prime Minister;

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On 21 February 1272, a delegation of Albanian noblemen and citizens from Durrës made their way to Charles' court. Charles signed a treaty with them and was proclaimed King of Albania "by common consent of the bishops, counts, barons, soldiers and citizens" promising to protect them and to honor the

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to rebuke him for allowing his son to become engaged to the daughter of a former bourgeois family. Hoxha purged the members of Shehu's family and his supporters within the police and military. In November 1982, Hoxha announced that Shehu had been a foreign spy working simultaneously for the United

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introduced some liberalisation, and granting the freedom to travel abroad in 1990. The new government made efforts to improve ties with the outside world. The elections of March 1991 kept the former Communists in power, but a general strike and urban opposition led to the formation of a coalition

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The Italian invasion of Albania in April 1939 was the conclusion of centuries of Italian interest in the country and twenty years of direct, if unsuccessful, economic and political participation in Albania, primarily under Benito Mussolini. The Straits of Otranto, which cross the Adriatic Sea and

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interrupted all government activities in Albania, while the country was split in a number of regional governments. Political chaos engulfed Albania after the outbreak of World War I. The Albanian people split along religious and tribal lines after the prince's departure. Muslims demanded a Muslim

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pledged primary allegiance to their native country. The Muslims also banned polygamy and allowed women to choose whether or not they wanted to wear a veil. Upon termination of Albania from Turkey in 1912, as in all other fields, the customs administration continued its operation under legislation

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re-converted to Christianity and declared war against the Ottoman Empire, which he led from 1443 to 1468. Skanderbeg summoned the Albanian princes to the Venetian-controlled town of Lezhë where they formed the League of Lezhë. Gibbon reports that the "Albanians, a martial race, were unanimous to

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in February 1272. The kingdom extended from the region of Durrës (then known as Dyrrhachium) south along the coast to Butrint. After the failure of the Eighth Crusade, Charles of Anjou returned his attention to Albania. He began contacting local Albanian leaders through local catholic clergy. Two

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No reliable statistics on Albania's wartime losses exist, but the United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration reported about 30,000 Albanian war dead, 200 destroyed villages, 18,000 destroyed houses, and about 100,000 people left homeless. Albanian official statistics claim somewhat

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When Mussolini took power in Italy he turned with renewed interest to Albania. Italy began penetration of Albania's economy in 1925, when Albania agreed to allow it to exploit its mineral resources. That was followed by the First Treaty of Tirana in 1926 and the Second Treaty of Tirana in 1927,

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Furthermore, the Communists retained support and governmental control in the first round of elections under the interim law, but fell two months later during a general strike. A committee of "national salvation" took over but also collapsed in half a year. On 22 March 1992, the Communists were

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under pressure from the Yugoslavs, Albania's communists had consented to restore Kosovo to Yugoslavia after the war. In January 1945, the two governments signed a treaty reincorporating Kosovo into Yugoslavia as an autonomous province. Shortly thereafter, Yugoslavia became the first country to

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administrator, won a commitment from Italy to fulfill financial promises that Mussolini had made to Albania and to grant new loans for harbor improvements at Durrës and other projects that kept the Albanian government afloat. Soon Italians began taking positions in Albania's civil service, and

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When the government's enemies attacked Tirana in early 1922, Zogu stayed in the capital and, with the support of the British ambassador, repulsed the assault. He took over the premiership later in the year and turned his back on the Popular Party by announcing his engagement to the daughter of

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in all Albanian schools; and admit Italian colonists. Zog refused. Instead, he ordered the national budget slashed by 30 percent, dismissed the Italian military advisers, and nationalized Italian-run Roman Catholic schools in the northern part of the country. In 1934, Albania had signed trade

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criticized the plan to take Albania as an unnecessary risk. Rome, however, delivered Tirana an ultimatum on 25 March 1939, demanding that it accede to Italy's occupation of Albania. Zog refused to accept money in exchange for countenancing a full Italian takeover and colonization of Albania.

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When the war ended on 11 November 1918, Italy's army had occupied most of Albania; Serbia held much of the country's northern mountains; Greece occupied a sliver of land within Albania's 1913 borders; and French forces occupied Korçë and Shkodër as well as other regions with sizable Albanian

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to suppress the League of Prizren and deliver Ulcinj to Montenegro. The League of Prizren's leaders and their families were arrested and deported. Frashëri, who originally received a death sentence, was imprisoned until 1885 and exiled until his death seven years later. A similar league was

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Relations between Albania and Yugoslavia declined, however, when the Albanians began complaining that the Yugoslavs were paying too little for Albanian raw materials and exploiting Albania through the joint stock companies. In addition, the Albanians sought investment funds to develop light

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Scaling back the bureaucracy, strengthening local government, assisting peasants, throwing Albania open to foreign investment, and improving the country's bleak transportation, public health, and education facilities filled out the Noli government's overly ambitious agenda. Noli encountered

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regained a sense of statehood and engaged in military resistance against the Ottoman Empire as well as instigating a massive literary revival. Albanian émigrés in Bulgaria, Egypt, Italy, Romania and the United States supported the writing and distribution of Albanian textbooks and writings.

3054: 2981:, and "to struggle in arms to defend the wholeness of the territories of Albania". In this early period, the League participated in battles against Montenegro and successfully wrestled control over Plav and Gusinje after brutal warfare with Montenegrin troops. In August 1878, the 1864:, the main overland route to Constantinople, and was one of the main targets of the Normans (cf. Battle of Dyrrhachium (1081)). Towards the end of the 12th century, as Byzantine central authority weakened and rebellions and regionalist secessionism became more common, the region of 4738:

even by APL members, all churches, mosques, monasteries, and other religious institutions had been closed or converted into warehouses, gymnasiums, and workshops by year's end. A special decree abrogated the charters by which the country's main religious communities had operated.

5637:, ruling Socialist Party, led by Prime Minister Edi Rama, secured its third consecutive victory, winning nearly half of votes and enough seats in parliament to govern alone. In February 2022, Albania's Constitutional Court overturned parliament's impeachment of President 4729:, who ruled Albania for four decades, died on 11 April 1985. Soon after Hoxha's death, voices for change emerged in the Albanian society and the government began to seek closer ties with the West in order to improve economic conditions. Eventually the new regime of 3477:, but the conference denied Albania official representation. The National Assembly, anxious to keep Albania intact, expressed willingness to accept Italian protection and even an Italian prince as a ruler so long as it would mean Albania did not lose territory. 3583:

Zogu's protégés organized themselves into the Government Party. Noli and other Western-oriented leaders formed the Opposition Party of Democrats, which attracted all of Zogu's many personal enemies, ideological opponents, and people left unrewarded by his

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resistance to his program from people who had helped him oust Zogu, and he never attracted the foreign aid necessary to carry out his reform plans. Noli criticized the League of Nations for failing to settle the threat facing Albania on its land borders.

1934:, the name Arberia began to be increasingly applied to the region now comprising the nation of Albania. The first undisputed mention of Albanians in the historical record is attested in a Byzantine source for the first time in 1079–1080, in a work titled 4596:

Thousands of their family members were imprisoned for years in work camps and jails and later exiled for decades to miserable state farms built on reclaimed marshlands. The communists' consolidation of control also produced a shift in political power in

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members, all known for opposing Yugoslavia, on charges of antistate activities. A month later, the Communist Party of Yugoslavia's Central Committee accused Hoxha of following "independent" policies and turning the Albanian people against Yugoslavia.

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to become the sovereign of the newly independent Albania. A formal offer was made by 18 Albanian delegates representing the 18 districts of Albania on 21 February 1914, an offer which he accepted. Outside of Albania William was styled prince, but in

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local Catholic priests, namely John from Durrës and Nicola from Arbanon, acted as negotiators between Charles of Anjou and the local noblemen. During 1271 they made several trips between Albania and Italy eventually succeeding in their mission.

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blockaded Ulcinj by sea and pressured the Ottoman authorities to bring the Albanians under control. Albanian diplomatic and military efforts were successful in wresting control of Epirus, however some lands were still ceded to Greece by 1881.

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to attend his funeral. The Soviet Union's subsequent movement toward rapprochement with the hated Yugoslavs rankled the two Albanian leaders. Tirana soon came under pressure from Moscow to copy, at least formally, the new Soviet model for a

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on 29 November 1998. Albania approved its constitution through a popular referendum which was held in November 1998, but which was boycotted by the opposition. The general local elections of October 2000 marked the loss of control of the

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After the region was annexed by Romans, it became part of the province of Macedonia. The central portion of modern Albania was later split off as Epirus Nova, while the south remained under Epirus Vetus and the northern parts belonged to

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in January 1920 rejected the partition plan and warned that Albanians would take up arms to defend their country's independence and territorial integrity. The Lushnjë National Assembly appointed a four-man regency to rule the country. A

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had many challenges. The Democratic Party had to implement the reforms it had promised, but they were either too slow or did not solve the problems, so the people were disappointed when their hopes for fast prosperity went unfulfilled.

4647:("blood feuds"), epidemics of disease and blatant subjugation of women. In an attempt to eradicate these ills, the Communists have devised a programme of radical modernization. The first important measure was a rapid and uncompromising 3439:, Albania was still under the occupation of Serbian and Italian forces. It was a rebellion of the respective populations of Northern and Southern Albania that pushed back the Serbs and Italians behind the recognized borders of Albania. 6064:"The Journal of Hellenic Studies by Society for the Promotion of Hellenic Studies", 1973, p. 79. Cleitus was evidently the son of Bardylis II the grandson of the very old Bardylis who had fallen in battle against Phillip II in 385 BC. 4325:

soon drove the guerrillas into the hills and to the south. The Nazi German government subsequently announced it would recognize the independence of a neutral Albania and set about organizing a new government, police and armed forces.

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On 13 December 1924, Zogu's Yugoslav-backed army crossed into Albanian territory. By Christmas Eve, Zogu had reclaimed the capital, and Noli and his government had fled to Italy. The Noli government lasted just 6 months and a week.

4515:, which chose an Anti-Fascist Council of National Liberation to act as Albania's administration and legislature. Hoxha became the chairman of the council's executive committee and the National Liberation Army's supreme commander. 2093:

and ending the independence of the principality of Arbanon following the death of Dhimitër. After the death of Demetrius, the last ruler of the Progon family, the same year, Arbanon was successively controlled subsequently by the

4812:, became the leading critic of Yugoslavia's efforts to exert economic control over Albania. Tito distrusted Hoxha and the other intellectuals in the Albanian party and, through Xoxe and his loyalists, attempted to unseat them. 4535:

would play a key role in Albania's postwar order. The Allies never recognized an Albanian government in exile or King Zog, nor did they ever raise the question of Albania or its borders at any of the major wartime conferences.

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Mussolini, in October 1940, used his Albanian base to launch an attack on Greece, which led to the defeat of the Italian forces and the Greek occupation of Southern Albania in what was seen by the Greeks as the liberation of

4262:). In April 1941, after Greece capitulated to the German forces, the Greek territorial gains in southern Albania returned to Italian command. Under Italian command came also large areas of Greece after the successful German 2831:

power began to decline in the 18th century, the central authority of the empire in Albania gave way to the local authority of autonomy-minded lords. The most successful of those lords were three generations of pashas of the

4015:

began his aggression against other European countries, Mussolini decided to occupy Albania as a means of competing with Hitler's territorial gains. Mussolini and the Italian Fascists saw Albania as a historical part of the

5886: 4446:, did not heed warnings from the Italian occupiers that there would be reprisals for guerrilla attacks. Partisan leaders, on the contrary, counted on using the lust for revenge such reprisals would elicit to win recruits. 2605:

identity. Many Albanians won fame and fortune as soldiers, administrators, and merchants in far-flung parts of the Empire. As the centuries passed, however, Ottoman rulers lost the capacity to command the loyalty of local

4028:

by the kingdom's Italian governors, in which the use of the Albanian language was discouraged in schools while the Italian language was promoted. At the same time, the colonization of Albania by Italians was encouraged.

3517:(with one deputy for every 12,000 people in Albania and one for the Albanian community in the United States), appointed members of its own ranks to an upper chamber, the Senate. In February 1920, the government moved to 5009:

to industry, thereby rejecting Khrushchev's wish to make Albania primarily an agricultural producer. Moscow responded by canceling aid programs and lines of credit for Albania, but the Chinese again came to the rescue.

8243:

The foundations of religious obscurantism were smashed. The moral figure of the working man, his consciousness, and world outlook, are moulded on the basis of the proletarian ideology, which has become the dominant

4593:, a pro-Yugoslav erstwhile tinsmith, presided over the trial and the execution of thousands of opposition politicians, clan chiefs, and members of former Albanian governments who were condemned as "war criminals." 4377:. After having taken over power of the country, the Albanian communists launched a tremendous terror campaign, shooting intellectuals and arresting thousands of innocent people. Some died due to suffering torture. 3500:

agreed to allow Albania to fall under Yugoslav, Italian, and Greek spheres of influence as a diplomatic expedient aimed at finding a compromising solution to the territorial conflicts between Italy and Yugoslavia.

1923:). When the Byzantines managed to conquer the First Bulgarian Empire the fortresses in eastern Albania were some of the last Bulgarian strongholds to submit to the Byzantines. Later the region was recovered by the 5358:

and widespread corruption, which caused anarchy and rebellion throughout the country. The government attempted to suppress the rebellion by military force but the attempt failed, due to long-term corrosion of the

3316:

prince and looked to Turkey as the protector of the privileges they had enjoyed. Other Albanians looked to Italy for support. Still others, including many beys and clan chiefs, recognized no superior authority.

4808:

industries and an oil refinery, while the Yugoslavs wanted the Albanians to concentrate on agriculture and raw-material extraction. The head of Albania's Economic Planning Commission and one of Hoxha's allies,

2637:. Converting from Christianity to Islam brought considerable advantages, including access to Ottoman trade networks, bureaucratic positions and the army. As a result, many Albanians came to serve in the elite 4202:

served as the prime minister. Shefqet Verlaci controlled the day-to-day activities of the new Italian protectorate. On 3 December 1941, Shefqet Bej Verlaci was replaced as prime minister and head of state by

7584:

He forbade the carrying of arms by civilians, enforcing this prohibition among the tribesmen by ordering all tribes to be disarmed except his own, the Moslem Mati, their allies, the Diber, and the catholic

4329:

The Germans did not exert heavy-handed control over Albania's administration. Rather, they sought to gain popular support by backing causes popular with Albanians, especially the annexation of Kosovo. Many

4142:

fled to Greece and eventually to London. On 12 April, the Albanian parliament voted to depose Zog and unite the nation with Italy "in personal union" by offering the Albanian crown to Victor Emmanuel III.

2874:'s disintegration had failed. The image of the "Turkish yoke" had become fixed in the nationalist mythologies and psyches of the empire's Balkan peoples and their march toward independence quickened. The 3610:

in the wake of a financial scandal and an assassination attempt by a young radical which left him wounded. The opposition withdrew from the assembly after the leader of a nationalist youth organization,

3005:

influenced the League to demand autonomy and wage open war against the Ottomans. Faced with growing international pressure "to pacify" the refractory Albanians, the sultan dispatched a large army under

6683:

The territories of Central and Southern Albania, stretching between the Mat River to the north and Çameria to the south, were included in a single sancak known from the records and historical works as

3925:, though always less than 15,000-strong, sapped the country's funds, and the Italians' monopoly on training the armed forces rankled public opinion. As a counterweight, Zog kept British officers in the 1009:

peoples as the result of fusion between the Indo-European-speaking population and the Neolithic population. In Albania, consecutive movements from the northern parts of the region which became known as

7207: 1024:

burial grounds of patrilineally organized clans. Some of the first tumuli date to 26th century BCE. These burial mounds belong to the southern expression of the Adriatic-Ljubljana culture (related to

4269:

After the fall of Yugoslavia and Greece in April 1941, the Italian Fascists added to the territory of the Kingdom of Albania most of the Albanian-inhabited areas that had been previously given to the

1679:, while the north reverted to the jurisdiction of Rome. This split marked the first significant religious fragmentation of the country. After the formation of the Slav principality of Dioclia (modern 4815:

In 1947, Yugoslavia's leaders engineered an all-out offensive against anti-Yugoslav Albanian communists, including Hoxha and Spiru. In May, Tirana announced the arrest, trial, and conviction of nine

3176:. Greece held the area between 1914 and 1916, and unsuccessfully tried to annex it in March 1916; however in 1917 the Greeks were driven from the area by Italy, which took over most of Albania. The 2362:, prompted by the replacement of large parts of the local nobility with Ottoman landowners, centralized governance and the Ottoman taxation system, the population and the nobles, led principally by 3528:

intervened to block the Paris agreement. The United States underscored its support for Albania's independence by recognizing an official Albanian representative to Washington, and in December the

3572:

as internal affairs minister, but Noli resigned soon after Zogu resorted to repression in an attempt to disarm the lowland Albanians despite the fact that bearing arms was a traditional custom.

4671:

class. The traditional role of women, confinement to the home and farm, changed dramatically when they achieved legal equality with men and became active participants in all areas of society.

3941:

In 1932 and 1933, Albania could not make the interest payments on its loans from the Society for the Economic Development of Albania. In response, Rome turned up the pressure, demanding that

3804:

dictatorial powers that allowed him to appoint and dismiss ministers, veto legislation, and name all major administrative personnel and a third of the Senate. The Constitution provided for a

9036:

Reference of books (and some journal articles) about Albania and the Albanian people; their history, language, origin, culture, literature, etc. Public domain books, fully accessible online.

3275:

approved specifically for the procedure. After the new laws were issued for the operation of customs, its duty was 11% of the value of goods imported and 1% on the value of those exported.

933:. The objects found in a cave near Xarrë include flint and jasper objects and fossilized animal bones, while those found at Mount Dajt comprise bone and stone tools similar to those of the 5844:, 1996, page 39: "... the other hand, the beginnings of the Iron Age around 1000 BC is held to coincide with the formation of several different peoples in Albania and other countries. ..." 2358:

The northern Albanian nobility, although tributary of the Ottoman Empire they still had autonomy to rule over their lands, but the southern part which was put under the direct rule of the

2373:) holders were killed or expelled. As the revolt spread, the nobles, whose holdings had been annexed by the Ottomans, returned to join the revolt and attempted to form alliances with the 4131:, the Italians made short work of the Albanians. Durrës was captured on 7 April, Tirana the following day, Shkodër and Gjirokastër on 9 April, and almost the entire country by 10 April. 1429:

used it as a provisions depot for his troops during his campaigns in the 1st century BC. At that time, it was considered an unimportant outpost, overshadowed by Apollonia and Epidamnos.

3644:

Ahmed Zogu, Minister of the Interior; Hysen Vrioni, Minister of Justice; Kole Thaci, Minister of Finance. Courtesy of the General Directorate of the Albanian Archives, Tirana, Albania.

4915:

Stalin died in March 1953, and apparently fearing that the Soviet ruler's demise might encourage rivals within the Albanian party's ranks, neither Hoxha nor Shehu risked traveling to

753:

until 1912; with some interruptions during the 18th and 19th century with the establishment of autonomy-minded Albanian lords. The first independent Albanian state was founded by the

3560:

Interwar Albanian governments appeared and disappeared in rapid succession. Between July and December 1921 alone, the premiership changed hands five times. The Popular Party's head,

6835: 4335: 3599:'s citizens felt shortchanged because their city did not become Albania's capital, while nationalists were dissatisfied because Zogu's government did not press Albania's claims to 4585:

to subdue all potential political enemies in Albania, break the country's landowners and minuscule middle class, and isolate Albania from western powers in order to establish the

4334:

units cooperated with the Germans against the communists and several Balli Kombëtar leaders held positions in the German-sponsored regime. Albanian collaborators, especially the

3266:

came from the Orthodox population who wanted to see Albania move quickly away from its Turkish-ruled past, during which Christians made up the underclass. Albania's conservative

5086:, press, organization, association, and parliament but subordinated these rights to the individual's duties to society as a whole. The constitution enshrined in law the idea of 4464:

occupation, Balli Kombëtar allied itself with the Germans and clashed with Albanian communists, which continued their fight against Germans and Balli Kombëtar at the same time.

4050:

connect Albania and southern Italy by forty miles, have always operated as a bridge rather than a barrier, offering escape, cultural exchange, and an easy invasion path. Before

5861:, page 92, "Appian's description of the Illyrian territories records a southern boundary with Chaonia and Thesprotia, where ancient Epirus began south of river Aoous (Vjose)" 8793:

Kyle, B.; Schepartz, L. A.; Larsen, C. S. (2016). "Mother City and Colony: Bioarchaeological Evidence of Stress and Impacts of Corinthian Colonisation at Apollonia, Albania".

6265: 8426: 5865: 5443:, the second-largest vote recipient, disputed the results and boycotted parliament until 31 January 2002. In June 2005, the democratic coalition formed a government with the 4886:. Soviet and central European technical advisers took up residence in Albania, and the Soviet Union also sent Albania military advisers and built a submarine installation on 2977:. Through this document Albanian leaders emphasized their intention to preserve and maintain the territorial integrity of the Ottoman Empire in the Balkans by supporting the 5075: 5061: 3157:, leaving more than half of ethnic Albanians outside Albania. This population was largely divided between Montenegro and Serbia in the north and east (including what is now 3108: 1269:

Around 230 BC, the Ardiaei briefly attained military might under the reign of king Agron. Agron extended his rule over other neighbouring tribes as well. He raided parts of

7469: 6026:

Boardman, John; Hammond, Nicholas Geoffrey Lemprière (1982), The Cambridge Ancient History: The Expansion of the Greek World, Eighth to Six Centuries B.C, Cambridge, p. 261

3953:

Zog's success in defeating two local rebellions convinced Mussolini that the Italians had to reach a new agreement with the Albanian king. A government of young men led by

4442:(NLM), from a number of resistance groups, including several that were strongly anticommunist. During the war, the NLM's communist-dominated partisans, in the form of the 3391:

forces broke through the Central Powers' lines north of Thessaloniki and within days Austro-Hungarian forces began to withdraw from Albania. On 2 October 1918 the city of

1028:) which moved southwards along the Adriatic from the northern Balkans. The same community built similar mounds in Montenegro (Rakića Kuće) and northern Albania (Shtoj). 2614:

rulers of the 19th century struggled to shore up central authority, introducing reforms aimed at harnessing unruly pashas and checking the spread of nationalist ideas.

4438:

This propaganda increased the number of new recruits by many young peoples eager for freedom. In September 1942, the party organized a popular front organization, the

3458:

would succeed in extinguishing Albania's independence and carve up the country. Italian forces controlled Albanian political activity in the areas they occupied. The

2769:. The Albanians proved generally faithful to Ottoman rule following the end of the resistance led by Skanderbeg, and accepted Islam more easily than their neighbors. 8318: 4365:

The Albanian partisans also liberated Kosovo, part of Montenegro, and southern Bosnia and Herzegovina. By November 1944, they had thrown out the Germans, being with

8532: 4150:, as prime minister. Verlaci additionally served as head of state for five days until Victor Emmanuel III formally accepted the Albanian crown in a ceremony at the 3945:

name Italians to direct the Gendarmerie; join Italy in a customs union; grant Italy control of the country's sugar, telegraph, and electrical monopolies; teach the

1307:, she ruled "by women's reasoning". Teuta started to address the neighbouring states malevolently, supporting the piratical raids of her subjects. After capturing 1618:, supplanting pagan polytheism and eclipsing for the most part the humanistic world outlook and institutions inherited from the Greek and Roman civilizations. The 8587: 4651:, which dismantled the large estates and distributed the plots to the peasants. This reform destroyed the powerful bey class. The government has also decided to 3214:

who passionately advocated the Albanian cause in London. As a result, Herbert was offered the crown of Albania, but was dissuaded by the British prime minister,

11005: 4317:

With the collapse of the Mussolini government in line with the Allied invasion of Italy, Germany occupied Albania in September 1943, dropping paratroopers into

3733:

Under Fan Noli, the government set up a special tribunal that passed death sentences, in absentia, on Zogu, Verlaci, and others and confiscated their property.

10784: 3462:, who largely dictated Yugoslavia's foreign policy after World War I, strove to take over northern Albania, and the Greeks sought to control southern Albania. 3007: 2502:. For 25 years Skanderbeg's army of around 10,000 men marched through Ottoman territory winning against consistently larger and better supplied Ottoman forces. 8259: 7601: 7307: 9659: 3126:, as well as the Serbian and Greek occupation and attempts to incorporate the land into their respective countries, led to a proclamation of independence by 1595: 1331:. These wars, which were spread out over 60 years, eventually resulted in defeat for the Illyrians by 168 BC and the end of Illyrian independence when King 5067: 2625:

The Ottoman period that followed was characterized by a change in the landscape through a gradual modification of the settlements with the introduction of

5098:

countries perceived to be "revisionist". The constitution's preamble also boasted that the foundations of religious belief in Albania had been abolished.

3744:

to mount an invasion that the Serbs hoped would bring them disputed areas along the border. After Noli decided to establish diplomatic relations with the

3588:. Ideologically, the Democrats included a broad sweep of people who advocated everything from conservative Islam to Noli's dreams of rapid modernization. 8605: 8169:, by Miranda Vickers & James Pettifer, 1999, page 210, "with the split in the world communist movement it moved into a close relationship with China" 5537: 4940: 3103:. The territory of Albania was occupied by Serbia in the north and Greece in the south, leaving only a patch of land around the southern coastal city of 3988:, which brought law and order to the country, began to increase the Italian influence more and more. Despite some significant resistance, especially at 4449:

The communists turned the so-called war of liberation into a civil war, especially after the discovery of the Dalmazzo-Kelcyra protocol, signed by the

2377:. While the leaders of the revolt were successful in defeating successive Ottoman campaigns, they failed to capture many of the important towns in the 3015:. The league ended its activity in 1900 after an armed conflict with the Ottoman forces. Zeka was assassinated by a Serbian agent Adem Zajmi in 1902. 12304: 12299: 12294: 12289: 12284: 12279: 12269: 12264: 12259: 12254: 12249: 12244: 12239: 12234: 12229: 12224: 12219: 12214: 12209: 12204: 12199: 12194: 12189: 12184: 12179: 12174: 12169: 12164: 12159: 12154: 12149: 12144: 12139: 12134: 12129: 12124: 12119: 12114: 12109: 12104: 12099: 12094: 12089: 12084: 12079: 12074: 12069: 12064: 12039: 12034: 12029: 12024: 12019: 12014: 12009: 12004: 11999: 11994: 11989: 11984: 11979: 11974: 11969: 11964: 11959: 11954: 11949: 11944: 11939: 11934: 11929: 11924: 11909: 11904: 11899: 11894: 11889: 11884: 11879: 11874: 8134: 5331:. Deliberate programmes of economic and democratic reforms were put in place, but Albanian inexperience with capitalism led to the proliferation of 3842:'s fascist regime in Italy and supported Italy's foreign policy. He would be the first and only Albanian to hold the title of president until 1991. 3606:

Despite that, Zogu's party won the elections for a National Assembly in early 1924. He soon stepped aside, however, handing over the premiership to

8056: 7841: 6256: 3270:

community broke its last ties with Constantinople in 1923, formally declaring that there had been no caliph since Muhammad himself and that Muslim

1344: 7285: 2199:. During its existence Catholicism saw rapid spread among the population which affected the society as well as the architecture of the Kingdom. A 10375: 8444: 5395:, a post which he held until October 1998, when he resigned as a result of the tense situation created in the country after the assassination of 5212: 4589:. In 1945, the communists had liquidated, discredited, or driven into exile most of the country's interwar elite. The Internal Affairs Minister, 785: 395: 4254:

But, soon after the Italian invasion, the Greeks counter-attacked and a sizeable portion of Albania was in Greek hands (including the cities of

10672: 8569: 7785: 6492: 3334:

In the country's south, the local Greek population revolted against the incorporation of the area into the new Albanian state and declared the

2629:, military garrisons and mosques in many Albanian regions. Part of the Albanian population gradually converted to Islam, with many joining the 1047:. The movement of the Byrgian tribes can be assumed to coincide with the beginning Iron Age in the Balkans during the early 1st millennium BC. 1016:

in the Iron Age had a significant impact in the formation of the new post-Indo-European migration population. The ancestral groups to Iron Age

5493: 2065:. In 1204, Arbanon attained full, though temporary, political independence, taking advantage of the weakening of Constantinople following its 1960:. A later reference to Albanians from the same Attaliates, regarding the participation of Albanians in a rebellion around 1078, is undisputed. 12334: 11866: 10662: 8107: 7501: 4796:

had supported transferring Kosovo to Albania, but Yugoslavia's postwar communist regime insisted on preserving the country's prewar borders.

2401:

families. In the initial phase, the rebels were successful in capturing some major towns such as Dagnum. Protracted sieges such as that of

870:. An amelioration of the economic and political conditions in the early years of the 21st century enabled Albania to become a full member of 1625:

is a historic monument from the time period located in Durrës, Albania, that was used to preach Christianity to civilians during that time.

10667: 3665: 766: 523: 6830: 4707:. A strong political alliance with China followed, leading to several billion dollars in aid, which was curtailed after 1974, causing the 4507:

The communist partisans regrouped and gained control of southern Albania in January 1944. In May they called a congress of members of the

3180:

awarded the area to Greece. However the area definitively reverted to Albanian control in November 1921, following Greece's defeat in the

9086: 5716: 5468: 5005:, at the time a candidate-member of the Politburo and Hoxha's adviser on ideological questions, played a prominent role in the rhetoric. 4544:(Tsams, Albanians living in Northern Greece) were driven out of Greece with the justification that they had collaborated with the Nazis. 3929:

despite strong Italian pressure to remove them. In 1931, Zog openly stood up to the Italians, refusing to renew the 1926 First Treaty of

2293: 624: 11811: 4302: 4277: 1055: 1020:

are usually identified in Albania towards the end of the EBA with movements from north of Albania and are linked to the construction of

655:' rule was based in central Albania and dominated southern Illyrian affairs in the late 4th century BC, exerting great influence on the 11833: 10425: 8518: 5576: 5484: 2969:. A culmination of the Albanian National Awakening was the League of Prizren. The league was formed at a meeting of 47 Ottoman beys in 875: 309: 8498: 7228: 5109:. Hoxha first tried to convince Shehu to step aside voluntarily, but when this move failed, Hoxha arranged for all the members of the 11718: 11570: 10400: 9652: 7811: 5071: 4553: 4139: 2414: 820: 420: 6997: 3748:, a bitter enemy of the Serbian ruling family, Belgrade began making wild allegations that Albania was about to embrace Bolshevism. 3532:

recognized Albania's sovereignty by admitting it as a full member. The country's borders, however, remained unsettled following the

1872:

and the Albanian coast, from Dyrrhachium to Valona and Buthrotum and as far inland as Berat. This foothold, reformed in 1272 as the

10064: 8430: 5033: 3259: 1814: 6851: 4453:. With the intention of organizing a partisan resistance, they called a general conference in Pezë on 16 September 1942 where the 3544:

instability. Unable to survive a predatory environment without a foreign protector, Albania became the object of tensions between

1527:

in Croatia) functioned as its capital. The regions which it included changed through the centuries though a great part of ancient

11376: 11361: 11205: 11140: 10588: 7476: 4989:, central European countries, and China, all offered Albania large amounts of aid. Soviet leaders also promised to build a large 4384:

that ended World War II with a larger Jewish population than before the war. Some 1,200 Jewish residents and refugees from other

119: 8767:"The Stratigraphy of Tumulus 6 in Shtoj and the Appearance of the Violin Idols in Burial Complexes of the South Adriatic Region" 8550: 4905:. What little strategic value Albania offered the Soviet Union, however, gradually shrank as nuclear arms technology developed. 4674: 11000: 5549: 4863: 4757: 4655:

industry, banks and all commercial and foreign properties. Shortly after the agrarian reform, the Albanian government began to

4531:

The NLF's strong links with Yugoslavia's communists, who also enjoyed British military and diplomatic support, guaranteed that

4508: 4496: 4439: 4210:

From the start, Albanian foreign affairs, customs, as well as natural resources came under direct control of Italy. The puppet

3335: 3169: 2532: 1868:

became an autonomous principality ruled by its own hereditary princes. In 1258, the Sicilians took possession of the island of

1665: 1208: 7875: 6631: 2878:, because of the higher degree of Islamic influence, their internal social divisions, and the fear that they would lose their 11098: 11038: 11010: 10944: 8943: 8699: 8678: 8654: 8631: 8363: 8190: 8117: 7949: 7570: 7445: 7293: 7272: 7135: 7101: 7074: 7037: 6954: 6615: 6588: 6476: 6436: 6345: 6112: 6004: 5858: 5787: 5599: 5591: 5510: 5436: 5364: 5248: 3549: 8956:

Reci, Senada, and Luljeta Zefi. "Albania-Greece sea issue through the history facts and the future of conflict resolution."

8754:"The Cetina phenomenon across the Adriatic during the 2nd half of the 3rd millennium BC: new data and research perspectives" 3331:. William subsequently joined the German army and served on the Eastern Front, but never renounced his claim to the throne. 3254:. This is the period when Albanian religions gained independence. The ecumenical patriarch of Constantinople recognized the 11093: 10777: 10617: 10310: 9645: 8038: 5634: 5595: 4784:

in late 1944, Yugoslavia's communist partisans took possession of the province and committed retaliatory massacres against

4342:

living in Kosovo. In December 1943, a third resistance organization, an anticommunist, anti-German royalist group known as

3884:

and at last as the king of Albania. International recognition arrived forthwith. The new formed constitution abolished the

3028: 2555:. Shortly after the fall of the castles of northern Albania, many Albanians fled to neighbouring Italy, giving rise to the 1035:

a number of possible population movements occurred in the territories of modern Albania, for example the settlement of the

846:

was routed in elections in March 1992, amid economic collapse and social unrest. The unstable economic situation led to an

754: 275: 8338: 6816: 3892: 3595:

peasants in Albania's southern lowlands loathed him because he supported Muslim landowners' efforts to block land reform;

3262:

after a meeting of the country's Albanian Orthodox congregations in Berat in August 1922. The most energetic reformers in

11671: 10737: 10722: 10715: 10657: 9601: 6970: 4397: 4086: 3885: 3286:

and later headed by Haxhi Qamili, the latter the military commander of the "Muslim State of Central Albania" centered in

4659:

agriculture, a process that will continue until 1967. In rural areas, the communist regime suppressed the centuries-old

4427:

of 130 members under the leadership of Hoxha and an eleven-man Central Committee. The Albanian communists supported the

10789: 9787: 9455: 8742: 5862: 5522: 5354:, to help stabilize the country. The government of Berisha collapsed in 1997 in the wake of the additional collapse of 5308: 5090:

and prohibited the government from seeking financial aid or credits or from forming joint companies with partners from

4829: 4460:

In December 1942, more Albanian nationalist groups were organized. Albanians fought against the Italians while, during

4454: 4273:. The Albanian fascists claimed in May 1941 that nearly all the Albanian populated territories were united to Albania ( 3150: 2844:(now Ioánnina, Greece), a brigand-turned-despot who ruled over southern Albania and northern Greece from 1788 to 1822. 2264: 2196: 1881: 1741: 1543: 781: 715: 707: 114: 99: 94: 1695:) became its suffragans. Starting in 1019, Albanian dioceses of the Byzantine rite were suffragans of the independent 11656: 11591: 11565: 11023: 10939: 10817: 10600: 10410: 10365: 10350: 10345: 10320: 10244: 9717: 8905: 8396: 8166: 7795: 7673: 7626: 7536: 7385: 7238: 7160: 6887: 6784: 6733: 6517: 6228: 6211: 6190: 6166: 6139: 6085: 6040: 5965: 5945: 5898: 5841: 5289: 5123: 4443: 3181: 3032: 2958: 1224: 1096: 438: 385: 370: 350: 340: 298: 220: 8929: 1644:), including the lands form Albania, were administered by the Eastern Empire but were ecclesiastically dependent on 1001:

The next period in the prehistory of Albania coincides with the Indo-Europeanization of the Balkans, which involved

11626: 11290: 10752: 10370: 10198: 9586: 9181: 8279: 7315: 5575:. Albania was among the first southeastern European countries to join the Partnership for peace programme. Albania 5024:. In response, Tirana began broadening its contacts with the outside world. Albania opened trade negotiations with 4747: 4155: 3851: 2962: 2929: 2275:

conquered parts of south and central Albania. The Albanians regained control of their territories in 1444 when the

937:. The Paleolithic finds of Albania show great similarities with objects of the same era found at Crvena Stijena in 516: 390: 157: 9030: 6877: 6223:

An ancient geography, classical and sacred. By S. Augustus Mitchell. by Michigan Historical Reprint Series, 2005,

3407:, if not destroyed, would have served the evacuation of the Bulgarian and German armies, involved in World War I. 3282:

commanded by Dutch officers. William left Albania on 3 September 1914 following a pan-Islamic revolt initiated by

2290:

in 1478–79, a siege ending when the Republic of Venice ceded Shkodra to the Ottomans in the peace treaty of 1479.

11371: 9611: 9214: 9079: 7642:

Creveld, Martin van (July–October 1972). "In the Shadow of Barbarossa: Germany and Albania, January–March 1941".

6850:

A. Madrugearu, M. Gordon. The wars of the Balkan Peninsula: their medieval origin. Scarecrow Press, 2008. p. 27.

6240: 5351: 4946: 4633: 4586: 4158:, a former ambassador to Albania, to represent him in Albania as "Lieutenant-General of the King" (effectively a 3366: 762: 671:

in the north to the borders of Epirus in the south, while its influence extended throughout Epirus and down into

4075:

in 1934, Mussolini made a failed attempt to intimidate the Albanians by sending a fleet of warships to Albania.

2179:

privileges they had from Byzantine Empire. The treaty declared the union between the Kingdom of Albania (Latin:

1393:

Beginning in the 7th century BC, Greek colonies were established on the Illyrian coast. The most important were

615:

The Enchele's polity was the earliest to emerge and centered in Albania. Also the earliest known Illyrian king,

11826: 11611: 11606: 11560: 11165: 10583: 10325: 9398: 9231: 9169: 8723: 6560: 4816: 4625:, with their centuries-old tradition of opposing authority, distrusted the new Albanian rulers and their alien 4181: 3024: 2319: 855: 315: 3396: 11596: 11447: 11105: 10923: 10812: 10405: 10239: 10178: 10031: 9924: 9737: 9606: 9515: 5614:

with 87 votes. However, the result of the parliamentary elections held on 25 June 2017 was a victory for the

4958: 4793: 4678:

Uneasy foreign relations resulted in a decline in the rate of income increase during the 1961 to 1965 period.

2974: 2950: 2163: 2134: 1979: 1873: 797: 730: 207: 109: 9008: 8926:

War in the Balkans: An Encyclopedic History from the Fall of the Ottoman Empire to the Breakup of Yugoslavia

1374: 11616: 11366: 10970: 10705: 10627: 10612: 10493: 10446: 10385: 10057: 9990: 9762: 8643:

Ducellier, Alain (1999). "24(b) – Eastern Europe: Albania, Serbia and Bulgaria". In Abulafia, David (ed.).

5881: 5803: 5669: 5598:. The presidential elections were held on 19, 20, 27 and 28 April 2017. In the fourth round, the incumbent 5200: 4776:

aimed to use his choke hold on the Albanian party to incorporate the entire country into Yugoslavia. After

4219: 4093: 3997: 3992:, Italy invaded Albania on 7 April 1939 and took control of the country, with the Italian Fascist dictator 3493: 3474: 3177: 1432:

The lands comprising modern-day Albania were incorporated into the Roman Empire as part of the province of

805: 499: 400: 303: 7177: 4403:

antifascist resistance was led by the National Front nationalist groups and later by the Communist Party.

3812:

as reserve army officers who were kept on call to protect the regime against domestic or foreign threats.

2662: 1986: 41: 12484: 11841: 11601: 11575: 11314: 11223: 11178: 11160: 11068: 10980: 10863: 10451: 10380: 10330: 10254: 9565: 9560: 9176: 6876:

Gegaj, Athanas; Young, Antonia; Krasniqi, Rexhep; Hodgson, John; Young, Nigel; Bland, William B. (1997).

6722:

Anamali, Skënder; Prifti, Kristaq; RSH), Instituti i Historisë (Akademia e Shkencave e (1 January 2002).

5627: 5440: 5421: 5400: 5368: 5281: 5244: 5145: 4990: 4643:

The new leaders inherited an Albania plagued by many evils: widespread poverty, overwhelming illiteracy,

4428: 4106: 3963: 3172:

in the southern provinces (1914). The republic proved short-lived as Albania collapsed with the onset of

2954: 2861: 1801:. Beginning in the first decades of Byzantine rule (until 461), the region suffered devastating raids by 1247: 619:, emerged in what is now Albania around 400 BC, aiming to make Illyria a regional power interfering with 509: 335: 215: 21: 6290: 5074:

began planning for an orderly succession. In 1976, the People's Parliament adopted its second communist

4901:

were the only countries the Soviet Union could use to funnel war material to the communists fighting in

3481:

troops conducted actions in Albanian-populated border areas, while Albanian guerrillas operated in both

2847:

Those pashas created separate states within the Ottoman state until they were overthrown by the sultan.

11744: 11309: 11195: 11150: 11145: 11088: 11083: 11048: 10995: 10546: 10508: 10420: 10415: 10005: 9957: 9849: 9844: 9621: 9616: 9072: 8385:(report) (in Italian). Rome, Italy: Università Roma Tre – Facoltà di Scienze Politiche – via HAL. 5713:

The Prehistory of the Balkans; and the Middle East and the Aegean world, tenth to eighth centuries B.C.

5615: 5545: 5518: 5488: 5447:. His return to power in the elections of 3 July 2005 ended eight years of Socialist Party rule. After 5372: 5215:. Nevertheless, it was clear that the change would not be stopped. Pursuant to a 29 April 1991 interim 5208: 4978: 4637: 4311: 4297: 3299: 2990: 2887: 2110: 1790: 1737: 1611: 1532: 1457: 1441: 1433: 1422: 843: 699: 443: 76: 71: 8606:"EU Western Balkans Summit in Tirana: shared responsibilities and values for a future together | EEAS" 4041:, Hitler decided to attack Greece in December 1940 to prevent a British attack on his southern flank. 2766: 11819: 11338: 11183: 11155: 11078: 10732: 10607: 10541: 10498: 10209: 9591: 9345: 9306: 8709: 7900: 6862: 5603: 5525: 5392: 5049: 5016:

had stagnated by 1970, and when the Asian giant began to reemerge from isolation in the early 1970s,

3877: 3624: 3320: 3134:

on 28 November 1912. The same day, Kemal waved the national flag of Albania, from the balcony of the

2260: 2078: 1911:, became an important Bulgarian cultural center in the 10th century with many thriving towns such as 1855: 1461: 1128: 867: 695: 325: 7890:

Escape Through the Balkans: the Autobiography of Irene Grunbaum (University of Nebraska Press, 1996)

7787:

Albania in the Twentieth Century, A History : Volume II: Albania in Occupation and War, 1939–45

3446:. The country lacked a single recognized government, and Albanians feared, with justification, that 1043:

tribes into central Albania. The latter derived from early an Indo-European presence in the western

11849: 11754: 11073: 10503: 10390: 10249: 9962: 9809: 7990: 5425: 5236: 4424: 4374: 4072: 3400: 2139: 2114: 1661: 1002: 859: 675:. The dominant power of the Illyrian kingdom in the region ceased after the Illyrian defeat in the 415: 410: 225: 11386: 8715:

The Late Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest

7510: 6607:

The Late Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest

5032:, and the recently independent Asian and African states, and in 1971 it normalized relations with 5020:

and the other communist Chinese leaders reassessed their commitment to tiny Albania, starting the

4222:

to settle in Albania and to own land so that they could gradually transform it into Italian soil.

2957:

took place and many revolts against the Ottoman Empire were organized. These revolts included the

2487: 2483: 2006: 2000: 1227:. In the westernmost parts of the territory of Albania, along with the Illyrian tribes, lived the 958: 726: 11791: 11696: 11621: 11412: 11299: 11243: 10918: 10799: 10685: 10531: 10441: 10395: 10335: 10284: 10269: 10229: 10173: 10162: 10050: 9967: 9929: 9596: 9254: 8951:

The end of communist rule in Albania : political change and the role of the student movement

8499:"Albania's Socialists win ruling majority in parliamentary elections | DW | 27.06.2017" 8234: 8213: 6052:

Harding, p. 93. Grabos became the most powerful Illyrian king after the death of Bardylis in 358.

5416: 5272:

After the fall of communism in Albania, a dramatic growth of new developments has taken place in

5224: 5013: 4769: 4712: 4614: 4322: 3975: 3592: 3373: 3223: 3193: 3168:

At the same time, an uprising in the country's south by local Greeks led to the formation of the

3123: 3119: 3115: 3072: 2966: 2924: 2572: 2524: 2246: 2126: 2099: 1968: 1924: 1575: 1080: 773: 742: 472: 405: 380: 320: 265: 255: 250: 235: 230: 162: 152: 124: 104: 56: 6667: 5105:

to succeed him as Albania's communist patriarch, overlooking his long-standing comrade-in-arms,

4457:

was set up. The Front included nationalist groups, but it was dominated by communist partisans.

3800:. The parliament quickly adopted a new constitution, proclaimed the first republic, and granted 2491: 1101: 741:. Between the mid-14th and the late 15th centuries, most of modern-day Albania was dominated by 11713: 11689: 11304: 10960: 10848: 10822: 10632: 10518: 10340: 9909: 9420: 9249: 9039: 8969:

The Paris Peace Conference (1919–1920) and Its Aftermath: Settlements, Problems and Perceptions

7972: 7377: 7233:, vol. 2, Cambridge, UK: The Press Syndicate of the University of Cambridge, p. 103, 4388:

countries were hidden by Albanian families during World War II, according to official records.

4211: 3823:'s Italy for patronage. Under Zogu, Albania joined the Italian coalition against Yugoslavia of 3805: 2540: 2066: 1904: 1696: 1516: 1270: 1006: 801: 793: 656: 330: 8689: 8293: 8180: 7560: 7286:

The economy of East Central Europe 1815–1989: stages of transformation in a peripheral region.

6650: 6550: 6426: 5994: 5978: 5711: 3831:

in 1924–1927. After the United Kingdom's and France's political intervention in 1927 with the

3505: 2666: 1619: 953:

era, and they are dated between 6,000 and the end of the EBA. The most important are found in

365: 11708: 11651: 11422: 11407: 10965: 10843: 10772: 10690: 9879: 9839: 9819: 9799: 9702: 9500: 9365: 8353: 8071: 7995: 7939: 7812:"History of Albania | My Albania! The Official website of Albanian! Open source travel guide" 7091: 7064: 7027: 6509:

The Despotate of Epiros 1267–1479: A Contribution to the History of Greece in the Middle Ages

6335: 5797: 5674: 5564: 5412: 5312: 5297: 5285: 5204: 5161: 4921: 4894: 4704: 4274: 4270: 4204: 4068: 3922: 3861: 3832: 3793: 3771: 3466: 3451: 3388: 2710: 2702: 2556: 2519:

Throughout his rebellion, Skanderbeg defeated the Ottomans in a number of battles, including

2456: 2222:, the National Hero of the Albanians successfully rebelled against the Ottomans for 25 years. 2155: 2010: 1843: 1585: 1547: 1065: 652: 482: 6697: 5435:, serious deficiencies in the electoral code remain to be addressed, as demonstrated in the 3165:), and Greece in the south. A substantial number of Albanians thus came under Serbian rule. 1797:

was divided into East and West in 395, the territories of modern Albania became part of the

1707:, were re-established as metropolitan sees. Thereafter, only the dioceses in inner Albania ( 1347:. After his defeat, the Romans split the region into three administrative divisions, called 355: 11437: 11324: 11115: 10767: 10642: 10595: 10474: 10264: 9995: 9814: 9555: 9550: 9490: 9425: 9330: 8480: 5659: 5611: 5541: 5456: 5384: 5300: 5256: 5164: 5149: 5137: 4966: 4564: 4038: 3962:

Italian settlers were allowed into the country. Mussolini's forces overthrew King Zog when

3881: 3774: 3510: 3211: 3154: 1672: 1657: 1559: 1335:

was defeated by a Roman army after heavy clashes with Rome and Roman allied cities such as

1259: 863: 11533: 11499: 7819: 6802:

The Analytical Review, Or History of Literature, Domestic and Foreign, on an Enlarged Plan

3696: 3135: 2528: 8: 11857: 11701: 11427: 11356: 11063: 10913: 10807: 10747: 10742: 10727: 10564: 10360: 10299: 10015: 10000: 9947: 9894: 9889: 9864: 9722: 9520: 9450: 9393: 9310: 9136: 7001: 6182: 5664: 5560: 5460: 5360: 5320: 5021: 4708: 4199: 4171: 4147: 3603:

or speak more energetically for the rights of ethnic Albanian minorities in the Balkans.

3514: 3324: 3283: 2891: 2798: 2167: 2159: 2143: 2095: 2074: 1632:

was divided into eastern and western halves in AD 395, Illyria east of the Drinus River (

1394: 1378: 1336: 1263: 1149: 946: 934: 887: 628: 609: 537: 345: 293: 9985: 9637: 8842: 8815: 8766: 7670:"Albania: A Country Study: Albania's Reemergence after World War I, Library of Congress" 7470:""FAN S. NOLI NË 130 – VJETORIN E LINDJES" 1882–2012 KONFERENCA SHKENCORE NDËRKOMBËTARE" 5571:

invited Albania to join the alliance. In April 2014 Albania became a full member of the

4024:. During the Italian occupation, Albania's population was subject to a policy of forced 2973:

on 18 June 1878. An initial position of the league was presented in a document known as

2463:, Skanderbeg deserted in November 1443 and began a rebellion against the Ottoman Empire. 2022: 1614:. Since the 3rd and 4th century AD, Christianity had become the established religion in 11784: 11777: 11749: 11125: 10900: 10881: 10858: 10827: 10526: 10274: 10234: 10188: 10077: 9919: 9869: 9829: 9782: 9777: 9767: 9752: 9747: 9742: 9727: 9712: 9707: 9697: 9692: 9687: 9626: 9530: 9314: 9266: 9261: 9164: 9154: 9111: 9103: 8855: 7651: 7451: 6635: 6486: 6274: 5533: 5464: 5328: 5324: 5316: 5196: 4373:

became the leader of the country by virtue of his position as Secretary General of the

3251: 3234: 2982: 2841: 2837: 2817: 2778: 2698: 2694: 2544: 2520: 2086: 2050: 1939: 1551: 914: 906: 851: 477: 202: 10214: 8018:"WHPSI": The World Handbook of Political and Social Indicators by Charles Lewis Taylor 4477: 4192: 4176: 3198: 2470: 2343:

covering the conquered parts of Albania, which included territory stretching from the

2276: 2250: 2130: 260: 129: 11723: 11679: 11661: 11432: 11351: 11332: 11263: 11258: 11248: 10259: 10183: 10010: 9952: 9914: 9904: 9884: 9874: 9859: 9854: 9834: 9804: 9772: 9757: 9732: 9668: 9505: 9480: 9460: 9440: 9430: 9320: 9302: 9271: 9204: 9121: 9095: 9025: 8939: 8859: 8847: 8774: 8738: 8719: 8695: 8674: 8650: 8359: 8186: 8162: 8113: 8050: 7945: 7924: 7791: 7622: 7566: 7532: 7441: 7391: 7381: 7289: 7268: 7234: 7156: 7131: 7097: 7070: 7033: 6950: 6883: 6780: 6729: 6673:. Sofia: International Centre for Minority Studies and Intercultural Relations (IMIR) 6611: 6584: 6556: 6513: 6472: 6432: 6341: 6282: 6224: 6207: 6186: 6162: 6135: 6108: 6081: 6036: 6000: 5961: 5941: 5894: 5854: 5837: 5783: 5304: 5180: 5172: 5127: 5083: 4950: 4928: 4843: 4242: 4226: 4135: 3761: 3585: 3529: 3497: 3238: 2946: 2934: 2916: 2883: 2879: 2794: 2378: 2374: 2340: 2268: 1599: 1061: 918: 847: 777: 758: 711: 676: 664: 240: 172: 167: 10224: 7860:

Rescue in Albania: One Hundred Percent of Jews in Albania Rescued from the Holocaust

5641:, opponent of the ruling Socialist Party. In June 2022, Albanian parliament elected 4481: 4450: 4331: 3740:

furnished the Albanian leader with weapons, about 1,000 Yugoslav army regulars, and

3404: 3341:

In late 1914, Greece occupied the Autonomous Republic of Northern Epirus, including

3002: 2226: 1825:

to pull back into the mountainous regions and adopt nomadic lifestyle, or flee into

11800: 11646: 11503: 11490: 11277: 11268: 11188: 10315: 10289: 9899: 9824: 9794: 9495: 9410: 9355: 9325: 9276: 9236: 9219: 9209: 9144: 9116: 8974: 8837: 8827: 8802: 8330: 8271: 7872: 7455: 7435: 6942: 5622:, that received 48.33% of the votes of the elections, ahead of 5 other candidates. 5339:

in late 1996 to early 1997 alarmed the world and prompted international mediation.

4982: 4970: 4839: 4700: 4432: 4263: 4230: 3993: 3981: 3946: 3873: 3857: 3839: 3820: 3690: 3678: 3068: 3045:

and his cabinet during the celebration of the first anniversary of independence in

2654: 2552: 2548: 2444: 2394: 2386: 2382: 2287: 2280: 2239: 2103: 2062: 1877: 1833: 1826: 1798: 1763: 1555: 1410: 1385: 1285:. None of his neighbours were nearly as powerful. Agron divorced his (first) wife. 1192: 1181: 1110: 1044: 950: 581: 270: 192: 134: 8965:

From Paris to Vlorë. Italy and the Settlement of the Albanian Question (1919–1920)

7202:

Dušan Fundić, "The Albanian Question in Serbian-Italian Relations 1914–1918." on

4997:

as a symbol of the Soviet people's "love and friendship" for the Albanian people.

4569: 4000:

as King of Albania. The nation thus became one of the first to be occupied by the

2658: 2466: 1774: 1664:, detached the church of the province from the Roman pope and placed it under the 1311:

and Phoenice, Teuta's forces extended their operations further southward into the

12457: 12452: 12447: 12442: 12437: 12432: 12427: 12422: 12417: 12412: 12407: 12402: 12397: 12392: 12387: 12382: 12377: 12372: 12367: 12362: 12357: 12352: 12347: 12342: 12324: 12319: 12314: 12309: 12274: 12059: 12054: 12049: 12044: 11919: 11914: 11684: 11523: 11470: 11253: 11110: 10219: 10112: 9535: 9510: 9298: 9281: 9126: 8713: 8668: 8644: 7879: 7526: 7214: 7125: 6839: 6800: 6774: 6723: 6605: 6533: 6507: 6156: 6129: 6102: 6075: 5890: 5869: 5824: 5734: 5720: 5684: 5679: 5355: 5252: 4800: 4773: 4648: 4281: 4215: 4124: 4055: 4034: 3899: 3702: 3577: 3540:

island) under Italian control in Albania was relinquished to the Albanian state.

3362: 3247: 3219: 3162: 2828: 2650: 2611: 2576: 2536: 2398: 2363: 2332: 2315: 2058: 2042: 2026: 1912: 1847: 1684: 1598:. The foundations of the Church date back to the 6th century during the reign of 1320: 1296: 1092: 1005:

which brought the Indo-European languages in the region and the formation of the

816: 813: 734: 703: 644: 636: 585: 545: 182: 177: 8816:"The genetic history of the Southern Arc: A bridge between West Asia and Europe" 8380: 7596:

Giovanni Villari, "A Failed Experiment: The Exportation of Fascism to Albania."

5040:. Albania's leaders abhorred the People's Republic of China's contacts with the 4123:

On 7 April Mussolini's troops invaded Albania. The operation was led by General

2424: 1963: 1885: 1542:, part of the Roman province of Macedonia. In 357 AD the region was part of the 10853: 10279: 9485: 9475: 9470: 9465: 9445: 9435: 9350: 9293: 9186: 9149: 8503: 8427:"Ahmetaj: Premtimi për 300 mijë vende punë është mbajtur | Gazeta SHQIP Online" 5584: 5580: 5380: 5347: 5332: 4871: 4859: 4541: 4089: 4060: 4025: 4021: 3954: 3777: 3714: 3684: 3569: 3525: 3377: 3354: 3207: 3080: 2986: 2920: 2899: 2871: 2833: 2802: 2762: 2758: 2690: 2686: 2678: 2619: 2584: 2580: 2432: 2419: 2359: 2336: 2324: 2272: 2256: 2070: 1949: 1676: 1472: 1316: 1161: 1025: 746: 738: 691: 597: 245: 197: 187: 8462: 8382:

L'attività di peacekeeping della Forza Multinazionale di Protezione in Albania

6974: 4473: 4255: 4020:, and the occupation was intended to fulfill Mussolini's dream of creating an 3346: 2725: 2402: 1660:, angered by archbishops of the region because they had supported Rome in the 982: 12478: 11528: 11417: 11201: 9581: 9380: 8814:

Lazaridis, Iosif; Alpaslan-Roodenberg, Songül; et al. (26 August 2022).

8778: 6946: 6286: 6278: 5448: 5407:

was then elected prime minister until November 1999, when he was replaced by

5404: 5045: 5041: 4111: 3911: 3889: 3215: 3206:

In supporting the independence of Albania, the Great Powers were assisted by

3127: 3061: 3042: 2978: 2867: 2670: 2590: 2390: 2231: 2061:(Dhimitër), who managed to retain a considerable degree of autonomy from the 1908: 1854:

In the late 11th and 12th centuries, the region played a crucial part in the

1426: 1363: 1328: 897: 668: 487: 8832: 5630:

candidate and runner-up in the election, received only 28.81% of the votes.

5475:

has strengthened from 143 lekë to the US dollar in 2000 to 92 lekë in 2007.

4492: 4472:

A nationalist resistance to the Italian occupiers emerged in November 1942.

3906:

in 1931, Zog and his bodyguards fought a gun battle with would-be assassins

3648: 2259:

was dissolved and several Albanian principalities were formed including the

1755: 765:

dates to the later 19th century and is part of the larger phenomenon of the

11286: 10905: 9540: 9370: 9241: 9159: 8851: 8664: 8445:"Presidenti Nishani e dekreton: 25 qershori data e zgjedhjeve parlamentare" 7614: 7409: 7331:

Albania in the Twentieth Century, A History: Volume 1: Albania and King Zog

5642: 5623: 5472: 5444: 5396: 5376: 5293: 5184: 5141: 5106: 5079: 4986: 4954: 4927:

Despite some initial expressions of enthusiasm, Hoxha and Shehu mistrusted

4887: 4883: 4789: 4696: 4686: 4656: 4582: 4461: 4369:

the only European nations to do so without any assistance from the allies.

4247: 4079: 4017: 4012: 4005: 3745: 3741: 3708: 3660: 3612: 3358: 3357:

offensive scattered the Serbian army, which was evacuated by the French to

3328: 3230: 2054: 2018: 1794: 1767: 1629: 1524: 1437: 1173: 1165: 1117: 836: 789: 687: 601: 467: 11508: 9047: 9013: 8404: 8334: 8275: 7753: 7731: 7699: 7669: 7352: 7265:

Greece and the First World War: from neutrality to intervention, 1917–1918

6907: 6752: 6316: 4590: 4245:

coastline, as part of the Fascists objective of creating the objective of

3907: 2713:

rose to become one of the most powerful Muslim Albanian rulers in western

1562:(as Epirus Nova). Most of the region of modern Albania corresponds to the 9525: 9403: 9388: 9360: 9196: 8758:

38° Convegno Nazionale Sulla Preistoria, Protostoria, Storia della Daunia

7871:"Muslim Family Who Hid 26 Jews in Albania from the Nazis Honored by ADL" 5548:. Additionally, unemployment has been steadily reduced to the 4th lowest 5439:. International observers judged the elections to be acceptable, but the 5432: 5232: 5192: 5168: 4854:

Albania became dependent on Soviet aid and know-how after the break with

4726: 4682: 4652: 4574: 4381: 4370: 4051: 4001: 3926: 3766: 3656: 3633: 3565: 3443: 3436: 3312: 3279: 3267: 3255: 3173: 2994: 2734: 2682: 2646: 2352: 2344: 2200: 1931: 1893: 1860: 1786: 1607: 1563: 1554:

was divided. By 395 AD dioceses in which the region was divided were the

1539: 1449: 1445: 1308: 1255: 824: 809: 722: 6259:[The ethnic and geographic background of the Albanian question] 6158:Épire, Illyrie, Macédoine: mélanges offerts au professeur Pierre Cabanes 6131:Épire, Illyrie, Macédoine: mélanges offerts au professeur Pierre Cabanes 4351: 2811: 2642: 2602: 1839: 1673:

Christian church split in 1054 between Eastern Orthodoxy and Catholicism

11460: 11391: 10132: 9288: 7437:

Founding a Balkan State: Albania's Experiment with Democracy, 1920–1925

5452: 5388: 5157: 5102: 5091: 5017: 5002: 4974: 4855: 4809: 4730: 4716: 4664: 4660: 4644: 4366: 4359: 4343: 4310:

After the surrender of the Italian Army in September 1943, Albania was

4259: 4238: 3789: 3668:

was not a part of the government. The government cabinet consisted of:

3561: 3486: 3353:, and Serbia and Montenegro occupied parts of northern Albania until a 3342: 3146:'s principality flag, which had been used more than 500 years earlier. 3143: 3076: 3012: 2551:

in 1479. However, some territories in Northern Albania remained under

2478: 2460: 2448: 2428: 2283: 2219: 2192: 2073:. However, Arbanon lost its large autonomy ca. 1216, when the ruler of 1957: 1810: 1700: 1680: 1496: 1453: 1312: 1282: 1191:

Several Illyrian tribes that resided in the region of Albania were the

938: 926: 828: 660: 632: 561: 8635: 8588:"'Historic moment': EU negotiations open for Albania, North Macedonia" 7655: 4834: 3639: 3596: 3419: 2827:

A period of semi-independence started during the mid 18th century. As

2788: 2601:

and other parts of the Ottoman Empire and Europe and maintained their

2235: 1746: 1688: 978: 922: 11236: 10355: 10152: 10127: 10094: 9335: 6035:

Wilkes, John J. (1995), The Illyrians, Oxford: Blackwell Publishing,

5689: 5654: 5638: 5607: 5563:, Albania started to develop closer ties with Western Europe. At the 5529: 5408: 5228: 5220: 5216: 5110: 5095: 4785: 4765: 4691: 4668: 4411: 4347: 4151: 4082: 3533: 3426: 3271: 3139: 3111:(17 October 1912 to 30 May 1913) was set up by them to rule Albania. 2903: 2875: 2638: 2594: 2510: 2499: 2440: 1974: 1889: 1818: 1802: 1704: 1649: 1615: 1418: 1402: 1327:. Later on, in 229 BC, she clashed with the Romans and initiated the 1274: 1251: 1236: 1232: 1220: 1196: 1141: 1088: 1040: 1017: 745:, when the Albanian principalities fell to the rapid invasion of the 672: 648: 640: 573: 557: 360: 66: 9064: 8806: 8753: 8182:

Politics, Power, and the Struggle for Democracy in South-East Europe

5268: 4523:

in October administered Albania with Enver Hoxha as prime minister.

4512: 4419:

In October 1941, the small Albanian communist groups established in

4128: 3989: 3470: 3392: 3365:

and Bulgarian forces then occupied about two-thirds of the country (

3319:

Prince William left Albania on 3 September 1914, as a result of the

2744: 2188: 1779: 1406: 1367: 1340: 974: 930: 749:. Albania remained under Ottoman control as part of the province of 647:

Illyrians were the dominant power in the region. The kingdom of the

605: 11480: 11465: 10695: 10147: 10142: 10122: 10117: 10042: 9545: 9340: 7562:

Albania And King Zog: Independence, Republic And Monarchy 1908–1939

6270: 5910:

The Illyrians (The Peoples of Europe) by John Wilkes, 1996, page 94

5619: 5514: 5502: 5188: 4898: 4847: 4667:

structure of the family and clans, thus destroying the semi-feudal

4532: 4285: 3985: 3958: 3869: 3828: 3816: 3808:

with a powerful president serving as head of state and government.

3785: 3737: 3672: 3096: 2634: 2495: 2348: 2271:

as the major ones. In the late 14th and the early 15th century the

2215: 1903:

In the mid-9th century, most of eastern Albania became part of the

1591: 1465: 1304: 1243: 1216: 1204: 1185: 1032: 832: 616: 577: 569: 8072:"Panorama of the Economic-Social Development of Socialist Albania" 7063:

Konidaris, Gerasimos (2005). Schwandner-Sievers, Stephanie (ed.).

5743: 4187: 3350: 3304: 3131: 3046: 2898:, were the last of the Balkan peoples to desire division from the 2748: 2036:

The principality of Arbanon was established in 1190 by the native

2030: 2014: 1712: 1652:, Christians in the region remained under the jurisdiction of the 1414: 1398: 1359: 1177: 11853: 11455: 11346: 10465: 10137: 10107: 10102: 10073: 9415: 9226: 9054: 7370:

Zickel, Raymond E.; Iwaskiw, Walter R.; Keefe, Eugene K. (1994).

5553: 5363:

due to political and social factors. Few months later, after the

5335:, which were not banned due to the corruption of the government. 5087: 4879: 4875: 4777: 4626: 4598: 4159: 4134:

Unwilling to become an Italian puppet, King Zog, his wife, Queen

4116: 3865: 3797: 3607: 3263: 3243: 3084: 3057: 2970: 2945:

In the second quarter of the 19th century, after the fall of the

2938: 2714: 2674: 2645:

system. Among these were important historical figures, including

2626: 2615: 2204: 2171: 2082: 1944: 1865: 1708: 1580: 1528: 1508: 1500: 1492: 1332: 1324: 1200: 1153: 1145: 1106: 1084: 1012: 990: 842:

The communist regime collapsed in 1990, and the former communist

750: 680: 620: 593: 565: 553: 549: 541: 448: 61: 9044: 9019: 8875:]. Centre for Byzantine Studies, University of Thessaloniki. 8235:"THE CONSTITUTION OF THE PEOPLE'S SOCIALIST REPUBLIC OF ALBANIA" 8214:"THE CONSTITUTION OF THE PEOPLE'S SOCIALIST REPUBLIC OF ALBANIA" 7395: 7371: 6939:

The Law and Practice of International Territorial Administration

5203:

under pressure from students and workers. Afterwards, the first

3796:, in order to find a solution for the uncrowned principality of 3083:. Following the eventual weakening of the Ottoman Empire in the 2836:, who dominated most of northern Albania from 1757 to 1831, and 2820:

was one of the most powerful autonomous Ottoman Albanian rulers.

1785:

After the region fell to the Romans in 168 BC it became part of

1250:

to the south-east, but was defeated. Bardyllis was succeeded by

11513: 11475: 6060: 6058: 5956: 5954: 5431:

In 2001, Albania made strides toward democratic reform and the

5336: 5273: 5176: 5037: 5025: 4994: 4962: 4916: 4909: 4902: 4867: 4781: 4500: 4420: 4385: 4355: 4318: 4234: 3942: 3930: 3903: 3600: 3537: 3518: 3482: 3478: 3455: 3287: 3233:

was established on 21 February 1914. The Great Powers selected

3222:, a German prince who accepted and became sovereign of the new 3158: 3100: 3092: 3088: 3053: 2895: 2452: 2328: 2038: 1916: 1897: 1822: 1720: 1692: 1641: 1637: 1520: 1504: 1228: 1157: 1122: 1036: 1021: 970: 942: 902: 589: 8888:

Modern Albania : From Dictatorship to Democracy in Europe

7925:"Israeli Historians Study How Albanian Jews Escaped Holocaust" 7619:

The Balkans: Nationalism, War, and the Great Powers, 1804–2012

6926:

The Balkans (Nationalism, War and the Great Powers, 1804–1999)

6817:"Albania | History, Geography, Customs, & Traditions" 5207:

took place since the communists assumed power in Albania. The

5044:

in the early 1970s, and its press and radio ignored President

4237:. Mussolini planned to invade Greece and other countries like 3629: 3615:, was murdered in the street outside the parliament building. 11518: 8646:

The New Cambridge Medieval History: Volume 5, c.1198 – c.1300

8519:"Albania PM hails 'most difficult but sweetest' election win" 7310:[Rare Photos – Bombing of Durrës on 2 October 1918]. 6632:"Oliver Jens Schmitt: Scanderbeg: an Uprising and its Leader" 6445: 5343: 5029: 4719:. Large-scale purges of officials occurred during the 1970s. 4622: 4610: 4602: 4520: 4380:

Albania was one of the only European country occupied by the

4251:("Our Sea") in which Italy would dominate the Mediterranean. 4241:

in the area to give Italy territorial control of most of the

3918: 3917:

Zog remained sensitive to steadily mounting disillusion with

3898:

Soon after his incoronation, Zog broke off his engagement to

3824: 3545: 3459: 3447: 3104: 2706: 2607: 2598: 2370: 2090: 2046: 1920: 1869: 1759: 1716: 1633: 1300: 1246:

united several Illyrian tribes and engaged in conflicts with

1212: 1188:, an ancient Greek text of the middle of the 4th century BC. 1169: 1133: 986: 966: 962: 954: 913:

The first traces of human presence in Albania, dating to the

866:

and North America during the 1990s. The crisis peaked in the

7991:"Albania's broken men fear prison horrors will be forgotten" 7842:"Albania's broken men fear prison horrors will be forgotten" 6055: 5977:

Nicholas Geoffrey Lemprière Hammond, Guy Thompson Griffith.

5951: 5853:

The Illyrians (The Peoples of Europe) by John Wilkes, 1996,

5346:

led a multinational military and humanitarian intervention (

4858:

in 1948. In February 1949, Albania gained membership in the

10700: 8649:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 779–795. 8570:"Albania swears in ninth president amid political division" 8270:(3). Johns Hopkins University Press: 115–117. Summer 1991. 7528:

Eagles in cobwebs: nationalism and communism in the Balkans

6469:

Historia e popullit shqiptar në katër vëllime (in Albanian)

6358: 5980:

A History of Macedonia: Historical geography and prehistory

5960:

The Illyrians (The Peoples of Europe) by John Wilkes,1996,

5572: 5568: 5498: 4618: 4606: 4339: 4321:

before the Albanian guerrillas could take the capital. The

3801: 3037: 2765:

and leaders such as Ali Pasha of Tepelena might have aided

2630: 2505: 2355:

became the administrative centre of the Sanjak of Albania.

1806: 1653: 1645: 1512: 871: 823:, which for most of its duration was dominated by dictator 9020:

Famille royale d'Albanie, site officiel en langue anglaise

8178: 5755: 5528:, Albania has implemented numerous reforms focused on the 5171:'s footsteps, but the changes had already started and the 5062:

Constitution of the People's Socialist Republic of Albania

4752: 4415:

Male and female Albanian partisans fighting in Tirana 1944

2183:) with the Kingdom of Sicily under King Charles of Anjou ( 11728: 9667: 8403:. Permanent Mission of Slovenia to the UN. Archived from 8329:(3). Johns Hopkins University Press: 154–157. July 1992. 6875: 6394: 5179:

led to widespread changes within the society of Albania.

4953:

far outweighing either its size or its importance in the

4768:

in 1948, Albania acted like a Yugoslav satellite and the

4487: 3513:

was also created, in which an elected lower chamber, the

3099:

declared war, seizing the remaining Ottoman territory in

3075:

between 1908 and 1910, which had the aim of opposing the

2985:

ordered a commission to determine the border between the

1836:

cultural centres in the lands that would become Albania.

1832:

In general, the invaders destroyed or weakened Roman and

1723:

occupation, the Latin Archdiocese of Durrës was founded.

1656:

until 732. In that year the iconoclast Byzantine emperor

1136:

of the Ardieai orders the Roman ambassadors to be killed.

776:(1914–1925) was succeeded by an even shorter-lived first 679:(229–168 BC). The last known "King of the Illyrians" was 8463:"Shqipëri: Dështimi i tretë për zgjedhjen e presidentit" 7308:"Fotot e Rralla – Bombardimi i Durresit me 2 Tetor 1918" 6337:

The Wars of the Balkan Peninsula: Their Medieval Origins

6257:"Az albán kérdés etnikai és politikai földrajzi háttere" 6077:

Studies concerning Epirus and Macedonia before Alexander

5082:. The constitution guaranteed the people of Albania the 4699:, but this came to an end after 1956 over the advent of 4573:

Dictator and leader of the Socialist People's Republic,

4229:, Albania served as a staging-area for Italian dictator 1770:

and along with much of the rest of the Balkan peninsula.

1303:, who acted as regent after Agron's death. According to 8551:"Albanian parliament elects Bajram Begaj new president" 7252:

Soon the government was faced with major peasant revolt

6776:

Gjergj Kastrioti Skënderbeu: jeta dhe vepra (1405–1468)

6382: 6074:

Hammond, Nicholas Geoffrey Lemprière (1 January 1993).

4362:) in collaboration with the Yugoslav communist forces. 3442:

Albania's political confusion continued in the wake of

3155:

delineated the border between Albania and its neighbors

1884:

when it fell shortly to the hands of the Serbian ruler

1687:

was created in 1089, and dioceses in northern Albania (

1164:

authors, corresponding roughly to the area between the

1152:. The territory the tribes covered came to be known as 6829:

Research Institute for European and American Studies.

6161:(in French). Presses Univ Blaise Pascal. p. 137. 6134:(in French). Presses Univ Blaise Pascal. p. 127. 5996:

The Cambridge ancient history: The fourth century B.C.

5583:, becoming an official candidate for accession to the 4711:. China cut off aid in 1978 when Albania attacked its 4391: 2772: 1675:, the region of southern Albania retained its ties to 1425:, is probably more significant today than it was when 1235:

people, and in the south lived the Greek tribe of the

8718:. Ann Arbor, Michigan: University of Michigan Press. 8222:

Approved by the People's Assembly on 28 December 1976

8037:

Mejdini, Fatjona Mejdini, Fatjona (14 October 2015).

6340:(illustrated ed.). Scarecrow Press. p. 25. 4346:, took shape in Albania's northern mountains. Led by 3414: 2210: 1039:

in areas of southern Albania-northwestern Greece and

905:, used as a settlement for ancient humans during the 706:. Afterwards, the territory remained under Roman and 686:

In the early 2nd century BC, the area was annexed by

8294:"Albania 1998 (rev. 2012) Constitution - Constitute" 7151:

Young, Antonia; Hodgson, John; Young, Nigel (1997).

6581:

The later Crusades, 1274–1580: from Lyons to Alcazar

5780:

Epirus, 4000 Years of Greek History and Civilization

4146:

The parliament elected Albania's largest landowner,

3473:

in December 1918 defended Albanian interests at the

3011:

established in 1899 in Peja by former League member

2902:. With the rise of the Albanian National Awakening, 2473:, between 1448 and 1468 in the Albanian-Ottoman wars 10650: 8912:

The Tribes of Albania: History, Society and Culture

8792: 8172: 7346: 7344: 7342: 7340: 7184:. International Encyclopedia of the First World War 6901: 6899: 6308: 6241:

Paul: His Story by Jerome Murphy-O'Connor, page 247

5749: 4581:A collection of communists moved quickly after the 3736:In Yugoslavia Zogu recruited a mercenary army, and 3290:. William never renounced his claim to the throne. 8752:Gori, Maja; Recchia, Giulia; Tomas, Helen (2018). 7752:Zickel, Raymond; Iwaskiw, Walter R., eds. (1994). 7730:Zickel, Raymond; Iwaskiw, Walter R., eds. (1994). 7698:Zickel, Raymond; Iwaskiw, Walter R., eds. (1994). 7509: 7369: 7351:Zickel, Raymond; Iwaskiw, Walter R., eds. (1994). 6906:Zickel, Raymond; Iwaskiw, Walter R., eds. (1994). 6406: 6334:Madgearu, Alexandru (2008). Gordon, Martin (ed.). 6315:Zickel, Raymond; Iwaskiw, Walter R., eds. (1994). 5836:The later (The Peoples of Europe) by John Wilkes, 5387:. Including to that, the leader of the Socialists 4609:. Most communist leaders were middle-class Tosks, 2369:During the early phases of the revolt, many land ( 1858:; Dyrrhachium was the westernmost terminus of the 1584:5th century decorative mosaic on the floor of the 8628:The American Slavic and East European Review 1952 8533:"Albania court overturns president's impeachment" 7777: 7150: 7090:Tucker, Spencer; Roberts, Priscilla Mary (2005). 7083: 6747: 6745: 6721: 6604:Fine, John V. A.; Fine, John Van Antwerp (1994). 5986: 5424:over the local governments and a victory for the 5303:. In 1995, Albania became the 35th member of the 5195:). However, Alia took similar steps, signing the 4866:. Tirana soon entered into trade agreements with 2757:Many Albanians gained prominent positions in the 2494:(1467) against forces led by the Ottoman sultans 1789:that was, in turn, part of the Roman province of 1602:, who erected the church in memory of his mother. 1144:were a group of tribes who inhabited the western 604:in cooperation with the local Illyrians, notably 12476: 8254: 8252: 7337: 7127:The Ottoman Empire and Its Successors, 1801–1927 6896: 5311:(NATO). The people of Albania have continued to 3652:Fan Noli and Avni Rustemi taking a photo in Rome 3380:powers promised Italy that it would gain Vlorë ( 3124:the successful and final Albanian revolt in 1912 2610:, which threatened stability in the region. The 2025:. Arbanon extended over the modern districts of 949:in Albania that carry artifacts dating from the 733:were established. Some areas became part of the 8996:Nobody's Kingdom: A History of Northern Albania 8737:. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform. 7025: 5375:, winning just 25 seats out of a total of 156. 5276:, with many new exclusive flats and apartments. 4823: 4617:, and the party drew most of its recruits from 4214:became the ruling party of the country and the 3864:'s consent to its own dissolution. Afterwards, 3524:One month later, in March 1920, U.S. President 3153:on 29 July 1913. The Conference of London then 2761:government, Albanians highly active during the 2331:region began in 1385 with their success in the 921:eras, were found in the village of Xarrë, near 714:of the 7th century. It was integrated into the 8687: 7021: 7019: 6809: 6779:(in Albanian). Botimet Toena. 1 January 2002. 6753:"Library of Congress Country Study of Albania" 6742: 6451: 4511:(NLF), as the movement was by then called, at 4154:palace in Rome. Victor Emmanuel III appointed 2185:Carolus I, dei gratia rex Siciliae et Albaniae 2053:territories. Progon was succeeded by his sons 1876:, was intended by the dynamic Sicilian ruler, 1184:comes from the Coastal Passage contained in a 11827: 10058: 9653: 9080: 8975:2003 U.S. Department of State Background Note 8801:(6). John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.: 1067–1077. 8249: 8185:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 295–. 8179:Karen Dawisha; Bruce Parrott (13 June 1997). 7751: 7729: 7697: 7350: 7089: 6908:"National Awakening and the Birth of Albania" 6905: 6317:"The Barbarian Invasions and the Middle Ages" 6314: 5992: 5776:"Ancient Epirus: Prehistory and Protohistory" 3552:, which both sought to dominate the country. 2203:was introduced and it replaced the Byzantine 1180:river in the south. The first account of the 892: 874:in 2009. The country is applying to join the 784:, replaced the republic. The country endured 772:A short-lived monarchical state known as the 517: 8958:Journal of Liberty and International Affairs 8936:Histoire de l'Albanie et de sa maison royale 8917:Fischer, Bernd J., and Oliver Jens Schmitt. 8771:Godišnjak Centra za balkanološka ispitivanja 8055:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 7973:"Albania - The Stalinist state | Britannica" 7937: 7783: 7558: 7524: 7058: 7056: 6428:ΕΥΨΥΧΙΑ. Mélanges offerts à Hélène Ahrweiler 6193:, 2004, page 343, "Bouthroton (Bouthrotios)" 4941:Albania–People's Republic of China relations 4804:recognize Albania's provisional government. 3980:Starting in 1928, but especially during the 3564:, formed a government in December 1921 with 3218:, from accepting. Instead the offer went to 3149:Albanian independence was recognized by the 2381:. Major combatants included members of the 1762:became part of the unstable frontier of the 767:rise of nationalism under the Ottoman Empire 9031:Books about Albania and the Albanian people 8688:Ellis, Steven G.; Klusáková, Lud'a (2007). 7552: 7518: 7016: 6728:(in Albanian). Botimet Toena. p. 338. 6665: 6204:Enzyklopädie der klassischen Altertumskunde 2439:Many Albanians had been recruited into the 635:several times, expanding his dominion over 11834: 11820: 10065: 10051: 9660: 9646: 9087: 9073: 8764: 8691:Imagining Frontiers, Contesting Identities 8160:Albania: From Anarchy to a Balkan Identity 8039:"Albania To Open Communists' Secret Files" 7931: 7069:. Sussex Academic Publishing. p. 65. 6648: 6491:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 6431:(in French). Publications de la Sorbonne. 5818:Studies: Further studies on various topics 5810: 5761: 5707: 5705: 5485:Accession of Albania to the European Union 4632:In December 1945, Albanians elected a new 4526: 4059:and pressure from United States President 3815:Zogu, however, quickly turned his back on 3506:Albanian National Assembly held at Lushnjë 3187: 2559:communities still living in that country. 2451:(Iskandar Bey) by his Turkish officers at 524: 510: 8841: 8831: 8795:International Journal of Osteoarchaeology 8642: 7230:History of the Balkans: Twentieth century 7144: 7062: 7053: 6548: 6376: 6154: 6127: 6104:Moral Vision in the Histories of Polybius 5999:Cambridge University Press. p. 423. 5901:, page 261,"...down to the mouth of Aous" 5732: 5726: 5569:North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) 4741: 4540:higher losses. Furthermore, thousands of 4467: 3250:(King) so as not to seem inferior to the 1948:as having taken part in a revolt against 1888:. During this time, the territory became 1242:In the 4th century BC, the Illyrian king 835:" state during the wider collapse of the 11133: 10988: 8481:"Ilir Meta, president i ri i Shqipërisë" 8132: 8105: 7226: 6603: 6424: 6370: 6333: 6100: 5492: 5267: 5136: 5001:Republic of China and the Soviet Union. 4862:for coordinating economic planning, the 4833: 4751: 4673: 4568: 4491: 4410: 4301: 4291: 4186: 4175: 4110: 3765: 3647: 3638: 3628: 3496:, negotiators from France, Britain, and 3418: 3303: 3197: 3052: 3036: 2928: 2504: 2465: 2418: 2408: 2292: 2225: 2214: 2138: 1994: 1985: 1973: 1962: 1838: 1815:Slavic migrations to Southeastern Europe 1773: 1754: 1745: 1648:. Though the country was in the fold of 1596:Church of the Dormition of the Theotokos 1590: 1579: 1460:was later divided into the provinces of 1384: 1373: 1358: 1127: 1116: 1100: 1054: 896: 10396:Albanian resistance during World War II 8036: 7747: 7745: 7641: 7328: 7305: 7299: 6930: 6583:. Oxford University Press. p. 90. 6578: 6101:Eckstein, Arthur M. (1 February 1995). 6073: 5773: 5702: 4406: 3423: 2855: 2309: 12477: 11382: 8866: 8567: 7901:"Shoah Research Center – Albania" 7693: 7691: 7613: 7433: 7117: 6466: 6400: 6254: 5284:took control after winning the second 4864:Council for Mutual Economic Assistance 4764:Until Yugoslavia's expulsion from the 4758:Council for Mutual Economic Assistance 4734:cabinet that included non-Communists. 4554:Socialist People's Republic of Albania 4488:Communist revolution in Albania (1944) 4165: 4044: 3336:Autonomous Republic of Northern Epirus 3170:Autonomous Republic of Northern Epirus 2566: 821:People's Socialist Republic of Albania 11815: 10046: 9669:History of current European countries 9641: 9094: 9068: 9043: 9009:History of Albania: Primary Documents 8938:(5 volumes), JePublie, Paris, 2008, ( 8663: 8351: 7790:. London: I. B. Tauris. p. 167. 7333:. New York: I.B. Tauris. p. 138. 6936: 6574: 6572: 6505: 6462: 6460: 6388: 6364: 6250: 6248: 6155:Berranger, Danièle (1 January 2007). 6128:Berranger, Danièle (1 January 2007). 5993:Lewis, D. M.; Boardman, John (1994). 5816:Nicholas Geoffrey Lemprière Hammond. 4957:. In 1958, the nation stood with the 4198:While Victor Emmanuel ruled as king, 3845: 3550:Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes 3278:The security was to be provided by a 2081:, started an invasion northward into 1610:, then part of the Roman province of 1452:ran inside modern Albania, ending at 1389:5th century mosaic from a Roman villa 10072: 8708: 8135:"ALBANIA SAYS TITO TRIED ANNEXATION" 8109:A Short History of South East Europe 7742: 6695: 6412: 5594:took place, simultaneously with the 5379:resigned and the Socialists elected 5227:on 28 November 1998, establishing a 4934: 4695:1991. Albania became an ally of the 4063:, forced Italy to pull out in 1920. 3996:proclaiming Italy's figurehead King 3838:Zogu maintained good relations with 3029:Albanian Declaration of Independence 2910: 1813:. In the 6th and 7th centuries, the 1731: 1448:) below it. The western part of the 1354: 1281:), a domination once enjoyed by the 827:(died 1985). Hoxha's political heir 780:(1925-1928). Another monarchy, the 757:following a short occupation by the 755:Albanian Declaration of Independence 375: 9602:History of the Mediterranean region 9026:L'Albanie et le sauvetage des Juifs 8921:(Cambridge University Press, 2022). 8378: 7688: 7410:"Albania - Government and Politics" 7306:Kabashi, Gezim (24 December 2012). 6698:"Ethnographic and open-air museums" 6506:Nicol, Donald M. (1 January 1984). 5940:Wilkes, J. J. The Illyrians, 1992, 5235:and guaranteeing the protection of 4756:Both countries were members of the 4398:Albanian Resistance of World War II 4392:Albanian resistance in World War II 4100: 3936: 3591:Opposition to Zogu was formidable. 2773:Semi-independent Albanian Pashaliks 2543:; with his most brilliant being in 2279:was established, under the rule of 2120: 1569: 1176:river in the east and the mouth of 831:oversaw the disintegration of the " 310:International Commission of Control 13: 8971:, eds. S. Arhire, T. Rosu, (2020). 8133:Schwartz, Harry (23 August 1949). 7676:from the original on 7 August 2011 7267:. East European Monographs, 1990. 7175: 6569: 6457: 6418: 6245: 6107:. University of California Press. 5782:. p. 38: Ekdotike Athenon: 34–45. 5309:North Atlantic Treaty Organization 5263: 5117: 4715:after the death of Chinese leader 4547: 4455:Albanian National Liberation Front 4284:). Even areas of northern Greece ( 3618: 3555: 3521:, which became Albania's capital. 3415:Projects of partition in 1919–1920 3202:Flag of Albania from 1914 to 1920. 2593:return in 1479, a large number of 2455:. After the Ottoman defeat in the 2211:Principalities and League of Lezhë 1982:at its maximum extent (1272–1274). 1742:Albania under the Byzantine Empire 1544:Praetorian prefecture of Illyricum 1299:. Agron's (second) wife was Queen 729:and a Sicilian union known as the 14: 12496: 10336:Principality of Albania (1914–25) 10321:Provisional Government of Albania 9014:Library of Congress Country Study 9002: 8094:World Almanac & Book of Facts 8009:15 February 1994 Washington Times 7440:. ROBERT C. AUSTIN. p. 262. 7204:Serbia and Italy in the Great War 6995: 6552:Mehmed the Conqueror and His Time 5750:Kyle, Schepartz & Larsen 2016 5736:Monumente të kultures ne Shqiperi 5124:History of post-Communist Albania 5055: 3755: 3138:, in the presence of hundreds of 3079:policies of consolidation of the 3033:Provisional Government of Albania 2870:'s reforms aimed at checking the 2801:the most prominent figure of the 2443:corps, including the feudal heir 2415:Albanian–Turkish Wars (1432–1479) 2366:, revolted against the Ottomans. 1719:. In the 13th century during the 1623:(Albanian: Amfiteatri i Durrësit) 1097:List of ancient tribes in Illyria 1031:In the late Bronze Age and early 627:under his realm and defeated the 11843: 11498: 11381: 11200: 11044: 11043: 10623: 10622: 10537: 10536: 10464: 9587:Bibliography of European history 9182:Fall of the Western Roman Empire 9046: 8902:Historical Dictionary of Albania 8694:. Edizioni Plus. pp. 134–. 8670:Historical Dictionary of Albania 8598: 8580: 8561: 8543: 8525: 8511: 8491: 8473: 8455: 8437: 8419: 8389: 8372: 8345: 8311: 8286: 8227: 8206: 8153: 8126: 8099: 8096:, 2008, pp467–545, (AN 28820955) 8086: 8069: 8063: 8030: 8021: 8012: 8003: 7983: 7965: 7941:Historical Dictionary of Albania 7927:. Fox News Channel. 20 May 2008. 7621:. House of Anansi. p. 418. 6610:. University of Michigan Press. 5066:As Hoxha's health declined, the 4842:was the only Soviet base in the 4156:Francesco Jacomoni di San Savino 3580:, the Progressive Party leader. 2810: 2787: 2733: 2724: 2009:(Arbanon) was founded by archon 1882:Byzantine civil war of 1341–1347 808:. Following the collapse of the 659:through the close ties with the 40: 9612:History of Western civilization 9215:Christianity in the Middle Ages 8982:The Albanians: A Modern History 8880: 8735:Mirdita House of Gjomarku Kanun 7944:. Scarecrow Press. p. 30. 7917: 7893: 7884: 7865: 7852: 7834: 7804: 7764: 7723: 7710: 7662: 7644:Journal of Contemporary History 7635: 7607: 7590: 7494: 7462: 7427: 7402: 7363: 7322: 7278: 7257: 7220: 7196: 7169: 7130:. Routledge. pp. 543–544. 7029:The Albanians: A Modern History 6998:"1913 The Conference of London" 6989: 6973:. Lonely Planet. Archived from 6963: 6918: 6869: 6855: 6844: 6823: 6793: 6767: 6715: 6689: 6659: 6642: 6624: 6597: 6542: 6526: 6499: 6327: 6234: 6217: 6196: 6175: 6148: 6121: 6094: 6067: 6046: 6029: 6020: 5983:. Clarendon Press, 1972, p. 92. 5971: 5948:, Page 96,"... 25 Enchelei 5934: 5922: 5913: 5904: 5352:United Nations Security Council 4636:, but only candidates from the 3969: 3536:in which all territory (except 3465:A delegation sent by a postwar 3367:Bulgarian occupation of Albania 3018: 2170:. He took the title of King of 2158:in territories captured by the 2049:, to the east and northeast of 1491:replaced most of the region of 763:Albanian national consciousness 351:Italian protectorate (southern) 11719:Orders, decorations and medals 10326:Albania during the Balkan Wars 9456:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth 9399:Christianity in the modern era 9170:Christianity in late antiquity 8867:Varzos, Konstantinos (1984). 8568:Taylor, Alice (25 July 2022). 8106:Popovski, Ivan (10 May 2017). 7938:Robert Elsie (30 March 2010). 7508:. 17 June 1929. Archived from 7502:"Albania: Zog, Not Scanderbeg" 6755:. Lcweb2.loc.gov. 27 July 2010 6666:Zhelyazkova, Antonina (2000). 6555:. Princeton University Press. 6512:. Cambridge University Press. 5874: 5847: 5830: 5767: 4830:Albania–Soviet Union relations 3921:'s domination of Albania. The 3403:: according to d'Espèrey, the 3293: 3178:Paris Peace Conference of 1919 3025:Albania during the Balkan Wars 2622:until the early 20th century. 2304: 2029:, with its capital located at 1990:Karl Thopia, Prince of Albania 1726: 782:Kingdom of Albania (1928–1939) 1: 10366:Albanian Republic (1925–1928) 10240:Massacre of the Albanian Beys 9607:History of the European Union 9053:Topics related to History of 8991:. (Palgrave Macmillan, 1992). 8873:The Genealogy of the Komnenoi 8487:(in Albanian). 28 April 2017. 8469:(in Albanian). 22 April 2017. 5883:The Cambridge ancient history 5695: 5509:On 23 June 2013, the seventh 5231:of government based upon the 5187:with new rules and policies ( 5132: 4860:communist bloc's organization 4794:Communist Party of Yugoslavia 3681:- Minister of Foreign Affairs 3425:Albanian soldiers during the 3395:was shelled on the orders of 3114:The unsuccessful uprising of 3001:The League's founding figure 2959:Albanian Revolts of 1833–1839 2951:Massacre of the Albanian Beys 2513:, Auxiliary Albanian Cavalry, 2335:. Following that battle, the 2135:Kingdom of Albania (medieval) 2109:During the conflicts between 1295:, after his triumph over the 1289: 996: 881: 10371:Albanian Kingdom (1928–1939) 10346:Autonomous Province of Korçë 8919:A Concise History of Albania 8765:Govedarica, Blagoje (2016). 6863:"Albania – Medieval culture" 6725:Historia e popullit shqiptar 6649:Lane-Poole, Stanley (1888). 6425:Angelidi, Christine (2016). 6181:An Inventory of Archaic and 5880:Cambridge University Press. 5670:Timeline of Albanian history 5633:In April 2021 parliamentary 5561:collapse of the Eastern Bloc 5399:, a prominent leader of the 5365:1997 parliamentary elections 5307:and requested membership in 5249:1992 parliamentary elections 4947:People's Republic of Albania 4824:Albania and the Soviet Union 4748:Albania–Yugoslavia relations 4621:-inhabited areas, while the 4587:People's Republic of Albania 4558: 4480:formed the Western-oriented 4440:National Liberation Movement 4233:'s unsuccessful invasion of 4225:In October 1940, during the 4182:Albanian Kingdom (1939–1943) 3998:Victor Emmanuel III of Italy 3717:– Minister without portfolio 3071:in 1912 were ignited by the 2882:territories to the emerging 2298:Saint Demetrius on Horseback 1323:and capturing the island of 1074: 1050: 588:, and many others, but also 401:German occupation of Albania 7: 10406:Orthography Congress (1972) 10401:Communist Albania (1946–91) 10381:Italian invasion of Albania 10331:Republic of Central Albania 10311:Declaration of Independence 10255:Albanian National Awakening 9566:Russian invasion of Ukraine 9177:Crisis of the Third Century 8451:(in Albanian). 21 May 2017. 7565:. I.B.Tauris. p. 304. 7353:"Interwar Albania, 1918–41" 7227:Jelavich, Barbara (1999) , 7123: 7066:The new Albanian migrations 6323:. U.S. Library of Congress. 5919:(Ptolemy. Geogr. Ill 12,20) 5648: 5441:Union for Victory Coalition 5072:People's Socialist Republic 4338:, also expelled and killed 4306:German soldiers in Albania. 4107:Italian invasion of Albania 3142:. This flag was sewn after 3109:Albanian Control Commission 2955:Albanian National Awakening 2862:Albanian National Awakening 2238:was the focal point of the 2220:Gjergj Kastrioti Skanderbeg 1956:as subjects of the duke of 1683:), the metropolitan see of 1666:patriarch of Constantinople 1558:(as Pravealitana), and the 901:The Cave of Pellumbas near 731:medieval Kingdom of Albania 596:tribes, as well as several 336:Republic of Central Albania 276:Declaration of Independence 10: 12501: 10376:Union with Italian kingdom 9622:Military history of Europe 9617:Maritime history of Europe 8710:Fine, John Van Antwerp Jr. 8620: 7531:. Doubleday. p. 181. 7434:Austin, Robert C. (2012). 7032:. I.B.Tauris. p. 66. 6832:The Balkan Muslim Presence 6535:The Encyclopaedia of Islam 6452:Ellis & Klusáková 2007 5930:The Foreign Wars, III, 1.2 5610:was elected as the eighth 5482: 5478: 5342:In the early spring 1997, 5251:. The transition from the 5211:led by Ramiz Alia won the 5167:. Alia tried to follow in 5121: 5059: 5014:Albanian-Chinese relations 4979:separate road to socialism 4959:People's Republic of China 4938: 4827: 4745: 4562: 4551: 4395: 4298:Albania under Nazi Germany 4295: 4169: 4104: 4037:. While preparing for the 3973: 3914:on the Opera House steps. 3849: 3759: 3622: 3467:Albanian National Assembly 3300:Albania during World War I 3297: 3239:Queen Elisabeth of Romania 3191: 3067:The initial sparks of the 3022: 2941:from inside the courtyard. 2914: 2859: 2776: 2570: 2412: 2320:Albanian Revolt of 1432–36 2313: 2244: 2124: 2111:Michael II Komnenos Doukas 2045:in the region surrounding 2017:. Progon was succeeded by 1998: 1766:following the fall of the 1738:Albania in the Middle Ages 1735: 1573: 1423:UNESCO World Heritage Site 1319:and Aetolian fleet in the 1078: 1070:Nicolas René Jollain, 1779 893:Mesolithic & Neolithic 885: 844:Party of Labour of Albania 623:. He united many southern 444:1997 Albanian civil unrest 221:Revolts of 1833–1839 110:Angevin Kingdom of Albania 12333: 11865: 11771: 11737: 11670: 11639: 11584: 11553: 11546: 11489: 11446: 11400: 11323: 11285: 11276: 11235: 11231: 11222: 11124: 11056: 11032: 10979: 10953: 10932: 10893: 10889: 10880: 10836: 10798: 10760: 10714: 10641: 10576: 10572: 10563: 10517: 10486: 10482: 10473: 10462: 10434: 10298: 10197: 10161: 10093: 10084: 10024: 9976: 9938: 9675: 9592:Genetic history of Europe 9574: 9379: 9195: 9135: 9102: 9062: 8895:Albania at war, 1939-1945 8869:Η Γενεαλογία των Κομνηνών 8733:Gjon Marku, Ndue (2017). 8298:www.constituteproject.org 7772:Albania at War, 1939–1945 7718:Albania at War, 1939–1945 7178:"Wied, Wilhelm, Prinz zu" 7093:World War I: encyclopedia 6914:. US Library of Congress. 6549:Barbinger, Franz (1978). 6185:Poleis by Mogens Herman, 5739:. Mihal Duri. p. 15. 5101:In 1980, Hoxha turned to 4908:Anxious to pay homage to 4509:National Liberation Front 3835:, the alliance crumbled. 3711:– Minister of Agriculture 3659:'s supporters blamed the 3625:June Revolution (Albania) 2850: 2261:Principality of Kastrioti 2201:Western type of feudalism 2079:Michael I Komnenos Doukas 1511:) in the west and to the 1315:, defeating the combined 683:, of the Labeatae tribe. 226:Revolt of 1843–1844 10391:The Holocaust in Albania 10250:Uprising of Dervish Cara 8868: 8358:. Lulu.com. p. 28. 7758:Albania: A Country Study 7736:Albania: A Country Study 7704:Albania: A Country Study 7376:. Area handbook series. 7373:Albania: a country study 7357:Albania: A Country Study 7124:Miller, William (1966). 7096:. ABC-CLIO. p. 77. 7026:Miranda Vickers (1999). 6947:10.1017/CBO9780511585937 6912:Albania: A Country Study 6579:Housley, Norman (1992). 6471:. Albania. p. 207. 6467:Prifti, Skënder (2002). 6321:Albania: A Country Study 5889:26 December 2022 at the 5868:26 December 2022 at the 5802:: CS1 maint: location ( 5774:Hammond, N.G.L. (1997). 5719:26 December 2022 at the 5497:Albania joined the 2010 5459:until 2010. Despite the 5237:fundamental human rights 4799:In repudiating the 1943 4444:National Liberation Army 4425:Albanian Communist Party 4375:Albanian Communist Party 4280:26 February 2009 at the 3568:as foreign minister and 3492:In January 1920, at the 3397:Louis Franchet d'Espèrey 3327:and later taken over by 3260:Albanian Orthodox Church 2339:in 1415 established the 2115:John III Doukas Vatatzes 1662:Iconoclastic Controversy 1495:. It stretched from the 1421:(modern-day Butrint), a 1203:in central Albania, the 1172:river in the north, the 1109:, The last ruler of the 1003:Pontic steppe migrations 868:Albanian Turmoil of 1997 806:occupied by Nazi Germany 411:Second League of Prizren 10230:Islamization of Albania 10220:Kanun of Lekë Dukagjini 10174:Principality of Arbanon 9597:History of Christianity 8989:Perspectives on Albania 8833:10.1126/science.abm4247 6937:Stahn, Carsten (2008). 6255:Kocsis, Károly (2001). 5592:parliamentary elections 5521:. During his tenure as 5511:parliamentary elections 4770:President of Yugoslavia 4527:Consequences of the war 4429:Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact 4312:occupied by the Germans 4138:, and their infant son 3976:World War II in Albania 3693:– Minister of Education 3224:Principality of Albania 3194:Principality of Albania 3188:Principality of Albania 2925:Albanian Revolt of 1910 2641:and the administrative 2618:would be a part of the 2573:Islamization of Albania 2351:in the south. In 1419, 2265:Principality of Albania 2247:Albanian principalities 2127:Albanian principalities 2102:and, from 1235, by the 1969:Principality of Arbanon 1938:by Byzantine historian 1925:Second Bulgarian Empire 1715:) remained attached to 1576:Christianity in Albania 1081:Origin of the Albanians 792:(1939–1945). After the 774:Principality of Albania 743:Albanian principalities 690:and became part of the 406:World War II in Albania 163:Islamization of Albania 153:Principality of Mirdita 115:Principality of Albania 105:Principality of Arbanon 57:Origin of the Albanians 10411:Post-Communist Albania 10386:German Nazi occupation 10341:World War I in Albania 10210:Skanderbeg's rebellion 9718:Bosnia and Herzegovina 9421:Grand Duchy of Tuscany 8893:Bernd Jürgen Fischer. 8401:United Nations Website 8379:Alì, Maurizio (2003). 7878:5 January 2009 at the 7873:Anti-Defamation League 7774:, page 36. Hurst, 1999 7760:. Library of Congress. 7738:. Library of Congress. 7706:. Library of Congress. 7378:US Library of Congress 7329:Pearson, Owen (2004). 6367:, pp. iv, xxviii. 5723:John Boardman p.189–90 5596:presidential elections 5506: 5489:Albania–NATO relations 5277: 5153: 4985:of economic life. The 4851: 4761: 4742:Albania and Yugoslavia 4679: 4578: 4504: 4468:Nationalist resistance 4416: 4336:Skanderbeg SS Division 4307: 4212:Albanian Fascist Party 4195: 4184: 4120: 3819:and looked instead to 3806:parliamentary republic 3781: 3705:– Minister of Interior 3653: 3645: 3636: 3494:Paris Peace Conference 3475:Paris Peace Conference 3432: 3431: 3376:signed in April 1915, 3309: 3246:he was referred to as 3235:Prince William of Wied 3203: 3064: 3050: 2942: 2516: 2474: 2436: 2431:'s battle against the 2327:supremacy in the west 2301: 2300:, Onufri Museum, Berat 2242: 2223: 2154:After the fall of the 2151: 2113:of Epirus and Emperor 1991: 1983: 1971: 1942:, who referred to the 1896:wiped out much of its 1851: 1782: 1771: 1752: 1603: 1588: 1548:praetorian prefectures 1517:Bosnia and Herzegovina 1390: 1382: 1371: 1262:, who was defeated by 1137: 1125: 1114: 1071: 910: 794:Armistice of Cassibile 761:. The formation of an 381:Principality (Regency) 331:World War I in Albania 299:Provisional Government 11709:Epitaph of Gllavenica 9501:Industrial Revolution 8987:Winnifrith, Tom, ed. 8335:10.1353/jod.1992.0042 8276:10.1353/jod.1991.0035 7996:Associated Press News 7846:Associated Press News 7784:Owen Pearson (2006). 7720:, page 7. Hurst, 1999 7700:"Italian Penetration" 7600:12.2 (2007): 157–171 7559:Owen Pearson (2004). 7525:Paul Lendvai (1969). 6668:"Albanian Identities" 5675:Epitaph of Gllavenica 5565:2008 Bucharest summit 5536:and democratizing of 5496: 5483:Further information: 5350:), authorized by the 5286:multi-party elections 5271: 5205:multi-party elections 5173:collapse of communism 5140: 5122:Further information: 4949:played a role in the 4922:collective leadership 4895:Soviet-Yugoslav split 4837: 4755: 4705:Soviet-Albanian split 4677: 4572: 4495: 4414: 4305: 4292:Albania under Germany 4271:Kingdom of Yugoslavia 4205:Mustafa Merlika Kruja 4190: 4179: 4114: 3964:Italy invaded Albania 3833:Kingdom of Yugoslavia 3769: 3742:Russian White Emigres 3687:– Minister of Finance 3651: 3642: 3632: 3422: 3307: 3201: 3056: 3041:On 28 November 1913, 3040: 2932: 2711:Ali Pasha of Tepelena 2508: 2488:Second Siege of Krujë 2484:Siege of Krujë (1450) 2477:After his desertion, 2469: 2422: 2409:Ottoman-Albanian Wars 2296: 2229: 2218: 2156:Principality of Arber 2150:(Kingdom of Albania) 2142: 2007:Principality of Arbër 2001:Principality of Arbër 1995:Principality of Arbër 1989: 1977: 1966: 1907:. The area, known as 1856:Byzantine–Norman wars 1844:Epitaph of Gllavenica 1842: 1777: 1758: 1749: 1606:Christianity came to 1594: 1586:Baptistery of Butrint 1583: 1538:South Illyria became 1388: 1377: 1362: 1288:Agron suddenly died, 1131: 1121:Ruins of the city of 1120: 1104: 1058: 900: 727:Principality of Arbër 606:Epidamnos-Dyrrhachium 11141:Archaeological sites 10651:Vetting Institutions 10351:Italian protectorate 10265:Congress of Manastir 10245:Revolts of 1833–1839 9556:European debt crisis 9551:European integration 9491:Age of Enlightenment 9331:Republic of Florence 8960:7.3 (2021): 299–309. 8352:Ayers, Bert (2015). 8323:Journal of Democracy 8264:Journal of Democracy 8027:8 July 1997 NY Times 7754:"Italian Occupation" 7213:29 July 2021 at the 6971:"History of Albania" 6838:21 July 2011 at the 6296:on 27 September 2022 5660:Albanian nationalism 5612:President of Albania 5590:In 2017, the eighth 5457:President of Albania 5415:adopted the current 5371:was defeated by the 5257:parliamentary system 5183:had appeared in the 5165:President of Albania 4967:peaceful coexistence 4565:Communism in Albania 4407:Communist resistance 3984:, the government of 3666:The Kosovo Committee 3511:bicameral parliament 3504:Members of a second 3151:Conference of London 3049:on 28 November 1912. 3008:Dervish Turgut Pasha 2856:National Renaissance 2663:Köprülü Mehmed Pasha 2492:Third Siege of Krujë 2459:at the hands of the 2310:Early Ottoman period 2197:Princedom of Albania 1697:Archdiocese of Ohrid 1560:Diocese of Macedonia 1397:, Aulon (modern-day 1260:Cleitus the Illyrian 947:archaeological sites 945:. There are several 839:in the later 1980s. 718:in the 9th century. 544:was home to several 371:Italian protectorate 11362:Research institutes 10924:State Supreme Audit 10361:Republic of Mirdita 9939:States with limited 9521:Revolutions of 1848 9451:Early modern France 9232:Anglo-Saxon England 9137:Classical antiquity 8984:(I.B. Tauris, 2001) 8963:Sette, Alessandro. 8914:(I.B. Tauris, 2015) 8673:. Scarecrow Press. 8539:. 17 February 2022. 8467:Radio Evropa e Lirë 8433:on 26 January 2017. 8112:. Lulu Press, Inc. 7456:10.3138/j.ctt2tv0q6 7318:on 24 October 2014. 6696:Riza, Emin (1992). 6652:The Story of Turkey 6403:, pp. 555–556. 5823:12 May 2016 at the 5665:Politics of Albania 5513:took place, won by 5461:political situation 5361:Military of Albania 5022:Sino-Albanian split 4780:'s withdrawal from 4709:Sino-Albanian split 4503:, 29 November 1944. 4200:Shefqet Bej Verlaci 4193:Shefqet Bej Vërlaci 4172:Albania under Italy 4166:Albania under Italy 4148:Shefqet Bej Verlaci 4094:Victor Emmanuel III 4045:Italian penetration 3515:Chamber of Deputies 3387:In September 1918, 3284:Essad Pasha Toptani 2799:Pashalik of Scutari 2743:The port cities of 2567:Late Ottoman period 2166:was established by 2160:Despotate of Epirus 2144:Charles I of Naples 2096:Despotate of Epirus 1952:in 1043 and to the 1620:Durrës Amphitheatre 1381:archaeological park 1264:Alexander the Great 935:Aurignacian culture 888:Prehistoric Albania 812:, Albania became a 786:occupation by Italy 600:established on the 538:classical antiquity 449:Republic of Albania 396:Albania under Italy 366:Congress of Lushnjë 346:Republic of Mirdita 304:Congress of Trieste 294:Independent Albania 12485:History of Albania 11179:Adriatic Sea Coast 11106:Telecommunications 10813:Capital punishment 10706:Prosecutor General 10275:Malissori uprising 10235:Albanian Pashaliks 10189:House of Kastrioti 10179:Kingdom of Albania 9627:Crusading movement 9531:Russian Revolution 9366:Hundred Years' War 9262:Maritime republics 9165:Early Christianity 9155:Hellenistic period 9112:Paleolithic Europe 8994:Winnifrith, T. J. 8980:Vickers, Miranda. 8826:(6609): eabm4247. 8610:www.eeas.europa.eu 8407:on 21 October 2008 8139:The New York Times 7977:www.britannica.com 7822:on 30 January 2019 7380:. pp. 27–29. 7288:. Routledge, 2006 6266:Földrajzi Értesítő 5733:S. Adhami (1958). 5538:state institutions 5507: 5465:economy of Albania 5317:European countries 5278: 5247:after winning the 5197:Helsinki Agreement 5154: 5148:became the second 4852: 4762: 4680: 4601:from the northern 4579: 4505: 4497:Albanian partisans 4417: 4308: 4264:invasion of Greece 4196: 4185: 4121: 4039:Invasion of Russia 3852:Kingdom of Albania 3846:Kingdom of Albania 3782: 3654: 3646: 3637: 3433: 3310: 3252:King of Montenegro 3204: 3107:. The short-lived 3065: 3051: 2983:Congress of Berlin 2947:Albanian pashaliks 2943: 2866:In the 1870s, the 2838:Ali Pasha Tepelena 2818:Ali Pasha Tepelena 2779:Albanian Pashaliks 2767:Husein Gradaščević 2699:Ali Pasha of Gucia 2695:Hasan Zyko Kamberi 2517: 2475: 2437: 2427:was the center of 2302: 2243: 2224: 2164:Kingdom of Albania 2152: 1992: 1984: 1980:Kingdom of Albania 1972: 1940:Michael Attaliates 1874:Kingdom of Albania 1852: 1846:, commissioned by 1783: 1772: 1753: 1604: 1589: 1546:one of four large 1391: 1383: 1372: 1215:in the north, the 1138: 1126: 1115: 1072: 963:Dushman (Dukagjin) 941:and north-western 915:Middle Paleolithic 911: 907:Middle Paleolithic 710:control until the 356:Congress of Durrës 216:National Awakening 12472: 12471: 12466: 12465: 11809: 11808: 11767: 11766: 11763: 11762: 11635: 11634: 11542: 11541: 11534:Cognac Skënderbeu 11341: 11293: 11218: 11217: 11214: 11213: 11206:Images of Albania 11174: 11173: 11033:Natural resources 11024:Hydropower plants 11019: 11018: 10876: 10875: 10872: 10871: 10681: 10680: 10618:Political parties 10613:Foreign relations 10559: 10558: 10555: 10554: 10460: 10459: 10416:1997 Civil Unrest 10260:League of Prizren 10184:Despotate of Arta 10040: 10039: 9635: 9634: 9561:COVID-19 pandemic 9506:French Revolution 9481:Habsburg monarchy 9461:Cossack Hetmanate 9441:Portuguese Empire 9431:Absolute monarchy 9426:Thirty Years' War 9321:Holy Roman Empire 9246:Bulgarian Empire 9205:Early Middle Ages 9122:Bronze Age Europe 9096:History of Europe 8953:(Routledge, 2019) 8949:Rama, Shinasi A. 8944:978-2-9532382-0-4 8934:Najbor, Patrice. 8924:Hall, Richard C. 8897:(Purdue UP, 1999) 8886:Abrahams, Fred C 8701:978-88-8492-466-7 8680:978-0-8108-7380-3 8656:978-0-52-136289-4 8365:978-1-329-64683-4 8341:on 25 April 2006. 8282:on 25 April 2006. 8192:978-0-521-59733-3 8119:978-1-365-95394-1 8070:Pano, Aristotel. 7951:978-0-8108-6188-6 7572:978-1-84511-013-0 7514:on 8 August 2009. 7447:978-1-4426-9973-1 7414:countrystudies.us 7312:Gazeta e Durresit 7294:978-0-415-18053-5 7273:978-0-88033-181-4 7137:978-0-7146-1974-3 7103:978-1-85109-420-2 7076:978-1-903900-78-9 7039:978-1-86064-541-9 6956:978-0-521-87800-5 6805:. 1 January 1788. 6638:on 13 March 2016. 6617:978-0-472-08260-5 6590:978-0-19-822136-4 6478:978-99927-1-622-9 6438:978-2-85944-830-1 6391:, p. xxviii. 6347:978-0-8108-5846-6 6114:978-0-520-91469-8 6006:978-0-521-23348-4 5859:978-0-631-19807-9 5789:978-960-213-371-2 5764:, pp. 22–25. 5550:unemployment rate 5305:Council of Europe 5229:democratic system 5181:Mikhail Gorbachev 5128:Albanian diaspora 5084:freedom of speech 4991:Palace of Culture 4951:Sino-Soviet split 4935:Albania and China 4929:Nikita Khrushchev 4817:People's Assembly 4634:People's Assembly 4243:Mediterranean Sea 4227:Greco-Italian War 4136:Geraldine Apponyi 3957:, an enlightened 3762:Albanian Republic 3699:– Minister of War 3586:political machine 3530:League of Nations 3401:Battle of Durazzo 3372:Under the secret 3349:. Italy occupied 3182:Greco-Turkish War 3136:Assembly of Vlorë 3073:Albanian uprising 2963:Revolt of 1843–44 2935:League of Prizren 2917:League of Prizren 2911:League of Prizren 2880:Albanian-speaking 2795:Kara Mahmud Pasha 2379:Sanjak of Albania 2375:Holy Roman Empire 2341:Sanjak of Albania 2269:Despotate of Arta 2013:in the region of 1778:Ancient walls of 1732:Early Middle Ages 1600:Emperor Justinian 1552:Late Roman Empire 1531:remained part of 1444:(specifically as 1355:Greeks and Romans 1223:in the south and 1219:in the east, the 1168:in the west, the 919:Upper Paleolithic 848:Albanian diaspora 778:Albanian Republic 759:Kingdom of Serbia 712:Slavic migrations 677:Illyro-Roman Wars 534: 533: 421:Socialist Albania 386:Albanian Republic 341:Republic of Korçë 241:League of Prizren 173:Sanjak of Scutari 168:Sanjak of Albania 12492: 11848: 11847: 11846: 11836: 11829: 11822: 11813: 11812: 11794: 11787: 11780: 11551: 11550: 11502: 11385: 11384: 11337: 11289: 11283: 11282: 11233: 11232: 11229: 11228: 11204: 11184:Ionian Sea Coast 11131: 11130: 11047: 11046: 10986: 10985: 10940:Shopping centers 10909: 10891: 10890: 10887: 10886: 10864:Border crossings 10738:Cities and towns 10648: 10647: 10626: 10625: 10574: 10573: 10570: 10569: 10540: 10539: 10484: 10483: 10480: 10479: 10468: 10290:Kimza Government 10091: 10090: 10067: 10060: 10053: 10044: 10043: 9977:Dependencies and 9676:Sovereign states 9662: 9655: 9648: 9639: 9638: 9496:Great Divergence 9411:Age of Discovery 9356:Late Middle Ages 9326:High Middle Ages 9237:Byzantine Empire 9220:Christianization 9210:Migration Period 9145:Classical Greece 9117:Neolithic Europe 9089: 9082: 9075: 9066: 9065: 9057: 9051: 9050: 9041: 9040: 8876: 8863: 8845: 8835: 8810: 8789: 8787: 8785: 8761: 8748: 8729: 8705: 8684: 8660: 8639: 8614: 8613: 8602: 8596: 8595: 8584: 8578: 8577: 8574:www.euractiv.com 8565: 8559: 8558: 8547: 8541: 8540: 8529: 8523: 8522: 8515: 8509: 8508: 8495: 8489: 8488: 8477: 8471: 8470: 8459: 8453: 8452: 8441: 8435: 8434: 8429:. Archived from 8423: 8417: 8416: 8414: 8412: 8397:"Oberation Alba" 8393: 8387: 8386: 8376: 8370: 8369: 8355:Bridging the Gap 8349: 8343: 8342: 8337:. Archived from 8319:"Election Watch" 8315: 8309: 8308: 8306: 8304: 8290: 8284: 8283: 8278:. Archived from 8260:"Election Watch" 8256: 8247: 8246: 8231: 8225: 8224: 8210: 8204: 8203: 8201: 8199: 8176: 8170: 8157: 8151: 8150: 8148: 8146: 8130: 8124: 8123: 8103: 8097: 8090: 8084: 8083: 8081: 8079: 8067: 8061: 8060: 8054: 8046: 8034: 8028: 8025: 8019: 8016: 8010: 8007: 8001: 8000: 7987: 7981: 7980: 7969: 7963: 7962: 7960: 7958: 7935: 7929: 7928: 7921: 7915: 7914: 7912: 7910: 7905: 7897: 7891: 7888: 7882: 7869: 7863: 7856: 7850: 7849: 7838: 7832: 7831: 7829: 7827: 7818:. Archived from 7808: 7802: 7801: 7781: 7775: 7768: 7762: 7761: 7749: 7740: 7739: 7727: 7721: 7714: 7708: 7707: 7695: 7686: 7685: 7683: 7681: 7666: 7660: 7659: 7639: 7633: 7632: 7611: 7605: 7594: 7588: 7587: 7581: 7579: 7556: 7550: 7549: 7547: 7545: 7522: 7516: 7515: 7513: 7498: 7492: 7491: 7489: 7487: 7481: 7475:. Archived from 7474: 7466: 7460: 7459: 7431: 7425: 7424: 7422: 7420: 7406: 7400: 7399: 7367: 7361: 7360: 7348: 7335: 7334: 7326: 7320: 7319: 7314:. Archived from 7303: 7297: 7282: 7276: 7263:George B. Leon. 7261: 7255: 7254: 7249: 7247: 7224: 7218: 7200: 7194: 7193: 7191: 7189: 7182:1914–1918 Online 7176:Scheer, Tamara. 7173: 7167: 7166: 7148: 7142: 7141: 7121: 7115: 7114: 7112: 7110: 7087: 7081: 7080: 7060: 7051: 7050: 7048: 7046: 7023: 7014: 7013: 7011: 7009: 7000:. Archived from 6993: 6987: 6986: 6984: 6982: 6967: 6961: 6960: 6934: 6928: 6922: 6916: 6915: 6903: 6894: 6893: 6873: 6867: 6866: 6859: 6853: 6848: 6842: 6827: 6821: 6820: 6813: 6807: 6806: 6797: 6791: 6790: 6771: 6765: 6764: 6762: 6760: 6749: 6740: 6739: 6719: 6713: 6712: 6710: 6708: 6702: 6693: 6687: 6686: 6680: 6678: 6672: 6663: 6657: 6656: 6646: 6640: 6639: 6634:. Archived from 6628: 6622: 6621: 6601: 6595: 6594: 6576: 6567: 6566: 6546: 6540: 6539: 6530: 6524: 6523: 6503: 6497: 6496: 6490: 6482: 6464: 6455: 6449: 6443: 6442: 6422: 6416: 6410: 6404: 6398: 6392: 6386: 6380: 6374: 6368: 6362: 6356: 6355: 6331: 6325: 6324: 6312: 6306: 6305: 6303: 6301: 6295: 6289:. Archived from 6269:(in Hungarian). 6262: 6252: 6243: 6238: 6232: 6221: 6215: 6202:Ludwig Schaaff, 6200: 6194: 6179: 6173: 6172: 6152: 6146: 6145: 6125: 6119: 6118: 6098: 6092: 6091: 6071: 6065: 6062: 6053: 6050: 6044: 6033: 6027: 6024: 6018: 6017: 6015: 6013: 5990: 5984: 5975: 5969: 5958: 5949: 5938: 5932: 5926: 5920: 5917: 5911: 5908: 5902: 5878: 5872: 5851: 5845: 5834: 5828: 5814: 5808: 5807: 5801: 5793: 5771: 5765: 5759: 5753: 5747: 5741: 5740: 5730: 5724: 5709: 5628:Democratic Party 5471:5% in 2007. The 5401:Democratic Party 5369:Democratic Party 5327:but also to the 5319:, especially to 5282:Democratic Party 5245:Democratic Party 5152:of the Republic. 5146:Democratic Party 4983:decentralization 4971:de-Stalinization 4840:Pasha Liman Base 4790:second World War 4701:de-Stalinization 4690:the precepts of 4638:Democratic Front 4605:to the southern 4583:Second World War 4231:Benito Mussolini 4220:Italian citizens 4101:Italian invasion 3994:Benito Mussolini 3982:Great Depression 3947:Italian language 3937:Financial crisis 3840:Benito Mussolini 3825:Kingdom of Italy 3821:Benito Mussolini 3784:After defeating 3679:Sulejman Delvina 3675:– Prime Minister 3374:Treaty of London 3363:Austro-Hungarian 3338:at 28 February. 3308:Albania in 1916. 3069:First Balkan war 2993:. Finally, the 2814: 2791: 2737: 2728: 2655:Koca Davud Pasha 2553:Venetian control 2549:siege of Shkodra 2447:who was renamed 2445:George Kastrioti 2347:in the north to 2288:siege of Shkodra 2281:George Kastrioti 2240:Siege of Shkodra 2168:Charles of Anjou 2121:High Middle Ages 2104:Empire of Nicaea 2100:Bulgarian Empire 2063:Byzantine Empire 2023:Dhimitër Progoni 1905:Bulgarian Empire 1898:Greek population 1892:majority as the 1878:Charles of Anjou 1827:Byzantine Greece 1799:Byzantine Empire 1764:Byzantine Empire 1570:Christianization 1556:Diocese of Dacia 1519:) in the north. 1499:River in modern 1436:above the river 1294: 1291: 1182:Illyrian peoples 1045:Balkan Peninsula 969:river (close to 716:Bulgarian Empire 526: 519: 512: 391:Albanian Kingdom 312: 271:Albanian Vilayet 208:Massacre of the 193:Manastir Vilayet 135:Venetian Albania 44: 34: 16: 15: 12500: 12499: 12495: 12494: 12493: 12491: 12490: 12489: 12475: 12474: 12473: 12468: 12467: 12462: 12329: 11861: 11844: 11842: 11840: 11810: 11805: 11797: 11790: 11783: 11776: 11759: 11745:Public holidays 11733: 11666: 11631: 11580: 11538: 11485: 11442: 11396: 11319: 11272: 11210: 11170: 11120: 11111:Posta Shqiptare 11052: 11028: 11015: 10975: 10949: 10928: 10907: 10868: 10854:Organized crime 10832: 10794: 10756: 10710: 10677: 10637: 10551: 10547:Protected areas 10513: 10469: 10456: 10430: 10421:NATO membership 10304: 10302: 10294: 10215:League of Lezhë 10203: 10201: 10193: 10167: 10165: 10157: 10080: 10071: 10041: 10036: 10020: 9978: 9972: 9958:Northern Cyprus 9940: 9934: 9850:North Macedonia 9671: 9666: 9636: 9631: 9570: 9536:Interwar period 9511:Napoleonic Wars 9375: 9346:Mongol invasion 9299:Crown of Aragon 9191: 9131: 9127:Iron Age Europe 9098: 9093: 9058: 9052: 9045: 9022:English version 9005: 8910:Elsie, Robert. 8900:Elsie, Robert. 8883: 8870: 8813: 8807:10.1002/oa.2519 8783: 8781: 8751: 8745: 8732: 8726: 8702: 8681: 8657: 8626: 8623: 8618: 8617: 8604: 8603: 8599: 8594:. 19 July 2022. 8586: 8585: 8581: 8566: 8562: 8549: 8548: 8544: 8537:The Independent 8531: 8530: 8526: 8517: 8516: 8512: 8497: 8496: 8492: 8479: 8478: 8474: 8461: 8460: 8456: 8443: 8442: 8438: 8425: 8424: 8420: 8410: 8408: 8395: 8394: 8390: 8377: 8373: 8366: 8350: 8346: 8317: 8316: 8312: 8302: 8300: 8292: 8291: 8287: 8258: 8257: 8250: 8233: 8232: 8228: 8212: 8211: 8207: 8197: 8195: 8193: 8177: 8173: 8158: 8154: 8144: 8142: 8131: 8127: 8120: 8104: 8100: 8091: 8087: 8077: 8075: 8074:. Albania Today 8068: 8064: 8048: 8047: 8035: 8031: 8026: 8022: 8017: 8013: 8008: 8004: 7999:. 19 June 2016. 7989: 7988: 7984: 7971: 7970: 7966: 7956: 7954: 7952: 7936: 7932: 7923: 7922: 7918: 7908: 7906: 7903: 7899: 7898: 7894: 7889: 7885: 7880:Wayback Machine 7870: 7866: 7857: 7853: 7848:. 19 June 2016. 7840: 7839: 7835: 7825: 7823: 7810: 7809: 7805: 7798: 7782: 7778: 7770:Fischer, B. J: 7769: 7765: 7750: 7743: 7732:"Zog's Kingdom" 7728: 7724: 7716:Fischer, B. J: 7715: 7711: 7696: 7689: 7679: 7677: 7668: 7667: 7663: 7650:(3/4): 22–230. 7640: 7636: 7629: 7612: 7608: 7595: 7591: 7577: 7575: 7573: 7557: 7553: 7543: 7541: 7539: 7523: 7519: 7500: 7499: 7495: 7485: 7483: 7479: 7472: 7468: 7467: 7463: 7448: 7432: 7428: 7418: 7416: 7408: 7407: 7403: 7388: 7368: 7364: 7349: 7338: 7327: 7323: 7304: 7300: 7284:David Turnock. 7283: 7279: 7262: 7258: 7245: 7243: 7241: 7225: 7221: 7215:Wayback Machine 7201: 7197: 7187: 7185: 7174: 7170: 7163: 7149: 7145: 7138: 7122: 7118: 7108: 7106: 7104: 7088: 7084: 7077: 7061: 7054: 7044: 7042: 7040: 7024: 7017: 7007: 7005: 7004:on 17 July 2011 6996:Elsie, Robert. 6994: 6990: 6980: 6978: 6977:on 12 July 2012 6969: 6968: 6964: 6957: 6935: 6931: 6924:Glenny, Misha. 6923: 6919: 6904: 6897: 6890: 6874: 6870: 6861: 6860: 6856: 6849: 6845: 6840:Wayback Machine 6828: 6824: 6815: 6814: 6810: 6799: 6798: 6794: 6787: 6773: 6772: 6768: 6758: 6756: 6751: 6750: 6743: 6736: 6720: 6716: 6706: 6704: 6703:. UNESCO, Paris 6700: 6694: 6690: 6676: 6674: 6670: 6664: 6660: 6647: 6643: 6630: 6629: 6625: 6618: 6602: 6598: 6591: 6577: 6570: 6563: 6547: 6543: 6532: 6531: 6527: 6520: 6504: 6500: 6484: 6483: 6479: 6465: 6458: 6450: 6446: 6439: 6423: 6419: 6411: 6407: 6399: 6395: 6387: 6383: 6375: 6371: 6363: 6359: 6353:rebellion of... 6348: 6332: 6328: 6313: 6309: 6299: 6297: 6293: 6260: 6253: 6246: 6239: 6235: 6222: 6218: 6201: 6197: 6180: 6176: 6169: 6153: 6149: 6142: 6126: 6122: 6115: 6099: 6095: 6088: 6072: 6068: 6063: 6056: 6051: 6047: 6034: 6030: 6025: 6021: 6011: 6009: 6007: 5991: 5987: 5976: 5972: 5959: 5952: 5939: 5935: 5927: 5923: 5918: 5914: 5909: 5905: 5891:Wayback Machine 5879: 5875: 5870:Wayback Machine 5852: 5848: 5835: 5831: 5825:Wayback Machine 5815: 5811: 5795: 5794: 5790: 5772: 5768: 5762:Govedarica 2016 5760: 5756: 5752:, p. 1068. 5748: 5744: 5731: 5727: 5721:Wayback Machine 5710: 5703: 5698: 5685:Greater Albania 5680:Gjergj Arianiti 5651: 5616:Socialist Party 5546:law enforcement 5519:Socialist Party 5491: 5481: 5403:. Due to that, 5391:was elected as 5373:Socialist Party 5356:pyramid schemes 5333:pyramid schemes 5290:Communist Party 5288:, deposing the 5266: 5264:Democratization 5253:socialist state 5243:trumped by the 5209:Socialist Party 5135: 5130: 5120: 5118:Fourth Republic 5068:first secretary 5064: 5058: 5050:trip to Beijing 4955:communist world 4943: 4937: 4832: 4826: 4801:Mukaj agreement 4774:Josip Broz Tito 4750: 4744: 4649:agrarian reform 4567: 4561: 4556: 4550: 4548:Second Republic 4529: 4490: 4478:Midhat Frashëri 4470: 4409: 4400: 4394: 4300: 4294: 4282:Wayback Machine 4191:Prime minister 4174: 4168: 4125:Alfredo Guzzoni 4109: 4103: 4083:annexed Austria 4056:Austria-Hungary 4047: 4035:Northern Epirus 3978: 3972: 3939: 3900:Shefqet Verlaci 3886:Albanian Senate 3868:was declared a 3854: 3848: 3827:, Hungary, and 3788:'s government, 3764: 3758: 3627: 3621: 3619:June Revolution 3578:Shefqet Verlaci 3558: 3556:Zogu Government 3417: 3302: 3296: 3220:William of Wied 3196: 3190: 3163:North Macedonia 3060:as proposed by 3035: 3023:Main articles: 3021: 2927: 2915:Main articles: 2913: 2864: 2858: 2853: 2825: 2824: 2823: 2822: 2821: 2815: 2807: 2806: 2792: 2781: 2775: 2755: 2754: 2753: 2752: 2740: 2739: 2738: 2730: 2729: 2651:Hamza Kastrioti 2597:fled to Italy, 2587: 2577:Scutari Vilayet 2571:Main articles: 2569: 2471:League of Lezhë 2425:Castle of Krujë 2417: 2411: 2364:Gjergj Arianiti 2333:Battle of Savra 2322: 2316:Ottoman Albania 2314:Main articles: 2312: 2307: 2277:League of Lezhë 2253: 2251:League of Lezhë 2245:Main articles: 2213: 2148:Regnum Albaniae 2137: 2131:League of Lezhë 2125:Main articles: 2123: 2027:central Albania 2003: 1997: 1919:) and Belgrad ( 1848:Gjergj Arianiti 1744: 1736:Main articles: 1734: 1729: 1578: 1572: 1550:into which the 1489:Illyria Barbara 1485:Illyris Barbara 1417:). The city of 1357: 1321:Battle of Paxos 1292: 1150:classical times 1099: 1093:Thraco-Illyrian 1079:Main articles: 1077: 1053: 999: 895: 890: 884: 817:communist state 704:Moesia Superior 692:Roman provinces 645:Rise of Macedon 637:Upper Macedonia 625:Illyrian tribes 546:Illyrian tribes 530: 494: 493: 492: 462: 454: 453: 434: 426: 425: 376:June Revolution 308: 289: 281: 280: 261:Battle of Deçiq 183:Scutari Vilayet 178:Sanjak of Dibra 158:Ottoman Albania 148: 140: 139: 130:League of Lezhë 90: 82: 81: 52: 32: 25: 12: 11: 5: 12498: 12488: 12487: 12470: 12469: 12464: 12463: 12461: 12460: 12455: 12450: 12445: 12440: 12435: 12430: 12425: 12420: 12415: 12410: 12405: 12400: 12395: 12390: 12385: 12380: 12375: 12370: 12365: 12360: 12355: 12350: 12345: 12339: 12337: 12331: 12330: 12328: 12327: 12322: 12317: 12312: 12307: 12302: 12297: 12292: 12287: 12282: 12277: 12272: 12267: 12262: 12257: 12252: 12247: 12242: 12237: 12232: 12227: 12222: 12217: 12212: 12207: 12202: 12197: 12192: 12187: 12182: 12177: 12172: 12167: 12162: 12157: 12152: 12147: 12142: 12137: 12132: 12127: 12122: 12117: 12112: 12107: 12102: 12097: 12092: 12087: 12082: 12077: 12072: 12067: 12062: 12057: 12052: 12047: 12042: 12037: 12032: 12027: 12022: 12017: 12012: 12007: 12002: 11997: 11992: 11987: 11982: 11977: 11972: 11967: 11962: 11957: 11952: 11947: 11942: 11937: 11932: 11927: 11922: 11917: 11912: 11907: 11902: 11897: 11892: 11887: 11882: 11877: 11871: 11869: 11863: 11862: 11839: 11838: 11831: 11824: 11816: 11807: 11806: 11804: 11803: 11796: 11795: 11788: 11781: 11773: 11772: 11769: 11768: 11765: 11764: 11761: 11760: 11758: 11757: 11752: 11747: 11741: 11739: 11735: 11734: 11732: 11731: 11726: 11721: 11716: 11711: 11706: 11694: 11682: 11676: 11674: 11668: 11667: 11665: 11664: 11659: 11654: 11649: 11643: 11641: 11637: 11636: 11633: 11632: 11630: 11629: 11624: 11619: 11614: 11609: 11604: 11599: 11594: 11588: 11586: 11582: 11581: 11579: 11578: 11573: 11568: 11563: 11557: 11555: 11548: 11544: 11543: 11540: 11539: 11537: 11536: 11531: 11526: 11521: 11516: 11511: 11506: 11495: 11493: 11487: 11486: 11484: 11483: 11478: 11473: 11468: 11463: 11458: 11452: 11450: 11444: 11443: 11441: 11440: 11435: 11430: 11425: 11420: 11415: 11410: 11404: 11402: 11398: 11397: 11395: 11394: 11389: 11379: 11374: 11369: 11364: 11359: 11354: 11349: 11344: 11343: 11342: 11329: 11327: 11321: 11320: 11318: 11317: 11312: 11307: 11302: 11296: 11294: 11280: 11274: 11273: 11271: 11266: 11261: 11259:Noble families 11256: 11251: 11246: 11241: 11239: 11226: 11220: 11219: 11216: 11215: 11212: 11211: 11209: 11208: 11198: 11193: 11181: 11175: 11172: 11171: 11169: 11168: 11163: 11158: 11153: 11148: 11143: 11137: 11135: 11128: 11122: 11121: 11119: 11118: 11113: 11108: 11103: 11091: 11086: 11081: 11076: 11071: 11066: 11060: 11058: 11057:Infrastructure 11054: 11053: 11051: 11041: 11036: 11034: 11030: 11029: 11027: 11026: 11020: 11017: 11016: 11014: 11013: 11008: 11003: 10998: 10992: 10990: 10983: 10977: 10976: 10974: 10973: 10968: 10963: 10957: 10955: 10951: 10950: 10948: 10947: 10942: 10936: 10934: 10930: 10929: 10927: 10926: 10921: 10916: 10911: 10903: 10897: 10895: 10884: 10878: 10877: 10874: 10873: 10870: 10869: 10867: 10866: 10861: 10856: 10851: 10846: 10840: 10838: 10834: 10833: 10831: 10830: 10825: 10820: 10818:Assassinations 10815: 10810: 10804: 10802: 10796: 10795: 10793: 10792: 10787: 10782: 10770: 10764: 10762: 10758: 10757: 10755: 10750: 10745: 10740: 10735: 10733:Municipalities 10730: 10725: 10720: 10718: 10712: 10711: 10709: 10708: 10703: 10698: 10693: 10688: 10682: 10679: 10678: 10676: 10675: 10670: 10665: 10660: 10654: 10652: 10645: 10639: 10638: 10636: 10635: 10630: 10620: 10615: 10610: 10608:Prime Minister 10605: 10593: 10580: 10578: 10567: 10561: 10560: 10557: 10556: 10553: 10552: 10550: 10549: 10544: 10534: 10529: 10523: 10521: 10515: 10514: 10512: 10511: 10506: 10501: 10496: 10490: 10488: 10477: 10471: 10470: 10463: 10461: 10458: 10457: 10455: 10454: 10449: 10444: 10438: 10436: 10432: 10431: 10429: 10428: 10423: 10418: 10413: 10408: 10403: 10398: 10393: 10388: 10383: 10378: 10373: 10368: 10363: 10358: 10353: 10348: 10343: 10338: 10333: 10328: 10323: 10318: 10313: 10307: 10305: 10303:(1912–present) 10296: 10295: 10293: 10292: 10287: 10285:Revolt of 1912 10282: 10280:Taksim meeting 10277: 10272: 10270:Revolt of 1910 10267: 10262: 10257: 10252: 10247: 10242: 10237: 10232: 10227: 10225:Arbëni Council 10222: 10217: 10212: 10206: 10204: 10199:Ottoman period 10195: 10194: 10192: 10191: 10186: 10181: 10176: 10170: 10168: 10159: 10158: 10156: 10155: 10150: 10145: 10140: 10135: 10130: 10125: 10120: 10115: 10110: 10105: 10099: 10097: 10088: 10082: 10081: 10070: 10069: 10062: 10055: 10047: 10038: 10037: 10035: 10034: 10032:European Union 10028: 10026: 10025:Other entities 10022: 10021: 10019: 10018: 10013: 10008: 10003: 9998: 9993: 9988: 9982: 9980: 9979:other entities 9974: 9973: 9971: 9970: 9965: 9960: 9955: 9950: 9944: 9942: 9936: 9935: 9933: 9932: 9927: 9925:United Kingdom 9922: 9917: 9912: 9907: 9902: 9897: 9892: 9887: 9882: 9877: 9872: 9867: 9862: 9857: 9852: 9847: 9842: 9837: 9832: 9827: 9822: 9817: 9812: 9807: 9802: 9797: 9792: 9790: 9785: 9780: 9775: 9770: 9765: 9760: 9755: 9750: 9745: 9740: 9738:Czech Republic 9735: 9730: 9725: 9720: 9715: 9710: 9705: 9700: 9695: 9690: 9685: 9679: 9677: 9673: 9672: 9665: 9664: 9657: 9650: 9642: 9633: 9632: 9630: 9629: 9624: 9619: 9614: 9609: 9604: 9599: 9594: 9589: 9584: 9578: 9576: 9572: 9571: 9569: 9568: 9563: 9558: 9553: 9548: 9543: 9538: 9533: 9528: 9523: 9518: 9513: 9508: 9503: 9498: 9493: 9488: 9486:Russian Empire 9483: 9478: 9476:British Empire 9473: 9471:Dutch Republic 9468: 9466:Swedish Empire 9463: 9458: 9453: 9448: 9446:Spanish Empire 9443: 9438: 9436:Ottoman Empire 9433: 9428: 9423: 9418: 9413: 9408: 9407: 9406: 9396: 9391: 9385: 9383: 9377: 9376: 9374: 9373: 9368: 9363: 9358: 9353: 9351:Serbian Empire 9348: 9343: 9338: 9333: 9328: 9323: 9318: 9296: 9291: 9286: 9285: 9284: 9279: 9274: 9269: 9259: 9258: 9257: 9252: 9244: 9239: 9234: 9229: 9224: 9223: 9222: 9212: 9207: 9201: 9199: 9193: 9192: 9190: 9189: 9187:Late antiquity 9184: 9179: 9174: 9173: 9172: 9162: 9157: 9152: 9150:Roman Republic 9147: 9141: 9139: 9133: 9132: 9130: 9129: 9124: 9119: 9114: 9108: 9106: 9100: 9099: 9092: 9091: 9084: 9077: 9069: 9063: 9060: 9059: 9038: 9037: 9028: 9023: 9017: 9011: 9004: 9003:External links 9001: 9000: 8999: 8992: 8985: 8978: 8972: 8961: 8954: 8947: 8932: 8922: 8915: 8908: 8898: 8891: 8882: 8879: 8878: 8877: 8864: 8811: 8790: 8762: 8749: 8744:978-1542565103 8743: 8730: 8724: 8706: 8700: 8685: 8679: 8661: 8655: 8640: 8622: 8619: 8616: 8615: 8597: 8579: 8560: 8542: 8524: 8510: 8504:Deutsche Welle 8490: 8472: 8454: 8436: 8418: 8388: 8371: 8364: 8344: 8310: 8285: 8248: 8226: 8205: 8191: 8171: 8152: 8125: 8118: 8098: 8085: 8062: 8043:Balkan Insight 8029: 8020: 8011: 8002: 7982: 7979:. 29 May 2023. 7964: 7950: 7930: 7916: 7892: 7883: 7864: 7851: 7833: 7803: 7796: 7776: 7763: 7741: 7722: 7709: 7687: 7661: 7634: 7627: 7606: 7589: 7571: 7551: 7537: 7517: 7493: 7482:on 6 July 2022 7461: 7446: 7426: 7401: 7386: 7362: 7336: 7321: 7298: 7277: 7256: 7239: 7219: 7195: 7168: 7161: 7155:. Clio Press. 7143: 7136: 7116: 7102: 7082: 7075: 7052: 7038: 7015: 6988: 6962: 6955: 6929: 6917: 6895: 6888: 6882:. Clio Press. 6868: 6854: 6843: 6822: 6819:. 29 May 2023. 6808: 6792: 6785: 6766: 6741: 6734: 6714: 6688: 6658: 6641: 6623: 6616: 6596: 6589: 6568: 6561: 6541: 6525: 6518: 6498: 6477: 6456: 6454:, p. 134. 6444: 6437: 6417: 6405: 6393: 6381: 6377:Ducellier 1999 6369: 6357: 6346: 6326: 6307: 6244: 6233: 6216: 6195: 6174: 6167: 6147: 6140: 6120: 6113: 6093: 6086: 6066: 6054: 6045: 6028: 6019: 6005: 5985: 5970: 5950: 5933: 5921: 5912: 5903: 5873: 5846: 5829: 5809: 5788: 5766: 5754: 5742: 5725: 5700: 5699: 5697: 5694: 5693: 5692: 5687: 5682: 5677: 5672: 5667: 5662: 5657: 5650: 5647: 5604:Prime Minister 5587:in June 2014. 5585:European Union 5581:European Union 5526:Prime Minister 5480: 5477: 5393:prime minister 5381:Rexhep Meidani 5348:Operation Alba 5292:. Afterwards, 5265: 5262: 5213:1991 elections 5134: 5131: 5119: 5116: 5057: 5056:Third Republic 5054: 4936: 4933: 4897:, Albania and 4872:Czechoslovakia 4825: 4822: 4743: 4740: 4703:, causing the 4563:Main article: 4560: 4557: 4552:Main article: 4549: 4546: 4528: 4525: 4489: 4486: 4482:Balli Kombëtar 4469: 4466: 4451:Balli Kombëtar 4408: 4405: 4396:Main article: 4393: 4390: 4332:Balli Kombëtar 4296:Main article: 4293: 4290: 4170:Main article: 4167: 4164: 4105:Main article: 4102: 4099: 4090:Czechoslovakia 4061:Woodrow Wilson 4046: 4043: 4026:Italianization 4022:Italian Empire 3974:Main article: 3971: 3968: 3955:Mehdi Frasheri 3938: 3935: 3888:and created a 3880:, then as the 3878:prime minister 3850:Main article: 3847: 3844: 3778:Zog of Albania 3760:Main article: 3757: 3756:First Republic 3754: 3719: 3718: 3715:Xhemal Bushati 3712: 3706: 3700: 3697:Kasëm Qafëzezi 3694: 3688: 3685:Luigj Gurakuqi 3682: 3676: 3623:Main article: 3620: 3617: 3570:Ahmed Bey Zogu 3557: 3554: 3526:Woodrow Wilson 3416: 3413: 3405:Port of Durrës 3378:Triple Entente 3355:Central Powers 3321:Peasant Revolt 3298:Main article: 3295: 3292: 3237:, a nephew of 3208:Aubrey Herbert 3192:Main article: 3189: 3186: 3081:Ottoman Empire 3020: 3017: 3003:Abdyl Frashëri 2987:Ottoman Empire 2967:Revolt of 1847 2921:League of Peja 2912: 2909: 2900:Ottoman Empire 2872:Ottoman Empire 2860:Main article: 2857: 2854: 2852: 2849: 2834:Bushati family 2816: 2809: 2808: 2803:Bushati family 2793: 2786: 2785: 2784: 2783: 2782: 2777:Main article: 2774: 2771: 2742: 2741: 2732: 2731: 2723: 2722: 2721: 2720: 2719: 2691:Haxhi Shekreti 2687:Nezim Frakulla 2679:Sulejman Pasha 2667:Köprülü family 2620:Ottoman Empire 2585:Kosovo Vilayet 2581:Janina Vilayet 2568: 2565: 2413:Main article: 2410: 2407: 2360:Ottoman Empire 2337:Ottoman Empire 2311: 2308: 2306: 2303: 2273:Ottoman Empire 2257:Serbian Empire 2212: 2209: 2181:Regnum Albanie 2122: 2119: 2071:Fourth Crusade 1999:Main article: 1996: 1993: 1950:Constantinople 1915:, Glavinitsa ( 1886:Stephen Dushan 1733: 1730: 1728: 1725: 1677:Constantinople 1574:Main article: 1571: 1568: 1481:Illyris Romana 1473:Roman province 1356: 1353: 1345:Anicius Gallus 1258:, and then by 1225:several others 1076: 1073: 1052: 1049: 1026:Cetina culture 998: 995: 894: 891: 886:Main article: 883: 880: 876:European Union 804:, Albania was 788:just prior to 747:Ottoman Empire 739:Serbian Empire 602:Illyrian coast 598:Greek colonies 532: 531: 529: 528: 521: 514: 506: 503: 502: 496: 495: 491: 490: 485: 480: 475: 470: 464: 463: 460: 459: 456: 455: 452: 451: 446: 441: 439:Post-communism 435: 432: 431: 428: 427: 424: 423: 418: 416:Liberation Day 413: 408: 403: 398: 393: 388: 383: 378: 373: 368: 363: 358: 353: 348: 343: 338: 333: 328: 326:Peasant Revolt 323: 318: 313: 306: 301: 296: 290: 287: 286: 283: 282: 279: 278: 273: 268: 266:Revolt of 1912 263: 258: 256:Revolt of 1911 253: 251:Revolt of 1910 248: 246:League of Peja 243: 238: 236:Revolt of 1847 233: 231:Revolt of 1845 228: 223: 218: 213: 205: 200: 198:Kosovo Vilayet 195: 190: 188:Janina Vilayet 185: 180: 175: 170: 165: 160: 155: 149: 146: 145: 142: 141: 138: 137: 132: 127: 125:Principalities 122: 117: 112: 107: 102: 100:Bulgarian rule 97: 95:Byzantine rule 91: 88: 87: 84: 83: 80: 79: 74: 69: 64: 59: 53: 50: 49: 46: 45: 37: 36: 27: 26: 19: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 12497: 12486: 12483: 12482: 12480: 12459: 12456: 12454: 12451: 12449: 12446: 12444: 12441: 12439: 12436: 12434: 12431: 12429: 12426: 12424: 12421: 12419: 12416: 12414: 12411: 12409: 12406: 12404: 12401: 12399: 12396: 12394: 12391: 12389: 12386: 12384: 12381: 12379: 12376: 12374: 12371: 12369: 12366: 12364: 12361: 12359: 12356: 12354: 12351: 12349: 12346: 12344: 12341: 12340: 12338: 12336: 12332: 12326: 12323: 12321: 12318: 12316: 12313: 12311: 12308: 12306: 12303: 12301: 12298: 12296: 12293: 12291: 12288: 12286: 12283: 12281: 12278: 12276: 12273: 12271: 12268: 12266: 12263: 12261: 12258: 12256: 12253: 12251: 12248: 12246: 12243: 12241: 12238: 12236: 12233: 12231: 12228: 12226: 12223: 12221: 12218: 12216: 12213: 12211: 12208: 12206: 12203: 12201: 12198: 12196: 12193: 12191: 12188: 12186: 12183: 12181: 12178: 12176: 12173: 12171: 12168: 12166: 12163: 12161: 12158: 12156: 12153: 12151: 12148: 12146: 12143: 12141: 12138: 12136: 12133: 12131: 12128: 12126: 12123: 12121: 12118: 12116: 12113: 12111: 12108: 12106: 12103: 12101: 12098: 12096: 12093: 12091: 12088: 12086: 12083: 12081: 12078: 12076: 12073: 12071: 12068: 12066: 12063: 12061: 12058: 12056: 12053: 12051: 12048: 12046: 12043: 12041: 12038: 12036: 12033: 12031: 12028: 12026: 12023: 12021: 12018: 12016: 12013: 12011: 12008: 12006: 12003: 12001: 11998: 11996: 11993: 11991: 11988: 11986: 11983: 11981: 11978: 11976: 11973: 11971: 11968: 11966: 11963: 11961: 11958: 11956: 11953: 11951: 11948: 11946: 11943: 11941: 11938: 11936: 11933: 11931: 11928: 11926: 11923: 11921: 11918: 11916: 11913: 11911: 11908: 11906: 11903: 11901: 11898: 11896: 11893: 11891: 11888: 11886: 11883: 11881: 11878: 11876: 11873: 11872: 11870: 11868: 11864: 11859: 11855: 11851: 11837: 11832: 11830: 11825: 11823: 11818: 11817: 11814: 11802: 11799: 11798: 11793: 11789: 11786: 11782: 11779: 11775: 11774: 11770: 11756: 11755:Copyright law 11753: 11751: 11748: 11746: 11743: 11742: 11740: 11736: 11730: 11727: 11725: 11722: 11720: 11717: 11715: 11714:Sign language 11712: 11710: 11707: 11705: 11703: 11698: 11695: 11693: 11691: 11686: 11683: 11681: 11678: 11677: 11675: 11673: 11669: 11663: 11660: 11658: 11655: 11653: 11650: 11648: 11645: 11644: 11642: 11640:Entertainment 11638: 11628: 11627:Indoor arenas 11625: 11623: 11620: 11618: 11615: 11613: 11610: 11608: 11605: 11603: 11600: 11598: 11595: 11593: 11592:Weightlifting 11590: 11589: 11587: 11583: 11577: 11574: 11572: 11569: 11567: 11564: 11562: 11561:National team 11559: 11558: 11556: 11552: 11549: 11545: 11535: 11532: 11530: 11527: 11525: 11522: 11520: 11517: 11515: 11512: 11510: 11507: 11505: 11501: 11497: 11496: 11494: 11492: 11488: 11482: 11479: 11477: 11474: 11472: 11469: 11467: 11464: 11462: 11459: 11457: 11454: 11453: 11451: 11449: 11445: 11439: 11438:Sworn virgins 11436: 11434: 11431: 11429: 11426: 11424: 11421: 11419: 11416: 11414: 11411: 11409: 11406: 11405: 11403: 11399: 11393: 11390: 11388: 11380: 11378: 11375: 11373: 11370: 11368: 11365: 11363: 11360: 11358: 11355: 11353: 11350: 11348: 11345: 11340: 11336: 11335: 11334: 11331: 11330: 11328: 11326: 11322: 11316: 11313: 11311: 11308: 11306: 11303: 11301: 11298: 11297: 11295: 11292: 11288: 11284: 11281: 11279: 11275: 11270: 11267: 11265: 11262: 11260: 11257: 11255: 11252: 11250: 11247: 11245: 11242: 11240: 11238: 11234: 11230: 11227: 11225: 11221: 11207: 11203: 11199: 11197: 11194: 11192: 11190: 11185: 11182: 11180: 11177: 11176: 11167: 11164: 11162: 11159: 11157: 11154: 11152: 11149: 11147: 11144: 11142: 11139: 11138: 11136: 11132: 11129: 11127: 11123: 11117: 11114: 11112: 11109: 11107: 11104: 11102: 11100: 11095: 11092: 11090: 11087: 11085: 11082: 11080: 11077: 11075: 11072: 11070: 11067: 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10634: 10631: 10629: 10621: 10619: 10616: 10614: 10611: 10609: 10606: 10604: 10602: 10597: 10596:Head of state 10594: 10592: 10590: 10585: 10582: 10581: 10579: 10575: 10571: 10568: 10566: 10562: 10548: 10545: 10543: 10535: 10533: 10530: 10528: 10525: 10524: 10522: 10520: 10516: 10510: 10507: 10505: 10502: 10500: 10497: 10495: 10492: 10491: 10489: 10485: 10481: 10478: 10476: 10472: 10467: 10453: 10450: 10448: 10445: 10443: 10440: 10439: 10437: 10433: 10427: 10424: 10422: 10419: 10417: 10414: 10412: 10409: 10407: 10404: 10402: 10399: 10397: 10394: 10392: 10389: 10387: 10384: 10382: 10379: 10377: 10374: 10372: 10369: 10367: 10364: 10362: 10359: 10357: 10354: 10352: 10349: 10347: 10344: 10342: 10339: 10337: 10334: 10332: 10329: 10327: 10324: 10322: 10319: 10317: 10314: 10312: 10309: 10308: 10306: 10301: 10297: 10291: 10288: 10286: 10283: 10281: 10278: 10276: 10273: 10271: 10268: 10266: 10263: 10261: 10258: 10256: 10253: 10251: 10248: 10246: 10243: 10241: 10238: 10236: 10233: 10231: 10228: 10226: 10223: 10221: 10218: 10216: 10213: 10211: 10208: 10207: 10205: 10200: 10196: 10190: 10187: 10185: 10182: 10180: 10177: 10175: 10172: 10171: 10169: 10164: 10160: 10154: 10151: 10149: 10146: 10144: 10141: 10139: 10136: 10134: 10131: 10129: 10126: 10124: 10121: 10119: 10116: 10114: 10111: 10109: 10106: 10104: 10101: 10100: 10098: 10096: 10092: 10089: 10087: 10083: 10079: 10075: 10068: 10063: 10061: 10056: 10054: 10049: 10048: 10045: 10033: 10030: 10029: 10027: 10023: 10017: 10014: 10012: 10009: 10007: 10004: 10002: 9999: 9997: 9994: 9992: 9991:Faroe Islands 9989: 9987: 9984: 9983: 9981: 9975: 9969: 9966: 9964: 9963:South Ossetia 9961: 9959: 9956: 9954: 9951: 9949: 9946: 9945: 9943: 9937: 9931: 9928: 9926: 9923: 9921: 9918: 9916: 9913: 9911: 9908: 9906: 9903: 9901: 9898: 9896: 9893: 9891: 9888: 9886: 9883: 9881: 9878: 9876: 9873: 9871: 9868: 9866: 9863: 9861: 9858: 9856: 9853: 9851: 9848: 9846: 9843: 9841: 9838: 9836: 9833: 9831: 9828: 9826: 9823: 9821: 9818: 9816: 9813: 9811: 9810:Liechtenstein 9808: 9806: 9803: 9801: 9798: 9796: 9793: 9791: 9789: 9786: 9784: 9781: 9779: 9776: 9774: 9771: 9769: 9766: 9764: 9761: 9759: 9756: 9754: 9751: 9749: 9746: 9744: 9741: 9739: 9736: 9734: 9731: 9729: 9726: 9724: 9721: 9719: 9716: 9714: 9711: 9709: 9706: 9704: 9701: 9699: 9696: 9694: 9691: 9689: 9686: 9684: 9681: 9680: 9678: 9674: 9670: 9663: 9658: 9656: 9651: 9649: 9644: 9643: 9640: 9628: 9625: 9623: 9620: 9618: 9615: 9613: 9610: 9608: 9605: 9603: 9600: 9598: 9595: 9593: 9590: 9588: 9585: 9583: 9582:Art of Europe 9580: 9579: 9577: 9573: 9567: 9564: 9562: 9559: 9557: 9554: 9552: 9549: 9547: 9544: 9542: 9539: 9537: 9534: 9532: 9529: 9527: 9524: 9522: 9519: 9517: 9514: 9512: 9509: 9507: 9504: 9502: 9499: 9497: 9494: 9492: 9489: 9487: 9484: 9482: 9479: 9477: 9474: 9472: 9469: 9467: 9464: 9462: 9459: 9457: 9454: 9452: 9449: 9447: 9444: 9442: 9439: 9437: 9434: 9432: 9429: 9427: 9424: 9422: 9419: 9417: 9414: 9412: 9409: 9405: 9402: 9401: 9400: 9397: 9395: 9392: 9390: 9387: 9386: 9384: 9382: 9381:Modern period 9378: 9372: 9369: 9367: 9364: 9362: 9359: 9357: 9354: 9352: 9349: 9347: 9344: 9342: 9339: 9337: 9334: 9332: 9329: 9327: 9324: 9322: 9319: 9316: 9312: 9308: 9304: 9300: 9297: 9295: 9292: 9290: 9287: 9283: 9280: 9278: 9275: 9273: 9270: 9268: 9265: 9264: 9263: 9260: 9256: 9253: 9251: 9248: 9247: 9245: 9243: 9240: 9238: 9235: 9233: 9230: 9228: 9225: 9221: 9218: 9217: 9216: 9213: 9211: 9208: 9206: 9203: 9202: 9200: 9198: 9194: 9188: 9185: 9183: 9180: 9178: 9175: 9171: 9168: 9167: 9166: 9163: 9161: 9158: 9156: 9153: 9151: 9148: 9146: 9143: 9142: 9140: 9138: 9134: 9128: 9125: 9123: 9120: 9118: 9115: 9113: 9110: 9109: 9107: 9105: 9101: 9097: 9090: 9085: 9083: 9078: 9076: 9071: 9070: 9067: 9061: 9056: 9049: 9042: 9035: 9032: 9029: 9027: 9024: 9021: 9018: 9015: 9012: 9010: 9007: 9006: 8997: 8993: 8990: 8986: 8983: 8979: 8976: 8973: 8970: 8966: 8962: 8959: 8955: 8952: 8948: 8945: 8941: 8937: 8933: 8931: 8927: 8923: 8920: 8916: 8913: 8909: 8907: 8903: 8899: 8896: 8892: 8889: 8885: 8884: 8874: 8865: 8861: 8857: 8853: 8849: 8844: 8839: 8834: 8829: 8825: 8821: 8817: 8812: 8808: 8804: 8800: 8796: 8791: 8780: 8776: 8772: 8768: 8763: 8759: 8755: 8750: 8746: 8740: 8736: 8731: 8727: 8721: 8717: 8716: 8711: 8707: 8703: 8697: 8693: 8692: 8686: 8682: 8676: 8672: 8671: 8666: 8665:Elsie, Robert 8662: 8658: 8652: 8648: 8647: 8641: 8637: 8633: 8629: 8625: 8624: 8611: 8607: 8601: 8593: 8589: 8583: 8575: 8571: 8564: 8556: 8555:www.aa.com.tr 8552: 8546: 8538: 8534: 8528: 8520: 8514: 8506: 8505: 8500: 8494: 8486: 8482: 8476: 8468: 8464: 8458: 8450: 8446: 8440: 8432: 8428: 8422: 8406: 8402: 8398: 8392: 8384: 8383: 8375: 8367: 8361: 8357: 8356: 8348: 8340: 8336: 8332: 8328: 8324: 8320: 8314: 8299: 8295: 8289: 8281: 8277: 8273: 8269: 8265: 8261: 8255: 8253: 8245: 8240: 8236: 8230: 8223: 8219: 8215: 8209: 8194: 8188: 8184: 8183: 8175: 8168: 8167:1-85065-279-1 8164: 8161: 8156: 8140: 8136: 8129: 8121: 8115: 8111: 8110: 8102: 8095: 8089: 8073: 8066: 8058: 8052: 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7154: 7147: 7139: 7133: 7129: 7128: 7120: 7105: 7099: 7095: 7094: 7086: 7078: 7072: 7068: 7067: 7059: 7057: 7041: 7035: 7031: 7030: 7022: 7020: 7003: 6999: 6992: 6976: 6972: 6966: 6958: 6952: 6948: 6944: 6940: 6933: 6927: 6921: 6913: 6909: 6902: 6900: 6891: 6889:9781851092604 6885: 6881: 6880: 6872: 6864: 6858: 6852: 6847: 6841: 6837: 6834: 6833: 6826: 6818: 6812: 6804: 6803: 6796: 6788: 6786:9789992716274 6782: 6778: 6777: 6770: 6754: 6748: 6746: 6737: 6735:9789992716229 6731: 6727: 6726: 6718: 6699: 6692: 6685: 6669: 6662: 6654: 6653: 6645: 6637: 6633: 6627: 6619: 6613: 6609: 6608: 6600: 6592: 6586: 6582: 6575: 6573: 6564: 6558: 6554: 6553: 6545: 6537: 6536: 6529: 6521: 6519:9780521261906 6515: 6511: 6510: 6502: 6494: 6488: 6480: 6474: 6470: 6463: 6461: 6453: 6448: 6440: 6434: 6430: 6429: 6421: 6415:, p. 68. 6414: 6409: 6402: 6397: 6390: 6385: 6378: 6373: 6366: 6361: 6354: 6349: 6343: 6339: 6338: 6330: 6322: 6318: 6311: 6292: 6288: 6284: 6280: 6276: 6272: 6268: 6267: 6258: 6251: 6249: 6242: 6237: 6230: 6229:1-4255-3778-2 6226: 6220: 6213: 6212:0-543-80046-6 6209: 6205: 6199: 6192: 6191:0-19-814099-1 6188: 6184: 6178: 6170: 6168:9782845163515 6164: 6160: 6159: 6151: 6143: 6141:9782845163515 6137: 6133: 6132: 6124: 6116: 6110: 6106: 6105: 6097: 6089: 6087:9789025610500 6083: 6079: 6078: 6070: 6061: 6059: 6049: 6042: 6041:0-631-19807-5 6038: 6032: 6023: 6008: 6002: 5998: 5997: 5989: 5982: 5981: 5974: 5967: 5966:9780631198079 5963: 5957: 5955: 5947: 5946:0-631-19807-5 5943: 5937: 5931: 5925: 5916: 5907: 5900: 5899:0-521-23447-6 5896: 5892: 5888: 5885: 5884: 5877: 5871: 5867: 5864: 5860: 5856: 5850: 5843: 5842:0-631-19807-5 5839: 5833: 5826: 5822: 5819: 5813: 5805: 5799: 5791: 5785: 5781: 5777: 5770: 5763: 5758: 5751: 5746: 5738: 5737: 5729: 5722: 5718: 5715: 5714: 5708: 5706: 5701: 5691: 5688: 5686: 5683: 5681: 5678: 5676: 5673: 5671: 5668: 5666: 5663: 5661: 5658: 5656: 5653: 5652: 5646: 5644: 5640: 5636: 5631: 5629: 5625: 5621: 5617: 5613: 5609: 5605: 5601: 5597: 5593: 5588: 5586: 5582: 5578: 5574: 5570: 5566: 5562: 5557: 5555: 5551: 5547: 5543: 5539: 5535: 5531: 5527: 5524: 5520: 5516: 5512: 5504: 5500: 5495: 5490: 5486: 5476: 5474: 5470: 5466: 5462: 5458: 5454: 5450: 5449:Alfred Moisiu 5446: 5442: 5438: 5434: 5429: 5427: 5423: 5418: 5414: 5410: 5406: 5405:Pandeli Majko 5402: 5398: 5394: 5390: 5386: 5382: 5378: 5374: 5370: 5366: 5362: 5357: 5353: 5349: 5345: 5340: 5338: 5334: 5330: 5329:United States 5326: 5322: 5318: 5314: 5310: 5306: 5302: 5299: 5295: 5291: 5287: 5283: 5275: 5270: 5261: 5258: 5254: 5250: 5246: 5240: 5238: 5234: 5230: 5226: 5222: 5218: 5214: 5210: 5206: 5202: 5199:and allowing 5198: 5194: 5190: 5186: 5182: 5178: 5174: 5170: 5166: 5163: 5159: 5151: 5147: 5143: 5139: 5129: 5125: 5115: 5112: 5108: 5104: 5099: 5097: 5093: 5089: 5085: 5081: 5077: 5073: 5069: 5063: 5053: 5051: 5047: 5046:Richard Nixon 5043: 5042:United States 5039: 5035: 5031: 5027: 5023: 5019: 5015: 5010: 5006: 5004: 4998: 4996: 4992: 4988: 4984: 4980: 4976: 4972: 4968: 4965:on issues of 4964: 4960: 4956: 4952: 4948: 4942: 4932: 4930: 4925: 4923: 4918: 4913: 4911: 4906: 4904: 4900: 4896: 4891: 4889: 4885: 4881: 4877: 4873: 4869: 4865: 4861: 4857: 4849: 4845: 4844:Mediterranean 4841: 4836: 4831: 4821: 4818: 4813: 4811: 4805: 4802: 4797: 4795: 4791: 4788:. Before the 4787: 4783: 4779: 4775: 4771: 4767: 4759: 4754: 4749: 4739: 4735: 4732: 4728: 4724: 4720: 4718: 4714: 4710: 4706: 4702: 4698: 4693: 4688: 4684: 4676: 4672: 4670: 4666: 4662: 4658: 4654: 4650: 4646: 4641: 4639: 4635: 4630: 4628: 4624: 4620: 4616: 4612: 4608: 4604: 4600: 4594: 4592: 4588: 4584: 4576: 4571: 4566: 4555: 4545: 4543: 4537: 4534: 4524: 4522: 4516: 4514: 4510: 4502: 4498: 4494: 4485: 4483: 4479: 4475: 4465: 4463: 4458: 4456: 4452: 4447: 4445: 4441: 4436: 4434: 4433:Fascist Italy 4430: 4426: 4422: 4413: 4404: 4399: 4389: 4387: 4383: 4378: 4376: 4372: 4368: 4363: 4361: 4357: 4353: 4349: 4345: 4341: 4337: 4333: 4327: 4324: 4320: 4315: 4313: 4304: 4299: 4289: 4287: 4283: 4279: 4276: 4272: 4267: 4265: 4261: 4257: 4252: 4250: 4249: 4244: 4240: 4236: 4232: 4228: 4223: 4221: 4217: 4213: 4208: 4206: 4201: 4194: 4189: 4183: 4178: 4173: 4163: 4161: 4157: 4153: 4149: 4144: 4141: 4137: 4132: 4130: 4126: 4118: 4113: 4108: 4098: 4095: 4091: 4088: 4087:moved against 4084: 4081: 4076: 4074: 4070: 4064: 4062: 4057: 4053: 4042: 4040: 4036: 4030: 4027: 4023: 4019: 4014: 4009: 4007: 4003: 3999: 3995: 3991: 3987: 3983: 3977: 3967: 3965: 3960: 3956: 3951: 3948: 3944: 3934: 3932: 3928: 3924: 3923:Albanian army 3920: 3915: 3913: 3912:Ndok Gjeloshi 3909: 3905: 3901: 3896: 3894: 3891: 3887: 3883: 3879: 3876:first as the 3875: 3871: 3867: 3863: 3859: 3853: 3843: 3841: 3836: 3834: 3830: 3826: 3822: 3818: 3813: 3809: 3807: 3803: 3799: 3795: 3792:recalled the 3791: 3787: 3779: 3776: 3773: 3768: 3763: 3753: 3749: 3747: 3743: 3739: 3734: 3731: 3727: 3723: 3716: 3713: 3710: 3707: 3704: 3701: 3698: 3695: 3692: 3691:Stavro Vinjau 3689: 3686: 3683: 3680: 3677: 3674: 3671: 3670: 3669: 3667: 3662: 3658: 3650: 3641: 3635: 3631: 3626: 3616: 3614: 3609: 3604: 3602: 3598: 3594: 3589: 3587: 3581: 3579: 3573: 3571: 3567: 3563: 3553: 3551: 3547: 3541: 3539: 3535: 3531: 3527: 3522: 3520: 3516: 3512: 3507: 3502: 3499: 3495: 3490: 3488: 3484: 3480: 3476: 3472: 3468: 3463: 3461: 3457: 3453: 3449: 3445: 3440: 3438: 3430: 3428: 3421: 3412: 3411:populations. 3408: 3406: 3402: 3399:, during the 3398: 3394: 3390: 3385: 3383: 3379: 3375: 3370: 3368: 3364: 3360: 3356: 3352: 3348: 3344: 3339: 3337: 3332: 3330: 3326: 3323:initiated by 3322: 3317: 3314: 3306: 3301: 3291: 3289: 3285: 3281: 3276: 3273: 3269: 3265: 3261: 3257: 3253: 3249: 3245: 3240: 3236: 3232: 3227: 3225: 3221: 3217: 3216:H. H. Asquith 3213: 3209: 3200: 3195: 3185: 3183: 3179: 3175: 3171: 3166: 3164: 3160: 3156: 3152: 3147: 3145: 3141: 3137: 3133: 3129: 3125: 3121: 3117: 3112: 3110: 3106: 3102: 3098: 3094: 3090: 3086: 3082: 3078: 3074: 3070: 3063: 3059: 3055: 3048: 3044: 3039: 3034: 3030: 3026: 3016: 3014: 3009: 3004: 2999: 2996: 2992: 2988: 2984: 2980: 2976: 2972: 2968: 2964: 2960: 2956: 2952: 2948: 2940: 2936: 2931: 2926: 2922: 2918: 2908: 2905: 2901: 2897: 2893: 2889: 2885: 2881: 2877: 2873: 2869: 2868:Sublime Porte 2863: 2848: 2845: 2843: 2839: 2835: 2830: 2819: 2813: 2804: 2800: 2797:ruler of the 2796: 2790: 2780: 2770: 2768: 2764: 2760: 2750: 2746: 2736: 2727: 2718: 2716: 2712: 2708: 2704: 2700: 2696: 2692: 2688: 2684: 2680: 2676: 2672: 2671:Grand Viziers 2668: 2665:(head of the 2664: 2660: 2659:Zağanos Pasha 2656: 2652: 2648: 2644: 2640: 2636: 2633:Order of the 2632: 2628: 2623: 2621: 2617: 2613: 2609: 2604: 2600: 2596: 2592: 2586: 2582: 2578: 2574: 2564: 2560: 2558: 2554: 2550: 2546: 2542: 2538: 2534: 2530: 2526: 2522: 2514: 2512: 2507: 2503: 2501: 2497: 2493: 2489: 2485: 2480: 2472: 2468: 2464: 2462: 2458: 2457:Battle of Niš 2454: 2450: 2446: 2442: 2434: 2430: 2426: 2421: 2416: 2406: 2404: 2400: 2396: 2392: 2388: 2384: 2380: 2376: 2372: 2367: 2365: 2361: 2356: 2354: 2350: 2346: 2342: 2338: 2334: 2330: 2326: 2321: 2317: 2299: 2295: 2291: 2289: 2285: 2282: 2278: 2274: 2270: 2266: 2262: 2258: 2255:In 1371, the 2252: 2248: 2241: 2237: 2233: 2232:Rozafa Castle 2228: 2221: 2217: 2208: 2206: 2202: 2198: 2194: 2190: 2186: 2182: 2176: 2173: 2169: 2165: 2161: 2157: 2149: 2145: 2141: 2136: 2132: 2128: 2118: 2116: 2112: 2107: 2105: 2101: 2097: 2092: 2088: 2084: 2080: 2076: 2072: 2068: 2064: 2060: 2056: 2052: 2048: 2044: 2041: 2040: 2034: 2032: 2028: 2024: 2020: 2016: 2012: 2008: 2005:In 1190, the 2002: 1988: 1981: 1976: 1970: 1965: 1961: 1959: 1955: 1951: 1947: 1946: 1941: 1937: 1933: 1928: 1926: 1922: 1918: 1914: 1910: 1909:Kutmichevitsa 1906: 1901: 1899: 1895: 1891: 1887: 1883: 1879: 1875: 1871: 1867: 1863: 1862: 1857: 1849: 1845: 1841: 1837: 1835: 1830: 1828: 1824: 1820: 1816: 1812: 1808: 1804: 1800: 1796: 1792: 1788: 1781: 1776: 1769: 1765: 1761: 1757: 1751:Praevalitana. 1748: 1743: 1739: 1724: 1722: 1718: 1714: 1710: 1706: 1702: 1698: 1694: 1690: 1686: 1682: 1678: 1674: 1669: 1667: 1663: 1659: 1655: 1651: 1647: 1643: 1639: 1635: 1631: 1626: 1624: 1621: 1617: 1613: 1609: 1601: 1597: 1593: 1587: 1582: 1577: 1567: 1565: 1561: 1557: 1553: 1549: 1545: 1541: 1536: 1534: 1530: 1526: 1523:(near modern 1522: 1518: 1514: 1510: 1506: 1502: 1498: 1494: 1490: 1486: 1482: 1478: 1474: 1469: 1467: 1463: 1459: 1455: 1451: 1447: 1443: 1439: 1435: 1430: 1428: 1427:Julius Caesar 1424: 1420: 1416: 1412: 1408: 1404: 1400: 1396: 1387: 1380: 1376: 1369: 1365: 1364:Ancient Greek 1361: 1352: 1350: 1346: 1342: 1338: 1334: 1330: 1329:Illyrian Wars 1326: 1322: 1318: 1314: 1310: 1306: 1302: 1298: 1293: 231 BC 1286: 1284: 1280: 1276: 1272: 1267: 1265: 1261: 1257: 1253: 1249: 1245: 1240: 1238: 1234: 1230: 1226: 1222: 1218: 1214: 1210: 1206: 1202: 1198: 1194: 1189: 1187: 1183: 1179: 1175: 1171: 1167: 1163: 1159: 1155: 1151: 1147: 1143: 1135: 1130: 1124: 1119: 1112: 1108: 1103: 1098: 1094: 1090: 1086: 1082: 1069: 1067: 1064:presented to 1063: 1057: 1048: 1046: 1042: 1038: 1034: 1029: 1027: 1023: 1019: 1015: 1014: 1008: 1004: 994: 992: 988: 984: 980: 976: 972: 968: 964: 960: 956: 952: 948: 944: 940: 936: 932: 928: 924: 920: 916: 908: 904: 899: 889: 879: 877: 873: 869: 865: 861: 857: 853: 849: 845: 840: 838: 834: 830: 826: 822: 818: 815: 811: 807: 803: 799: 795: 791: 787: 783: 779: 775: 770: 768: 764: 760: 756: 752: 748: 744: 740: 736: 732: 728: 724: 719: 717: 713: 709: 705: 701: 697: 693: 689: 684: 682: 678: 674: 670: 669:Neretva River 666: 662: 658: 657:Epirote state 654: 650: 646: 643:. Before the 642: 638: 634: 630: 626: 622: 618: 613: 611: 607: 603: 599: 595: 591: 587: 583: 579: 575: 571: 567: 563: 559: 555: 551: 547: 543: 539: 527: 522: 520: 515: 513: 508: 507: 505: 504: 501: 498: 497: 489: 486: 484: 481: 479: 476: 474: 471: 469: 466: 465: 458: 457: 450: 447: 445: 442: 440: 437: 436: 430: 429: 422: 419: 417: 414: 412: 409: 407: 404: 402: 399: 397: 394: 392: 389: 387: 384: 382: 379: 377: 374: 372: 369: 367: 364: 362: 359: 357: 354: 352: 349: 347: 344: 342: 339: 337: 334: 332: 329: 327: 324: 322: 319: 317: 314: 311: 307: 305: 302: 300: 297: 295: 292: 291: 285: 284: 277: 274: 272: 269: 267: 264: 262: 259: 257: 254: 252: 249: 247: 244: 242: 239: 237: 234: 232: 229: 227: 224: 222: 219: 217: 214: 212: 211: 206: 204: 201: 199: 196: 194: 191: 189: 186: 184: 181: 179: 176: 174: 171: 169: 166: 164: 161: 159: 156: 154: 151: 150: 144: 143: 136: 133: 131: 128: 126: 123: 121: 118: 116: 113: 111: 108: 106: 103: 101: 98: 96: 93: 92: 86: 85: 78: 75: 73: 70: 68: 65: 63: 60: 58: 55: 54: 51:Early History 48: 47: 43: 39: 38: 35: 29: 28: 23: 18: 17: 12335:21st century 11867:20th century 11792:Bibliography 11699: 11697:Coat of arms 11687: 11585:Other sports 11408:Folk beliefs 11372:Universities 11300:Architecture 11244:Demographics 11186: 11096: 10945:Supermarkets 10919:Trade unions 10800:Human rights 10775: 10716:Subdivisions 10686:Constitution 10598: 10586: 10532:Biodiversity 10426:EU Accession 10300:Independence 10085: 9968:Transnistria 9930:Vatican City 9682: 9541:World War II 9394:Early modern 9371:Kalmar Union 9242:Papal States 9160:Roman Empire 9034:(scribd.com) 9033: 8995: 8988: 8981: 8968: 8964: 8957: 8950: 8935: 8925: 8918: 8911: 8901: 8894: 8887: 8881:Bibliography 8872: 8823: 8819: 8798: 8794: 8782:. Retrieved 8770: 8757: 8734: 8714: 8690: 8669: 8645: 8627: 8609: 8600: 8591: 8582: 8573: 8563: 8554: 8545: 8536: 8527: 8513: 8502: 8493: 8484: 8475: 8466: 8457: 8448: 8439: 8431:the original 8421: 8409:. Retrieved 8405:the original 8400: 8391: 8381: 8374: 8354: 8347: 8339:the original 8326: 8322: 8313: 8301:. Retrieved 8297: 8288: 8280:the original 8267: 8263: 8242: 8238: 8229: 8221: 8217: 8208: 8196:. Retrieved 8181: 8174: 8159: 8155: 8143:. Retrieved 8138: 8128: 8108: 8101: 8093: 8088: 8076:. Retrieved 8065: 8042: 8032: 8023: 8014: 8005: 7994: 7985: 7976: 7967: 7955:. Retrieved 7940: 7933: 7919: 7907:. Retrieved 7895: 7886: 7867: 7859: 7854: 7845: 7836: 7824:. Retrieved 7820:the original 7816:myalbania.eu 7815: 7806: 7786: 7779: 7771: 7766: 7757: 7735: 7725: 7717: 7712: 7703: 7678:. Retrieved 7664: 7647: 7643: 7637: 7618: 7609: 7598:Modern Italy 7597: 7592: 7583: 7576:. Retrieved 7561: 7554: 7542:. Retrieved 7527: 7520: 7511:the original 7505: 7496: 7484:. Retrieved 7477:the original 7464: 7436: 7429: 7417:. Retrieved 7413: 7404: 7372: 7365: 7356: 7330: 7324: 7316:the original 7311: 7301: 7280: 7259: 7251: 7244:, retrieved 7229: 7222: 7203: 7198: 7186:. Retrieved 7181: 7171: 7152: 7146: 7126: 7119: 7107:. Retrieved 7092: 7085: 7065: 7043:. Retrieved 7028: 7006:. Retrieved 7002:the original 6991: 6979:. Retrieved 6975:the original 6965: 6938: 6932: 6925: 6920: 6911: 6878: 6871: 6857: 6846: 6831: 6825: 6811: 6801: 6795: 6775: 6769: 6757:. Retrieved 6724: 6717: 6705:. Retrieved 6691: 6682: 6675:. Retrieved 6661: 6651: 6644: 6636:the original 6626: 6606: 6599: 6580: 6551: 6544: 6534: 6528: 6508: 6501: 6468: 6447: 6427: 6420: 6408: 6396: 6384: 6372: 6360: 6351: 6336: 6329: 6320: 6310: 6300:27 September 6298:. Retrieved 6291:the original 6264: 6236: 6219: 6203: 6198: 6177: 6157: 6150: 6130: 6123: 6103: 6096: 6076: 6069: 6048: 6031: 6022: 6010:. Retrieved 5995: 5988: 5979: 5973: 5936: 5929: 5924: 5915: 5906: 5882: 5876: 5849: 5832: 5812: 5798:cite journal 5779: 5769: 5757: 5745: 5735: 5728: 5712: 5643:Bajram Begaj 5632: 5624:Lulzim Basha 5589: 5579:to join the 5558: 5508: 5473:Albanian lek 5455:was elected 5445:Sali Berisha 5430: 5417:Constitution 5397:Azem Hajdari 5377:Sali Berisha 5341: 5294:Sali Berisha 5279: 5241: 5225:constitution 5185:Soviet Union 5155: 5142:Sali Berisha 5107:Mehmet Shehu 5100: 5080:post-war era 5076:Constitution 5065: 5011: 5007: 4999: 4987:Soviet Union 4961:in opposing 4944: 4926: 4914: 4907: 4892: 4888:Sazan Island 4884:Soviet Union 4853: 4814: 4806: 4798: 4763: 4736: 4725: 4721: 4697:Soviet Union 4687:Mehmet Shehu 4681: 4657:collectivise 4642: 4631: 4595: 4580: 4538: 4530: 4517: 4506: 4499:marching in 4471: 4459: 4448: 4437: 4418: 4401: 4379: 4364: 4328: 4316: 4309: 4268: 4253: 4248:Mare Nostrum 4246: 4224: 4209: 4197: 4180:Flag of the 4145: 4133: 4122: 4119:during WWII. 4080:Nazi Germany 4077: 4065: 4048: 4031: 4018:Roman Empire 4010: 4006:World War II 3979: 3970:World War II 3952: 3940: 3916: 3897: 3860:secured the 3855: 3837: 3814: 3810: 3783: 3750: 3746:Soviet Union 3735: 3732: 3728: 3724: 3720: 3709:Qazim Koculi 3703:Rexhep Shala 3655: 3613:Avni Rustemi 3605: 3590: 3582: 3574: 3559: 3542: 3523: 3503: 3491: 3469:that met at 3464: 3441: 3434: 3424: 3409: 3386: 3381: 3371: 3359:Thessaloniki 3340: 3333: 3329:Haxhi Qamili 3318: 3311: 3277: 3268:Sunni Muslim 3231:Principality 3228: 3210:, a British 3205: 3167: 3148: 3128:Ismail Kemal 3113: 3066: 3062:Ismail Kemal 3043:Ismail Kemal 3019:Independence 3000: 2995:Great Powers 2944: 2937:building in 2865: 2846: 2826: 2756: 2703:Muhammad Ali 2624: 2588: 2561: 2518: 2509: 2476: 2438: 2368: 2357: 2323: 2297: 2254: 2230:The ancient 2195:created the 2184: 2180: 2177: 2153: 2147: 2146:established 2108: 2037: 2035: 2019:Gjin Progoni 2004: 1953: 1943: 1935: 1929: 1902: 1859: 1853: 1831: 1795:Roman Empire 1784: 1768:Roman Empire 1670: 1630:Roman Empire 1627: 1622: 1605: 1537: 1488: 1484: 1480: 1476: 1470: 1440:, and Roman 1431: 1413:(modern-day 1405:(modern-day 1392: 1348: 1287: 1278: 1268: 1241: 1190: 1166:Adriatic Sea 1139: 1059: 1030: 1011: 1007:Paleo-Balkan 1000: 912: 850:, mostly to 841: 837:Eastern Bloc 790:World War II 771: 720: 685: 614: 548:such as the 535: 473:Constitution 433:Contemporary 321:Principality 209: 147:Early modern 120:Serbian rule 30: 11305:Photography 11291:(galleries) 11166:Lighthouses 11039:Oil and gas 10961:Agriculture 10761:Legislature 10633:Visa policy 10519:Environment 10202:(1385–1912) 10166:(1190–1385) 10163:Middle Ages 10006:Isle of Man 9941:recognition 9910:Switzerland 9845:Netherlands 9526:World War I 9516:Nationalism 9404:Reformation 9389:Renaissance 9361:Black Death 9294:Kievan Rus' 9197:Middle Ages 8141:. p. 8 8092:"Albania." 6401:Varzos 1984 6080:. Hakkert. 5968:, page 111. 5530:modernizing 5467:grew at an 5433:rule of law 5315:to western 5296:became the 5233:rule of law 5223:ratified a 5193:perestroika 5175:throughout 5169:Enver Hoxha 5160:became the 4846:during the 4727:Enver Hoxha 4683:Enver Hoxha 4665:patriarchal 4653:nationalize 4629:doctrines. 4575:Enver Hoxha 4474:Ali Këlcyra 4462:Nazi German 4382:Axis powers 4371:Enver Hoxha 4323:German Army 4256:Gjirokastër 4052:World War I 4002:Axis Powers 3927:Gendarmerie 3634:Fan S. Noli 3566:Fan S. Noli 3444:World War I 3437:World War I 3347:Gjirokastër 3325:Essad Pasha 3313:World War I 3294:World War I 3280:Gendarmerie 3256:autocephaly 3174:World War I 2763:Ottoman era 2683:Edhem Pasha 2647:Iljaz Hoxha 2490:(1466–67), 2403:Gjirokastër 2353:Gjirokastra 2305:Ottoman Era 2193:Karl Thopia 2069:during the 1967:Map of the 1958:Dyrrhachium 1932:Middle Ages 1894:Black Death 1861:Via Egnatia 1793:. When the 1787:Epirus nova 1727:Middle Ages 1608:Epirus nova 1564:Epirus Nova 1540:Epirus Nova 1450:Via Egnatia 1446:Epirus Nova 1341:Dyrrhachium 1309:Dyrrhachium 1256:Bardylis II 1148:during the 983:Nepravishtë 860:Switzerland 825:Enver Hoxha 810:Axis powers 723:Middle Ages 629:Macedonians 316:Balkan Wars 288:Late modern 31:History of 11652:Television 11612:Volleyball 11607:Basketball 11461:Fustanella 11423:Secularism 11392:Albanology 11377:Publishers 11357:Literature 11099:structures 10966:Healthcare 10908:(currency) 10790:Opposition 10691:Corruption 10584:Government 10133:Dassaretii 9880:San Marino 9840:Montenegro 9820:Luxembourg 9800:Kazakhstan 9703:Azerbaijan 9289:Viking Age 9104:Prehistory 9016:of Albania 8977:of Albania 8725:0472082604 8636:1258092352 8239:bjoerna.dk 8218:bjoerna.dk 7826:29 January 7680:25 January 7419:21 January 7246:25 January 7109:26 January 6562:0691010781 6389:Elsie 2010 6365:Elsie 2010 6231:, page 215 6012:26 October 5696:References 5559:After the 5501:summit in 5453:Bamir Topi 5451:, in 2006 5426:Socialists 5413:Parliament 5389:Fatos Nano 5158:Ramiz Alia 5133:Transition 5103:Ramiz Alia 5092:capitalist 5060:See also: 5034:Yugoslavia 5018:Mao Zedong 5003:Ramiz Alia 4975:Yugoslavia 4939:See also: 4893:After the 4882:, and the 4856:Yugoslavia 4828:See also: 4810:Nako Spiru 4760:(Comecon). 4746:See also: 4731:Ramiz Alia 4717:Mao Zedong 4669:Bajraktars 4661:blood feud 4645:gjakmarrje 4367:Yugoslavia 4360:Yugoslavia 4344:Legaliteti 4239:Yugoslavia 4069:Yugoslavia 4054:Italy and 3893:parliament 3890:unicameral 3862:Parliament 3794:parliament 3790:Ahmet Zogu 3562:Xhafer Ypi 3487:Montenegro 3452:Yugoslavia 3144:Skanderbeg 3077:Young Turk 3013:Haxhi Zeka 2991:Montenegro 2965:, and the 2888:Montenegro 2479:Skanderbeg 2461:Hungarians 2449:Skanderbeg 2429:Skanderbeg 2284:Skanderbeg 1811:Ostrogoths 1701:Dyrrachion 1681:Montenegro 1454:Dyrrachium 1368:Dyrrachium 1313:Ionian Sea 1283:Liburnians 1254:, then by 1060:An Infant 997:Bronze Age 939:Montenegro 882:Prehistory 829:Ramiz Alia 737:and later 633:Molossians 562:Dassaretii 11860:–present) 11597:Athletics 11509:Tavë kosi 11401:Tradition 11367:Libraries 11325:Education 11134:Monuments 11116:Squatting 11094:Highrises 10989:Operators 10971:Companies 10828:Ombudsman 10768:Elections 10643:Judiciary 10577:Executive 10494:Mountains 10487:Landscape 10475:Geography 10356:Vlora War 10153:Taulantii 10128:Bylliones 10095:Illyrians 9996:Gibraltar 9815:Lithuania 9336:Feudalism 9307:Catalonia 8860:251843620 8784:7 January 8779:0350-0020 8712:(1994) . 8485:Telegrafi 8411:4 January 8244:ideology. 8145:29 August 7909:27 August 7275:, p. 323. 7008:5 January 6981:5 January 6759:27 August 6487:cite book 6413:Fine 1994 6287:0015-5403 6279:2064-5139 6214:, page 17 6183:Classical 5690:Illyrians 5655:Albanians 5639:Ilir Meta 5608:Ilir Meta 5602:and then- 5542:judiciary 5540:like the 5469:estimated 5437:elections 5422:Democrats 5409:Ilir Meta 5385:president 5301:President 5221:Albanians 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10542:Habitat 10527:Climate 10509:Islands 10442:Origins 10138:Enchele 10113:Amantes 10108:Albanoi 10103:Ardiaei 10086:History 10074:Albania 9920:Ukraine 9870:Romania 9830:Moldova 9788:Ireland 9783:Iceland 9778:Hungary 9768:Germany 9763:Georgia 9753:Finland 9748:Estonia 9743:Denmark 9728:Croatia 9713:Belgium 9708:Belarus 9698:Austria 9693:Armenia 9688:Andorra 9683:Albania 9416:Baroque 9315:Majorca 9227:Francia 9055:Albania 8998:(2021). 8930:excerpt 8928:(2014) 8904:(2010) 8820:Science 8621:Sources 8303:28 June 7862:, 1997. 7585:Mirdite 7206:(2019) 7188:25 June 7153:Albania 6879:Albania 6684:Arvanid 6538:. 1974. 6273:: 164. 6043:, p. 92 5618:led by 5577:applied 5554:Balkans 5552:in the 5534:economy 5517:of the 5479:Present 5337:Anarchy 5144:of the 5088:autarky 5078:of the 5070:of the 4880:Romania 4876:Hungary 4778:Germany 4627:Marxist 4599:Albania 4275:see map 4160:viceroy 4117:Albania 3866:Albania 3798:Albania 3661:Rustemi 3608:Verlaci 3597:Shkodër 3479:Serbian 3389:Entente 3264:Albania 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11049:Mining 10981:Energy 10933:Retail 10849:Police 10499:Rivers 10316:Anthem 10076: 10011:Jersey 9953:Kosovo 9915:Turkey 9905:Sweden 9885:Serbia 9875:Russia 9860:Poland 9855:Norway 9835:Monaco 9805:Latvia 9773:Greece 9758:France 9733:Cyprus 9303:Aragon 9282:Amalfi 9267:Venice 9255:Second 8942: 8906:online 8890:(2015) 8858: 8850: 8840: 8777: 8773:(45). 8741: 8722: 8698: 8677: 8653: 8634: 8449:gsh.al 8362: 8198:10 May 8189: 8165: 8116: 7957:10 May 7948: 7794: 7656:259913 7654: 7625: 7602:online 7578:10 May 7569: 7544:10 May 7535: 7486:31 May 7454: 7444: 7394: 7384: 7292: 7271: 7237: 7208:online 7159: 7134: 7100: 7073: 7045:10 May 7036: 6953: 6886: 6783: 6732: 6614: 6587: 6559: 6516: 6475: 6435: 6344: 6285: 6277: 6227: 6210: 6189: 6165: 6138: 6111: 6084: 6039: 6003: 5964: 5944: 5897: 5857: 5840: 5786: 5626:, the 5567:, the 5463:, the 5411:. 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